1
|
Baghaei A, Zoshk MY, Hosseini M, Fasihi H, Nassireslami E, Shayesteh S, Laripour R, Amoli AE, Heidari R, Chamanara M. Prominent genetic variants and epigenetic changes in post-traumatic stress disorder among combat veterans. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:325. [PMID: 38393604 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09276-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is one of the most widespread and disabling psychiatric disorders among combat veterans. Substantial interindividual variability in susceptibility to PTSD suggests the presence of different risk factors for this disorder. Twin and family studies confirm genetic factors as important risk factors for PTSD. In addition to genetic factors, epigenetic factors, especially DNA methylation, can be considered as a potential mechanism in changing the risk of PTSD. So far, many genetic and epigenetic association studies have been conducted in relation to PTSD. In genetic studies, many single nucleotide polymorphisms have been identified as PTSD risk factors. Meanwhile, the variations in catecholamines-related genes, serotonin transporter and receptors, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, inflammatory factors, and apolipoprotein E are the most prominent candidates. CpG methylation in the upstream regions of many genes is also considered a PTSD risk factor. Accurate identification of genetic and epigenetic changes associated with PTSD can lead to the presentation of suitable biomarkers for susceptible individuals to this disorder. This study aimed to delineate prominent genetic variations and epigenetic changes associated with post-traumatic stress disorder in military veterans who have experienced combat, focusing on genetic and epigenetic association studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmadali Baghaei
- Trauma Research center, AJA university of Medical sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohsen Hosseini
- The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Fasihi
- Biomaterial and Medicinal Chemistry Research Center, AJA University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Nassireslami
- Toxicology Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sevda Shayesteh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Reza Laripour
- Social and Preventive Medicine Department, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aynaz Eslami Amoli
- Trauma Research center, AJA university of Medical sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Heidari
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Center (AJA-CERTC), AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Medical Biotechnology Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohsen Chamanara
- Toxicology Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Student research committee, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Niu YM, Zhang J, Tang H, Cao LH, Jiang TY, Hu YY. Association between DRD2/ANKK1 rs1800497 C > T polymorphism and post-traumatic stress disorder susceptibility: a multivariate meta-analysis. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1102573. [PMID: 37274216 PMCID: PMC10232825 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1102573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have suggested that the DRD2/ANKK1 rs1800497 C > T polymorphism plays a critical role in the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, published data are inconsistent or even contradictory. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to explore the underlying correlation between the rs1800497 C > T polymorphism and PTSD risk. Materials and methods A total of five online databases were searched, and all related studies were reviewed up to 1 October 2022. Critical information was extracted, and quality assessment was conducted for all included studies. Multivariate meta-analyses were performed for the genetic model choice, and the odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to examine the statistical power of the genetic models. In addition, heterogeneity, sensitivity, cumulative analysis, and publication bias were analyzed to guarantee statistical power. Result Overall, 12 observational studies involving 5,515 subjects were included and analyzed in this meta-analysis. Multivariate analysis indicated that a co-dominant genetic model was most likely the best choice. Pooled results revealed an elevated PTSD risk in mutated homozygote TT carriers in the general population (TT vs. CC: OR = 1.73, 95% CI = 1.14-2.62, P = 0.01, I2 = 58.9%) and other specific subgroups. Moreover, similar results were observed in other genetic models using univariate analysis. Conclusion Current evidence suggests that the DRD2/ANKK1 rs1800497 C > T polymorphism may contribute to PTSD susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ming Niu
- Department of Stomatology and Center for Evidence-Based Medicine and Clinical Research, Gongli Hospital of Shanghai Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China
- Department of Psychiatry and Joint Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetic Research, The Third People's Hospital of Zhongshan, Zhongshan, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Psychiatry, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry and Joint Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetic Research, The Third People's Hospital of Zhongshan, Zhongshan, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Psychiatry, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Hong Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Lu-Hua Cao
- Information Department, Gongli Hospital of Shanghai Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting-Yun Jiang
- Department of Psychiatry and Joint Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetic Research, The Third People's Hospital of Zhongshan, Zhongshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Hu
- Department of Stomatology and Center for Evidence-Based Medicine and Clinical Research, Gongli Hospital of Shanghai Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Assessment of genetic variants in D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) gene as risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD): A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2023; 328:312-323. [PMID: 36740143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have performed assessments of genetic variants in the D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) gene as risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). However, the results are inconsistent. This meta-analysis aimed to systematically summarize published data to evaluate the reliable association between the DRD2 genetic variants and the risk of PTSD and MDD. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted using the Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE), Springer, ScienceDirect, Wiley Online Library, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM), WANFANG Data, CQVIP, and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases before January 1st, 2022. RESULTS A total of 27 genetic variants in the DRD2 gene were retrieved, and 7 of them met the inclusion criteria for meta-analysis. Our meta-analysis results indicated that the rs1800497 (TaqIA) polymorphism was significantly associated with the increased risk of PTSD (Dominant model (A1A1 + A1A2 vs. A2A2): OR = 1.49, 95 % CI, 1.08-2.04 Z = 2.46, P = 0.014). Subgroup analysis for ethnicity suggested that a significantly increased risk of PTSD was observed in Asians (Dominant model (A1A1 + A1A2 vs. A2A2): OR = 1.39, 95 % CI, 1.08-1.79, Z = 2.60, P = 0.009) and Caucasians (Dominant model (A1A1 + A1A2 vs. A2A2): OR = 1.87, 95 % CI 1.02-3.41, Z = 2.04, P = 0.042). Meanwhile, we detected significant association strengths between the rs1799978 and rs2075652 polymorphisms in the DRD2 gene and MDD (for rs1799978, Homozygote comparison (GG vs. AA): OR = 0.60, 95 % CI = 0.37-0.97, Z = 2.08, P = 0.038; for rs2075652, Homozygote comparison (AA vs. GG): OR = 1.82, 95 % CI = 1.32-2.50, Z = 3.67, P < 0.001). Our cumulative meta-analyses indicated a continuous trend toward association strength with PTSD and MDD. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis indicated that genetic variants in the DRD2 gene might potentially contribute to genetic susceptibility for PTSD and MDD. The utilization of DRD2 genetic variants as risk factors for PTSD and MDD requires further validation by large well-designed case-control studies.
Collapse
|
4
|
Ney LJ, Akhurst J, Bruno R, Laing PAF, Matthews A, Felmingham KL. Dopamine, endocannabinoids and their interaction in fear extinction and negative affect in PTSD. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 105:110118. [PMID: 32991952 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There currently exist few frameworks for common neurobiology between reexperiencing and negative cognitions and mood symptoms of PTSD. Adopting a dopaminergic framework for PTSD unites many aspects of unique symptom clusters, and this approach also links PTSD symptomology to common comorbidities with a common neurobiological deficiency. Here we review the dopamine literature and incorporate it with a growing field of research that describes both the contribution of endocannabinoids to fear extinction and PTSD, as well as the interactions between dopaminergic and endocannabinoid systems underlying this disorder. Based on current evidence, we outline an early, preliminary model that links re-experiencing and negative cognitions and mood in PTSD by invoking the interaction between endocannabinoid and dopaminergic signalling in the brain. These interactions between PTSD, dopamine and endocannabinoids may have implications for future therapies for treatment-resistant and comorbid PTSD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke J Ney
- School of Psychology, University of Tasmania, Australia.
