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Dey T, Ghosh A, Sanyal A, Charles CJ, Pokharel S, Nair L, Singh M, Kaity S, Ravichandiran V, Kaur K, Roy S. Surface engineered nanodiamonds: mechanistic intervention in biomedical applications for diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Biomed Mater 2024; 19:032003. [PMID: 38574581 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ad3abb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
In terms of biomedical tools, nanodiamonds (ND) are a more recent innovation. Their size typically ranges between 4 to 100 nm. ND are produced via a variety of methods and are known for their physical toughness, durability, and chemical stability. Studies have revealed that surface modifications and functionalization have a significant influence on the optical and electrical properties of the nanomaterial. Consequently, surface functional groups of NDs have applications in a variety of domains, including drug administration, gene delivery, immunotherapy for cancer treatment, and bio-imaging to diagnose cancer. Additionally, their biocompatibility is a critical requisite for theirin vivoandin vitrointerventions. This review delves into these aspects and focuses on the recent advances in surface modification strategies of NDs for various biomedical applications surrounding cancer diagnosis and treatment. Furthermore, the prognosis of its clinical translation has also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanima Dey
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneshwar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Anushikha Ghosh
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneshwar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Arka Sanyal
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneshwar 751024, Odisha, India
| | | | - Sahas Pokharel
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneshwar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Lakshmi Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Assam Central University, Silchar 788011, Assam, India
| | - Manjari Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Assam Central University, Silchar 788011, Assam, India
| | - Santanu Kaity
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical, Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal 700054, India
| | - Velayutham Ravichandiran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical, Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal 700054, India
| | - Kulwinder Kaur
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin 2 D02YN77, Ireland
- Department of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Science, Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin 2 D02YN77, Ireland
| | - Subhadeep Roy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical, Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal 700054, India
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Hyder A, Ali A, Buledi JA, Memon AA, Iqbal M, Bangalni TH, Solangi AR, Thebo KH, Akhtar J. Nanodiamonds: A Cutting-Edge Approach to Enhancing Biomedical Therapies and Diagnostics in Biosensing. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202400006. [PMID: 38530037 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202400006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Nanodiamonds (NDs) have garnered attention in the field of nanomedicine due to their unique properties. This review offers a comprehensive overview of NDs synthesis methods, properties, and their uses in biomedical applications. Various synthesis techniques, such as detonation, high-pressure, high-temperature, and chemical vapor deposition, offer distinct advantages in tailoring NDs' size, shape, and surface properties. Surface modification methods further enhance NDs' biocompatibility and enable the attachment of bioactive molecules, expanding their applicability in biological systems. NDs serve as promising nanocarriers for drug delivery, showcasing biocompatibility and the ability to encapsulate therapeutic agents for targeted delivery. Additionally, NDs demonstrate potential in cancer treatment through hyperthermic therapy and vaccine enhancement for improved immune responses. Functionalization of NDs facilitates their utilization in biosensors for sensitive biomolecule detection, aiding in precise diagnostics and rapid detection of infectious diseases. This review underscores the multifaceted role of NDs in advancing biomedical applications. By synthesizing NDs through various methods and modifying their surfaces, researchers can tailor their properties for specific biomedical needs. The ability of NDs to serve as efficient drug delivery vehicles holds promise for targeted therapy, while their applications in hyperthermic therapy and vaccine enhancement offer innovative approaches to cancer treatment and immunization. Furthermore, the integration of NDs into biosensors enhances diagnostic capabilities, enabling rapid and sensitive detection of biomolecules and infectious diseases. Overall, the diverse functionalities of NDs underscore their potential as valuable tools in nanomedicine, paving the way for advancements in healthcare and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hyder
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan
| | - Akbar Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Multi-phase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering (IPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100F190, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jamil A Buledi
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan
| | - Ayaz Ali Memon
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan
| | - Muzaffar Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physical and Applied Sciences, The University of Haripur KPK, Haripur, 22620, Pakistan
| | - Talib Hussain Bangalni
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan
| | - Amber R Solangi
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Hussain Thebo
- Institute of Metal Research (IMR), Chinese Academy of Science, 2 Wenhua Rood, Shenyang, China
- Department of Chemistry Mirpur, University of Science and Technology (MUST), 10250 (AJK), Mirpur, Pakistan
| | - Javeed Akhtar
- Department of Chemistry Mirpur, University of Science and Technology (MUST), 10250 (AJK), Mirpur, Pakistan
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Yazdani S, Mozaffarian M, Pazuki G, Hadidi N, Villate-Beitia I, Zárate J, Puras G, Pedraz JL. Carbon-Based Nanostructures as Emerging Materials for Gene Delivery Applications. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:288. [PMID: 38399344 PMCID: PMC10891563 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Gene therapeutics are promising for treating diseases at the genetic level, with some already validated for clinical use. Recently, nanostructures have emerged for the targeted delivery of genetic material. Nanomaterials, exhibiting advantageous properties such as a high surface-to-volume ratio, biocompatibility, facile functionalization, substantial loading capacity, and tunable physicochemical characteristics, are recognized as non-viral vectors in gene therapy applications. Despite progress, current non-viral vectors exhibit notably low gene delivery efficiency. Progress in nanotechnology is essential to overcome extracellular and intracellular barriers in gene delivery. Specific nanostructures such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon quantum dots (CQDs), nanodiamonds (NDs), and similar carbon-based structures can accommodate diverse genetic materials such as plasmid DNA (pDNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), small interference RNA (siRNA), micro RNA (miRNA), and antisense oligonucleotides (AONs). To address challenges such as high toxicity and low transfection efficiency, advancements in the features of carbon-based nanostructures (CBNs) are imperative. This overview delves into three types of CBNs employed as vectors in drug/gene delivery systems, encompassing their synthesis methods, properties, and biomedical applications. Ultimately, we present insights into the opportunities and challenges within the captivating realm of gene delivery using CBNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Yazdani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran P.O. Box 15875-4413, Iran; (S.Y.); (G.P.)
- NanoBioCel Research Group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (I.V.-B.); (J.Z.); (G.P.)
| | - Mehrdad Mozaffarian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran P.O. Box 15875-4413, Iran; (S.Y.); (G.P.)
| | - Gholamreza Pazuki
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran P.O. Box 15875-4413, Iran; (S.Y.); (G.P.)
| | - Naghmeh Hadidi
- Department of Clinical Research and EM Microscope, Pasteur Institute of Iran (PII), Tehran P.O. Box 131694-3551, Iran;
| | - Ilia Villate-Beitia
- NanoBioCel Research Group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (I.V.-B.); (J.Z.); (G.P.)
- Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Av Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Calle José Achotegui s/n, 01009 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Jon Zárate
- NanoBioCel Research Group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (I.V.-B.); (J.Z.); (G.P.)
- Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Av Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Calle José Achotegui s/n, 01009 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Gustavo Puras
- NanoBioCel Research Group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (I.V.-B.); (J.Z.); (G.P.)
- Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Av Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Calle José Achotegui s/n, 01009 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Pedraz
- NanoBioCel Research Group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (I.V.-B.); (J.Z.); (G.P.)
- Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Av Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Calle José Achotegui s/n, 01009 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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Srivastava A, Azad UP. Nanobioengineered surface comprising carbon based materials for advanced biosensing and biomedical application. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126802. [PMID: 37690641 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-based nanomaterials (CNMs) are at the cutting edge of materials science. Due to their distinctive architectures, substantial surface area, favourable biocompatibility, and reactivity to internal and/or external chemico-physical stimuli, carbon-based nanomaterials are becoming more and more significant in a wide range of applications. Numerous research has been conducted and still is going on to investigate the potential uses of carbon-based hybrid materials for diverse applications such as biosensing, bioimaging, smart drug delivery with the potential for theranostic or combinatorial therapies etc. This review is mainly focused on the classifications and synthesis of various types of CNMs and their electroanalytical application for development of efficient and ultra-sensitive electrochemical biosensors for the point of care diagnosis of fatal and severe diseases at their very initial stage. This review is mainly focused on the classification, synthesis and application of carbon-based material for biosensing applications. The integration of various types of CNMs with nanomaterials, enzymes, redox mediators and biomarkers have been used discussed in development of smart biosensing platform. We have also made an effort to discuss the future prospects for these CNMs in the biosensing area as well as the most recent advancements and applications which will be quite useful for the researchers working across the globe working specially in biosensors field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Uday Pratap Azad
- Laboratory of Nanoelectrochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (Central University), Bilaspur 495 009, CG, India.
