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Morelli M, Cabezuelo Rodríguez M, Queiroz K. A high-throughput gut-on-chip platform to study the epithelial responses to enterotoxins. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5797. [PMID: 38461178 PMCID: PMC10925042 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56520-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxins are a type of toxins that primarily affect the intestines. Understanding their harmful effects is essential for food safety and medical research. Current methods lack high-throughput, robust, and translatable models capable of characterizing toxin-specific epithelial damage. Pressing concerns regarding enterotoxin contamination of foods and emerging interest in clinical applications of enterotoxins emphasize the need for new platforms. Here, we demonstrate how Caco-2 tubules can be used to study the effect of enterotoxins on the human intestinal epithelium, reflecting toxins' distinct pathogenic mechanisms. After exposure of the model to toxins nigericin, ochratoxin A, patulin and melittin, we observed dose-dependent reductions in barrier permeability as measured by TEER, which were detected with higher sensitivity than previous studies using conventional models. Combination of LDH release assays and DRAQ7 staining allowed comprehensive evaluation of toxin cytotoxicity, which was only observed after exposure to melittin and ochratoxin A. Furthermore, the study of actin cytoskeleton allowed to assess toxin-induced changes in cell morphology, which were only caused by nigericin. Altogether, our study highlights the potential of our Caco-2 tubular model in becoming a multi-parametric and high-throughput tool to bridge the gap between current enterotoxin research and translatable in vivo models of the human intestinal epithelium.
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2
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Gäbelein C, Reiter MA, Ernst C, Giger GH, Vorholt JA. Engineering Endosymbiotic Growth of E. coli in Mammalian Cells. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:3388-3396. [PMID: 36194551 PMCID: PMC9594318 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Endosymbioses are cellular mergers in which one cell lives within another cell and have led to major evolutionary transitions, most prominently to eukaryogenesis. Generation of synthetic endosymbioses aims to provide a defined starting point for studying fundamental processes in emerging endosymbiotic systems and enable the engineering of cells with novel properties. Here, we tested the potential of different bacteria for artificial endosymbiosis in mammalian cells. To this end, we adopted the fluidic force microscopy technology to inject diverse bacteria directly into the cytosol of HeLa cells and examined the endosymbiont-host interactions by real-time fluorescence microscopy. Among them, Escherichia coli grew exponentially within the cytoplasm, however, at a faster pace than its host cell. To slow down the intracellular growth of E. coli, we introduced auxotrophies in E. coli and demonstrated that the intracellular growth rate can be reduced by limiting the uptake of aromatic amino acids. In consequence, the survival of the endosymbiont-host pair was prolonged. The presented experimental framework enables studying endosymbiotic candidate systems at high temporal resolution and at the single cell level. Our work represents a starting point for engineering a stable, vertically inherited endosymbiosis.
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3
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Vašíček J, Baláži A, Svoradová A, Vozaf J, Dujíčková L, Makarevich AV, Bauer M, Chrenek P. Comprehensive Flow-Cytometric Quality Assessment of Ram Sperm Intended for Gene Banking Using Standard and Novel Fertility Biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115920. [PMID: 35682598 PMCID: PMC9180808 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow cytometry becomes a common method for analysis of spermatozoa quality. Standard sperm characteristics such as viability, acrosome and chromatin integrity, oxidative damage (ROS) etc. can be easily assess in any animal semen samples. Moreover, several fertility-related markers were observed in humans and some other mammals. However, these fertility biomarkers have not been previously studied in ram. The aim of this study was to optimize the flow-cytometric analysis of these standard and novel markers in ram semen. Ram semen samples from Slovak native sheep breeds were analyzed using CASA system for motility and concentration and were subsequently stained with several fluorescent dyes or specific antibodies to evaluate sperm viability (SYBR-14), apoptosis (Annexin V, YO-PRO-1, FLICA, Caspases 3/7), acrosome status (PNA, LCA, GAPDHS), capacitation (merocyanine 540, FLUO-4 AM), mitochondrial activity (MitoTracker Green, rhodamine 123, JC-1), ROS (CM-H2DCFDA, DHE, MitoSOX Red, BODIPY), chromatin (acridine orange), leukocyte content, ubiquitination and aggresome formation, and overexpression of negative biomarkers (MKRN1, SPTRX-3, PAWP, H3K4me2). Analyzed semen samples were divided into two groups according to viability as indicators of semen quality: Group 1 (viability over 60%) and Group 2 (viability under 60%). Significant (p < 0.05) differences were found between these groups in sperm motility and concentration, apoptosis, acrosome integrity (only PNA), mitochondrial activity, ROS production (except for DHE), leukocyte and aggresome content, and high PAWP expression. In conclusion, several standard and novel fluorescent probes have been confirmed to be suitable for multiplex ram semen analysis by flow cytometry as well as several antibodies have been validated for the specific detection of ubiquitin, PAWP and H3K4me2 in ram spermatozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaromír Vašíček
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics and Reproduction, NPPC, Research Institute for Animal Production Nitra, Hlohovecká 2, 951 41 Lužianky, Slovakia; (A.B.); (A.S.); (L.D.); (A.V.M.); (M.B.)
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia;
- Correspondence: (J.V.); (P.C.); Tel.: +421-37-654-6600 (J.V.); +421-37-641-4274 (P.C.)
| | - Andrej Baláži
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics and Reproduction, NPPC, Research Institute for Animal Production Nitra, Hlohovecká 2, 951 41 Lužianky, Slovakia; (A.B.); (A.S.); (L.D.); (A.V.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Andrea Svoradová
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics and Reproduction, NPPC, Research Institute for Animal Production Nitra, Hlohovecká 2, 951 41 Lužianky, Slovakia; (A.B.); (A.S.); (L.D.); (A.V.M.); (M.B.)
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Animal Genetics, Faculty of Agri Sciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1/1665, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Vozaf
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia;
| | - Linda Dujíčková
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics and Reproduction, NPPC, Research Institute for Animal Production Nitra, Hlohovecká 2, 951 41 Lužianky, Slovakia; (A.B.); (A.S.); (L.D.); (A.V.M.); (M.B.)
- Department of Botany and Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nábrežie Mládeže 91, 949 74 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Alexander V. Makarevich
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics and Reproduction, NPPC, Research Institute for Animal Production Nitra, Hlohovecká 2, 951 41 Lužianky, Slovakia; (A.B.); (A.S.); (L.D.); (A.V.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Miroslav Bauer
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics and Reproduction, NPPC, Research Institute for Animal Production Nitra, Hlohovecká 2, 951 41 Lužianky, Slovakia; (A.B.); (A.S.); (L.D.); (A.V.M.); (M.B.)
- Department of Botany and Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nábrežie Mládeže 91, 949 74 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Peter Chrenek
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics and Reproduction, NPPC, Research Institute for Animal Production Nitra, Hlohovecká 2, 951 41 Lužianky, Slovakia; (A.B.); (A.S.); (L.D.); (A.V.M.); (M.B.)
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia;
- Correspondence: (J.V.); (P.C.); Tel.: +421-37-654-6600 (J.V.); +421-37-641-4274 (P.C.)