| | - Jane Akhurst
- School of Psychology, University of Tasmania, Australia
| | | | - Patrick A F Laing
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Australia
| | | | - Kim L Felmingham
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Seo JH, Kim TY, Kim SJ, Choi JH, So HS, Kang JI. Possible Association of Polymorphisms in Ubiquitin Specific Peptidase 46 Gene With Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:663647. [PMID: 34456759 PMCID: PMC8385240 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.663647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Dynamic proteolysis, through the ubiquitin-proteasome system, has an important role in DNA transcription and cell cycle, and is considered to modulate cell stress response and synaptic plasticity. We investigated whether genetic variants in the ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 46 (USP46) would be associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in people with exposure to combat trauma using a case-control candidate gene association design. Methods: Korean male veterans exposed to the Vietnam War were grouped into those with (n = 128) and without (n = 128) PTSD. Seven tagging SNPs of USP46 were selected, and single-marker and haplotype-based association analyses were performed. All analyses were adjusted for sociodemographic factors and levels of combat exposure severity and alcohol problem. Results: One single-marker (rs2244291) showed nominal evidence of association with PTSD status and with the "re-experiencing" cluster, although the association was not significant after Bonferroni correction. No significant association with the other SNPs or the haplotypes was detected. Conclusion: The present finding suggests preliminarily that genetic vulnerability regarding the ubiquitin-proteasome system may be related to fear memory processes and the development of PTSD symptoms after trauma exposure. Further studies with a larger sample size will be needed to examine the role of the ubiquitin-proteasome system including USP46 in PTSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ho Seo
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine and Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae Yong Kim
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine and Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Se Joo Kim
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine and Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Hee Choi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyung Seok So
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jee In Kang
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine and Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mac Gillavry DW, Ullrich D. A novel theory on the predictive value of variation in the β-endorphin system on the risk and severity of PTSD. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 32:247-260. [PMID: 38536347 PMCID: PMC10013490 DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2020.1730111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite growing interest in genetic and psychosocial indicators of heightened susceptibility to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a predictive model, which explains why some individuals develop PTSD in response to life-threatening traumatic events, while others, when faced with the same or similar experiences, do not, has thus far remained out of reach. In this paper, we review the literature on gene-environment interactions in β-endorphin system functioning with regard to PTSD and suggest that variation, both genetic and with regard to environmental stimuli, in systems which, like the β-endorphin system, distort human perception of life-threatening traumatic experiences may account for some of the variance in resilience to the disorder. Given the role of β-endorphin in both social connections and physical exercise, this becomes especially relevant with regard to military selection, training, and leadership processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - David Ullrich
- Department of Military Leadership, University of Defence, Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Brock MS, Powell TA, Creamer JL, Moore BA, Mysliwiec V. Trauma Associated Sleep Disorder: Clinical Developments 5 Years After Discovery. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2019; 21:80. [PMID: 31410580 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-019-1066-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We review recent and growing evidence that provides support for a novel parasomnia, trauma associated sleep disorder (TASD). Based on these findings, we further develop the clinical and polysomnographic (PSG) characteristics of TASD. We also address factors that precipitate TASD, develop a differential diagnosis, discuss therapy, and propose future directions for research. RECENT FINDINGS Nightmares, classically a REM phenomenon, are prevalent and underreported, even in individuals with trauma exposure. When specifically queried, trauma-related nightmares (TRN) are frequently associated with disruptive nocturnal behaviors (DNB), consistent with TASD. Capture of DNB in the lab is rare but ambulatory monitoring reveals dynamic autonomic concomitants associated with disturbed dreaming. TRN may be reported in NREM as well as REM sleep, though associated respiratory events may confound this finding. Further, dream content is more distressing in REM. Therapy for this complex disorder likely requires addressing not only the specific TASD components of TRN and DNB but comorbid sleep disorders. TASD is a unique parasomnia developing after trauma. Trauma-exposed individuals should be specifically asked about their sleep and if they have nightmares with or without DNB. Patients who report TRN warrant in-lab PSG as part of their evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Brock
- Department of Sleep Medicine, San Antonio Uniformed Services Health Education Consortium, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Tyler A Powell
- Department of Sleep Medicine, San Antonio Uniformed Services Health Education Consortium, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer L Creamer
- Sleep Medicine Center, Martin Army Community Hospital, Fort Benning, GA, USA
| | - Brian A Moore
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Vincent Mysliwiec
- Department of Sleep Medicine, San Antonio Uniformed Services Health Education Consortium, San Antonio, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Blum K, Gondré-Lewis MC, Modestino EJ, Lott L, Baron D, Siwicki D, McLaughlin T, Howeedy A, Krengel MH, Oscar-Berman M, Thanos PK, Elman I, Hauser M, Fried L, Bowirrat A, Badgaiyan RD. Understanding the Scientific Basis of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Precision Behavioral Management Overrides Stigmatization. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:7836-7850. [PMID: 31124077 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1600-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severe polygenic disorder triggered by environmental factors. Many polymorphic genes, particularly the genetic determinants of hypodopaminergia (low dopamine function), associate with a predisposition to PTSD as well as substance use disorder. Support from the National Institutes of Health for neuroimaging research and molecular, genetic applied technologies has improved understanding of brain reward circuitry functions that have inspired the development of new innovative approaches to their early diagnosis and treatment of some PTSD symptomatology and addiction. This review presents psychosocial and genetic evidence that vulnerability or resilience to PTSD can theoretically be impacted by dopamine regulation. From a neuroscience perspective, dopamine is widely accepted as a major neurotransmitter. Questions about how to modulate dopamine clinically in order to treat and prevent PTSD and other types of reward deficiency disorders remain. Identification of genetic variations associated with the relevant genotype-phenotype relationships can be characterized using the Genetic Addiction Risk Score (GARS®) and psychosocial tools. Development of an advanced genetic panel is under study and will be based on a new array of genes linked to PTSD. However, for now, the recommendation is that enlistees for military duty be given the opportunity to voluntarily pre-test for risk of PTSD with GARS, before exposure to environmental triggers or upon return from deployment as part of PTSD management. Dopamine homeostasis may be achieved via customization of neuronutrient supplementation "Precision Behavioral Management" (PBM™) based on GARS test values and other pro-dopamine regulation interventions like exercise, mindfulness, biosensor tracking, and meditation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA. .,Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary. .,Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright University, Dayton, OH, USA. .,Department of Precision Behavioral Management, Geneus Health, San Antonio, TX, USA. .,Division of Neurogenetic Research & Addiction Therapy, The Florida House Experience, Deerfield Beach, FL, USA. .,Division of Addiction Services, Dominion Diagnostics, North Kingston, RI, USA. .,Division of Neuroscience & Addiction Research, Pathway Healthcare, LLC., Burmingham, AL, USA.
| | - M C Gondré-Lewis
- Department of Anatomy, Developmental Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - E J Modestino
- Department of Psychology, Curry College, Milton, MA, USA
| | - L Lott
- Department of Precision Behavioral Management, Geneus Health, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - D Baron
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - D Siwicki
- Department of Precision Behavioral Management, Geneus Health, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Division of Addiction Services, Dominion Diagnostics, North Kingston, RI, USA
| | - T McLaughlin
- Center for Psychiatric Medicine, Lawrence, MA, USA
| | - A Howeedy
- Division of Neurogenetic Research & Addiction Therapy, The Florida House Experience, Deerfield Beach, FL, USA
| | - M H Krengel
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine and VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Oscar-Berman
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine and VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P K Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology & Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addiction, Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - I Elman
- Department of Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - M Hauser
- Division of Addiction Services, Dominion Diagnostics, North Kingston, RI, USA
| | - L Fried
- Department of Precision Behavioral Management, Geneus Health, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Transformations Treatment Center, Delray Beach, FL, USA
| | - A Bowirrat
- Division of Anatomy, Biochemistry and Genetics Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - R D Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nedic Erjavec G, Svob Strac D, Tudor L, Konjevod M, Sagud M, Pivac N. Genetic Markers in Psychiatry. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1192:53-93. [PMID: 31705490 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9721-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders such as addiction (substance use and addictive disorders), depression, eating disorders, schizophrenia, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are severe, complex, multifactorial mental disorders that carry a high social impact, enormous public health costs, and various comorbidities as well as premature morbidity. Their neurobiological foundation is still not clear. Therefore, it is difficult to uncover new set of genes and possible genetic markers of these disorders since the understanding of the molecular imbalance leading to these disorders is not complete. The integrative approach is needed which will combine genomics and epigenomics; evaluate epigenetic influence on genes and their influence on neuropeptides, neurotransmitters, and hormones; examine gene × gene and gene × environment interplay; and identify abnormalities contributing to development of these disorders. Therefore, novel genetic approaches based on systems biology focused on improvement of the identification of the biological underpinnings might offer genetic markers of addiction, depression, eating disorders, schizophrenia, and PTSD. These markers might be used for early prediction, detection of the risk to develop these disorders, novel subtypes of the diseases and tailored, personalized approach to therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Nedic Erjavec
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dubravka Svob Strac
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lucija Tudor
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marcela Konjevod
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marina Sagud
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Salata 2, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Kispaticeva 12, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nela Pivac
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are two complex and debilitating psychiatric disorders that result in poor life and destructive behaviors against self and others. Currently, diagnosis is based on subjective rather than objective determinations leading to misdiagnose and ineffective treatments. Advances in novel neurobiological methods have allowed assessment of promising biomarkers to diagnose depression and PTSD, which offers a new means of appropriately treating patients. Areas covered: Biomarkers discovery in blood represents a fundamental tool to predict, diagnose, and monitor treatment efficacy in depression and PTSD. The potential role of altered HPA axis, epigenetics, NPY, BDNF, neurosteroid biosynthesis, the endocannabinoid system, and their function as biomarkers for mood disorders is discussed. Insofar, we propose the identification of a biomarker axis to univocally identify and discriminate disorders with large comorbidity and symptoms overlap, so as to provide a base of support for development of targeted treatments. We also weigh in on the feasibility of a future blood test for early diagnosis. Expert commentary: Potential biomarkers have already been assessed in patients' blood and need to be further validated through multisite large clinical trial stratification. Another challenge is to assess the relation among several interdependent biomarkers to form an axis that identifies a specific disorder and secures the best-individualized treatment. The future of blood-based tests for PTSD and depression is not only on the horizon but, possibly, already around the corner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dario Aspesi
- a The Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Graziano Pinna
- a The Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Blum K, Badgaiyan RD, Dunston GM, Baron D, Modestino EJ, McLaughlin T, Steinberg B, Gold MS, Gondré-Lewis MC. The DRD2 Taq1A A1 Allele May Magnify the Risk of Alzheimer's in Aging African-Americans. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:5526-5536. [PMID: 28965318 PMCID: PMC5878111 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0758-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is an irreversible, progressive brain disorder that slowly destroys cognitive skills and the ability to perform the simplest tasks. More than 5 million Americans are afflicted with Alzheimer's; a disorder which ranks third, just behind heart disease and cancer, as a cause of death for older people. With no real cure and in spite of enormous efforts worldwide, the disease remains a mystery in terms of treatment. Importantly, African-Americans are two times as likely as Whites to develop late-onset Alzheimer's disease and less likely to receive timely diagnosis and treatment. Dopamine function is linked to normal cognition and memory and carriers of the DRD2 Taq1A A1 allele have significant loss of D2 receptor density in the brain. Recent research has shown that A1 carriers have worse memory performance during long-term memory (LTM) updating, compared to non-carriers or A2-carriers. A1carriers also show less blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) activation in the left caudate nucleus which is important for LTM updating. This latter effect was only seen in older adults, suggesting magnification of genetic effects on brain functioning in the elderly. Moreover, the frequency of the A1 allele is 0.40 in African-Americans, with an approximate prevalence of the DRD2 A1 allele in 50% of an African-American subset of individuals. This is higher than what is found in a non-screened American population (≤ 28%) for reward deficiency syndrome (RDS) behaviors. Based on DRD2 known genetic polymorphisms, we hypothesize that the DRD2 Taq1A A1 allele magnifies the risk of Alzheimer's in aging African-Americans. Research linking this high risk for Alzheimer's in the African-American population, with DRD2/ANKK1-TaqIA polymorphism and neurocognitive deficits related to LTM, could pave the way for novel, targeted pro-dopamine homeostatic treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Department of Psychiatry & McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Applied Clinical Research & Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA
- Department of Neurogenetics, Igene, LLC, Austin, TX, USA
- Division of Reward Deficiency Syndrome and Addiction Therapy, Nupathways, Inc., Innsbrook, MO, USA
- Department of Clinical Neurology, Path Foundation, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Neuroscience Based Addiction Therapy, The Shores Treatment & Recovery Center, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA
- Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Psychology, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Richmond University Medical Center, 355 Bard Avenue, Staten Island, NY, 10310, USA
- NeuroPsychoSocial Genomics Core, National Human Genome Center, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Rajendra D Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Richmond University Medical Center, 355 Bard Avenue, Staten Island, NY, 10310, USA
| | - Georgia M Dunston
- NeuroPsychoSocial Genomics Core, National Human Genome Center, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - David Baron
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mark S Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Marjorie C Gondré-Lewis
- NeuroPsychoSocial Genomics Core, National Human Genome Center, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA.