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Tegafaw T, Liu S, Ahmad MY, Ali Al Saidi AK, Zhao D, Liu Y, Yue H, Nam SW, Chang Y, Lee GH. Production, surface modification, physicochemical properties, biocompatibility, and bioimaging applications of nanodiamonds. RSC Adv 2023; 13:32381-32397. [PMID: 37928839 PMCID: PMC10623544 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06837d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanodiamonds (ND) are chemically inert and stable owing to their sp3 covalent bonding structure, but their surface sp2 graphitic carbons can be easily homogenized with diverse functional groups via oxidation, reduction, hydrogenation, amination, and halogenation. Further surface conjugation of NDs with hydrophilic ligands can boost their colloidal stability and functionality. In addition, NDs are non-toxic as they are made of carbons. They exhibit stable fluorescence without photobleaching. They also possess paramagnetic and ferromagnetic properties, making them suitable for use as a new type of fluorescence imaging (FI) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) probe. In this review, we focused on recently developed ND production methods, surface homogenization and functionalization methods, biocompatibilities, and biomedical imaging applications as FI and MRI probes. Finally, we discussed future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirusew Tegafaw
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University Taegu 41566 South Korea +82-53-950-6330 +82-53-950-5340
| | - Shuwen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University Taegu 41566 South Korea +82-53-950-6330 +82-53-950-5340
| | - Mohammad Yaseen Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University Taegu 41566 South Korea +82-53-950-6330 +82-53-950-5340
| | - Abdullah Khamis Ali Al Saidi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University Taegu 41566 South Korea +82-53-950-6330 +82-53-950-5340
| | - Dejun Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University Taegu 41566 South Korea +82-53-950-6330 +82-53-950-5340
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University Taegu 41566 South Korea +82-53-950-6330 +82-53-950-5340
| | - Huan Yue
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University Taegu 41566 South Korea +82-53-950-6330 +82-53-950-5340
| | - Sung-Wook Nam
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Taegu 41944 South Korea +82-53-420-5471
| | - Yongmin Chang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Taegu 41944 South Korea +82-53-420-5471
| | - Gang Ho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University Taegu 41566 South Korea +82-53-950-6330 +82-53-950-5340
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Fokin AA, Bakhonsky VV, Pashenko AE, Bakhiiev E, Becker J, Kunz S, Schreiner PR. Synthesis and Functionalization of Isomeric Sesquihomodiamantenes. J Org Chem 2023; 88:14172-14177. [PMID: 37728993 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
anti- and syn-sesquihomodiamantenes (SDs) were prepared and structurally characterized. anti-SD and parent sesquihomoadamantene were CH-bond functionalized by utilizing a phase-transfer protocol. The density functional theory-computed ionization potentials of unsaturated diamondoid dimers correlate well with the experimental oxidation potentials obtained from cyclic voltammetry. Similar geometries ensue for both the reduced and ionized SD states, whose persistence is supported by the β-hydrogen's spatial sheltering. This makes SDs promising building blocks for the construction of diamond materials with high stability and carrier mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Fokin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Igor Sikorsky Kiev Polytechnic Institute, Beresteiskyi Ave. 37, 03056 Kiev, Ukraine
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Vladyslav V Bakhonsky
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Igor Sikorsky Kiev Polytechnic Institute, Beresteiskyi Ave. 37, 03056 Kiev, Ukraine
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Alexander E Pashenko
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Igor Sikorsky Kiev Polytechnic Institute, Beresteiskyi Ave. 37, 03056 Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Emirali Bakhiiev
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Igor Sikorsky Kiev Polytechnic Institute, Beresteiskyi Ave. 37, 03056 Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Jonathan Becker
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Simon Kunz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter R Schreiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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Hou C, Zhang C, Ming S, Xu J, Meng K, Rong J, Yu X, Chen H, Yan W. New insights into phase transition behavior and electrochemistry corrosion of three-dimensional biphenylene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:23249-23261. [PMID: 37608737 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02251j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
It is estimated that the annual cost of corrosion in most countries accounts for 3-4% of gross domestic product, far exceeding the losses caused by natural disasters, prompting scientists to continuously search for high-performance anti-corrosion materials. Among these high-performance materials, two-dimensional carbon materials represented by graphene have received widespread attention due to their excellent chemical stability and anti-permeability. However, some studies have found that the poor ability of graphene to bind to the interface and the electrical coupling caused by metallicity make it possible to protect copper from corrosion only for a short period of time. To circumvent these issues, through phase behavior research, interface binding property simulation and corrosion mechanism exploration, we propose a more promising anti-corrosive three-dimensional (3D) biphenylene diamond-like carbon membrane (BP-DLC). The kinetic study results show that due to the Gibbs free energy of biphenylene structures below three layers being lower than 0, few-layer biphenylene can spontaneously generate phase transitions of limited size, forming a biphenylene diamond-like membrane and exhibiting superior mechanical properties and a certain degree of flexibility. Mechanical and electronic performance results further show that there is a strong bonding effect between BP-DLC and the metal surface, which further enhances the bistate heterostructure and prolongs the coating life of BP-DLC materials. Compared with pure graphene and Cu substrates, BP-DLC membranes exhibit stronger corrosion resistance by reducing porosity, increasing charge transfer and hindering the diffusion of corrosion ions to the substrate. This study provides a new strategy for constructing corrosion-resistant materials by designing long-term stable and highly corrosion-resistant diamond-like membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyi Hou
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China.
| | - Changhong Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China.
| | - Sen Ming
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China.
| | - Jiongjiong Xu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China.
| | - Kun Meng
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China.
| | - Ju Rong
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China.
| | - Xiaohua Yu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China.
| | - Hui Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, Wuhan University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430081, China.
| | - Wei Yan
- Kunming Institute of Precious Metals, Kunming, 650106, China
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Santos NE, Mendes JC, Braga SS. The Gemstone Cyborg: How Diamond Films Are Creating New Platforms for Cell Regeneration and Biointerfacing. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041626. [PMID: 36838614 PMCID: PMC9968187 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Diamond is a promising material for the biomedical field, mainly due to its set of characteristics such as biocompatibility, strength, and electrical conductivity. Diamond can be synthesised in the laboratory by different methods, is available in the form of plates or films deposited on foreign substrates, and its morphology varies from microcrystalline diamond to ultrananocrystalline diamond. In this review, we summarise some of the most relevant studies regarding the adhesion of cells onto diamond surfaces, the consequent cell growth, and, in some very interesting cases, the differentiation of cells into neurons and oligodendrocytes. We discuss how different morphologies can affect cell adhesion and how surface termination can influence the surface hydrophilicity and consequent attachment of adherent proteins. At the end of the review, we present a brief perspective on how the results from cell adhesion and biocompatibility can make way for the use of diamond as biointerface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nádia E. Santos
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações and University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Joana C. Mendes
- Instituto de Telecomunicações and University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Correspondence: (J.C.M.); (S.S.B.)
| | - Susana Santos Braga
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Correspondence: (J.C.M.); (S.S.B.)