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4
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Small J, Joblin-Mills A, Carbone K, Kost-Alimova M, Ayukawa K, Khodier C, Dancik V, Clemons PA, Munkacsi AB, Wagner BK. Phenotypic Screening for Small Molecules that Protect β-Cells from Glucolipotoxicity. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:1131-1142. [PMID: 35439415 PMCID: PMC9127801 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is marked by progressive β-cell failure, leading to loss of β-cell mass. Increased levels of circulating glucose and free fatty acids associated with obesity lead to β-cell glucolipotoxicity. There are currently no therapeutic options to address this facet of β-cell loss in obese type 2 diabetes patients. To identify small molecules capable of protecting β-cells, we performed a high-throughput screen of 20,876 compounds in the rat insulinoma cell line INS-1E in the presence of elevated glucose and palmitate. We found 312 glucolipotoxicity-protective small molecules (1.49% hit rate) capable of restoring INS-1E viability, and we focused on 17 with known biological targets. 16 of the 17 compounds were kinase inhibitors with activity against specific families including but not limited to cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK), PI-3 kinase (PI3K), Janus kinase (JAK), and Rho-associated kinase 2 (ROCK2). 7 of the 16 kinase inhibitors were PI3K inhibitors. Validation studies in dissociated human islets identified 10 of the 17 compounds, namely, KD025, ETP-45658, BMS-536924, AT-9283, PF-03814735, torin-2, AZD5438, CP-640186, ETP-46464, and GSK2126458 that reduced glucolipotoxicity-induced β-cell death. These 10 compounds decreased markers of glucolipotoxicity including caspase activation, mitochondrial depolarization, and increased calcium flux. Together, these results provide a path forward toward identifying novel treatments to preserve β-cell viability in the face of glucolipotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonnell
C. Small
- Chemical
Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Chemistry
Biology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Aidan Joblin-Mills
- School
of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Kaycee Carbone
- Chemical
Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Maria Kost-Alimova
- Center
for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad
Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Kumiko Ayukawa
- Chemical
Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- JT
Pharmaceuticals Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Osaka, Japan
| | - Carol Khodier
- Center
for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad
Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Vlado Dancik
- Chemical
Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Paul A. Clemons
- Chemical
Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Andrew B. Munkacsi
- School
of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Bridget K. Wagner
- Chemical
Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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5
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Spiller ER, Ung N, Kim S, Patsch K, Lau R, Strelez C, Doshi C, Choung S, Choi B, Juarez Rosales EF, Lenz HJ, Matasci N, Mumenthaler SM. Imaging-Based Machine Learning Analysis of Patient-Derived Tumor Organoid Drug Response. Front Oncol 2022; 11:771173. [PMID: 34993134 PMCID: PMC8724556 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.771173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-quarters of compounds that enter clinical trials fail to make it to market due to safety or efficacy concerns. This statistic strongly suggests a need for better screening methods that result in improved translatability of compounds during the preclinical testing period. Patient-derived organoids have been touted as a promising 3D preclinical model system to impact the drug discovery pipeline, particularly in oncology. However, assessing drug efficacy in such models poses its own set of challenges, and traditional cell viability readouts fail to leverage some of the advantages that the organoid systems provide. Consequently, phenotypically evaluating complex 3D cell culture models remains difficult due to intra- and inter-patient organoid size differences, cellular heterogeneities, and temporal response dynamics. Here, we present an image-based high-content assay that provides object level information on 3D patient-derived tumor organoids without the need for vital dyes. Leveraging computer vision, we segment and define organoids as independent regions of interest and obtain morphometric and textural information per organoid. By acquiring brightfield images at different timepoints in a robust, non-destructive manner, we can track the dynamic response of individual organoids to various drugs. Furthermore, to simplify the analysis of the resulting large, complex data files, we developed a web-based data visualization tool, the Organoizer, that is available for public use. Our work demonstrates the feasibility and utility of using imaging, computer vision and machine learning to determine the vital status of individual patient-derived organoids without relying upon vital dyes, thus taking advantage of the characteristics offered by this preclinical model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin R Spiller
- Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Nolan Ung
- Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Seungil Kim
- Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Katherin Patsch
- Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Roy Lau
- Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Carly Strelez
- Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Chirag Doshi
- Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sarah Choung
- Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Brandon Choi
- Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Edwin Francisco Juarez Rosales
- Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Heinz-Josef Lenz
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Naim Matasci
- Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Shannon M Mumenthaler
- Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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6
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Péter B, Boldizsár I, Kovács GM, Erdei A, Bajtay Z, Vörös A, Ramsden JJ, Szabó I, Bősze S, Horvath R. Natural Compounds as Target Biomolecules in Cellular Adhesion and Migration: From Biomolecular Stimulation to Label-Free Discovery and Bioactivity-Based Isolation. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1781. [PMID: 34944597 PMCID: PMC8698624 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants and fungi can be used for medical applications because of their accumulation of special bioactive metabolites. These substances might be beneficial to human health, exerting also anti-inflammatory and anticancer (antiproliferative) effects. We propose that they are mediated by influencing cellular adhesion and migration via various signaling pathways and by directly inactivating key cell adhesion surface receptor sites. The evidence for this proposition is reviewed (by summarizing the natural metabolites and their effects influencing cellular adhesion and migration), along with the classical measuring techniques used to gain such evidence. We systematize existing knowledge concerning the mechanisms of how natural metabolites affect adhesion and movement, and their role in gene expression as well. We conclude by highlighting the possibilities to screen natural compounds faster and more easily by applying new label-free methods, which also enable a far greater degree of quantification than the conventional methods used hitherto. We have systematically classified recent studies regarding the effects of natural compounds on cellular adhesion and movement, characterizing the active substances according to their organismal origin (plants, animals or fungi). Finally, we also summarize the results of recent studies and experiments on SARS-CoV-2 treatments by natural extracts affecting mainly the adhesion and entry of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrix Péter
- Nanobiosensorics Group, Research Centre for Energy Research, Institute for Technical Physics and Materials Science, Konkoly-Thege u 29-33, 1120 Budapest, Hungary; (A.V.); (R.H.)
| | - Imre Boldizsár
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (I.B.); (G.M.K.)
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor M. Kovács
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (I.B.); (G.M.K.)
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Erdei
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (A.E.); (Z.B.)
- MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Bajtay
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (A.E.); (Z.B.)
- MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alexandra Vörös
- Nanobiosensorics Group, Research Centre for Energy Research, Institute for Technical Physics and Materials Science, Konkoly-Thege u 29-33, 1120 Budapest, Hungary; (A.V.); (R.H.)
| | - Jeremy J. Ramsden
- Clore Laboratory, University of Buckingham, Buckingham MK18 1EG, UK;
| | - Ildikó Szabó
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (I.S.); (S.B.)
- National Public Health Center, Albert Flórián út 2-6, 1097 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Bősze
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (I.S.); (S.B.)
- National Public Health Center, Albert Flórián út 2-6, 1097 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Robert Horvath
- Nanobiosensorics Group, Research Centre for Energy Research, Institute for Technical Physics and Materials Science, Konkoly-Thege u 29-33, 1120 Budapest, Hungary; (A.V.); (R.H.)