- Developmental Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Naß J, Efferth T. Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacotherapy of Military Personnel Suffering from Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 15:831-860. [PMID: 27834145 PMCID: PMC5652029 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666161111113514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severe problem among soldiers with combating experience difficult to treat. The pathogenesis is still not fully understood at the psychological level. Therefore, genetic research became a focus of interest. The identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may help to predict, which persons are at high risk to develop PTSD as a starting point to develop novel targeted drugs for treatment. Methods: We conducted a systematic review on SNPs in genes related to PTSD pathology and development of targeted pharmacological treatment options based on PubMed database searches. We focused on clinical trials with military personnel. Results: SNPs in 22 human genes have been linked to PTSD. These genes encode proteins acting as neurotransmitters and receptors, downstream signal transducers and metabolizing enzymes. Pharmacological inhibitors may serve as drug candidates for PTSD treatment, e.g. β2 adrenoreceptor antagonists, dopamine antagonists, partial dopamine D2 receptor agonists, dopamine β hydroxylase inhibitors, fatty acid amid hydrolase antagonists, glucocorticoid receptor agonists, tropomyosin receptor kinase B agonists, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors, gamma-amino butyric acid receptor agonists, glutamate receptor inhibitors, monoaminoxidase B inhibitors, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists. Conclusion: The combination of genetic and pharmacological research may lead to novel target-based drug developments with improved specificity and efficacy to treat PTSD. Specific SNPs may be identified as reliable biomarkers to assess individual disease risk. Focusing on soldiers suffering from PTSD will not only help to improve treatment options for this specific group, but for all PTSD patients and the general population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janine Naß
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz. Germany
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz. Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lucke-Wold B, Nolan R, Nwafor D, Nguyen L, Cheyuo C, Turner R, Rosen C, Marsh R. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Delineating the Progression and Underlying Mechanisms Following Blast Traumatic Brain Injury. JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 4:118. [PMID: 29888766 PMCID: PMC5993449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a devastating condition that can develop after blast Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). Ongoing work has been performed to understand how PTSD develops after injury. In this review, we highlight how PTSD affects individuals, discuss what is known about the physiologic changes to the hypothalamic pituitary axis and neurotransmitter pathways, and present an overview of genetic components that may predispose individuals to developing PTSD. We then provide an overview of current treatment strategies to treat PTSD in veterans and present new strategies that may be useful going forward. The need for further clinical and pre-clinical studies is imperative to improve diagnosis, treatment, and management for patients that develop PTSD following blast TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Lucke-Wold
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of
Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University Health Science
Center, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Richard Nolan
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of
Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University Health Science
Center, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Divine Nwafor
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of
Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University Health Science
Center, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Linda Nguyen
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University of California San
Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Cletus Cheyuo
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of
Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Ryan Turner
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of
Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Charles Rosen
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of
Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Robert Marsh
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of
Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Daws SE, Joseph NF, Jamieson S, King ML, Chévere-Torres I, Fuentes I, Shumyatsky GP, Brantley AF, Rumbaugh G, Miller CA. Susceptibility and Resilience to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder-like Behaviors in Inbred Mice. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 82:924-933. [PMID: 28778658 PMCID: PMC5683920 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The limited neurobiological understanding of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been partially attributed to the need for improved animal models. Stress-enhanced fear learning (SEFL) in rodents recapitulates many PTSD-associated behaviors, including stress-susceptible and stress-resilient subgroups in outbred rats. Identification of subgroups requires additional behavioral phenotyping, a confound to mechanistic studies. METHODS We employed a SEFL paradigm in inbred male and female C57BL/6 mice that combines acute stress with fear conditioning to precipitate traumatic-like memories. Extinction and long-term retention of extinction were examined after SEFL. Further characterization of SEFL effects on male mice was performed with additional behavioral tests, determination of regional activation by Fos immunofluorescence, and RNA sequencing of the basolateral amygdala. RESULTS Stressed animals displayed persistently elevated freezing during extinction. While more uniform in females, SEFL produced male subgroups with differential susceptibility that were identified without posttraining phenotyping. Additional phenotyping of male mice revealed PTSD-associated behaviors, including extinction-resistant fear memory, hyperarousal, generalization, and dysregulated corticosterone in stress-susceptible male mice. Altered Fos activation was also seen in the infralimbic cortex and basolateral amygdala of stress-susceptible male mice after remote memory retrieval. Key behavioral outcomes, including susceptibility, were replicated by two independent laboratories. RNA sequencing of the basolateral amygdala revealed transcriptional divergence between the male subgroups, including genes with reported polymorphic association to patients with PTSD. CONCLUSIONS This SEFL model provides a tool for development of PTSD therapeutics that is compatible with the growing number of mouse-specific resources. Furthermore, use of an inbred strain allows for investigation into epigenetic mechanisms that are expected to critically regulate susceptibility and resilience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie E Daws
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida; Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Nadine F Joseph
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida; Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Sarah Jamieson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida; Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Michelle L King
- Behavioral Core, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | | | - Illeana Fuentes
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | | | | | - Gavin Rumbaugh
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Courtney A Miller
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida; Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mehta D, Bruenig D, Carrillo-Roa T, Lawford B, Harvey W, Morris CP, Smith AK, Binder EB, Young RM, Voisey J. Genomewide DNA methylation analysis in combat veterans reveals a novel locus for PTSD. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2017; 136:493-505. [PMID: 28795405 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation may play a key role in the aetiology and serve as biomarkers for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We performed a genomewide analysis to identify genes whose DNA methylation levels are associated with PTSD. METHOD A total of 211 individuals comprising Australian male Vietnam War veterans (n = 96) and males from a general population belonging to the Grady Trauma Project (n = 115) were included. Genomewide DNA methylation was performed from peripheral blood using the Illumina arrays. Data analysis was performed using generalized linear regression models. RESULTS Differential DNA methylation of 17 previously reported PTSD candidate genes was associated with PTSD symptom severity. Genomewide analyses revealed CpG sites spanning BRSK1, LCN8, NFG and DOCK2 genes were associated with PTSD symptom severity. We replicated the findings of DOCK2 in an independent cohort. Pathway analysis revealed that among the associated genes, genes within actin cytoskeleton and focal adhesion molecular pathways were enriched. CONCLUSION These data highlight the role of DNA methylation as biomarkers of PTSD. The results support the role of previous candidates and uncover novel genes associated with PTSD, such as DOCK2. This study contributes to our understanding of the biological underpinnings of PTSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Mehta
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - D Bruenig
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia.,Gallipoli Medical Research Institute, Greenslopes Private Hospital, Greenslopes, QLD, Australia
| | - T Carrillo-Roa
- Department of Translational Research, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - B Lawford
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - W Harvey
- Gallipoli Medical Research Institute, Greenslopes Private Hospital, Greenslopes, QLD, Australia
| | - C P Morris
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - A K Smith
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - E B Binder
- Department of Translational Research, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - R McD Young
- Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - J Voisey
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lind MJ, Marraccini ME, Sheerin CM, Bountress K, Bacanu SA, Amstadter AB, Nugent NR. Association of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder With rs2267735 in the ADCYAP1R1 Gene: A Meta-Analysis. J Trauma Stress 2017; 30:389-398. [PMID: 28746747 PMCID: PMC5706560 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies point to the potential role of the (pituitary) adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide receptor 1 (ADCYAP1R1) gene, which has been implicated in stress response, in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Multiple genetic association studies have examined potential PTSD risk related to this gene, with mixed results. We conducted a meta-analysis of rs2267735 in ADCYAP1R1 in PTSD. A literature search was conducted using PubMed and PsycINFO, resulting in nine studies that met criteria for inclusion in analysis. Biostat's Comprehensive Meta-Analysis was used to conduct the main meta-analysis on the combined sex sample, as well as two subanalyses examining effects separately in female and male participants. Results indicated that the C allele of rs2267735 conferred significant risk for PTSD in the combined sex data, OR = 1.210, 95% CI [1.007, 1.454], p = .042, and in the subsample of women and girls, OR = 1.328, 95% CI [1.026, 1.719], p = .031; but not in the subsample of men and boys, OR = 0.964, 95% CI [0.733, 1.269], p = .796. These results provide evidence for an association between ADCYAP1R1 and PTSD and indicate that there may indeed be sex differences. Implications of these findings, including the role of rs2267735 as one modulator of the stress system, are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie J. Lind
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Marisa E. Marraccini
- Bradley/Hasbro Children’s Research Center of Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA,Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior and Pediatrics, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Christina M. Sheerin
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Kaitlin Bountress
- National Crime Victims Research & Treatment Center (NCVC), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Silviu-Alin Bacanu
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Ananda B. Amstadter
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA,Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Nicole R. Nugent
- Bradley/Hasbro Children’s Research Center of Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA,Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior and Pediatrics, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gisquet-Verrier P, Tolédano D, Le Dorze C. Bases physiologiques communes pour les troubles de stress post-traumatique et la dépendance aux drogues d’abus : conséquences pour de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques. Therapie 2017; 72:357-366. [DOI: 10.1016/j.therap.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
18
|
Anderson MR, Miller L, Wickramaratne P, Svob C, Odgerel Z, Zhao R, Weissman MM. Genetic Correlates of Spirituality/Religion and Depression: A Study in Offspring and Grandchildren at High and Low Familial Risk for Depression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 4:43-63. [PMID: 29057276 DOI: 10.1037/scp0000125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Possible genetic correlates of spirituality and depression have been identified in community samples. We investigate some of the previously identified candidates in a sample of families at both high and low-risk for depression. METHOD Offspring and grandchildren of individuals at high and low-risk for depression, participating in a multi-wave thirty-year longitudinal study, were assessed for seven SNPS drawn from four single gene candidates associated with systems implicated in both depression and spirituality: Serotonin (5-HT1B and 5-HT2A), Dopamine (DRD2), Oxytocin (OT) and Monoamine Vesicular Transporter (VMAT1). RESULTS Dopamine (DRD2) Serotonin (5-HT1B), their Transporter (VMAT1) and Oxytocin (OXTR) were positively associated with a high level of importance of spirituality or religion (S/R) in the group at low familial risk for depression. DRD2 minor allele was associated with both lifetime major depressive disorder (MDD) and spirituality in the low-risk group for depression. No SNPs were related to S/R in the group at high familial risk for depression. OXTR was associated with lifetime MDD in the full sample. CONCLUSION Genes for dopamine, serotonin, their vesicular transporter, and oxytocin may be associated with S/R in people at low familial risk for depression. Genes for dopamine may be associated both with S/R and increased risk for depression in people at low-risk for depression, suggesting a common pathway or physiology to mild to moderate depression. MDD is associated with oxytocin across risk groups. In the high-risk group, phenotypic expression of S/R may be suppressed. IMPLICATIONS The shared association of DRD2 by S/R and depression, generally found to be inversely related, calls for further research on their common physiological pathways, and the phenotypic expression of these pathways based upon use and environment. Prevention for offspring at high familial risk for depression might include support for the development of child spirituality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Miller
- Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Priya Wickramaratne
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.,Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Connie Svob