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Guo X, You Y, Bao A, Jia P, Xiong J, Li J. Recent Progress of Nanodiamond Film in Controllable Fabrication and Field Emission Properties. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:577. [PMID: 36770538 PMCID: PMC9920309 DOI: 10.3390/nano13030577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The interest in the field electron emission cathode nanomaterials is on the rise due to the wide applications, such as electron sources, miniature X-ray devices, display materials, etc. In particular, nanodiamond (ND) film is regarded as an ideal next-generation cathode emitter in the field emission devices, due to the low or negative electron affinity, small grain size, high mechanical hardness, low work function, and high reliability. Increasing efforts are conducted on the investigation of the emission structures, manufacturing cost, and field emission properties improvement of the ND films. This review aims to summarize the recent research, highlight the new findings, and provide a roadmap for future developments in the area of ND film electron field emitter. Specially, the optimizing methods of large-scale, high-quality, and cost-effective synthesis of ND films are discussed to achieve more stable surface structure and optimal physical properties. Additionally, the mainstream strategies applied to produce high field emission performance of ND films are analyzed in detail, including regulating the grain size/boundary, hybrid phase carbon content, and doping element/type of ND films; meanwhile, the problems existing in the related research and the outlook in this area are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Guo
- National Key Laboratory for Electronic Measurement Technology, North University of China, 3 Xueyuan Road, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Yajun You
- National Key Laboratory for Electronic Measurement Technology, North University of China, 3 Xueyuan Road, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Aida Bao
- National Key Laboratory for Electronic Measurement Technology, North University of China, 3 Xueyuan Road, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Pinggang Jia
- National Key Laboratory for Electronic Measurement Technology, North University of China, 3 Xueyuan Road, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Jijun Xiong
- National Key Laboratory for Electronic Measurement Technology, North University of China, 3 Xueyuan Road, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Junshuai Li
- Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design of the Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Vázquez-Cortés D, Janssens SD, Sutisna B, Fried E. Early stages of polycrystalline diamond deposition: laser reflectance at substrates with growing nanodiamonds. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:412-424. [PMID: 36756269 PMCID: PMC9846553 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00723a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The chemical vapor deposition of polycrystalline diamond (PCD) films is typically done on substrates seeded with diamond nanoparticles. Specular laser reflectance has been used in tandem with a continuous film model to monitor the thickness of these films during their deposition. However, approaches to gain information on properties that strongly affect film morphology, such as the areal density of seeds, remain largely unexplored. This work outlines a strategy for using laser reflectance measurements to refine the monitoring of film thickness during deposition, estimate the mean equivalent radii and the areal density of seeds, and estimate growth incubation periods. We present a general model based on the Rayleigh theory of scattering for laser reflectance at substrates with growing nanoparticles that captures the early stages of PCD deposition. We test our model experimentally by depositing diamond under identical conditions on silicon substrates with various seed densities and by comparing seed densities obtained by scanning electron microscopy to those determined by our strategy. We also explore the different deposition stages for which our model and a continuous film model can be used safely. In addition to providing guidelines for characterizing PCD deposition, this work may also advance the general understanding of nanoparticle growth and formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Vázquez-Cortés
- Mechanics and Materials Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University Okinawa 904-0495 Japan +81-98-966-1372
| | - Stoffel D Janssens
- Mechanics and Materials Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University Okinawa 904-0495 Japan +81-98-966-1372
| | - Burhannudin Sutisna
- Mechanics and Materials Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University Okinawa 904-0495 Japan +81-98-966-1372
| | - Eliot Fried
- Mechanics and Materials Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University Okinawa 904-0495 Japan +81-98-966-1372
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Shao Z, Wilson L, Chang Y, Venton BJ. MPCVD-Grown Nanodiamond Microelectrodes with Oxygen Plasma Activation for Neurochemical Applications. ACS Sens 2022; 7:3192-3200. [PMID: 36223478 PMCID: PMC9855027 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nanodiamonds (NDs) are a carbon nanomaterial that has a diamond core with heteroatoms and defects at the surface. The large surface area, defect sites, and functional groups on NDs make them a promising material for electrochemical sensing. Previously, we dip-coated ND onto carbon-fiber microelectrodes (CFMEs) and found increases in sensitivity, but the coating was sparse. Here, we directly grew thin films of ND on niobium wires using microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MP-CVD) to provide full surface coverage. ND microelectrodes show a reliable performance in neurotransmitter detection with good antifouling properties. To improve sensitivity, we oxygen plasma etched ND films to activate the surface and intentionally add defects and oxygen surface functional groups. For fast-scan cyclic voltammetry detection of dopamine, oxygen plasma-etching increases the sensitivity from 21 nA/μM to 90 nA/μM after treatment. Fouling was tested by repeated injections of serotonin or tyramine, and both ND and plasma oxidized nanodiamond (NDO) microelectrodes maintain their currents better compared to CFMEs and therefore are more antifouling. A biofouling test in brain slices shows that ND microelectrodes barely have any current drop, while the more hydrophilic NDO microelectrodes decrease more, but still not as much as CFMEs. Overall, grown ND microelectrodes are promising in neurotransmitter detection with excellent fouling resistance, whereas oxygen plasma etching slightly lowers the fouling resistance but dramatically increases sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Shao
- Dept. of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4319
| | - Leslie Wilson
- Center for Nanophase Material Science, Oak Ridge National Lab, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Yuanyu Chang
- Dept. of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4319
| | - B. Jill Venton
- Dept. of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4319
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12
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Harish V, Ansari MM, Tewari D, Gaur M, Yadav AB, García-Betancourt ML, Abdel-Haleem FM, Bechelany M, Barhoum A. Nanoparticle and Nanostructure Synthesis and Controlled Growth Methods. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12183226. [PMID: 36145012 PMCID: PMC9503496 DOI: 10.3390/nano12183226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials are materials with one or more nanoscale dimensions (internal or external) (i.e., 1 to 100 nm). The nanomaterial shape, size, porosity, surface chemistry, and composition are controlled at the nanoscale, and this offers interesting properties compared with bulk materials. This review describes how nanomaterials are classified, their fabrication, functionalization techniques, and growth-controlled mechanisms. First, the history of nanomaterials is summarized and then the different classification methods, based on their dimensionality (0-3D), composition (carbon, inorganic, organic, and hybrids), origin (natural, incidental, engineered, bioinspired), crystal phase (single phase, multiphase), and dispersion state (dispersed or aggregated), are presented. Then, the synthesis methods are discussed and classified in function of the starting material (bottom-up and top-down), reaction phase (gas, plasma, liquid, and solid), and nature of the dispersing forces (mechanical, physical, chemical, physicochemical, and biological). Finally, the challenges in synthesizing nanomaterials for research and commercial use are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vancha Harish
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Md Mustafiz Ansari
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Devesh Tewari
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Manish Gaur
- Centre of Biotechnology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Awadh Bihari Yadav
- Centre of Biotechnology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Fatehy M. Abdel-Haleem
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
- Center for Hazards Mitigation, Environmental Studies and Research (CHMESR), Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Mikhael Bechelany
- Institut Europeen des Membranes, IEM, UMR 5635, University of Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, 34730 Montpellier, France
- Correspondence: (M.B.); or (A.B.)
| | - Ahmed Barhoum
- NanoStruc Research Group, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, D09 Y074 Dublin, Ireland
- Correspondence: (M.B.); or (A.B.)
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13
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Bhogale D, Mazahir F, Yadav AK. Recent Synergy of Nanodiamonds: Role in Brain-Targeted Drug Delivery for the Management of Neurological Disorders. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:4806-4824. [PMID: 35618981 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02882-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present review article is to summarize the role of nanodiamonds in various neurological diseases. We have taken related literature of making this review article from ScienceDirect, springer, Research gate, PubMed, Sci-finder, etc. The current approaches for treating neurological conditions such as glioblastoma includes chemotherapy or combination anti-retro viral therapy for HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) or use of anti-Alzheimer drugs during cognitive impairment. These approaches can provide only symptomatic relief as they do not target the cause of the disease due to their inability to penetrate the blood brain barrier. On long-term use, they may cause CNS toxicity due to accumulation in the brain. So nanodiamonds could prove as a promising approach in the brain targeting of the bioactive and to treat many neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, brain tumor (glioblastoma), HIV, amyotrophic multiple sclerosis, Huntington disease, stroke (cerebrovascular attack), batten disease, schizophrenia, epilepsy, and bacterial infections (encephalitis, sepsis, and meningitis) due to their ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier and owing to their excellent surface properties, i.e., nano size and high surface area, ease of functionalization, multiple drug binding, and biocompatibility; they can be useful for brain targeted drug delivery with minimal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Bhogale
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, New Transit Campus, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226002, India
| | - Farhan Mazahir
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, New Transit Campus, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226002, India
| | - Awesh K Yadav
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, New Transit Campus, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226002, India.