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7
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Wlodkowic D, Czerw A, Karakiewicz B, Deptała A. Recent progress in cytometric technologies and their applications in ecotoxicology and environmental risk assessment. Cytometry A 2021; 101:203-219. [PMID: 34652065 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Environmental toxicology focuses on identifying and predicting impact of potentially toxic anthropogenic chemicals on biosphere at various levels of biological organization. Presently there is a significant drive to gain deeper understanding of cellular and sub-cellular mechanisms of ecotoxicity. Most notable is increased focus on elucidation of cellular-response networks, interactomes, and greater implementation of cell-based biotests using high-throughput procedures, while at the same time decreasing the reliance on standard animal models used in ecotoxicity testing. This is aimed at discovery and interpretation of molecular pathways of ecotoxicity at large scale. In this regard, the applications of cytometry are perhaps one of the most fundamental prospective analytical tools for the next generation and high-throughput ecotoxicology research. The diversity of this modern technology spans flow, laser-scanning, imaging, and more recently, Raman as well as mass cytometry. The cornerstone advantages of cytometry include the possibility of multi-parameter measurements, gating and rapid analysis. Cytometry overcomes, thus, limitations of traditional bulk techniques such as spectrophotometry or gel-based techniques that average the results from pooled cell populations or small model organisms. Novel technologies such as cell imaging in flow, laser scanning cytometry, as well as mass cytometry provide innovative and tremendously powerful capabilities to analyze cells, tissues as well as to perform in situ analysis of small model organisms. In this review, we outline cytometry as a tremendously diverse field that is still vastly underutilized and often largely unknown in environmental sciences. The main motivation of this work is to highlight the potential and wide-reaching applications of cytometry in ecotoxicology, guide environmental scientists in the technological aspects as well as popularize its broader adoption in environmental risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Wlodkowic
- The Neurotox Lab, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aleksandra Czerw
- Department of Health Economics and Medical Law, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Karakiewicz
- Subdepartment of Social Medicine and Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Deptała
- Department of Cancer Prevention. Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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8
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Patel RR, Kandel PP, Traverso E, Hockett KL, Triplett LR. Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola Uses Distinct Modes of Stationary-Phase Persistence To Survive Bacteriocin and Streptomycin Treatments. mBio 2021; 12:e00161-21. [PMID: 33849974 PMCID: PMC8092213 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00161-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial treatment of bacteria often results in a small population of surviving tolerant cells, or persisters, that may contribute to recurrent infection. Antibiotic persisters are metabolically dormant, but the basis of their persistence in the presence of membrane-disrupting biological compounds is less well understood. We previously found that the model plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola 1448A (Pph) exhibits persistence to tailocin, a membrane-disrupting biocontrol compound with potential for sustainable disease control. Here, we compared physiological traits associated with persistence to tailocin and to the antibiotic streptomycin and established that both treatments leave similar frequencies of persisters. Microscopic profiling of treated populations revealed that while tailocin rapidly permeabilizes most cells, streptomycin treatment results in a heterogeneous population in the redox and membrane permeability state. Intact cells were sorted into three fractions according to metabolic activity, as indicated by a redox-sensing reporter dye. Streptomycin persisters were cultured from the fraction associated with the lowest metabolic activity, but tailocin persisters were cultured from a fraction associated with an active metabolic signal. Cells from culturable fractions were able to infect host plants, while the nonculturable fractions were not. Tailocin and streptomycin were effective in eliminating all persisters when applied sequentially, in addition to eliminating cells in other viable states. This study identifies distinct metabolic states associated with antibiotic persistence, tailocin persistence, and loss of virulence and demonstrates that tailocin is highly effective in eliminating dormant cells.IMPORTANCE Populations of genetically identical bacteria encompass heterogeneous physiological states. The small fraction of bacteria that are dormant can help the population survive exposure to antibiotics and other stresses, potentially contributing to recurring infection cycles in animal or plant hosts. Membrane-disrupting biological control treatments are effective in killing dormant bacteria, but these treatments also leave persister-like survivors. The current work demonstrates that in Pph, persisters surviving treatment with membrane-disrupting tailocin proteins have an elevated redox state compared to that of dormant streptomycin persisters. Combination treatment was effective in killing both persister types. Culturable persisters corresponded closely with infectious cells in each treated population, whereas the high-redox and unculturable fractions were not infectious. In linking redox states to heterogeneous phenotypes of tailocin persistence, streptomycin persistence, and infection capability, this work will inform the search for mechanisms and markers for each phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravikumar R Patel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Prem P Kandel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eboni Traverso
- Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kevin L Hockett
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Huck Institutes for the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lindsay R Triplett
- Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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9
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Rooprai HK, Lawrence P, Keshavarz S, Yashod P, Gullan RW, Selway RP, Davies D. DRAQ7 as an Alternative to MTT Assay for Measuring Viability of Glioma Cells Treated With Polyphenols. Anticancer Res 2020; 40:5427-5436. [PMID: 32988864 DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.14553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The tetrazolium-based MTT cytotoxicity assay is well established for screening putative anti-cancer agents. However, it has limitations including lack of reproducibility with glioma cells treated with polyphenols. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether a flow cytometric assay with the anthraquinone, DRAQ7, was a better alternative than the colorimetric MTT assay for measuring cell viability. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two glioma cell lines (IPSB-18, U373) and 1 pancreatic cancer cell line (AsPC-1) were treated with 4 polyphenols, namely red grape seed extract, red clover extract, anthocyanin-rich extract and curcumin. Cell viability was assessed using MTT assay and DRAQ7 staining. RESULTS Limitations of MTT assay included lack of sensitivity and interference with the structure and absorbance spectra of polyphenols. Also, DMSO was toxic to glioma cells. Microscopic observations of cells treated with polyphenols confirmed the range of IC50 values evaluated by DRAQ7, but not by the MTT assay. CONCLUSION DRAQ7 is a better alternative than MTT for measuring viability of glioma cells treated with brightly coloured polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick Lawrence
- Department of Neurosurgery, King's College Hospital, London, U.K.,Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, U.K
| | - Sholeh Keshavarz
- Department of Neurosurgery, King's College Hospital, London, U.K
| | - Pooja Yashod
- Department of Neurosurgery, King's College Hospital, London, U.K
| | - Richard W Gullan
- Department of Neurosurgery, King's College Hospital, London, U.K
| | - Richard P Selway
- Department of Neurosurgery, King's College Hospital, London, U.K
| | - Derek Davies
- Flow Cytometry Facility, The Francis Crick Institute, London, U.K.
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10
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Bradford MK, Elkins KL. Immune lymphocytes halt replication of Francisella tularensis LVS within the cytoplasm of infected macrophages. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12023. [PMID: 32694562 PMCID: PMC7374111 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68798-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Francisella tularensis is a highly infectious intracellular bacterium that causes tularemia by invading and replicating in mammalian myeloid cells. Francisella primarily invades host macrophages, where it escapes phagosomes within a few hours and replicates in the cytoplasm. Less is known about how Francisella traffics within macrophages or exits into the extracellular environment for further infection. Immune T lymphocytes control the replication of Francisella within macrophages in vitro by a variety of mechanisms, but nothing is known about intracellular bacterial trafficking in the face of such immune pressure. Here we used a murine model of infection with a Francisella attenuated live vaccine strain (LVS), which is under study as a human vaccine, to evaluate the hypothesis that immune T cells control intramacrophage bacterial growth by re-directing bacteria into toxic intracellular compartments of infected macrophages. We visualized the interactions of lymphocytes and LVS-infected macrophages using confocal microscopy and characterized LVS intramacrophage trafficking when co-cultured with immune lymphocytes. We focused on the late stages of infection after bacteria escape from phagosomes, through bacterial replication and the death of macrophages. We found that the majority of LVS remained cytosolic in the absence of immune pressure, eventually resulting in macrophage death. In contrast, co-culture of LVS-infected macrophages with LVS-immune lymphocytes halted LVS replication and inhibited the spread of LVS infection between macrophages, but bacteria did not return to vacuoles such as lysosomes or autophagosomes and macrophages did not die. Therefore, immune lymphocytes directly limit intracellular bacterial replication within the cytoplasm of infected macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Katherine Bradford
- Laboratory of Mucosal Pathogens and Cellular Immunology, Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA.,Johns Hopkins University Professional Development and Career Office, 1830 E. Monument, 2-107, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Karen L Elkins
- Laboratory of Mucosal Pathogens and Cellular Immunology, Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA.