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zagaa Odgerel
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ruixin Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Myrna M Weissman
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.,Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Banerjee SB, Morrison FG, Ressler KJ. Genetic approaches for the study of PTSD: Advances and challenges. Neurosci Lett 2017; 649:139-146. [PMID: 28242325 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a highly debilitating stress and anxiety-related disorder that occurs in response to specific trauma or abuse. Genetic risk factors may account for up to 30-40% of the heritability of PTSD. Understanding the gene pathways that are associated with PTSD, and how those genes interact with the fear and stress circuitry to mediate risk and resilience for PTSD will enable the development of targeted therapies to prevent the occurrence of or decrease the severity of this complex multi-gene disorder. This review will summarize recent research on genetic approaches to understanding PTSD risk and resilience in human populations, including candidate genes and their epigenetic modifications, genome-wide association studies and neural imaging genetics approaches. Despite challenges faced within this field of study such as inconsistent results and replications, genetic approaches still offer exciting opportunities for the identification and development of novel therapeutic targets and therapies in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunayana B Banerjee
- Behavioral Neuroscience and Psychiatric Disorders, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Filomene G Morrison
- Behavioral Neuroscience and Psychiatric Disorders, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Kerry J Ressler
- Behavioral Neuroscience and Psychiatric Disorders, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hauser MA, Garrett ME, Liu Y, Dennis MF, Kimbrel NA, Veterans Affairs Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research Education And Clinical Center Workgroup, Beckham JC, Ashley-Koch AE. Further evidence for a role of the ADRB2 gene in risk for posttraumatic stress disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2017; 84:59-61. [PMID: 27701011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to attempt to replicate the recently reported finding associating rs2400707 of the Adrenoceptor Beta 2, Surface (ADRB2) gene and childhood trauma on PTSD symptoms. Participants included a predominantly veteran cohort of non-Hispanic blacks (NHB; n = 949) and a pre-dominantly veteran cohort of non-Hispanic whites (NHW; n = 759). No main effects were observed for rs2400707 on PTSD diagnosis. Among the NHB participants, we observed an interaction between rs2400707 and history of childhood trauma, whereby with each additional A allele, the odds of having PTSD increased by 1.31, but only among those who had experienced childhood trauma (p = 0.038). The interaction with rs2400707 and childhood trauma was not observed among the NHW study participants (p = 0.892). Taken together, the findings from the present research provide further evidence that the adrenergic system may be an important modulator of PTSD risk; however, additional work is still needed to clarify the exact nature of the relationship between PTSD and rs2400707 of the ADRB2 gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Hauser
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States; Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Melanie E Garrett
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States; Duke Center for Human Disease Modeling, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Yutao Liu
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Michelle F Dennis
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States; The VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham, NC, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Nathan A Kimbrel
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States; The VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham, NC, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | | | - Jean C Beckham
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States; The VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham, NC, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Allison E Ashley-Koch
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States; Duke Center for Human Disease Modeling, Durham, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hong C, Efferth T. Systematic Review on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Among Survivors of the Wenchuan Earthquake. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2016; 17:542-561. [PMID: 26028651 DOI: 10.1177/1524838015585313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) widely occurs among victims or witness of disasters. With flashbacks, hyperarousal, and avoidance being the typical symptoms, PTSD became a focus of psychological research. The earthquake in Wenchuan, China, on May 12, 2008, was without precedent in magnitude and aftermath and caused huge damage, which drew scientists' attention to mental health of the survivors. We conducted a systematic overview by collecting published articles from the PubMed database and classifying them into five points: epidemiology, neuropathology, biochemistry, genetics and epigenetics, and treatment. The large body of research during the past 6 years showed that adolescents and adults were among the most studied populations with high prevalence rates for PTSD. Genomic and transcriptomic studies focusing on gene × environment studies as well as epigenetics are still rare, although a few available data showed great potential to better understand the pathophysiology of PTSD as multifactorial disease. Phytotherapy with Chinese herbs and acupuncture are rarely reported as of yet, although the first published data indicated promising therapy effects. Future studies should focus on the following points: (1) The affected populations under observation should be better defined concerning individual risk factor, time of observation, spatial movement, and individual disease courses of patients. (2) The role of social support for prevalence rates of PTSD should be observed in more detail. (3) Efficacy and safety of Chinese medicine should be studied to find potential interventions and effective treatments of PTSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunlan Hong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yue JK, Winkler EA, Rick JW, Burke JF, McAllister TW, Oh SS, Burchard EG, Hu D, Rosand J, Temkin NR, Korley FK, Sorani MD, Ferguson AR, Lingsma HF, Sharma S, Robinson CK, Yuh EL, Tarapore PE, Wang KKW, Puccio AM, Mukherjee P, Diaz-Arrastia R, Gordon WA, Valadka AB, Okonkwo DO, Manley GT. DRD2 C957T polymorphism is associated with improved 6-month verbal learning following traumatic brain injury. Neurogenetics 2016; 18:29-38. [PMID: 27826691 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-016-0500-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) often leads to heterogeneous clinical outcomes, which may be influenced by genetic variation. A single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) may influence cognitive deficits following TBI. However, part of the association with DRD2 has been attributed to genetic variability within the adjacent ankyrin repeat and kinase domain containing 1 protein (ANKK1). Here, we utilize the Transforming Research and Clinical Knowledge in Traumatic Brain Injury Pilot (TRACK-TBI Pilot) study to investigate whether a novel DRD2 C957T polymorphism (rs6277) influences outcome on a cognitive battery at 6 months following TBI-California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT-II), Wechsler Adult Intelligence Test Processing Speed Index Composite Score (WAIS-PSI), and Trail Making Test (TMT). Results in 128 Caucasian subjects show that the rs6277 T-allele associates with better verbal learning and recall on CVLT-II Trials 1-5 (T-allele carrier 52.8 ± 1.3 points, C/C 47.9 ± 1.7 points; mean increase 4.9 points, 95% confidence interval [0.9 to 8.8]; p = 0.018), Short-Delay Free Recall (T-carrier 10.9 ± 0.4 points, C/C 9.7 ± 0.5 points; mean increase 1.2 points [0.1 to 2.5]; p = 0.046), and Long-Delay Free Recall (T-carrier 11.5 ± 0.4 points, C/C 10.2 ± 0.5 points; mean increase 1.3 points [0.1 to 2.5]; p = 0.041) after adjusting for age, education years, Glasgow Coma Scale, presence of acute intracranial pathology on head computed tomography scan, and genotype of the ANKK1 SNP rs1800497 using multivariable regression. No association was found between DRD2 C947T and non-verbal processing speed (WAIS-PSI) or mental flexibility (TMT) at 6 months. Hence, DRD2 C947T (rs6277) may be associated with better performance on select cognitive domains independent of ANKK1 following TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John K Yue
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 1, Room 101, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA.,Brain and Spinal Injury Center, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ethan A Winkler
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 1, Room 101, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA.,Brain and Spinal Injury Center, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan W Rick
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 1, Room 101, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA.,Brain and Spinal Injury Center, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John F Burke
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 1, Room 101, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA.,Brain and Spinal Injury Center, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thomas W McAllister
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sam S Oh
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Esteban G Burchard
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Donglei Hu
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Rosand
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nancy R Temkin
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Frederick K Korley
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marco D Sorani
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 1, Room 101, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA.,Brain and Spinal Injury Center, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Adam R Ferguson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 1, Room 101, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA.,Brain and Spinal Injury Center, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hester F Lingsma
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sourabh Sharma
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 1, Room 101, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA.,Brain and Spinal Injury Center, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Caitlin K Robinson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 1, Room 101, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA.,Brain and Spinal Injury Center, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Esther L Yuh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 1, Room 101, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Phiroz E Tarapore
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 1, Room 101, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA.,Brain and Spinal Injury Center, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kevin K W Wang
- Center for Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ava M Puccio
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Pratik Mukherjee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 1, Room 101, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ramon Diaz-Arrastia
- Department of Neurology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wayne A Gordon
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alex B Valadka
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - David O Okonkwo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Geoffrey T Manley
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 1, Room 101, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA. .,Brain and Spinal Injury Center, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ryan J, Chaudieu I, Ancelin ML, Saffery R. Biological underpinnings of trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder: focusing on genetics and epigenetics. Epigenomics 2016; 8:1553-1569. [PMID: 27686106 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2016-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain individuals are more susceptible to stress and trauma, as well as the physical and mental health consequences following such exposure, including risk for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This differing vulnerability is likely to be influenced by genetic predisposition and specific characteristics of the stress itself (nature, intensity and duration), as well as epigenetic mechanisms. In this review we provide an overview of research findings in this field. We highlight some of the key genetic risk factors identified for PTSD, and the evidence that epigenetic processes might play a role in the biological response to trauma, as well as being potential biomarkers of PTSD risk. We also discuss important considerations for future research in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Ryan
- Cancer & Disease Epigenetics Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Childrens Hospital, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia.,Inserm, U1061, University of Montpellier, Montpellier F-34093, France.,Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Prahran 3004, Australia
| | - Isabelle Chaudieu
- Inserm, U1061, University of Montpellier, Montpellier F-34093, France
| | | | - Richard Saffery
- Cancer & Disease Epigenetics Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Childrens Hospital, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Posttraumatic Brain Injury Cognitive Performance Is Moderated by Variation Within ANKK1 and DRD2 Genes. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2016; 30:E54-66. [PMID: 25931179 DOI: 10.1097/htr.0000000000000118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As dopamine neurotransmission impacts cognition, we hypothesized that variants in the linked dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) and ankyrin repeat and kinase domain (ANKK1) genes might account for some individual variability in cognitive recovery following traumatic brain injury (TBI). PARTICIPANTS Prospective cohort of 108 survivors of severe TBI, recruited consecutively from a level 1 trauma center. DESIGN We examined relationships between DRD2 genetic variation and functional recovery at 6 and 12 months post-TBI. MAIN MEASURES Cognitive performance was evaluated using 8 neuropsychological tests targeting different cognitive domains. An overall cognitive composite was developed using normative data. We also assessed functional cognition, depression status, and global outcome. Subjects were genotyped for 6 DRD2 tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms and Taq1A within ANKK1. RESULTS ANKK1 Taq1A heterozygotes performed better than homozygotes across several cognitive domains at both time points postinjury. When adjusting for age, Glasgow Coma Scale score, and education, the Taq1A (ANKK1) and rs6279 (DRD2) variants were associated with overall composite scores at 6 months post-TBI (P = .0453 and P = .0452, respectively). At 12 months, only Taq1A remained a significant genetic predictor of cognition (P = .0128). Following multiple-comparisons correction, there were no significant associations between examined genetic variants and functional cognition, depression status, and global outcome. CONCLUSION These data suggest that genetic variation within DRD2 influences cognitive recovery post-TBI. Understanding genetic influences on dopaminergic systems post-TBI may impact current treatment paradigms.