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14
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Jena A, Pattnaik SK, Palei BB, Sarangi SK. Synthesis of diamond crystal growth on tungsten carbide inserts by HFCVD using various seeding powders. APPLIED PHYSICS. A, MATERIALS SCIENCE & PROCESSING 2022; 128:287. [PMID: 35310520 PMCID: PMC8918014 DOI: 10.1007/s00339-022-05417-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) process is used to synthesize diamond crystals on cemented carbide (WC-Co) SPUN inserts. Diamond (Dia.), carbon (GC-glassy spherical form), iridium (Ir), molybdenum (Mo), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), tungsten (W), and tantalum (Ta) powders were used as seeding materials for crystal growth. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) data revealed the development of a few diamond crystals in platinum, iridium, and tungsten powders. The seeding with carbon, tantalum, and diamond powders formed clustered microcrystalline diamond (MCD) crystals, although other powders produced discrete crystals. Tantalum and diamond-seeded powders produced the most significant number and size of crystals. According to micro-Raman spectroscopy (µ-RS), tantalum powder had the lowest I D/I G ratio and the most excellent sp 3 bonding. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed the maximum diamond intensity in the (111) plane. According to atomic force microscopy (AFM), diamond and molybdenum powders had the largest grains, whereas tantalum powder had the smallest root mean square roughness value with a homogeneous grain distribution. The Vickers microhardness (VHN) test confirmed the highest hardness value for diamond and tantalum seeded powder coatings with the least amount of radial cracking. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) revealed that both powders had higher film thickness values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayashkanta Jena
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla, 768018 Odisha India
| | - Sisira Kanta Pattnaik
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla, 768018 Odisha India
| | - Binod Bihari Palei
- CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751013 Odisha India
| | - Saroj Kumar Sarangi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla, 768018 Odisha India
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15
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Boruah A, Saikia BK. Synthesis, Characterization, Properties, and Novel Applications of Fluorescent Nanodiamonds. J Fluoresc 2022; 32:863-885. [PMID: 35230567 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-022-02898-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the last few years, fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) have been developed significantly as a new member in the nanocarbon family. The surface of FNDs is embedded with some crystallographic defects containing color centres which surmount the properties of other fluorochromes including up conversion and down conversion nanoparticles, quantum dots, nano tubes, fullerenes, organic dyes, silica etc. Some of the intriguing properties like inevitable photostability, inherent bio-compatibility, outstanding optical and robust mechanical properties, excellent magnetic field, and electric field sensing potentiality make FNDs appealing to some benevolent applications in numerous fields like bio-imaging, delivering drugs, fighting cancer, spin electronics, imaging of magnetic structure at nanoscale and as promising nanometric temperature sensor. The structure of FNDs has certain point defects on the surface among which negatively charged nitrogen vacancy centre (NV-) is the most investigated color centre. The production of NV- fluorescence nanodiamonds is the most challenging task as substitution of carbon atoms is required to create vacancies by causing irradiation from an electron beam which is followed by high temperature annealing. Thus, this review points out the relative advantages of FNDs containing negatively charged nitrogen vacancy centres produced from HPHT method or CVD method with those nanodiamonds produced through detonation process or pulsed laser ablation (PLA) method. The steps involved in the fabrication of FNDs are described along with the major challenges and struggles underwent during the process in this review. This review also summarizes the recent developments made in the functionalization and applications predominantly made in the field of biological science and it is understood that depending on the defect color centres they can exhibit different emitted wavelengths ranging from UV-visible to near infrared with broad or narrow bandwidths. This review also highlights some of the fluorescent NDs that emit stable and strong red or green photoluminescence from the defect centers of NV- which are implanted in the crystal lattice. This critical and extensive review will be useful for the further progress in this futuristic field of FNDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusuya Boruah
- Coal & Energy Group, Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat-785006, Assam, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Binoy K Saikia
- Coal & Energy Group, Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat-785006, Assam, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India.
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16
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Barhoum A, García-Betancourt ML, Jeevanandam J, Hussien EA, Mekkawy SA, Mostafa M, Omran MM, S. Abdalla M, Bechelany M. Review on Natural, Incidental, Bioinspired, and Engineered Nanomaterials: History, Definitions, Classifications, Synthesis, Properties, Market, Toxicities, Risks, and Regulations. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:177. [PMID: 35055196 PMCID: PMC8780156 DOI: 10.3390/nano12020177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials are becoming important materials in several fields and industries thanks to their very reduced size and shape-related features. Scientists think that nanoparticles and nanostructured materials originated during the Big Bang process from meteorites leading to the formation of the universe and Earth. Since 1990, the term nanotechnology became very popular due to advances in imaging technologies that paved the way to specific industrial applications. Currently, nanoparticles and nanostructured materials are synthesized on a large scale and are indispensable for many industries. This fact fosters and supports research in biochemistry, biophysics, and biochemical engineering applications. Recently, nanotechnology has been combined with other sciences to fabricate new forms of nanomaterials that could be used, for instance, for diagnostic tools, drug delivery systems, energy generation/storage, environmental remediation as well as agriculture and food processing. In contrast with traditional materials, specific features can be integrated into nanoparticles, nanostructures, and nanosystems by simply modifying their scale, shape, and composition. This article first summarizes the history of nanomaterials and nanotechnology. Followed by the progress that led to improved synthesis processes to produce different nanoparticles and nanostructures characterized by specific features. The content finally presents various origins and sources of nanomaterials, synthesis strategies, their toxicity, risks, regulations, and self-aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Barhoum
- NanoStruc Research Group, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan 11795, Egypt; (E.A.H.); (M.M.)
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, D09 V209 Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Jaison Jeevanandam
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, MMRG, Campus da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal;
| | - Eman A. Hussien
- NanoStruc Research Group, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan 11795, Egypt; (E.A.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Sara A. Mekkawy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan 11795, Egypt; (S.A.M.); (M.M.O.); (M.S.A.)
| | - Menna Mostafa
- NanoStruc Research Group, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan 11795, Egypt; (E.A.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Mohamed M. Omran
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan 11795, Egypt; (S.A.M.); (M.M.O.); (M.S.A.)
| | - Mohga S. Abdalla
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan 11795, Egypt; (S.A.M.); (M.M.O.); (M.S.A.)
| | - Mikhael Bechelany
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM, UMR 5635, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, 34000 Montpellier, France
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17
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Ultrananocrystalline Diamond Nanowires: Fabrication, Characterization, and Sensor Applications. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14030661. [PMID: 33572648 PMCID: PMC7867003 DOI: 10.3390/ma14030661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to provide a survey of the recent advances and the main remaining challenges related to the ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) nanowires and other nanostructures which exhibit excellent capability as the core components for many diverse novel sensing devices, due to the unique material properties and geometry advantages. The boron or nitrogen doping introduced in the gas phase during deposition promotes p-type or n-type conductivity. With the establishment of the UNCD nanofabrication techniques, more and more nanostructure-based devices are being explored in measuring basic physical and chemical parameters via classic and quantum methods, as exemplified by gas sensors, ultraviolet photodetectors, piezoresistance effect-based devices, biological applications and biosensors, and nitrogen-vacancy color center-based magnetic field quantum sensors. Highlighted finally are some of the remaining challenges and the future outlook in this area.
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18
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Nanocomposites for Enhanced Osseointegration of Dental and Orthopedic Implants Revisited: Surface Functionalization by Carbon Nanomaterial Coatings. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs5010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, carbon nanomaterials, including carbon nanofibers, nanocrystalline diamonds, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanodots, and graphene and its derivatives, have gained the attention of bioengineers and medical researchers as they possess extraordinary physicochemical, mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties. Recently, surface functionalization with carbon nanomaterials in dental and orthopedic implants has emerged as a novel strategy for reinforcement and as a bioactive cue due to their potential for osseointegration. Numerous developments in fabrication and biological studies of carbon nanostructures have provided various novel opportunities to expand their application to hard tissue regeneration and restoration. In this minireview, the recent research trends in surface functionalization of orthopedic and dental implants with coating carbon nanomaterials are summarized. In addition, some seminal methodologies for physicomechanical and electrochemical coatings are discussed. In conclusion, it is shown that further development of surface functionalization with carbon nanomaterials may provide innovative results with clinical potential for improved osseointegration after implantation.
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19
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Bondon N, Raehm L, Charnay C, Boukherroub R, Durand JO. Nanodiamonds for bioapplications, recent developments. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:10878-10896. [PMID: 33156316 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02221g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The world of biomedical research is in constant evolution, requiring more and more conditions and norms through pre-clinic and clinic studies. Nanodiamonds (NDs) with exceptional optical, thermal and mechanical properties emerged on the global scientific scene and recently gained more attention in biomedicine and bioanalysis fields. Many problematics have been deliberated to better understand their in vitro and in vivo efficiency and compatibility. Light was shed on their synthesis, modification and purification steps, as well as particle size and surface properties in order to find the most suitable operating conditions. In this review, we present the latest advances of NDs use in bioapplications. A large variety of subjects including anticancer and antimicrobial systems, wound healing and tissue engineering management tools, but also bioimaging and labeling probes are tackled. The key information resulting from these recent works were evidenced to make an overview of the potential features of NDs, with a special look on emerging therapeutic and diagnosis combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Bondon
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR 5253, CNRS-UM-ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon 34095, Montpellier cedex 05, France.