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11
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Smith PJ, Darzynkiewicz Z, Errington RJ. Nuclear cytometry and chromatin organization. Cytometry A 2018; 93:771-784. [PMID: 30144297 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear-targeting chemical probe, for the detection and quantification of DNA within cells, has been a mainstay of cytometry-from the colorimetric Feulgen stain to smart fluorescent agents with tuned functionality. The level of nuclear structure and function at which the probe aims to readout, or indeed at which a DNA-targeted drug acts, is shadowed by a wide range of detection modalities and analytical methods. These methods are invariably limited in terms of the resolution attainable versus the volume occupied by targeted chromatin structures. The scalar challenge arises from the need to understand the extent and different levels of compaction of genomic DNA and how such structures can be re-modeled, reported, or even perturbed by both probes and drugs. Nuclear cytometry can report on the complex levels of chromatin order, disorder, disassembly, and even active disruption by probes and drugs. Nuclear probes can report defining features of clinical and therapeutic interest as in NETosis and other cell death processes. New cytometric approaches continue to bridge the scalar challenges of analyzing chromatin organization. Advances in super-resolution microscopy address the resolution and depth of analysis issues in cellular systems. Typical of recent insights into chromatin organization enabled by exploiting a DNA interacting probe is ChromEM tomography (ChromEMT). ChromEMT uses the unique properties of the anthraquinone-based cytometric dye DRAQ5™ to reveal that local and global 3D chromatin structures effect differences in compaction. The focus of this review is nuclear and chromatin cytometry, with linked reference to DNA targeting probes and drugs as exemplified by the anthracenediones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Smith
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Zbigniew Darzynkiewicz
- Department of Pathology, Brander Cancer Research Institute, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, 10595
| | - Rachel J Errington
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
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12
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Kara A, Ozturk N, Esendagli G, Ozkose UU, Gulyuz S, Yilmaz O, Telci D, Bozkir A, Vural I. Development of novel self-assembled polymeric micelles from partially hydrolysed poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)-co-PEI-b-PCL block copolymer as non-viral vectors for plasmid DNA in vitro transfection. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 46:S264-S273. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1491478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asli Kara
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Art and Science, Hitit University, Corum, Turkey
- Department of Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine, Hacettepe University Institute of Science, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Naile Ozturk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gunes Esendagli
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Umut Ugur Ozkose
- Materials Institute, Marmara Research Center, TUBITAK, Gebze, Turkey
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Piri Reis University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevgi Gulyuz
- Materials Institute, Marmara Research Center, TUBITAK, Gebze, Turkey
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Yilmaz
- Materials Institute, Marmara Research Center, TUBITAK, Gebze, Turkey
| | - Dilek Telci
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Asuman Bozkir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Imran Vural
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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13
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Goncharov NV, Terpilowski MA, Nadeev AD, Kudryavtsev IV, Serebriakova MK, Zinchenko VP, Avdonin PV. Cytotoxic Power of Hydrogen Peroxide Effect on Endothelial Cells in vitro. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW), SUPPLEMENT SERIES A: MEMBRANE AND CELL BIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s199074781802006x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Dunlop EA, Johnson CE, Wiltshire M, Errington RJ, Tee AR. Targeting protein homeostasis with nelfinavir/salinomycin dual therapy effectively induces death of mTORC1 hyperactive cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:48711-48724. [PMID: 28415776 PMCID: PMC5564719 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled cell growth in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex occurs due to inappropriate activation of mechanistic (mammalian) target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). The current therapy, rapamycin, produced promising clinical trial results, but patient tumours regrow if treatment is discontinued, revealing rapamycin has cytostatic properties rather than a cytotoxic effect. Taking advantage of the enhanced levels of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress present in TSC2-null cells, we investigated drug combinations producing a cytotoxic response. We found a nelfinavir and salinomycin combination specifically killed TSC2-deficient, mTORC1 hyperactive cells. Cytotoxicity was rescued by reducing protein synthesis, either through mTORC1 inhibition or cycloheximide treatment. This indicates that the drug combination targets the cells by tipping the protein homeostasis balance of the already metabolically stressed TSC2-deficient cells in favour of cell death. Furthermore, this drug combination also inhibited tumour formation in TSC2-deficient cell models and caused tumour spheroid death in 3D culture. Importantly, the 3D assay could differentiate the cytostatic agent, rapamycin, from the cytotoxic nelfinavir/salinomycin combination. Sporadic cancer cell lines with hyperactive mTORC1 signalling were also susceptible to this nelfinavir/salinomycin drug combination. This work indicates that the protein homeostasis pathway is an attractive therapeutic target in both Tuberous Sclerosis Complex and mTORC1-driven sporadic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine A Dunlop
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Charlotte E Johnson
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Marie Wiltshire
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Rachel J Errington
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Andrew R Tee
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
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15
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Abstract
In concert with the increased understanding that there are many ways for cells to die, several methods have been developed to detect cell death. The classification of cell death posed some difficulties that were overcome by implementing strict selection criteria that should also apply to the detection methods. The selection of assays is based on morphological criteria and distinguishable marks of apoptotic patways. The detection of apoptosis includes methods related to membrane alterations, DNA fragmentation, cytotoxicity and cell proliferation, mitochondrial damage, immunological detection and mechanism based assays. Other less frequently used detections of apoptosis are: (a) light-scattering flow cytometry to avoid underestimating the extent and timing of apoptosis, (b) time-lapse microscopy perfusion platform to support the temporal aspects of detection, to measure cell surface area and cellular adhesion, and (c) genotoxicity specific chromatin changes. Attention is called to the advantages and limitations of various methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaspar Banfalvi
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen,, 4010, Hungary.
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16
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Applications and Caveats on the Utilization of DNA-Specific Probes in Cell-Based Assays. Methods Mol Biol 2017. [PMID: 29082483 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7357-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
To perform cell-based assays using fluorescence as the readout there is a fundamental need to identify individual cellular objects. In the majority of cases this requires the addition of a DNA dye or so-called nuclear counterstain and these have become integral to assay design. End-point assays can use live or fixed cells and thus it is beneficial if such reagents are cell membrane-permeant.Further, membrane-permeant DNA dyes can open new opportunities in dynamic real time assays with caveats according to the impact of their interaction with the chromatin in live cells. As cell-based assays offer information on the in vitro toxicity of treatments, cell viability has become a basic readout and cell membrane-impermeant fluorescent DNA-specific dyes can provide this information.In the case of both nuclear counterstaining and viability reporting, it is beneficial if the DNA dyes employed are suitably spectrally separated to permit multi-color experimental design. Methods will be described for these two important assay readouts.