Collapse
|
25
|
Castro-Vale I, van Rossum EF, Machado JC, Mota-Cardoso R, Carvalho D. Genetics of glucocorticoid regulation and posttraumatic stress disorder—What do we know? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 63:143-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
26
|
Li L, Bao Y, He S, Wang G, Guan Y, Ma D, Wang P, Huang X, Tao S, Zhang D, Liu Q, Wang Y, Yang J. The Association Between Genetic Variants in the Dopaminergic System and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Meta-Analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e3074. [PMID: 26986136 PMCID: PMC4839917 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000003074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a complex mental disorder and can severely interfere with the normal life of the affected people. Previous studies have examined the association of PTSD with genetic variants in multiple dopaminergic genes with inconsistent results. To perform a systematic literature search and conduct meta-analysis to examine whether genetic variants in the dopaminergic system is associated with PTSD. Data Sources: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Google Scholar, and HuGE. Study eligibility criteria and participants: The studies included subjects who had been screened for the presence of PTSD; the studies provided data for genetic variants of genes involved in the dopaminergic system; the outcomes of interest included diagnosis status of PTSD; and the studies were case-control studies. Study appraisal and synthesis methods: Odds ratio was used as a measure of association. We used random-effects model in all the meta-analyses. Between-study heterogeneity was assessed using I², and publication bias was evaluated using Egger test. Findings from meta-analyses were confirmed using random-effects meta-analyses under the framework of generalized linear model (GLM). A total of 19 studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in our analyses. We found that rs1800497 in DRD2 was significantly associated with PTSD (OR = 1.96, 95% CI: 1.15-3.33; P = 0.014). The 3'-UTR variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) in SLC6A3 also showed significant association with PTSD (OR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.12-2.35; P = 0.010), but there was no association of rs4680 in COMT with PTSD (P = 0.595). Sample size is limited for some studies; type and severity of traumatic events varied across studies; we could not control for potential confounding factors, such as age at traumatic events and gender; and we could not examine gene-environment interaction due to lack of data. We found that rs1800497 in DRD2 and the VNTR in SLC6A3 showed significant association with PTSD. Future studies controlling for confounding factors, with large sample sizes and more homogeneous traumatic exposure, are needed to validate the findings from this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lizhuo Li
- From the Department of Critical Care and Emergency Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan (LL); Emergency Department, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University (LL, SH, GW, QL); Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning (YB, YG, PW, XH, ST, DZ, YW); Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (DM); Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (JY); and Department of Neurological Sciences (JY), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Dretsch MN, Williams K, Emmerich T, Crynen G, Ait-Ghezala G, Chaytow H, Mathura V, Crawford FC, Iverson GL. Brain-derived neurotropic factor polymorphisms, traumatic stress, mild traumatic brain injury, and combat exposure contribute to postdeployment traumatic stress. Brain Behav 2016; 6:e00392. [PMID: 27110438 PMCID: PMC4834940 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to experiencing traumatic events while deployed in a combat environment, there are other factors that contribute to the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in military service members. This study explored the contribution of genetics, childhood environment, prior trauma, psychological, cognitive, and deployment factors to the development of traumatic stress following deployment. METHODS Both pre- and postdeployment data on 231 of 458 soldiers were analyzed. Postdeployment assessments occurred within 30 days from returning stateside and included a battery of psychological health, medical history, and demographic questionnaires; neurocognitive tests; and blood serum for the D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2), apolipoprotein E (APOE), and brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) genes. RESULTS Soldiers who screened positive for traumatic stress at postdeployment had significantly higher scores in depression (d = 1.91), anxiety (d = 1.61), poor sleep quality (d = 0.92), postconcussion symptoms (d = 2.21), alcohol use (d = 0.63), traumatic life events (d = 0.42), and combat exposure (d = 0.91). BDNF Val66 Met genotype was significantly associated with risk for sustaining a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and screening positive for traumatic stress. Predeployment traumatic stress, greater combat exposure and sustaining an mTBI while deployed, and the BDNF Met/Met genotype accounted for 22% of the variance of postdeployment PTSD scores (R (2) = 0.22, P < 0.001). However, predeployment traumatic stress, alone, accounted for 17% of the postdeployment PTSD scores. CONCLUSION These findings suggest predeployment traumatic stress, genetic, and environmental factors have unique contributions to the development of combat-related traumatic stress in military service members.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Dretsch
- U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory 6901 Farrel Road Fort Rucker Alabama 22206; National Intrepid Center of Excellence Walter Reed National Military Medical Center 4860 South Palmer Road Bethesda Maryland 20889; Human Dimension Division (HDD) Headquarters Army Training and Doctrine Command (HQ TRADOC) 950 Jefferson Ave Fort Eustis Virginia 23604
| | - Kathy Williams
- National Intrepid Center of Excellence Walter Reed National Military Medical Center 4860 South Palmer Road Bethesda Maryland 20889
| | - Tanja Emmerich
- Roskamp Institute 2040 Whitfield Ave Sarasota Florida 34243
| | - Gogce Crynen
- Roskamp Institute 2040 Whitfield Ave Sarasota Florida 34243
| | | | - Helena Chaytow
- Roskamp Institute 2040 Whitfield Ave Sarasota Florida 34243
| | - Venkat Mathura
- Roskamp Institute 2040 Whitfield Ave Sarasota Florida 34243
| | | | - Grant L Iverson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts; Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital Boston Massachusetts; Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Home Base Program Boston Massachusetts; Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center Bethesda Maryland; Center for Health and Rehabilitation Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Harvard Medical School 79/96 Thirteenth Street Charlestown Navy Yard Charlestown Massachusetts 02129
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Duan Z, He M, Zhang J, Chen K, Li B, Wang J. Assessment of functional tag single nucleotide polymorphisms within the DRD2 gene as risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder in the Han Chinese population. J Affect Disord 2015; 188:210-7. [PMID: 26363619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene variations related to the dopaminergic pathway have been implicated in a number of neuropsychiatric disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) has been shown to significantly contribute to neuropsychiatric disorders and may specifically contribute to predisposition to PTSD. This study aimed to evaluate the association of polymorphisms within the entire DRD2 gene with PTSD in a case-control study. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 834 unrelated Han Chinese adults, including 497 healthy volunteers and 337 patients with PTSD, were used in this study. Fifteen tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms (tSNPs) were selected spanning the entire DRD2 gene through the construction of haplotype bins. Genotypes were gathered using an improved multiplex ligation detection reaction (iMLDR) technique. Allelic frequencies and clinical characteristics were compared in two independent Han Chinese populations. Moreover, the functionality of the rs2075652 and rs7131056 polymorphisms were assessed by measuring transcriptional enhancer activities. RESULTS Fifteen tag SNPs were identified in the Han Chinese population and all were common SNPs. Among 15 tSNPs, two of them (rs2075652 and rs7131056) significantly associated with PTSD. PTSD individuals were more likely to carry the rs2075652A and rs7131056A allele compared to the controls (P<0.05). The haplotype GTGATCGCGCAGGCG, had a risk effect on PTSD occurrence (OR=1.75, 95% CI: 1.24-2.48, P=0.002). Additionally, the rs2075652 polymorphism contained intronic enhancer activities. CONCLUSIONS The rs2075652 and rs7131056 polymorphisms, and the haplotype GTGATCGCGCAGGCG within the DRD2 gene, may be potential markers to predict susceptibility to PTSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxia Duan
- Department 6 of Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping, Chongqing 400042, China.
