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Akh L, Jung D, Frantz W, Bowman C, Neu AC, Ding X. Microfluidic pumps for cell sorting. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2023; 17:051502. [PMID: 37736018 PMCID: PMC10511263 DOI: 10.1063/5.0161223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic cell sorting has shown promising advantages over traditional bulky cell sorting equipment and has demonstrated wide-reaching applications in biological research and medical diagnostics. The most important characteristics of a microfluidic cell sorter are its throughput, ease of use, and integration of peripheral equipment onto the chip itself. In this review, we discuss the six most common methods for pumping fluid samples in microfluidic cell sorting devices, present their advantages and drawbacks, and discuss notable examples of their use. Syringe pumps are the most commonly used method for fluid actuation in microfluidic devices because they are easily accessible but they are typically too bulky for portable applications, and they may produce unfavorable flow characteristics. Peristaltic pumps, both on- and off-chip, can produce reversible flow but they suffer from pulsatile flow characteristics, which may not be preferable in many scenarios. Gravity-driven pumping, and similarly hydrostatic pumping, require no energy input but generally produce low throughputs. Centrifugal flow is used to sort cells on the basis of size or density but requires a large external rotor to produce centrifugal force. Electroosmotic pumping is appealing because of its compact size but the high voltages required for fluid flow may be incompatible with live cells. Emerging methods with potential for applications in cell sorting are also discussed. In the future, microfluidic cell sorting methods will trend toward highly integrated systems with high throughputs and low sample volume requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Akh
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Diane Jung
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - William Frantz
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Corrin Bowman
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Anika C. Neu
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Ding
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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Back JB, Martinez L, Nettenstrom L, Sheerar D, Thornton S. Establishing a biosafety plan for a flow cytometry shared resource laboratory. Cytometry A 2022; 101:380-386. [PMID: 35037390 PMCID: PMC9081124 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A biosafety plan is essential to establish appropriate practices for biosafety in a shared resource laboratory (SRL). A biosafety plan will contain the essential information for the use of biological samples on specific instrumentation, their apparent risks, and the steps that should be taken to mitigate these risks. Establishment of a biosafety plan can be a daunting task as the variety of pathogens that come through the SRL is highly diverse and may change over time; however, having a plan that can adapt to this variety will provide a framework for addressing concerns and educating personnel and users on biosafety practices. Using resources available at your institution and developing a robust relationship with health and safety personnel at your institution is key to generating an effective biosafety plan. Here we provide a basic underlying structure for a biosafety plan to aid SRL personnel in generating or maintaining their biosafety procedures, and provide guidance for establishing a dynamic, living biosafety plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica B. Back
- Microscopy, Imaging, and Cytometry Resources Core, Karmanos Cancer InstituteWayne State UniversityDetroitMichiganUSA
| | - Lola Martinez
- Flow Cytometry Core Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO)MadridSpain
| | - Lauren Nettenstrom
- Carbone Cancer Center Flow Cytometry Laboratory, University of WisconsinMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Dagna Sheerar
- Carbone Cancer Center Flow Cytometry Laboratory, University of WisconsinMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Sherry Thornton
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnatiOhioUSA
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Aspland AM, Douagi I, Filby A, Jellison ER, Martinez L, Shinko D, Smith AL, Tang VA, Thornton S. Biosafety during a pandemic: shared resource laboratories rise to the challenge. Cytometry A 2021; 99:68-80. [PMID: 33289290 PMCID: PMC7753791 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Biosafety has always been an important aspect of daily work in any research institution, particularly for cytometry Shared Resources Laboratories (SRLs). SRLs are common‐use spaces that facilitate the sharing of knowledge, expertise, and ideas. This sharing inescapably involves contact and interaction of all those within this working environment on a daily basis. The current pandemic caused by SARS‐CoV‐2 has prompted the re‐evaluation of many policies governing the operations of SRLs. Here we identify and review the unique challenges SRLs face in maintaining biosafety standards, highlighting the potential risks associated with not only cytometry instrumentation and samples, but also the people working with them. We propose possible solutions to safety issues raised by the COVID‐19 pandemic and provide tools for facilities to adapt to evolving guidelines and future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avrill M Aspland
- Sydney Cytometry Core Research Facility, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Iyadh Douagi
- Flow Cytometry Section, Research Technologies Branch, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Filby
- Innovation, Methodology and Application Research Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Evan R Jellison
- Department of Immunology, UCONN School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lola Martinez
- Biotechnology Programme, Flow Cytometry Core Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Shinko
- Sydney Cytometry Core Research Facility, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Adrian L Smith
- Sydney Cytometry Core Research Facility, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vera A Tang
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Flow Cytometry and Virometry Core Facility, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sherry Thornton