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20
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Erohin SV, Ruan Q, Sorokin PB, Yakobson BI. Nano-Thermodynamics of Chemically Induced Graphene-Diamond Transformation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2004782. [PMID: 33107167 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202004782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nearly 2D diamond, or diamane, is coveted as an ultrathin sp3 -carbon film with unique mechanics and electro-optics. The very thinness (≈h) makes it possible for the surface chemistry, for example, adsorbed atoms, to shift the bulk phase thermodynamics in favor of diamond, from multilayer graphene. Thermodynamic theory coupled with atomistic first principles computations predicts not only the reduction of required pressure (p/p∞ > 1 - h0 /h) but also the nucleation barriers, definitive for the kinetic feasibility of diamane formation. Moreover, the optimal adsorbent chair-pattern on a bilayer graphene results in a cubic diamond lattice, while for thicker precursors the adsorbent boat-structure tends to produce hexagonal diamond (lonsdaleite), if graphene is in AA' stacking to start with. As adsorbents, H and F are conducive to diamond formation, while Cl appears sterically hindered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V Erohin
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, and Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- National University of Science and Technology MISiS, Moscow, 119049, Russia
- Technological Institute for Superhard and Novel Carbon Materials, Troitsk, Moscow, 108840, Russia
| | - Qiyuan Ruan
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, and Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Pavel B Sorokin
- National University of Science and Technology MISiS, Moscow, 119049, Russia
- Technological Institute for Superhard and Novel Carbon Materials, Troitsk, Moscow, 108840, Russia
| | - Boris I Yakobson
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, and Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
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21
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Nanodiamonds: Synthesis and Application in Sensing, Catalysis, and the Possible Connection with Some Processes Occurring in Space. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10124094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between the unique characteristics of nanodiamonds (NDs) and the fluorescence properties of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers has lead to a tool with quantum sensing capabilities and nanometric spatial resolution; this tool is able to operate in a wide range of temperatures and pressures and in harsh chemical conditions. For the development of devices based on NDs, a great effort has been invested in researching cheap and easily scalable synthesis techniques for NDs and NV-NDs. In this review, we discuss the common fluorescent NDs synthesis techniques as well as the laser-assisted production methods. Then, we report recent results regarding the applications of fluorescent NDs, focusing in particular on sensing of the environmental parameters as well as in catalysis. Finally, we underline that the highly non-equilibrium processes occurring in the interactions of laser-materials in controlled laboratory conditions for NDs synthesis present unique opportunities for investigation of the phenomena occurring under extreme thermodynamic conditions in planetary cores or under warm dense matter conditions.
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22
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Physicochemical and Mechanical Performance of Freestanding Boron-Doped Diamond Nanosheets Coated with C:H:N:O Plasma Polymer. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13081861. [PMID: 32326555 PMCID: PMC7215835 DOI: 10.3390/ma13081861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The physicochemical and mechanical properties of thin and freestanding heavy boron-doped diamond (BDD) nanosheets coated with a thin C:H:N:O plasma polymer were studied. First, diamond nanosheets were grown and doped with boron on a Ta substrate using the microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition technique (MPECVD). Next, the BDD/Ta samples were covered with nylon 6.6 to improve their stability in harsh environments and flexibility during elastic deformations. Plasma polymer films with a thickness of the 500–1000 nm were obtained by magnetron sputtering of a bulk target of nylon 6.6. Hydrophilic nitrogen-rich C:H:N:O was prepared by the sputtering of nylon 6.6. C:H:N:O as a film with high surface energy improves adhesion in ambient conditions. The nylon–diamond interface was perfectly formed, and hence, the adhesion behavior could be attributed to the dissipation of viscoelastic energy originating from irreversible energy loss in soft polymer structure. Diamond surface heterogeneities have been shown to pin the contact edge, indicating that the retraction process causes instantaneous fluctuations on the surface in specified microscale regions. The observed Raman bands at 390, 275, and 220 cm−1 were weak; therefore, the obtained films exhibited a low level of nylon 6 polymerization and short-distance arrangement, indicating crystal symmetry and interchain interactions. The mechanical properties of the nylon-on-diamond were determined by a nanoindentation test in multiload mode. Increasing the maximum load during the nanoindentation test resulted in a decreased hardness of the fabricated structure. The integration of freestanding diamond nanosheets will make it possible to design flexible chemical multielectrode sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan P. Goss
- School of Engineering, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Ben L. Green
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Paul W. May
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Mark E. Newton
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Chloe V. Peaker
- Gemological Institute of America, 50 West 47th Street, New York, New York 10036, United States
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24
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Kim JE, Panda K, Park JY. Enhanced charge storage properties of ultrananocrystalline diamond films by contact electrification-induced hydrogenation. RSC Adv 2020; 10:33189-33195. [PMID: 35515020 PMCID: PMC9056710 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05409g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the enhanced charge storage characteristics of ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) by contact electrification-induced hydrogenation. The non-catalytic hydrogenation of UNCD films was achieved by using platinum as an electron donor and sulfuric acid as a hydrogen proton donor, confirmed by Raman spectroscopy and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (TOF-SIMS). Chemical treatment with only a H2SO4 solution is responsible for the surface oxidation. The oxidation of UNCD resulted in an increase in the quantity and duration of the tribocharges. After non-catalytic hydrogenation, the generation of friction-induced tribocharges was enhanced and remained for three hours and more. We show that the hydrogen incorporation on grain boundaries is responsible for the improvement of charge storage capability, because the doped hydrogen acts as a trap site for the tribocharges. This lab-scale and succinct method can be utilized to control charge trap capability in nanoscale memory electronics. The enhanced charge storage characteristics of ultrananocrystalline diamond caused by contact electrification-induced hydrogenation was demonstrated by using atomic force microscopy.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Eun Kim
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions
- Institute for Basic Science (IBS)
- Daejeon 34141
- Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Kalpataru Panda
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions
- Institute for Basic Science (IBS)
- Daejeon 34141
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Young Park
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions
- Institute for Basic Science (IBS)
- Daejeon 34141
- Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry
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25
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Duan X, Tian W, Zhang H, Sun H, Ao Z, Shao Z, Wang S. sp2/sp3 Framework from Diamond Nanocrystals: A Key Bridge of Carbonaceous Structure to Carbocatalysis. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b01565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Duan
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, SA, Australia
| | - Wenjie Tian
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, SA, Australia
| | - Huayang Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, SA, Australia
| | - Hongqi Sun
- School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup 6027, WA, Australia
| | - Zhimin Ao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zongping Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Perth 6102, WA, Australia
| | - Shaobin Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, SA, Australia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Perth 6102, WA, Australia
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26
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Yang KH, Narayan RJ. Biocompatibility and functionalization of diamond for neural applications. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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27
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Mahoney EJD, Mushtaq S, Ashfold MNR, Mankelevich YA. Combined Spatially Resolved Optical Emission Imaging and Modeling Studies of Microwave-Activated H 2/Ar and H 2/Kr Plasmas Operating at Powers and Pressures Relevant for Diamond Chemical Vapor Deposition. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:2544-2558. [PMID: 30852899 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b12294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Microwave (MW) activated H2/Ar (and H2/Kr) plasmas operating under powers and pressures relevant to diamond chemical vapor deposition have been investigated experimentally and by 2-D modeling. The experiments return spatially and wavelength resolved optical emission spectra of electronically excited H2 molecules and H and Ar(/Kr) atoms for a range of H2/noble gas mixing ratios. The self-consistent 2-D( r, z) modeling of different H2/Ar gas mixtures includes calculations of the MW electromagnetic fields, the plasma chemistry and electron kinetics, heat and species transfer and gas-surface interactions. Comparison with the trends revealed by the spatially resolved optical emission measurements and their variations with changes in process conditions help guide identification and refinement of the dominant plasma (and plasma emission) generation mechanisms and the more important Ar-H, Ar-H2, and H-H2 coupling reactions. Noble gas addition is shown to encourage radial expansion of the plasma, and thus to improve the uniformity of the H atom concentration and the gas temperature just above the substrate. Noble gas addition in the current experiments is also found to enhance (unwanted) sputtering of the copper base plate of the reactor; the experimentally observed increase in gas phase Cu* emission is shown to correlate with the near substrate ArH+ (and KrH+) ion concentrations returned by the modeling, rather than with the relatively more abundant H3+ (and H3O+) ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J D Mahoney