| | - Mei He
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jieyuan Zhang
- Department 6 of Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Kuijun Chen
- Department 6 of Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Bingcang Li
- Department 6 of Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Jianmin Wang
- Department 6 of Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping, Chongqing 400042, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Badour CL, Hirsch RL, Zhang J, Mandel H, Hamner M, Wang Z. Exploring the association between a cholecystokinin promoter polymorphism (rs1799923) and posttraumatic stress disorder in combat veterans. J Anxiety Disord 2015; 36:78-83. [PMID: 26454231 PMCID: PMC6545578 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a neuropeptide that has been implicated in understanding the acquisition and extinction of fear. Research on CCK in anxiety has primarily focused on understanding panic attacks and panic disorder. Emerging data suggests that CCK may also hold promise in understanding the development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). METHOD The present study examined whether a single nucleotide polymorphism in the promoter region of the CCK gene (C>T; rs1799923) was associated with an increased prevalence of PTSD as well as with severity of PTSD symptoms among a sample of 457 combat veterans. RESULTS Results demonstrated that participants with either the heterozygous or homozygous T allele had an increased prevalence of PTSD relative to participants with the CC genotype (OR=2.17; 95% CI [1.37-3.43]). LIMITATIONS The relatively small sample size precluded examination of racial/ethnic differences. Findings were also limited by the absence of a systematic assessment of comorbid anxiety psychopathology. CONCLUSIONS These data offer preliminary evidence supporting an association between the rs1799923 polymorphism in the CCK gene and PTSD. Additional research is needed to better understand the nature of this relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - R Louis Hirsch
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Jingmei Zhang
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Howard Mandel
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Mark Hamner
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Zhewu Wang
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Koeneke A, Ponce G, Hoenicka J, Huertas E. The ANKK1/DRD2 locus is a genomic substrate for affective priming and recognition of angry faces. Brain Behav 2015; 5:e00405. [PMID: 26664790 PMCID: PMC4667759 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ankyrin repeat and kinase domain containing I (ANKK1) and dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) genes have been associated with psychopathic traits in clinical samples. On the other hand, individuals high in psychopathy show reduced affective priming and deficits in facial expression recognition. We have hypothesized that these emotion-related cognitive phenomena are associated with Taq IA (rs18000497) SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) of the ANKK1 gene and with C957T (rs6277) SNP of the DRD2 gene. METHODS We performed a genetic association analysis in 94 self-reported Caucasian healthy volunteers. The participants completed 144 trials of an affective priming task, in which primes and targets were emotional words. They also had to recognize 64 facial expressions of happiness, sadness, anger, and fear in an expression recognition task. Regarding the genetic analyses, Taq IA and C957T SNPs were genotyped. RESULTS We found that the C957T SNP TT genotype was associated with a stronger priming effect and a better recognition of angry expressions. No associations were found for the Taq IA SNP. In addition, in silico analysis demonstrated that C957T SNP is a marker of a regulatory sequence at the 5' UTR of ANKK1 gene, thus suggesting the involvement of the whole ANKK1/DRD2 locus in cognitive-emotional processing. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that affective priming and recognition of angry facial expressions are endophenotypes that lie on the pathway between the ANKK1/DRD2 locus and some deviant phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Koeneke
- Faculty of Psychology Complutense University of Madrid Madrid Spain ; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre Madrid Spain
| | - Guillermo Ponce
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre Madrid Spain ; Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA) Madrid Spain
| | - Janet Hoenicka
- Program in Rare and Genetic Diseases & IBV/CSIC Associated Unit Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe Valencia Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) ISCIII Madrid Spain ; School of Medicine at Ciudad Real University of Castilla-La Mancha Ciudad Real Spain
| | - Evelio Huertas
- Faculty of Psychology Complutense University of Madrid Madrid Spain
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Stress, trauma and PTSD: translational insights into the core synaptic circuitry and its modulation. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 221:2401-26. [PMID: 25985955 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-1056-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Evidence is considered as to whether behavioral criteria for diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are applicable to that of traumatized animals and whether the phenomena of acquisition, extinction and reactivation of fear behavior in animals are also successfully applicable to humans. This evidence suggests an affirmative answer in both cases. Furthermore, the deficits in gray matter found in PTSD, determined with magnetic resonance imaging, are also observed in traumatized animals, lending neuropsychological support to the use of animals to probe what has gone awry in PTSD. Such animal experiments indicate that the core synaptic circuitry mediating behavior following trauma consists of the amygdala, ventral-medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, all of which are modulated by the basal ganglia. It is not clear if this is the case in PTSD as the observations using fMRI are equivocal and open to technical objections. Nevertheless, the effects of the basal ganglia in controlling glutamatergic synaptic transmission through dopaminergic and serotonergic synaptic mechanisms in the core synaptic circuitry provides a ready explanation for why modifying these mechanisms delays extinction in animal models and predisposes towards PTSD. In addition, changes of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the core synaptic circuitry have significant effects on acquisition and extinction in animal experiments with single nucleotide polymorphisms in the BDNF gene predisposing to PTSD.
Collapse
|
32
|
Kimbrel NA, Hauser MA, Garrett M, Ashley-Koch A, Liu Y, Dennis MF, Klein RC, Beckham JC. EFFECT OF THE APOE ε4 ALLELE AND COMBAT EXPOSURE ON PTSD AMONG IRAQ/AFGHANISTAN-ERA VETERANS. Depress Anxiety 2015; 32:307-15. [PMID: 25709077 PMCID: PMC4697754 DOI: 10.1002/da.22348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele has been implicated in a range of neuropsychiatric conditions. The present research examined if the ε4 allele of the APOE gene moderated the effect of combat exposure on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans. METHOD Participants included 765 non-Hispanic White (NHW) and 859 non-Hispanic Black (NHB) Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans. A structured interview established psychiatric diagnoses. Combat exposure and PTSD symptom severity were assessed via self-report. RESULTS The most common lifetime diagnoses were depression (39.2%), PTSD (38.4%), and alcohol dependence (24.38%). After correcting for multiple comparisons, no significant effects were observed on any of the outcomes among the NHW sample; however, within the NHB sample, significant gene × environment (G × E) interactions were observed for lifetime PTSD (P = .0029) and PTSD symptom severity (P = .0009). In each case, the APOE ε4 allele had no effect on the outcomes when combat exposure was low; however, when combat exposure was high, an additive effect was observed such that ε4 homozygotes exposed to high levels of combat reported the highest rates of PTSD (92%) and the worst symptom severity scores on the Davidson Trauma Scale (M = 79.5). CONCLUSIONS Although preliminary, these findings suggest that the APOE ε4 allele, in conjunction with exposure to high levels of combat exposure, may increase veterans' risk for developing PTSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A. Kimbrel
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC,The VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham, NC,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC,Correspondence concerning this article should be sent to: Dr. Nathan A. Kimbrel, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 508 Fulton Street, Durham, NC, 27705. Phone: (919) 286-0411, ext. 6759.
| | - Michael A. Hauser
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC,Duke Center for Human Genetics, Durham, NC
| | - Melanie Garrett
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC,Duke Center for Human Genetics, Durham, NC
| | - Allison Ashley-Koch
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC,Duke Center for Human Genetics, Durham, NC
| | - Yutao Liu
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC,Duke Center for Human Genetics, Durham, NC
| | - Michelle F. Dennis
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC,The VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham, NC,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Rebecca C. Klein
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC,The VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham, NC,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | | | - Jean C. Beckham
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC,The VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham, NC,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Progress towards understanding the genetics of posttraumatic stress disorder. J Anxiety Disord 2014; 28:873-83. [PMID: 25445077 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a complex syndrome that occurs following exposure to a potentially life threatening traumatic event. This review summarises the literature on the genetics of PTSD including gene-environment interactions (GxE), epigenetics and genetics of treatment response. Numerous genes have been shown to be associated with PTSD using candidate gene approaches. Genome-wide association studies have been limited due to the large sample size required to reach statistical power. Studies have shown that GxE interactions are important for PTSD susceptibility. Epigenetics plays an important role in PTSD susceptibility and some of the most promising studies show stress and child abuse trigger epigenetic changes. Much of the molecular genetics of PTSD remains to be elucidated. However, it is clear that identifying genetic markers and environmental triggers has the potential to advance early PTSD diagnosis and therapeutic interventions and ultimately ease the personal and financial burden of this debilitating disorder.