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17
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Sahin A, Yoyen-Ermis D, Caban-Toktas S, Horzum U, Aktas Y, Couvreur P, Esendagli G, Capan Y. Evaluation of brain-targeted chitosan nanoparticles through blood–brain barrier cerebral microvessel endothelial cells. J Microencapsul 2017; 34:659-666. [DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2017.1375039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adem Sahin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Digdem Yoyen-Ermis
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Secil Caban-Toktas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Utku Horzum
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yesim Aktas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Patrick Couvreur
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud UMR CNRS 8612, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Paris-Sud XI, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Gunes Esendagli
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yilmaz Capan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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18
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Sahin A, Esendagli G, Yerlikaya F, Caban-Toktas S, Yoyen-Ermis D, Horzum U, Aktas Y, Khan M, Couvreur P, Capan Y. A small variation in average particle size of PLGA nanoparticles prepared by nanoprecipitation leads to considerable change in nanoparticles’ characteristics and efficacy of intracellular delivery. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 45:1657-1664. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2016.1276924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adem Sahin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Gunes Esendagli
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Firat Yerlikaya
- Elixir Pharmaceutical Research and Development Corporation, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Secil Caban-Toktas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Digdem Yoyen-Ermis
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Utku Horzum
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yesim Aktas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mansoor Khan
- Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, TX, USA
| | - Patrick Couvreur
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud UMR CNRS 8612, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Paris-Sud XI, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Yilmaz Capan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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19
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Multi-parametric imaging of cell heterogeneity in apoptosis analysis. Methods 2017; 112:105-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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20
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Darzynkiewicz Z, Zhao H, Dorota Halicka H, Pozarowski P, Lee B. Fluorochrome-Labeled Inhibitors of Caspases: Expedient In Vitro and In Vivo Markers of Apoptotic Cells for Rapid Cytometric Analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1644:61-73. [PMID: 28710753 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7187-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Activation of caspases is a characteristic event of apoptosis. Various cytometric methods distinguishing this event have been developed to serve as specific apoptotic markers for the assessment of apoptotic frequency within different cell populations. The method described in this chapter utilizes fluorochrome labeled inhibitors of caspases (FLICA) and is applicable to fluorescence microscopy, flow- and imaging-cytometry as well as to confocal imaging. Cell-permeant FLICA reagents tagged with carboxyfluorescein or sulforhodamine, when applied to live cells in vitro or in vivo, exclusively label the cells that are undergoing apoptosis. The FLICA labeling methodology is rapid, simple, robust, and can be combined with other markers of cell death for multiplexed analysis. Examples are presented on FLICA use in combination with a vital stain (propidium iodide), detection of the loss of mitochondrial electrochemical potential, and exposure of phosphatidylserine on the outer surface of plasma cell membrane using Annexin V fluorochrome conjugates. FLICA staining followed by cell fixation and stoichiometric staining of cellular DNA demonstrate that FLICA binding can be correlated with the concurrent analysis of DNA ploidy, cell cycle phase, DNA fragmentation, and other apoptotic events whose detection requires cell permeabilization. The "time window" for the detection of apoptosis with FLICA is wider compared to the Annexin V binding, making FLICA a preferable marker for the detection of early phase apoptosis and therefore more accurate for quantification of apoptotic cells. Unlike many other biomarkers of apoptotic cells, FLICAs can be used to detect apoptosis ex vivo and in vivo in different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Darzynkiewicz
- Department of Pathology and Brander Cancer Research Institute, New York Medical College, Basic Sciences Building, 15 Dana Road, Valhalla, N.Y, 10595, USA.
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Brander Cancer Research Institute, New York Medical College, Basic Sciences Building, 15 Dana Road, Valhalla, N.Y, 10595, USA
| | - H Dorota Halicka
- Department of Pathology and Brander Cancer Research Institute, New York Medical College, Basic Sciences Building, 15 Dana Road, Valhalla, N.Y, 10595, USA
| | | | - Brian Lee
- Immunochemistry Technologies, Bloomington, MN, 55431, USA
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21
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Kudryavtsev I, Serebryakova M, Solovjeva L, Svetlova M, Firsanov D. Rapid Detection of Apoptosis in Cultured Mammalian Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1644:105-111. [PMID: 28710756 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7187-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometry is a powerful tool for the analysis of apoptosis, the process that directly determines cell fate after the action of different stresses. Here, we describe a flow cytometry method for the assessment of early and late stages of apoptosis in non-fixed cultured cells using SYTO16, DRAQ7, and PO-PRO1 dyes simultaneously. This multicolor flow cytometry procedure requires 45 min for completion and provides a quantitative assessment of cell viability. It can be useful in evaluating the cytotoxic properties of new drugs, and antitumor interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Kudryavtsev
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Maria Serebryakova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- State University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Liudmila Solovjeva
- Institute of Cytology RAS, 4 Tikhoretski Avenue, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maria Svetlova
- Institute of Cytology RAS, 4 Tikhoretski Avenue, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Denis Firsanov
- Institute of Cytology RAS, 4 Tikhoretski Avenue, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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22
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Borovkova M, Serebriakova M, Fedorov V, Sedykh E, Vaks V, Lichutin A, Salnikova A, Khodzitsky M. Investigation of terahertz radiation influence on rat glial cells. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:273-280. [PMID: 28101417 PMCID: PMC5231298 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.000273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We studied an influence of continuous terahertz (THz) radiation (0.12 - 0.18 THz, average power density of 3.2 mW/cm2) on a rat glial cell line. A dose-dependent cytotoxic effect of THz radiation is demonstrated. After 1 minute of THz radiation exposure a relative number of apoptotic cells increased in 1.5 times, after 3 minutes it doubled. This result confirms the concept of biological hazard of intense THz radiation. Diagnostic applications of THz radiation can be restricted by the radiation power density and exposure time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Borovkova
- Terahertz Biomedicine Laboratory, Photonics and Optical Information Department, ITMO University, 49 Kronverksky Ave, St. Petersburg 197101,
Russia
| | - Maria Serebriakova
- Terahertz Biomedicine Laboratory, Photonics and Optical Information Department, ITMO University, 49 Kronverksky Ave, St. Petersburg 197101,
Russia
- Immunology Department, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 12 Acad. Pavlov Str., St. Petersburg 197376,
Russia
| | - Viacheslav Fedorov
- Terahertz Biomedicine Laboratory, Photonics and Optical Information Department, ITMO University, 49 Kronverksky Ave, St. Petersburg 197101,
Russia
- Institute of Laser Physics, 13/3 Lavrentyeva Ave, Novosibirsk 630090,
Russia
| | - Egor Sedykh
- Terahertz Biomedicine Laboratory, Photonics and Optical Information Department, ITMO University, 49 Kronverksky Ave, St. Petersburg 197101,
Russia
| | - Vladimir Vaks
- Terahertz Biomedicine Laboratory, Photonics and Optical Information Department, ITMO University, 49 Kronverksky Ave, St. Petersburg 197101,
Russia
- Institute for Physics of Microstructures of the Russian Academy of Science, GSP-105, Nizhny Novgorod 603950,
Russia
| | - Alexander Lichutin
- Terahertz Biomedicine Laboratory, Photonics and Optical Information Department, ITMO University, 49 Kronverksky Ave, St. Petersburg 197101,
Russia
| | - Alina Salnikova
- Terahertz Biomedicine Laboratory, Photonics and Optical Information Department, ITMO University, 49 Kronverksky Ave, St. Petersburg 197101,
Russia
| | - Mikhail Khodzitsky
- Terahertz Biomedicine Laboratory, Photonics and Optical Information Department, ITMO University, 49 Kronverksky Ave, St. Petersburg 197101,
Russia
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23
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Chan LLY, McCulley KJ, Kessel SL. Assessment of Cell Viability with Single-, Dual-, and Multi-Staining Methods Using Image Cytometry. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1601:27-41. [PMID: 28470515 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6960-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability to accurately measure cell viability is important for any cell-based assay. Traditionally, viability measurements have been performed using the trypan blue exclusion method on a hemacytometer, which allows researchers to visually distinguish viable from nonviable cells. While the trypan blue method can work for cell lines or primary cells that have been rigorously purified, in more complex samples such as PBMCs, bone marrow, whole blood, or any sample with low viability, this method can lead to errors. In recent years, advances in optics and fluorescent dyes have led to the development of automated benchtop image-based cell counters for rapid cell concentration and viability measurement. In this work, we demonstrate the use of image-based cytometry for cell viability detection using single-, dual-, or multi-stain techniques. Single-staining methods using nucleic acid stains such as EB, PI, 7-AAD, DAPI, SYTOX Green, and SYTOX Red, and enzymatic stains such as CFDA and Calcein AM, were performed. Dual-staining methods using AO/PI, CFDA/PI, Calcein AM/PI, Hoechst/PI, Hoechst/DRAQ7, and DRAQ5/DAPI that enumerate viable and nonviable cells were also performed. Finally, Hoechst/Calcein AM/PI was used for a multi-staining method. Fluorescent viability staining allows exclusion of cellular debris and nonnucleated cells from analysis, which can eliminate the need to perform purification steps during sample preparation and improve efficiency. Image cytometers increase speed and throughput, capture images for visual confirmation of results, and can greatly simplify cell count and viability measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Li-Ying Chan
- Department of Technology R&D, Nexcelom Bioscience LLC, 360 Merrimack Street, Building 9, Lawrence, MA, 01843, USA.