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1TS , U.K.,Centre for Doctoral Training in Diamond Science and Technology , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry CV4 7AL , U.K
| | - Sohail Mushtaq
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1TS , U.K
| | | | - Yuri A Mankelevich
- Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Leninskie gory , Moscow , 119991 , Russia
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28
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Kim JE, Panda K, Choi JIJ, Park JY. Nanoscale investigation of improved triboelectric properties of UV-irradiated ultrananocrystalline diamond films. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:6120-6128. [PMID: 30869720 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr01113g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report improved the triboelectric properties of ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) films that were measured using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Fabricated using the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method, UNCD is an artificial diamond film with mechanical properties similar to single-crystal diamond. Surface modification by means of UV irradiation is a simple method to modify the surface properties of carbon-based and oxide materials. While the physical properties (e.g., roughness, adhesion, and friction) of these UNCD films did not exhibit any significant change following the UV treatment, we found that the UV-irradiated UNCD surface was oxidized and became graphitic, as confirmed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, work function measurements using Kelvin probe force microscopy, and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. The work function of the samples increased with increasing UV exposure time, which is associated with the reduction of carbon atoms on the surface and oxygen-rich surfaces. Tribocharges were generated by scratching the surface of the UNCD films with a diamond-coated AFM tip. The duration of the tribocharges increased because of reactive radicals and the insulating property resulting from the UV/ozone treatment. The radicals were responsible for trapping charges; the UV-irradiated UNCD films preserved the charges for more than 5 h, which is five times longer than that on bare UNCD. This study demonstrated that UNCD is a promising material for generating triboelectricity and that UNCD can be used as a charge-trapping layer in charge-trap flash memory devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Eun Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Graduate School of EEWS, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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29
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Yang N, Yu S, Macpherson JV, Einaga Y, Zhao H, Zhao G, Swain GM, Jiang X. Conductive diamond: synthesis, properties, and electrochemical applications. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:157-204. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00757d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes systematically the growth, properties, and electrochemical applications of conductive diamond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianjun Yang
- Institute of Materials Engineering
- University of Siegen
- Siegen 57076
- Germany
| | - Siyu Yu
- Institute of Materials Engineering
- University of Siegen
- Siegen 57076
- Germany
| | | | - Yasuaki Einaga
- Department of Chemistry
- Keio University
- Yokohama 223-8522
- Japan
| | - Hongying Zhao
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092
- China
| | - Guohua Zhao
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092
- China
| | | | - Xin Jiang
- Institute of Materials Engineering
- University of Siegen
- Siegen 57076
- Germany
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30
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Ali M, Lin IN. Phase transitions and critical phenomena of tiny grains carbon films synthesized in microwave-based vapor deposition system. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.6593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mubarak Ali
- Department of Physics; COMSATS University Islamabad; Islamabad Pakistan
| | - I-Nan Lin
- Department of Physics; Tamkang University; New Taipei City Taiwan
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31
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Zou M, Gaowei M, Zhou T, Sumant AV, Jaye C, Fisher DA, Bohon J, Smedley J, Muller EM. An all-diamond X-ray position and flux monitor using nitrogen-incorporated ultra-nanocrystalline diamond contacts. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2018; 25:1060-1067. [PMID: 29979167 PMCID: PMC6038597 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577518006318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Diamond X-ray detectors with conducting nitrogen-incorporated ultra-nanocrystalline diamond (N-UNCD) films as electrodes were fabricated to measure X-ray beam flux and position. Structural characterization and functionality tests were performed for these devices. The N-UNCD films grown on unseeded diamond substrates were compared with N-UNCD films grown on a seeded silicon substrate. The feasibility of the N-UNCD films acting as electrodes for X-ray detectors was confirmed by the stable performance in a monochromatic X-ray beam. The fabrication process is able to change the surface status which may influence the signal uniformity under low bias, but this effect can be neglected under full collection bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengnan Zou
- Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Mengjia Gaowei
- Instrumentation Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Tianyi Zhou
- Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Anirudha V. Sumant
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Cherno Jaye
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaitherburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Daniel A. Fisher
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaitherburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Jen Bohon
- Center for Synchrotron Biosciences, Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - John Smedley
- Instrumentation Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Erik M. Muller
- Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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32
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Yang KH, Nguyen AK, Goering PL, Sumant AV, Narayan RJ. Ultrananocrystalline diamond-coated nanoporous membranes support SK-N-SH neuroblastoma epithelial [corrected] cell attachment. Interface Focus 2018; 8:20170063. [PMID: 29696093 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2017.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) has been demonstrated to have attractive features for biomedical applications and can be combined with nanoporous membranes for applications in drug delivery systems, biosensing, immunoisolation and single molecule analysis. In this study, free-standing nanoporous UNCD membranes with pore sizes of 100 or 400 nm were fabricated by directly depositing ultrathin UNCD films on nanoporous silicon nitride membranes and then etching away silicon nitride using reactive ion etching. Successful deposition of UNCD on the substrate with a novel process was confirmed with Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, cross-section scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy. Both sample types exhibited uniform geometry and maintained a clear hexagonal pore arrangement. Cellular attachment of SK-N-SH neuroblastoma endothelial cells was examined using confocal microscopy and SEM. Attachment of SK-N-SH cells onto UNCD membranes on both porous regions and solid surfaces was shown, indicating the potential use of UNCD membranes in biomedical applications such as biosensors and tissue engineering scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Hung Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Alexander K Nguyen
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.,Center for Devices and Radiological Health, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Peter L Goering
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Anirudha V Sumant
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Roger J Narayan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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33
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McLean B, Eveleens CA, Mitchell I, Webber GB, Page AJ. Catalytic CVD synthesis of boron nitride and carbon nanomaterials - synergies between experiment and theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:26466-26494. [PMID: 28849841 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03835f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Low-dimensional carbon and boron nitride nanomaterials - hexagonal boron nitride, graphene, boron nitride nanotubes and carbon nanotubes - remain at the forefront of advanced materials research. Catalytic chemical vapour deposition has become an invaluable technique for reliably and cost-effectively synthesising these materials. In this review, we will emphasise how a synergy between experimental and theoretical methods has enhanced the understanding and optimisation of this synthetic technique. This review examines recent advances in the application of CVD to synthesising boron nitride and carbon nanomaterials and highlights where, in many cases, molecular simulations and quantum chemistry have provided key insights complementary to experimental investigation. This synergy is particularly prominent in the field of carbon nanotube and graphene CVD synthesis, and we propose here it will be the key to future advances in optimisation of CVD synthesis of boron nitride nanomaterials, boron nitride - carbon composite materials, and other nanomaterials generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben McLean
- School of Environmental & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia.