Collapse
|
34
|
Ma Y, Yuan W, Jiang X, Cui WY, Li MD. Updated findings of the association and functional studies of DRD2/ANKK1 variants with addictions. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:281-99. [PMID: 25139281 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8826-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Both nicotine and alcohol addictions are severe public health hazards worldwide. Various twin and family studies have demonstrated that genetic factors contribute to vulnerability to these addictions; however, the susceptibility genes and the variants underlying them remain largely unknown. Of susceptibility genes investigated for addictions, DRD2 has received much attention. Considering new evidence supporting the association of DRD2 and its adjacent gene ankyrin repeat and kinase domain containing 1 (ANKK1) with various addictions, in this paper, we provide an updated view of the involvement of variants in DRD2 and ANKK1 in the etiology of nicotine dependence (ND) and alcohol dependence (AD) based on linkage, association, and molecular studies. This evidence shows that both genes are significantly associated with addictions; however the association with ANKK1 appears to be stronger. Thus, both more replication studies in independent samples and functional studies of some of these variants are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Nelson EC, Heath AC, Lynskey MT, Agrawal A, Henders AK, Bowdler LM, Todorov AA, Madden PAF, Moore E, Degenhardt L, Martin NG, Montgomery GW. PTSD risk associated with a functional DRD2 polymorphism in heroin-dependent cases and controls is limited to amphetamine-dependent individuals. Addict Biol 2014; 19:700-7. [PMID: 23647975 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a pathologic response to severe stress, is a common co-morbid disorder in substance-dependent individuals. Evidence from twin studies suggests that PTSD is moderately heritable. Genetic association studies to date have reported a limited number of replicated findings. We conducted a candidate gene association study in trauma-exposed individuals within the Comorbidity and Trauma Study's sample (1343 heroin-dependent cases and 406 controls from economically disadvantaged neighborhoods). After data cleaning, the 1430 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) retained for analyses provided coverage of 72 candidate genes and included additional SNPs for which association was previously reported as well as 30 ancestry-informative markers. We found a functional DRD2 promoter polymorphism (rs12364283) to be most highly associated with PTSD liability [odds ratio (OR) 1.65 (1.27-2.15); P = 1.58 × 10(-4) ]; however, this association was not significant, with a stringent Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. The top hits include SNPs from other dopaminergic system genes: DRD2 DRD3, TH and DBH. Additional analyses revealed that the association involving rs12364283 is largely limited to amphetamine-dependent individuals. Substantial risk is observed in amphetamine-dependent individuals, with at least one copy of this SNP [OR 2.86 (1.92-4.27); P = 2.6 × 10(-7) ]. Further analyses do not support extensive mediation of PTSD risk via self-reported impulsivity (BIS total score). These findings suggest roles for impairment in inhibitory control in the pathophysiology of PTSD and raise questions about stimulant use in certain populations (e.g. those in combat).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elliot C. Nelson
- Department of Psychiatry; Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis MO USA
| | - Andrew C. Heath
- Department of Psychiatry; Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis MO USA
| | | | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry; Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis MO USA
| | | | - Lisa M. Bowdler
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research; Brisbane Australia
| | - Alexandre A. Todorov
- Department of Psychiatry; Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis MO USA
| | - Pamela A. F. Madden
- Department of Psychiatry; Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis MO USA
| | - Elizabeth Moore
- New South Wales Health; Justice Health & Forensic Mental Health Network; Pagewood Australia
| | - Louisa Degenhardt
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre; University of New South Wales; Sydney Australia
- Centre for Health Policy; Programs and Economics; School of Population Health; University of Melbourne; Carlton Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Neurobehavioral Mechanisms of Traumatic Stress in Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2014; 18:161-90. [PMID: 24691656 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2014_307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating psychiatric disorder that develops following trauma exposure. It is characterized by four symptom clusters: intrusion, avoidance, negative alteration in cognitions and mood, and alterations in arousal and reactivity. Several risk factors have been associated with PTSD, including trauma type and severity, gender and sexual orientation, race and ethnicity, cognitive reserve, pretrauma psychopathology, familial psychiatric history, and genetics. Great strides have been made in understanding the neurobiology of PTSD through animal models and human imaging studies. Most of the animal models have face validity, but they have limitations in the generalization to the human model of PTSD. Newer animal models, such as the "CBC" model, have better validity for PTSD, which takes into account the different components of its diagnostic criteria. To date, fear conditioning and fear extinction animal models have provided support for the hypothesis that PTSD is a dysregulation of the processes related to fear regulation and, especially, fear extinction. More research is needed to further understand these processes as they relate not only to PTSD but also to resilience. Further, this research could be instrumental in the development of novel effective treatments for PTSD.
Collapse
|
37
|
NOS1AP is associated with increased severity of PTSD and depression in untreated combat veterans. J Affect Disord 2013; 147:87-93. [PMID: 23146198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depressive disorder are over represented in combat veterans. Veterans with both disorders have an increased risk of suicide. The nitric oxide synthase 1 adaptor protein (NOS1AP) gene, which modulates stress-evoked N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) activity, was investigated in combat veterans. METHODS A comprehensive genetic analysis of NOS1AP and its association with PTSD was investigated in Vietnam combat veterans with PTSD (n=121) and a group of healthy control individuals (n=237). PTSD patients were assessed for symptom severity and level of depression using the Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related PTSD and the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI). RESULTS The G allele of NOS1AP SNP rs386231 was significantly associated with PTSD (p=0.002). Analysis of variance revealed significant differences in BDI-II and Mississippi scores between genotypes for rs386231 with the GG genotype associated with increased severity of depression (p=0.002 F=6.839) and higher Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related PTSD scores (p=0.033). Haplotype analysis revealed that the C/G haplotype (rs451275/rs386231) was significantly associated with PTSD (p=0.001). LIMITATIONS The sample sizes in our study were not sufficient to detect SNP associations with very small effects. In addition the study was limited by its cross sectional design. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study reporting that a variant of the NOS1AP gene is associated with PTSD. Our data also suggest that a genetic variant in NOS1AP may increase the susceptibility to severe depression in patients with PTSD and increased risk for suicide.
Collapse
|
38
|
Drury SS, Brett ZH, Henry C, Scheeringa M. The association of a novel haplotype in the dopamine transporter with preschool age posttraumatic stress disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2013; 23:236-43. [PMID: 23647133 PMCID: PMC3657285 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2012.0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Significant evidence supports a genetic contribution to the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Three previous studies have demonstrated an association between PTSD and the nine repeat allele of the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) in the dopamine transporter (DAT, rs28363170). Recently a novel, functionally significant C/T single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the 3'UTR (rs27072) with putative interactions with the 3'VNTR, has been identified. To provide enhanced support for the role of DAT and striatal dopamine regulation in the development of PTSD, this study examined the impact of a haplotype defined by the C allele of rs27072 and the nine repeat allele of the 3'VNTR on PTSD diagnosis in young trauma-exposed children. METHODS DAT haplotypes were determined in 150 trauma-exposed 3-6 year-old children. PTSD was assessed with a semistructured interview. After excluding double heterozygotes, analysis was performed on 143 total subjects. Haplotype was examined in relation to categorical and continuous measures of PTSD, controlling for trauma type and race. Additional analysis within the two largest race categories was performed, as other means of controlling for ethnic stratification were not available. RESULTS The number of haplotypes (0, 1, or 2) defined by the presence of the nine repeat allele of rs28363170 (VNTR in the 3'UTR) and the C allele of rs27072 (SNP in the 3'UTR) was significantly associated with both the diagnosis of PTSD and total PTSD symptoms. Specifically, children with one or two copies of the haplotype had significantly more PTSD symptoms and were more likely to be diagnosed with PTSD than were children without this haplotype. CONCLUSIONS These findings extend previous findings associating genetic variation in the DAT with PTSD. The association of a haplotype in DAT with PTSD provides incremental traction for a model of genetic vulnerability to PTSD, a specific underlying mechanism implicating striatal dopamine regulation, and insight into potential future personalized interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stacy S Drury
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Auxéméry Y. L’état de stress post-traumatique comme conséquence de l’interaction entre une susceptibilité génétique individuelle, un évènement traumatogène et un contexte social. Encephale 2012; 38:373-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
40
|
Auxemery Y. Etiopathogenic perspectives on chronic psycho traumatic and chronic psychotic symptoms: the hypothesis of a hyperdopaminergic endophenotype of PTSD. Med Hypotheses 2012; 79:667-72. [PMID: 22939767 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a complex and heterogeneous disorder, which specific symptoms are re-experiencing, increased arousal and avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma. PTSD has much comorbidity like depression, substance abuse, somatic complaints, repeated dissociative phenomena and transitory or chronic psychotic reactions. PTSD can manifest itself in different clinical forms: some patients present higher symptoms in one domain as compared to another, probably because of abnormalities in different neurobiological systems. Hyposerotonergic and hypernoradrenergic PTSD endophenotypes have been previously identified and the purpose of this paper is to focus on the hypothesis of a hyperdopaminergic endophenotype. The current review discusses several entities: PTSD with psychotic features with or without depression, the comorbide use of psychoactive substances that increase psychotic symptoms and traumatic brain injuries as agents of psycho traumatic and psychotic features. For all of these nosographic entities, the dopaminergic neuromodulation may play a central role. The hypothesis of a hyperdopaminergic endophenotype of PTSD opens up new research and therapeutic perspectives. Although antipsychotics are frequently used for people with PTSD further studies are needed to develop a consensus on the guidelines for treating the psychotic forms of PTSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yann Auxemery
- Ecole du Val-de-Grâce, 1 place Alphonse Laveran, 75005 Paris, France. :
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Huertas E, Bühler KM, Echeverry-Alzate V, Giménez T, López-Moreno JA. C957T polymorphism of the dopamine D2 receptor gene is associated with motor learning and heart rate. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2012; 11:677-83. [PMID: 22487365 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2012.00793.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Genetic variants that are related to the dopaminergic system have been frequently found to be associated with various neurological and mental disorders. Here, we studied the relationships between some of these genetic variants and some cognitive and psychophysiological processes that are implicated in such disorders. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms were chosen: one in the dopamine D2 receptor gene (rs6277-C957T) and one in the catechol-O-methyltransferase gene (rs4680-Val158Met), which is involved in the metabolic degradation of dopamine. The performance of participants on two long-term memory tasks was assessed: free recall (declarative memory) and mirror drawing (procedural motor learning). Heart rate (HR) was also monitored during the initial trials of the mirror-drawing task, which is considered to be a laboratory middle-stress generator (moderate stress), and during a rest period (low stress). Data were collected from 213 healthy Caucasian university students. The C957T C homozygous participants showed more rapid learning than the T allele carriers in the procedural motor learning task and smaller differences in HR between the moderate- and the low-stress conditions. These results provide useful information regarding phenotypic variance in both healthy individuals and patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Huertas