| | - Kelsey J McCulley
- Department of Technology R&D, Nexcelom Bioscience LLC, 360 Merrimack Street, Building 9, Lawrence, MA, 01843, USA
| | - Sarah L Kessel
- Department of Technology R&D, Nexcelom Bioscience LLC, 360 Merrimack Street, Building 9, Lawrence, MA, 01843, USA
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24
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Song Y, Wang C, Li M, Pan X, Li D. Focusing particles by induced charge electrokinetic flow in a microchannel. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:666-75. [PMID: 26640123 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel method of sheathless particle focusing by induced charge electrokinetic flow in a microchannel is presented in this paper. By placing a pair of metal plates on the opposite walls of the channel and applying an electrical field, particle focusing is achieved due to the two pairs of vortex that constrain the flow of the particle solution. As an example, the trajectories of particles under different electrical fields with only one metal plate on one side channel wall were numerically simulated and experimentally validated. Other flow focusing effects, such as the focused width ratio (focused width/channel width) and length ratio (focused length/half-length of metal plate) of the sample solution, were also numerically studied. The results show that the particle firstly passes through the gaps between the upstream vortices and the channel walls. Afterwards, the particle is focused to pass through the gap between the two downstream vortices that determine the focused particle position. Numerical simulations show that the focused particle stream becomes thin with the increases in the applied electrical field and the length of the metal plates. As regards to the focused length ratio of the focused stream, however, it slightly increases with the increase in the applied electrical field and almost keeps constant with the increase in the length of the metal plate. The size of the focused sample solution, therefore, can be easily adjusted by controlling the applied electrical field and the sizes of the metal plates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Song
- Department of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Chengfa Wang
- Department of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Mengqi Li
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Xinxiang Pan
- Department of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Dongqing Li
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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25
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Robust high-throughput kinetic analysis of apoptosis with real-time high-content live-cell imaging. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2493. [PMID: 27906190 PMCID: PMC5261025 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative and kinetic analyses of apoptotic cell death are integral components of exploring cell biology, measuring cellular stress responses, and performing high-throughput genomic/RNAi/drug screens. Here, we present a detailed method that integrates robust kinetic real-time high-content imaging with Annexin V labelling to provide a highly sensitive, accurate, simple and zero-handling approach to quantify extrinsic and intrinsic inducers of apoptosis. The sensitivity of this non-toxic method outperforms previous high-throughput methodologies using viability dyes or caspase-activation reporters. This method also incorporates a multiplex adaptation to integrate variability in cell number due to treatment-induced proliferation changes and the detachment of dying cells. Compared to Annexin V detection by flow cytometry, this method is 10-fold more sensitive, eliminates extensive sample handling and processing, and provides real-time kinetics of apoptosis at both single-cell and population-level resolutions.
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Miranda-Perez ME, Ortega-Camarillo C, Del Carmen Escobar-Villanueva M, Blancas-Flores G, Alarcon-Aguilar FJ. Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché increases insulin secretion in RINm5F cells through an influx of Ca(2+) from the endoplasmic reticulum. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 188:159-166. [PMID: 27174079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché(C. ficifolia) is a plant used in Mexican traditional medicine to control type 2 diabetes (T2D). The hypoglycemic effect of the fruit of C. ficifolia has been demonstrated in different experimental models and in T2D patients. It has been proposed that D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is the active compound of the fruit. Additionally, it has been reported that C. ficifolia increases the mRNA expression of insulin and Kir 6.2 (a component of the ATP-sensitive potassium (K(+)ATP) channel, which is activated by sulphonylurea) in RINm5F cells. However, it remains unclear whether C. ficifolia and DCI causes the secretion of insulin by increasing the concentration of intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)]i) through K(+)ATP channel blockage or from the reservoir in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). MATERIAL AND METHODS The aqueous extract of C. ficifolia was obtained and standardized with regard to its DCI content. RINm5F pancreatic β-cells were incubated with different concentrations (50, 100, 200 and 400μM) of DCI alone or C. ficifolia (9, 18, 36 and 72µg of extract/mL), and the [Ca(2+)]i of the cells was quantified. The cells were preloaded with the Ca(2+) fluorescent dye fluo4-acetoxymethyl ester (AM) and visualized by confocal microscopy. Insulin secretion was measured by an ELISA method. Subsequently, the effect of C. ficifolia on the K(+)ATP channel was evaluated. In this case, the blocker activator diazoxide was used to inhibit the C. ficifolia-induced calcium influx. In addition, the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)-receptor-selective inhibitor 2-amino-thoxydiphenylborate (2-APB) was used to inhibit the influx of calcium from the ER that was induced by C. ficifolia. RESULTS It was found that DCI alone did not increase [Ca(2+)]i or insulin secretion. In contrast, treatment with C. ficifolia increased [Ca(2+)]i 10-fold compared with the control group. Insulin secretion increased by 46.9%. In the presence of diazoxide, C. ficifolia decreased [Ca(2+)]i by 50%, while insulin secretion increased by 36.4%. In contrast, in the presence of 2-APB, C. ficifolia increased [Ca(2+)]i 18-fold, while insulin secretion remained constant, indicating an additive effect. Therefore, C. ficifolia was not found to block the K(+)ATP channel. However, it did exert an effect by increasing [Ca(2+)]i from the ER, which may partly explain the insulin secretion observed following treatment with C. ficifolia. CONCLUSIONS The hypoglycemic properties of C. ficifolia can be explained in part by its effect as a secretagogue for insulin through an increase in [Ca(2+)]i from the calcium reservoir in the ER. Therefore, the mechanism of action of C. ficifolia is different to those of the currently used hypoglycemic drugs, such as sulfonylureas. These results support that C. ficifolia may be a potential natural resource for new agents to control T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elizabeth Miranda-Perez
- Division de Ciencia Biologicas y de la Salud (DCBS), Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa (UAM-I), Avenida San Rafael Atlixco 186, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.
| | - Clara Ortega-Camarillo
- Unidad de Investigacion Medica en Bioquimica, HE, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI. IMSS, Av. Cuauhtemoc 330, Col. Doctores, Del. Cuauhtemoc, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.
| | | | - Gerardo Blancas-Flores
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, DCBS, UAM-I, Avenida San Rafael Atlixco 186, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.
| | - Francisco Javier Alarcon-Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, DCBS, UAM-I, Avenida San Rafael Atlixco 186, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.