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34
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Yang J, Zhang Y. Nanocrystalline Diamond Films Grown by Microwave Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition and Its Biocompatible Property. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.4236/ampc.2018.84011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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35
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36
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Ferdous SF, Adnan A. Mode-I Fracture Toughness Prediction of Diamond at the Nanoscale. JOURNAL OF NANOMECHANICS AND MICROMECHANICS 2017. [DOI: 10.1061/(asce)nm.2153-5477.0000130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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37
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Tzeng YK, Zhang JL, Lu H, Ishiwata H, Dahl J, Carlson RMK, Yan H, Schreiner PR, Vučković J, Shen ZX, Melosh N, Chu S. Vertical-Substrate MPCVD Epitaxial Nanodiamond Growth. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:1489-1495. [PMID: 28182433 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b04543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Color center-containing nanodiamonds have many applications in quantum technologies and biology. Diamondoids, molecular-sized diamonds have been used as seeds in chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth. However, optimizing growth conditions to produce high crystal quality nanodiamonds with color centers requires varying growth conditions that often leads to ad-hoc and time-consuming, one-at-a-time testing of reaction conditions. In order to rapidly explore parameter space, we developed a microwave plasma CVD technique using a vertical, rather than horizontally oriented stage-substrate geometry. With this configuration, temperature, plasma density, and atomic hydrogen density vary continuously along the vertical axis of the substrate. This variation allowed rapid identification of growth parameters that yield single crystal diamonds down to 10 nm in size and 75 nm diameter optically active center silicon-vacancy (Si-V) nanoparticles. Furthermore, this method may provide a means of incorporating a wide variety of dopants in nanodiamonds without ion irradiation damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Kai Tzeng
- Department of Physics, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jingyuan Linda Zhang
- E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Haiyu Lu
- Department of Physics, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Hitoshi Ishiwata
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 257S Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Jeremy Dahl
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 257S Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Robert M K Carlson
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 257S Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Hao Yan
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 257S Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Peter R Schreiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Jelena Vučković
- E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Zhi-Xun Shen
- Department of Physics, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 257S Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Nicholas Melosh
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 257S Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Steven Chu
- Department of Physics, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
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38
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Skoog SA, Kumar G, Zheng J, Sumant AV, Goering PL, Narayan RJ. Biological evaluation of ultrananocrystalline and nanocrystalline diamond coatings. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2016; 27:187. [PMID: 27796686 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-016-5798-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured biomaterials have been investigated for achieving desirable tissue-material interactions in medical implants. Ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) and nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) coatings are the two most studied classes of synthetic diamond coatings; these materials are grown using chemical vapor deposition and are classified based on their nanostructure, grain size, and sp3 content. UNCD and NCD are mechanically robust, chemically inert, biocompatible, and wear resistant, making them ideal implant coatings. UNCD and NCD have been recently investigated for ophthalmic, cardiovascular, dental, and orthopaedic device applications. The aim of this study was (a) to evaluate the in vitro biocompatibility of UNCD and NCD coatings and (b) to determine if variations in surface topography and sp3 content affect cellular response. Diamond coatings with various nanoscale topographies (grain sizes 5-400 nm) were deposited on silicon substrates using microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy revealed uniform coatings with different scales of surface topography; Raman spectroscopy confirmed the presence of carbon bonding typical of diamond coatings. Cell viability, proliferation, and morphology responses of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) to UNCD and NCD surfaces were evaluated. The hBMSCs on UNCD and NCD coatings exhibited similar cell viability, proliferation, and morphology as those on the control material, tissue culture polystyrene. No significant differences in cellular response were observed on UNCD and NCD coatings with different nanoscale topographies. Our data shows that both UNCD and NCD coatings demonstrate in vitro biocompatibility irrespective of surface topography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby A Skoog
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Girish Kumar
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Jiwen Zheng
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Anirudha V Sumant
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - Peter L Goering
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Roger J Narayan
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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39
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Wächter N, Munson C, Jarošová R, Berkun I, Hogan T, Rocha-Filho RC, Swain GM. Structure, Electronic Properties, and Electrochemical Behavior of a Boron-Doped Diamond/Quartz Optically Transparent Electrode. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:28325-28337. [PMID: 27243949 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b02467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The morphology, microstructure, chemistry, electronic properties, and electrochemical behavior of a boron-doped nanocrystalline diamond (BDD) thin film grown on quartz were evaluated. Diamond optically transparent electrodes (OTEs) are useful for transmission spectroelectrochemical measurements, offering excellent stability during anodic and cathodic polarization and exposure to a variety of chemical environments. We report on the characterization of a BDD OTE by atomic force microscopy, optical spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopic mapping, alternating-current Hall effect measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electrochemical methods. The results reported herein provide the first comprehensive study of the relationship between the physical and chemical structure and electronic properties of a diamond OTE and the electrode's electrochemical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naihara Wächter
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos , C. P. 676, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Catherine Munson
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Romana Jarošová
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Isil Berkun
- Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Timothy Hogan
- Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Romeu C Rocha-Filho
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos , C. P. 676, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Greg M Swain
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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40
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Gorrini F, Cazzanelli M, Bazzanella N, Edla R, Gemmi M, Cappello V, David J, Dorigoni C, Bifone A, Miotello A. On the thermodynamic path enabling a room-temperature, laser-assisted graphite to nanodiamond transformation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35244. [PMID: 27731385 PMCID: PMC5059669 DOI: 10.1038/srep35244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanodiamonds are the subject of active research for their potential applications in nano-magnetometry, quantum optics, bioimaging and water cleaning processes. Here, we present a novel thermodynamic model that describes a graphite-liquid-diamond route for the synthesis of nanodiamonds. Its robustness is proved via the production of nanodiamonds powders at room-temperature and standard atmospheric pressure by pulsed laser ablation of pyrolytic graphite in water. The aqueous environment provides a confinement mechanism that promotes diamond nucleation and growth, and a biologically compatible medium for suspension of nanodiamonds. Moreover, we introduce a facile physico-chemical method that does not require harsh chemical or temperature conditions to remove the graphitic byproducts of the laser ablation process. A full characterization of the nanodiamonds by electron and Raman spectroscopies is reported. Our model is also corroborated by comparison with experimental data from the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Gorrini
- Laboratorio IdEA, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Trento, via Sommarive 14, I-38123 Povo (TN) Italy
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, corso Bettini 31 Rovereto (TN) Italy
| | - M. Cazzanelli
- Laboratorio IdEA, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Trento, via Sommarive 14, I-38123 Povo (TN) Italy
| | - N. Bazzanella
- Laboratorio IdEA, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Trento, via Sommarive 14, I-38123 Povo (TN) Italy
| | - R. Edla
- Laboratorio IdEA, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Trento, via Sommarive 14, I-38123 Povo (TN) Italy
| | - M. Gemmi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Nanotechnology Innovation, piazza San Silvestro, 12 Pisa, Italy
| | - V. Cappello
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Nanotechnology Innovation, piazza San Silvestro, 12 Pisa, Italy
| | - J. David
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Nanotechnology Innovation, piazza San Silvestro, 12 Pisa, Italy
| | - C. Dorigoni
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, corso Bettini 31 Rovereto (TN) Italy
| | - A. Bifone
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, corso Bettini 31 Rovereto (TN) Italy
| | - A. Miotello
- Laboratorio IdEA, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Trento, via Sommarive 14, I-38123 Povo (TN) Italy
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41
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Zeng H, Jarvik R, Catausan G, Moldovan N, Carlisle J. Diamond coated artificial cardiovascular devices. SURFACE & COATINGS TECHNOLOGY 2016; 302:420-425. [PMID: 27867245 PMCID: PMC5114009 DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2016.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD), an extremely smooth, low cost diamond coating was successfully developed herein for antithrombogenic application which requires high biocompatibility, low wear, low friction, and chemical inertness. The substrate materials utilized in the Jarvik 2000 ventricular assist device (VAD), silicon carbide and titanium alloy, provide an excellent substrate match for UNCD integration. The paper addresses the development of medical-quality UNCD films to significantly improve the knowledge base regarding the defect mechanisms of UNCD films, to reduce or eliminate known wear-inducing imperfections in the film, and to thoroughly characterize and test the films as well as assembled UNCD-coated VADs. After the defect reduction and seeding experiments to improve film adhesion and coating quality, the best candidate deposition method has been down-selected for coating and assembly of VAD parts from Jarvik Heart. The coated and assembled devices have been tested with mechanical and blood-simulating fluid hydrodynamic testing at Jarvik Heart for full verification of the new coating technology. UNCD interface takes advantage of combining unmatched durability and antithrombogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Zeng
- Advanced Diamond Technologies, Inc. 48 E Belmont Drive, Romeoville, IL 60446, USA
| | - Robert Jarvik
- Jarvik Heart, Inc., 333 West 52nd Street, New York, NY 10019
| | - Grace Catausan
- Advanced Diamond Technologies, Inc. 48 E Belmont Drive, Romeoville, IL 60446, USA
| | - Nicolaie Moldovan
- Advanced Diamond Technologies, Inc. 48 E Belmont Drive, Romeoville, IL 60446, USA
| | - John Carlisle
- Advanced Diamond Technologies, Inc. 48 E Belmont Drive, Romeoville, IL 60446, USA
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42
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Siddiqui S, Dutta G, Tan C, Arumugam PU. Nanocrystalline Diamond Electrodes: Enabling electrochemical microsensing applications with high reliability and stability. IEEE NANOTECHNOLOGY MAGAZINE 2016; 10:12-20. [PMID: 32457817 DOI: 10.1109/mnano.2016.2572243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
THE DIAMOND (D) IS ONE OF the most precious materials in the world with unmatched physical and chemical properties, such as hardness, extreme chemical stability, high thermal conductivity, the highest acoustic velocity of any material, an extremely low friction coefficient when smooth, and nearly unmatched biocompatibility [1]. The carbon (C) atoms in Ds are tetrahedrally coordinated, i.e., each C atom is bonded to four others in the D lattice. This bonding is referred to as sp 3 bonding, and the strength and configuration of these bonds provide Ds with these unmatched fundamental properties and characteristics. Realizing these properties of the D in a C-based film that can easily be integrated into functional engineering systems and deployed in many applications has been a challenge for several decades. This is of primary concern in microelectronics, sensing, and hard-coating applications.