- Division of Rheumatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Aspland A, Chew C, Douagi I, Galland T, Marvin J, Monts J, Nance D, Smith AL, Solga M. Risk awareness during operation of analytical flow cytometers and implications throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. Cytometry A 2021; 99:81-89. [PMID: 34038035 PMCID: PMC10493867 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has brought biosafety to the forefront of many life sciences. The outbreak has compelled research institutions to re-evaluate biosafety practices and potential at-risk areas within research laboratories and more specifically within Shared Resource Laboratories (SRLs). In flow cytometry facilities, biological safety assessment encompasses known hazards based on the biological sample and associated risk group, as well as potential or unknown hazards, such as aerosol generation and instrument "failure modes." Cell sorting procedures undergo clearly defined biological safety assessments and adhere to well-established biosafety guidelines that help to protect SRL staff and users against aerosol exposure. Conversely, benchtop analyzers are considered low risk due to their low sample pressure and enclosed fluidic systems, although there is little empirical evidence to support this assumption of low risk. To investigate this, we evaluated several regions on analyzers using the Cyclex-d microsphere assay, a recently established method for cell sorter aerosol containment testing. We found that aerosol and/or droplet hazards were detected on all benchtop analyzers predominantly during operation in "failure modes." These results indicate that benchtop analytical cytometers present a more complicated set of risks than are commonly appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avrill Aspland
- Sydney Cytometry Core Research Facility, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Claude Chew
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Iyadh Douagi
- Flow Cytometry Section, Research Technologies Branch, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tessa Galland
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Health Science Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - James Marvin
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Health Science Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Josh Monts
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Health Science Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Dayton Nance
- Flow Cytometry Section, Research Technologies Branch, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Adrian L. Smith
- Sydney Cytometry Core Research Facility, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael Solga
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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Filby A, Haviland DL, Jones DD, López AB, Orlowski-Oliver E, Rieger AM. Modifying Regulatory Practices to Create a Safe and Effective Working Environment Within a Shared Resource Laboratory During a Global Pandemic. Cytometry A 2020; 99:33-41. [PMID: 33190383 PMCID: PMC7753821 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Filby
- Innovation, Methodology and Application Research Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - David L Haviland
- Flow Cytometry Core, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Derek D Jones
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrea Bedoya López
- National Laboratory of Flow Cytometry, Department of Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Aja M Rieger
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Canada
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Roberts LM, Anderson R, Carmody A, Bosio CM. Validation and Application of a Bench Top Cell Sorter in a BSL-3 Containment Setting. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 32766573 PMCID: PMC7402030 DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.30.229146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Rigorous assessment of the cellular and molecular changes during infection typically requires isolation of specific immune cell subsets for downstream application. While there are numerous options for enrichment/isolation of cells from tissues, fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS) is accepted as a method that results in superior purification of a wide variety of cell types. Flow cytometry requires extensive fluidics and aerosol droplets can be generated during collection of target cells. Pathogens such as Francisella tularensis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Yersinia pestis, and SARS-CoV-2 require manipulation at biosafety level-3 (BSL-3). Due to the concern of potential aerosolization of these pathogens, use of flow cytometric-based cell sorting in these laboratory settings requires placement of the equipment in dedicated biosafety cabinets within the BSL-3. For many researchers, this is often not possible due to expense, space, or expertise available. Here we describe the safety validation and utility of a completely closed cell sorter that results in gentle, rapid, high purity, and safe sorting of cells on the benchtop at BSL-3. We also provide data demonstrating the need for cell sorting versus bead purification and the applicability of this technology for BSL-3 and potentially BSL-4 related infectious disease projects. Adoption of this technology will significantly expand our ability to uncover important features of the most dangerous infectious diseases leading to faster development of novel vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia M Roberts
- Immunity to Pulmonary Pathogens Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Rebecca Anderson
- Biorisk Management Branch, Division of Occupational Health and Safety, Office of Research Services, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Aaron Carmody
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Catharine M Bosio
- Immunity to Pulmonary Pathogens Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
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Ulrich H, Pillat MM, Tárnok A. Dengue Fever, COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), and Antibody-Dependent Enhancement (ADE): A Perspective. Cytometry A 2020; 97:662-667. [PMID: 32506725 PMCID: PMC7300451 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and recurrent dengue epidemics in tropical countries have turned into a global health threat. While both virus-caused infections may only reveal light symptoms, they can also cause severe diseases. Here, we review the possible antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) occurrence, known for dengue infections, when there is a second infection with a different virus strain. Consequently, preexisting antibodies do not neutralize infection, but enhance it, possibly by triggering Fcγ receptor-mediated virus uptake. No clinical data exist indicating such mechanism for SARS-CoV-2, but previous coronavirus infections or infection of SARS-CoV-2 convalescent with different SARS-CoV-2 strains could promote ADE, as experimentally shown for antibodies against the MERS-CoV or SARS-CoV spike S protein. © 2020 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Ulrich
- Department of BiochemistryInstitute of Chemistry, University of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Micheli M. Pillat
- Department of Microbiology and ParasitologyHealth Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa MariaSanta MariaRio Grande do SulBrazil
| | - Attila Tárnok
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE), University of LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Department of Therapy ValidationFraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZILeipzigGermany
- Department of Precision InstrumentTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
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