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Nadeev AD, Kudryavtsev IV, Serebriakova MK, Avdonin PV, Zinchenko VP, Goncharov NV. Dual proapoptotic and pronecrotic effect of hydrogen peroxide on human umbilical vein endothelial cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990519x16020097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wang Z, Tonderys D, Leggett SE, Williams EK, Kiani MT, Steinberg RS, Qiu Y, Wong IY, Hurt RH. Wrinkled, wavelength-tunable graphene-based surface topographies for directing cell alignment and morphology. CARBON 2016; 97:14-24. [PMID: 25848137 PMCID: PMC4384125 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2015.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Textured surfaces with periodic topographical features and long-range order are highly attractive for directing cell-material interactions. They mimic physiological environments more accurately than planar surfaces and can fundamentally alter cell alignment, shape, gene expression, and cellular assembly into superstructures or microtissues. Here we demonstrate for the first time that wrinkled graphene-based surfaces are suitable as textured cell attachment substrates, and that engineered wrinkling can dramatically alter cell alignment and morphology. The wrinkled surfaces are fabricated by graphene oxide wet deposition onto pre-stretched elastomers followed by relaxation and mild thermal treatment to stabilize the films in cell culture medium. Multilayer graphene oxide films form periodic, delaminated buckle textures whose wavelengths and amplitudes can be systematically tuned by variation in the wet deposition process. Human and murine fibroblasts attach to these textured films and remain viable, while developing pronounced alignment and elongation relative to those on planar graphene controls. Compared to lithographic patterning of nanogratings, this method has advantages in the simplicity and scalability of fabrication, as well as the opportunity to couple the use of topographic cues with the unique conductive, adsorptive, or barrier properties of graphene materials for functional biomedical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongying Wang
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | - Daniel Tonderys
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | - Susan E. Leggett
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | - Evelyn Kendall Williams
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | - Mehrdad T. Kiani
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | | | - Yang Qiu
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | - Ian Y. Wong
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
- Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | - Robert H. Hurt
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
- Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
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Blanco-Andujar C, Ortega D, Southern P, Nesbitt SA, Thanh NTK, Pankhurst QA. Real-time tracking of delayed-onset cellular apoptosis induced by intracellular magnetic hyperthermia. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:121-36. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To assess cell death pathways in response to magnetic hyperthermia. Materials & methods: Human melanoma cells were loaded with citric acid-coated iron-oxide nanoparticles, and subjected to a time-varying magnetic field. Pathways were monitored in vitro in suspensions and in situ in monolayers using fluorophores to report on early-stage apoptosis and late-stage apoptosis and/or necrosis. Results: Delayed-onset effects were observed, with a rate and extent proportional to the thermal-load-per-cell. At moderate loads, membranal internal-to-external lipid exchange preceded rupture and death by a few hours (the timeline varying cell-to-cell), without any measurable change in the local environment temperature. Conclusion: Our observations support the proposition that intracellular heating may be a viable, controllable and nonaggressive in vivo treatment for human pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Blanco-Andujar
- Healthcare Biomagnetics Laboratory, University College London, 21 Albemarle Street, London, W1S 4BS, UK
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR-7504 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, BP 43 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Daniel Ortega
- Healthcare Biomagnetics Laboratory, University College London, 21 Albemarle Street, London, W1S 4BS, UK
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia), Cantoblanco 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Nanobiotecnología (IMDEA-Nanociencia), Unidad Asociada al Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), Cantoblanco 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paul Southern
- Healthcare Biomagnetics Laboratory, University College London, 21 Albemarle Street, London, W1S 4BS, UK
| | - Stephen A Nesbitt
- Healthcare Biomagnetics Laboratory, University College London, 21 Albemarle Street, London, W1S 4BS, UK
| | - Nguyễn Thị Kim Thanh
- Healthcare Biomagnetics Laboratory, University College London, 21 Albemarle Street, London, W1S 4BS, UK
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Quentin A Pankhurst
- Healthcare Biomagnetics Laboratory, University College London, 21 Albemarle Street, London, W1S 4BS, UK
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Schmidt F, Hilger N, Oelkrug C, Svanidze E, Ruschpler P, Eichler W, Boldt A, Emmrich F, Fricke S. Flow cytometric analysis of the graft-versus-Leukemia-effect after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in mice. Cytometry A 2015; 87:334-45. [PMID: 25717029 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Acute Graft-versus-Host-Disease (aGvHD) is one of the major complications following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Although rather helpful, the use of conventional immunosuppressive drugs leads to general immunosuppression and is toxic. The effects of CD4(+) T-cells, in respect to the development of aGvHD, can be altered by administration of antihuman CD4 monoclonal antibodies, here MAX.16H5 IgG1 . This approach must be tested for possible interference with the Graft-versus-Leukemia-Effect (GvL). Thus, in vitro experiments were conducted, exposing P815 leukemic cells to bone marrow and splenocytes from cd4(-/-) -C57Bl/6 mice transgenic for human CD4 and HLA-DR3 (triple transgenic mice, [TTG]) as well as previously irradiated splenocytes from Balb/c(wt) mice. Using flow cytometry, the vitality of the various malignant and graft cells was analyzed over the course of 4 days. The survival rate of P815 cells did not change significantly when exposed to MAX.16H5 IgG1 , neither did the viability of the graft cells. This provides evidence that MAX.16H5 IgG1 does not impair the GvL effect in vitro. Additionally, P815-Balb/c(wt) leukemic mice were transplanted with P815(GFP) cells, bone marrow, and splenocytes from TTG mice with and without MAX.16H5 IgG1 . Without transplantation, P815(GFP) leukemic cells could be detected by flow cytometry in the liver, the bone marrow, and the spleen of recipients. The antibodies prevented aGvHD while leaving the GvL effect intact. These findings indicate no negative effect of MAX.16H5 IgG1 on the GvL effect in vitro and in vivo after HSCT in a murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Schmidt
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
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Chiaraviglio L, Kirby JE. Evaluation of impermeant, DNA-binding dye fluorescence as a real-time readout of eukaryotic cell toxicity in a high throughput screening format. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2015; 12:219-28. [PMID: 24831788 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2014.577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interpretation of high throughput screening (HTS) data in cell-based assays may be confounded by cytotoxic properties of screening compounds. Therefore, assessing cell toxicity in real time during the HTS process itself would be highly advantageous. Here, we investigate the potential of putatively impermeant, fluorescent, DNA-binding dyes to give cell toxicity readout during HTS. Amongst 19 DNA-binding dyes examined, three classes were identified that were (1) permeant, (2) cytotoxic, or (3) neither permeant nor cytotoxic during 3-day incubation with a macrophage cell line. In the last class, four dyes (SYTOX Green, CellTox Green, GelGreen, and EvaGreen) gave highly robust cytotoxicity data in 384-well screening plates. As proof of principle, successful combination with a luminescence-based assay in HTS format was demonstrated. Here, both intracellular growth of Legionella pneumophila (luminescence) and host cell viability (SYTOX Green exclusion) were assayed in the same screening well. Incorporation of membrane-impermeant, DNA-binding, fluorescent dyes in HTS assays should prove useful by allowing evaluation of cytotoxicity in real time, eliminating reagent addition steps and effort associated with endpoint cell viability analysis, and reducing the need for follow-up cytotoxicity screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucius Chiaraviglio