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Pozdnyakova N, Pastukhov A, Dudarenko M, Galkin M, Borysov A, Borisova T. Neuroactivity of detonation nanodiamonds: dose-dependent changes in transporter-mediated uptake and ambient level of excitatory/inhibitory neurotransmitters in brain nerve terminals. J Nanobiotechnology 2016; 14:25. [PMID: 27036406 PMCID: PMC4815169 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-016-0176-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nanodiamonds are one of the most perspective nano-sized particles with superb physical and chemical properties, which are mainly composed of carbon sp3 structures in the core with sp2 and disorder/defect carbons on the surface. The research team recently demonstrated neuromodulatory properties of carbon nanodots with other than nanodiamonds hybridization types, i.e., sp2 hybridized graphene islands and diamond-like sp3 hybridized elements. Results In this study, neuroactive properties of uncoated nanodiamonds produced by detonation synthesis were assessed basing on their effects on transporter-mediated uptake and the ambient level of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), in isolated rat brain nerve terminals. It was shown that nanodiamonds in a dose-dependent manner attenuated the initial velocity of Na+-dependent transporter-mediated uptake and accumulation of l-[14C]glutamate and [3H]GABA by nerve terminals and increased the ambient level of these neurotransmitters. Also, nanodiamonds caused a weak reduction in acidification of synaptic vesicles and depolarization of the plasma membrane of nerve terminals. Conclusions Therefore, despite different types of hybridization in nanodiamonds and carbon dots, they exhibit very similar effects on glutamate and GABA transport in nerve terminals and this common feature of both nanoparticles is presumably associated with their nanoscale size. Observed neuroactive properties of pure nanodiamonds can be used in neurotheranostics for simultaneous labeling/visualization of nerve terminals and modulation of key processes of glutamate- and GABAergic neurotransmission. In comparison with carbon dots, wider medical application involving hypo/hyperthermia, external magnetic fields, and radiolabel techniques can be perspective for nanodiamonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Pozdnyakova
- Department of Neurochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha Street, Kiev, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Artem Pastukhov
- Department of Neurochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha Street, Kiev, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Marina Dudarenko
- Department of Neurochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha Street, Kiev, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Maxim Galkin
- Department of Neurochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha Street, Kiev, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Arsenii Borysov
- Department of Neurochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha Street, Kiev, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Tatiana Borisova
- Department of Neurochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha Street, Kiev, 01601, Ukraine.
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Nanodiamonds: Behavior in Biological Systems and Emerging Bioapplications. SPRINGER SERIES IN BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-22861-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Galkin MA. COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF DETONATION NANODIAMONDS WITH VARIED PROPERTIES ON FUNCTIONAL STATE OF BRAIN NERVE TERMINALS. BIOTECHNOLOGIA ACTA 2016. [DOI: 10.15407/biotech9.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Zeng H, Yin W, Catausan G, Moldovan N, Carlisle J. Ultrananocrystalline Diamond Integration with Pyrolytic Carbon Components of Mechanical Heart Valves. DIAMOND AND RELATED MATERIALS 2016; 61:97-101. [PMID: 26705376 PMCID: PMC4685730 DOI: 10.1016/j.diamond.2015.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this report, an idea of integrating ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) with pyrolytic carbon (PyC) -based mechanical heart valves, has been demonstrated. The report addresses the strategies to avoid graphitization and film delamination during the diamond coating. Raman and scratch tests showed that a UNCD film with high purity could adhere to the PyC substrate strongly. A thrombin generation study demonstrated an excellent biocompatibility of UNCD towards fresh human platelets. These results suggest that UNCD could be a good candidate of surface material for next generation heart valves and other implantable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Zeng
- Advanced Diamond Technologies, Inc. 48 E Belmont Drive, Romeoville, IL 60446, USA
| | - Wei Yin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Grace Catausan
- Advanced Diamond Technologies, Inc. 48 E Belmont Drive, Romeoville, IL 60446, USA
| | - Nicolaie Moldovan
- Advanced Diamond Technologies, Inc. 48 E Belmont Drive, Romeoville, IL 60446, USA
| | - John Carlisle
- Advanced Diamond Technologies, Inc. 48 E Belmont Drive, Romeoville, IL 60446, USA
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Santos NF, Holz T, Santos T, Fernandes AJS, Vasconcelos TL, Gouvea CP, Archanjo BS, Achete CA, Silva RF, Costa FM. Heat Dissipation Interfaces Based on Vertically Aligned Diamond/Graphite Nanoplatelets. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:24772-24777. [PMID: 26495875 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b07633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Crystalline carbon-based materials are intrinsically chemically inert and good heat conductors, allowing their applications in a great variety of devices. A technological step forward in heat dissipators production can be given by tailoring the carbon phase microstructure, tuning the CVD synthesis conditions. In this work, a rapid bottom-up synthesis of vertically aligned hybrid material comprising diamond thin platelets covered by a crystalline graphite layer was developed. A single run was designed in order to produce a high aspect ratio nanostructured carbon material favoring the thermal dissipation under convection-governed conditions. The produced material was characterized by multiwavelength Raman spectroscopy and electron microscopy (scanning and transmission), and the macroscopic heat flux was evaluated. The results obtained confirm the enhancement of heat dissipation rate in the developed hybrid structures, when compared to smooth nanocrystalline diamond films.
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Affiliation(s)
- N F Santos
- i3N and Physics Department of University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - T Holz
- i3N and Physics Department of University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - T Santos
- CICECO and Physics Department of University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - A J S Fernandes
- i3N and Physics Department of University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - T L Vasconcelos
- Materials Metrology Division, INMETRO , 25250-020, Duque de Caxias - RJ, Brazil
| | - C P Gouvea
- Materials Metrology Division, INMETRO , 25250-020, Duque de Caxias - RJ, Brazil
| | - B S Archanjo
- Materials Metrology Division, INMETRO , 25250-020, Duque de Caxias - RJ, Brazil
| | - C A Achete
- Materials Metrology Division, INMETRO , 25250-020, Duque de Caxias - RJ, Brazil
| | - R F Silva
- CICECO and Dept. of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - F M Costa
- i3N and Physics Department of University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Skovorodnikov NO, Malykhin SA, Tuyakova FT, Ismagilov RR, Obraztsov AN. Carbon nanoscrolls on the surface of nanocrystalline graphite and diamond films. CRYSTALLOGR REP+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1063774515030177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Lockett MR, Smith LM. Carbon Substrates: A Stable Foundation for Biomolecular Arrays. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2015; 8:263-285. [PMID: 26048550 PMCID: PMC6287745 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071114-040146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Since their advent in the early 1990s, microarray technologies have developed into a powerful and ubiquitous platform for biomolecular analysis. Microarrays consist of three major elements: the substrate upon which they are constructed, the chemistry employed to attach biomolecules, and the biomolecules themselves. Although glass substrates and silane-based attachment chemistries are used for the vast majority of current microarray platforms, these materials suffer from severe limitations in stability, due to hydrolysis of both the substrate material itself and of the silyl ether linkages employed for attachment. These limitations in stability compromise assay performance and render impossible many potential microarray applications. We describe here a suite of alternative carbon-based substrates and associated attachment chemistries for microarray fabrication. The substrates themselves, as well as the carbon-carbon bond-based attachment chemistries, offer greatly increased chemical stability, enabling a myriad of novel applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Lockett
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599;
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Terranova ML, Orlanducci S, Rossi M, Tamburri E. Nanodiamonds for field emission: state of the art. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:5094-5114. [PMID: 25719909 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr07171a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to highlight the recent advances and the main remaining challenges related to the issue of electron field emission (FE) from nanodiamonds. The roadmap for FE vacuum microelectronic devices envisages that nanodiamonds could become very important in a short time. The intrinsic properties of the nanodiamond materials indeed meet many of the requirements of cutting-edge technologies and further benefits can be obtained by tailored improvements of processing methodologies. The current strategies used to modulate the morphological and structural features of diamond to produce highly performing emitting systems are reported and discussed. The focus is on the current understanding of the FE process from nanodiamond-based materials and on the major concepts used to improve their performance. A short survey of non-conventional microsized cold cathodes based on nanodiamonds is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Letizia Terranova
- Dip.to di Scienze & Tecnologie Chimiche - MinimaLab, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata", Via Della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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