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Boston, Massachusetts
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Wlodkowic D, Akagi J, Dobrucki J, Errington R, Smith PJ, Takeda K, Darzynkiewicz Z. Kinetic viability assays using DRAQ7 probe. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; Chapter 9:9.41.1-9.41.8. [PMID: 23835805 DOI: 10.1002/0471142956.cy0941s65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cell death within cell populations is a stochastic process where cell-to-cell variation in temporal progression through the various stages of cell death arises from asynchrony of subtle fluctuations in the signaling pathways. Most cell death assays rely on detection of the specific marker of cell demise at the end-point of cell culturing. Such an approach cannot account for the asynchrony and the stochastic nature of cell response to the death-inducing signal. There is a need therefore for rapid and high-throughput bioassays capable of continuously tracking viability of individual cells from the time of encountering a stress signal up to final stages of their demise. In this context, a new anthracycline derivative, DRAQ7, is gaining increasing interest as an easy-to-use marker capable of long-term monitoring of cell death in real-time. This novel probe neither penetrates the plasma membrane of living cells nor does it affect the cells' susceptibility to the death-inducing agents. However, when the membrane integrity is compromised, DRAQ7 enters cells undergoing demise and binds readily to nuclear DNA to report cell death. Here, we provide three sets of protocols for viability assays using DRAQ7 probe. The first protocol describes the innovative use of single-color DRAQ7 real-time assay to dynamically track cell viability. The second protocol outlines a simplified end-point DRAQ7 staining approach. The final protocol highlights the real-time and multiparametric apoptosis assay utilizing DRAQ7 dye concurrently with tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester (TMRM), the mitochondrial trans-membrane electrochemical potential (ΔΨm) sensing probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Wlodkowic
- The BioMEMS Research Group, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Wlodkowic D, Skommer J, Akagi J, Fujimura Y, Takeda K. Multiparameter analysis of apoptosis using lab-on-a-chip flow cytometry. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN CYTOMETRY 2013; 66:9.42.1-9.42.15. [PMID: 24510726 DOI: 10.1002/0471142956.cy0942s66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The age of microfluidic flow cytometry (µFCM) is fast becoming a reality. One of the most exciting applications of miniaturized chip-based cytometers is multivariate analysis using sampling volumes as small as 10 µl while matching the multiparameter data collection of conventional flow cytometers. We outline several innovative protocols for analyzing caspase-dependent cell death and cell cycle (DNA-content) profile using a fully integrated microfluidic flow cytometry system, Fishman-R. The first protocol describes the use of a new plasma membrane-permeability marker, DRAQ7, and the fluorogenic caspase substrate PhiPhiLux to track caspase activation during programmed cell death. Also outlined is the use of DRAQ7 fluorochrome in conjunction with the mitochondrial membrane potential-sensitive probe TMRM to track dissipation of inner mitochondrial cross-membrane potential. Another protocol adds the ability to measure dissipation of mitochondrial inner membrane potential (using TMRM probe) in relation to the cell cycle profile (using DRAQ5 probe) in living leukemic cells. Finally, we describe the combined use of fluorogenic caspases substrate PhiPhiLux with DRAQ5 probe to measure caspase activation in relation to the cell cycle profile in living tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Wlodkowic
- The BioMEMS Research Group, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- The BioMEMS Research Group, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Joanna Skommer
- The BioMEMS Research Group, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jin Akagi
- The BioMEMS Research Group, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yoo Fujimura
- R&D Division, On-chip Biotechnologies, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Takeda
- R&D Division, On-chip Biotechnologies, Tokyo, Japan
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Smith PJ, Furon E, Wiltshire M, Chappell S, Patterson LH, Shnyder SD, Falconer RA, Errington RJ. NCAM polysialylation during adherence transitions: Live cell monitoring using an antibody-mimetic EGFP-endosialidase and the viability dye DRAQ7. Cytometry A 2013; 83:659-71. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Smith
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine; Cardiff University; Cardiff CF14 4XN; United Kingdom
| | - Emeline Furon
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine; Cardiff University; Cardiff CF14 4XN; United Kingdom
| | - Marie Wiltshire
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine; Cardiff University; Cardiff CF14 4XN; United Kingdom
| | - Sally Chappell
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine; Cardiff University; Cardiff CF14 4XN; United Kingdom
| | - Laurence H. Patterson
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics; School of Life Sciences; University of Bradford; Bradford BD7 1DP; United Kingdom
| | - Steven D. Shnyder
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics; School of Life Sciences; University of Bradford; Bradford BD7 1DP; United Kingdom
| | - Robert A. Falconer
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics; School of Life Sciences; University of Bradford; Bradford BD7 1DP; United Kingdom
| | - Rachel J. Errington
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine; Cardiff University; Cardiff CF14 4XN; United Kingdom
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SMITH PAULJ, FALCONER ROBERTA, ERRINGTON RACHELJ. Micro-community cytometry: sensing changes in cell health and glycoconjugate expression by imaging and flow cytometry. J Microsc 2013; 251:113-22. [DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- PAUL J. SMITH
- Institute of Cancer & Genetics, School of Medicine; Cardiff University; Cardiff CF14 4XN U.K
| | - ROBERT A. FALCONER
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, School of Life Sciences; University of Bradford; Bradford BD7 1DP U.K
| | - RACHEL J. ERRINGTON
- Institute of Cancer & Genetics, School of Medicine; Cardiff University; Cardiff CF14 4XN U.K
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Microflow cytometers with integrated hydrodynamic focusing. SENSORS 2013; 13:4674-93. [PMID: 23571670 PMCID: PMC3673106 DOI: 10.3390/s130404674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study demonstrates the suitability of microfluidic structures for high throughput blood cell analysis. The microfluidic chips exploit fully integrated hydrodynamic focusing based on two different concepts: Two-stage cascade focusing and spin focusing (vortex) principle. The sample--A suspension of micro particles or blood cells--is injected into a sheath fluid streaming at a substantially higher flow rate, which assures positioning of the particles in the center of the flow channel. Particle velocities of a few m/s are achieved as required for high throughput blood cell analysis. The stability of hydrodynamic particle positioning was evaluated by measuring the pulse heights distributions of fluorescence signals from calibration beads. Quantitative assessment based on coefficient of variation for the fluorescence intensity distributions resulted in a value of about 3% determined for the micro-device exploiting cascade hydrodynamic focusing. For the spin focusing approach similar values were achieved for sample flow rates being 1.5 times lower. Our results indicate that the performances of both variants of hydrodynamic focusing suit for blood cell differentiation and counting. The potential of the micro flow cytometer is demonstrated by detecting immunologically labeled CD3 positive and CD4 positive T-lymphocytes in blood.
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