- Laboratory of Human Experimental Psychology, Department of Basic Psychology, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Voisey J, Swagell CD, Hughes IP, van Daal A, Noble EP, Lawford BR, Young RM, Morris CP. A DRD2 and ANKK1 haplotype is associated with nicotine dependence. Psychiatry Res 2012; 196:285-9. [PMID: 22382052 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2011.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To test the importance of the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) region in nicotine dependence, 150 smokers and 228 controls were genotyped for the DRD2 C957T, -141delC and ANKK1 TaqIA polymorphisms (rs6277, rs1799732 and rs1800497, respectively). The -141delC SNP did not show any association but both the C957T and TaqIA SNPs showed association at the allele, genotype, haplotype and combined genotype levels. The 957C/TaqI A1 haplotype was more than 3.5 times as likely to be associated with nicotine dependence compared with the 957T/TaqI A1 haplotype (P=0.003). Analysis of the combined genotypes of both SNPs revealed that individuals who were homozygous for the 957C-allele (CC) and had either one or two copies of the TaqI A1-allele were 3.3 times as likely to have nicotine dependence compared to all other genotype combinations (P=0.0003) and that these genotypes accounted for approximately 13% of the susceptibility to nicotine addiction in our population. Our findings suggest that the DRD2 C957T polymorphism and the ANKK1 TaqIA polymorphism are key contributors to the genetic susceptibility to nicotine dependence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Voisey
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Blum K, Giordano J, Oscar-Berman M, Bowirrat A, Simpatico T, Barh D. Diagnosis and Healing In Veterans Suspected of Suffering from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Using Reward Gene Testing and Reward Circuitry Natural Dopaminergic Activation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 3:1000116. [PMID: 23264885 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7412.1000116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
There is a need for understanding and treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), in soldiers returning to the United States of America after combat. Likewise, it would be beneficial to finding a way to reduce violence committed by soldiers, here and abroad, who are suspected of having post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We hypothesize that even before combat, soldiers with a childhood background of violence (or with a familial susceptibility risk) would benefit from being genotyped for high-risk alleles. Such a process could help to identify candidates who would be less suited for combat than those without high-risk alleles. Of secondary importance is finding safe methods to treat individuals already exposed to combat and known to have PTSD. Since hypodopaminergic function in the brain's reward circuitry due to gene polymorphisms is known to increase substance use disorder in individuals with PTSD, it might be parsimonious to administer dopaminergic agonists to affect gene expression (mRNA) to overcome this deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Department of Psychiatry & McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA ; Department of Holistic Medicine G&G Holistic Addiction Treatment Center, North Miami Beach, FL, USA ; Dominion Diagnostics, Inc., North Kingstown, RI, USA ; Department of Clinical Neurology, Path Foundation, New York, NY, USA ; Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India ; Department of Clinical Medicine, Malibu Beach Recovery Center, Malibu Beach, CA, USA ; Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, and Boston VA Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Schulz-Heik RJ, Schaer M, Eliez S, Hallmayer JF, Lin X, Kaloupek DG, Woodward SH. Catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met polymorphism moderates anterior cingulate volume in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 70:1091-6. [PMID: 21783175 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with structural and functional compromise of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), which may in turn be associated with impairment of its ability to regulate the amygdala. The Val158Met polymorphism in the catechol-O-methyltransferase gene, which substantially influences dopamine inactivation in the frontal lobe in general and in ACC in particular, may moderate ACC integrity in PTSD. METHODS We tested this hypothesis in a sample of Vietnam and Persian Gulf War veterans who experienced substantial military operational stress, including 51 who met criteria for PTSD and 48 matched controls who did not. RESULTS Participants with PTSD were previously reported to have smaller ACC volumes than controls in this sample. A novel repeated-measures analysis of variance was conducted with PTSD diagnosis, Val158Met genotype, and their interaction predicting left and right ACC volume. Genotype was not directly related to ACC volume, but it did significantly interact with the PTSD diagnosis. The difference in ACC volume between the participants without PTSD and participants with PTSD was greater among individuals homozygous for the Val allele than among carriers of the Met allele. This finding was driven largely by the right ACC. Analyses of Caucasian-only, non-Caucasian-only, and male-only subsamples indicated similar patterns. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest Val158Met genotype moderates the effect of PTSD-related processes on right ACC volume.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Jay Schulz-Heik
- National Center for PTSD, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Hung CC, Chiou MH, Huang BH, Hsieh YW, Hsieh TJ, Huang CL, Lane HY. Impact of genetic polymorphisms in ABCB1, CYP2B6, OPRM1, ANKK1 and DRD2 genes on methadone therapy in Han Chinese patients. Pharmacogenomics 2011; 12:1525-33. [PMID: 21902500 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.11.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The present study explored the integrative effect of genes encoding methadone pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic pathways on methadone maintenance doses in Han Chinese Patients. Materials & methods: Genomic DNA was extracted from 321 opioid-dependent patients and 202 healthy controls, and realtime-PCR and PCR-RFLP were conducted to determine the genotypes. Results: Pair-wise comparisons revealed that carriers of the variants ABCB1 3435C>T or CYP2B6 516G>T alleles were more likely to require a higher methadone dose than noncarriers (both p < 0.0001). On the other hand, carriers of the variant DRD2 -214A>G or 939C>T allele had a twofold chance of requiring a lower methadone dose than noncarriers (p = 0.001). Proportional odds regression with adjustment of cofactors demonstrated that ABCB1, CYP2B6, OPRM1, ANKK1 and DRD2 genetic variants were jointly correlated with optimal methadone dose (adjusted r2 = 53%). Conclusions: These findings provide new insight to the fact that the interindividual variability of methadone dosage requirement is polygenetic and cannot be explained by a single-gene effect. Original submitted 4 May 2011; Revision submitted 8 July 2011
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Chuan Hung
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Han Chiou
- Graduate Institute of Drug Safety, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Hau Huang
- Graduate Institute of Drug Safety, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yow-Wen Hsieh
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Jen Hsieh
- Division of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Liang Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Yuan Lane
- Institute of Clinical Medical Science, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Bowirrat A, Chen TJH, Blum K, Madigan M, Bailey JA, Chuan Chen AL, Downs BW, Braverman ER, Radi S, Waite RL, Kerner M, Giordano J, Morse S, Oscar-Berman M, Gold M. Neuro-psychopharmacogenetics and Neurological Antecedents of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Unlocking the Mysteries of Resilience and Vulnerability. Curr Neuropharmacol 2011; 8:335-58. [PMID: 21629442 PMCID: PMC3080591 DOI: 10.2174/157015910793358123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Revised: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS Although the biological underpinnings of immediate and protracted trauma-related responses are extremely complex, 40 years of research on humans and other mammals have demonstrated that trauma (particularly trauma early in the life cycle) has long-term effects on neurochemical responses to stressful events. These effects include the magnitude of the catecholamine response and the duration and extent of the cortisol response. In addition, a number of other biological systems are involved, including mesolimbic brain structures and various neurotransmitters. An understanding of the many genetic and environmental interactions contributing to stress-related responses will provide a diagnostic and treatment map, which will illuminate the vulnerability and resilience of individuals to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). PROPOSAL AND CONCLUSIONS We propose that successful treatment of PTSD will involve preliminary genetic testing for specific polymorphisms. Early detection is especially important, because early treatment can improve outcome. When genetic testing reveals deficiencies, vulnerable individuals can be recommended for treatment with "body friendly" pharmacologic substances and/or nutrients. Results of our research suggest the following genes should be tested: serotoninergic, dopaminergic (DRD2, DAT, DBH), glucocorticoid, GABAergic (GABRB), apolipoprotein systems (APOE2), brain-derived neurotrophic factor, Monamine B, CNR1, Myo6, CRF-1 and CRF-2 receptors, and neuropeptide Y (NPY). Treatment in part should be developed that would up-regulate the expression of these genes to bring about a feeling of well being as well as a reduction in the frequency and intensity of the symptoms of PTSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdalla Bowirrat
- Clinical Neuroscience & Population Genetics, and Department of Neurology, Ziv Medical Center, Safed, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Intronic polymorphisms affecting alternative splicing of human dopamine D2 receptor are associated with cocaine abuse. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011; 36:753-62. [PMID: 21150907 PMCID: PMC3055737 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2010.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The dopamine receptor D2 (encoded by DRD2) is implicated in susceptibility to mental disorders and cocaine abuse, but mechanisms responsible for this relationship remain uncertain. DRD2 mRNA exists in two main splice isoforms with distinct functions: D2 long (D2L) and D2 short (D2S, lacking exon 6), expressed mainly postsynaptically and presynaptically, respectively. Two intronic single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs rs2283265 (intron 5) and rs1076560 (intron 6)) in high linkage disequilibrium (LD) with each other have been reported to alter D2S/D2L splicing and several behavioral traits in human subjects, such as memory processing. To assess the role of DRD2 variants in cocaine abuse, we measured levels of D2S and D2L mRNA in human brain autopsy tissues (prefrontal cortex and putamen) obtained from cocaine abusers and controls, and genotyped a panel of DRD2 SNPs (119 abusers and 95 controls). Robust effects of rs2283265 and rs1076560 on reducing formation of D2S relative to D2L were confirmed. The minor alleles of rs2283265/rs1076560 were considerably more frequent in Caucasians (18%) compared with African Americans (7%). Also, in Caucasians, rs2283265/rs1076560 minor alleles were significantly overrepresented in cocaine abusers compared with controls (rs2283265: 25 to 9%, respectively; p=0.001; OR=3.4 (1.7-7.1)). Several SNPs previously implicated in diverse clinical association studies are in high LD with rs2283265/rs1076560 and could have served as surrogate markers. Our results confirm the role of rs2283265/rs1076560 in D2 alternative splicing and support a strong role in susceptibility to cocaine abuse.
Collapse
|
48
|
PTSD and gene variants: new pathways and new thinking. Neuropharmacology 2011; 62:628-37. [PMID: 21356219 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder which can develop as a result of exposure to a traumatic event and is associated with significant functional impairment. Family and twin studies have found that risk for PTSD is associated with an underlying genetic vulnerability and that more than 30% of the variance associated with PTSD is related to a heritable component. Using a fear conditioning model to conceptualize the neurobiology of PTSD, three primary neuronal systems have been investigated - the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the locus coeruleus-noradrenergic system, and neurocircuitry interconnecting the limbic system and frontal cortex. The majority of the initial investigations into main effects of candidate genes hypothesized to be associated with PTSD risk have been negative, but studies examining the interaction of genetic polymorphisms with specific environments in predicting PTSD have produced several positive results which have increased our understanding of the determinants of risk and resilience in the aftermath of trauma. Promising avenues of inquiry into the role of epigenetic modification have also been proposed to explain the enduring impact of environmental exposures which occur during key, often early, developmental periods on gene expression. Studies of PTSD endophenotypes, which are heritable biomarkers associated with a circumscribed trait within the more complex psychiatric disorder, may be more directly amenable to analysis of the underlying genetics and neural pathways and have provided promising targets for elucidating the neurobiology of PTSD. Knowledge of the genetic underpinnings and neuronal pathways involved in the etiology and maintenance of PTSD will allow for improved targeting of primary prevention amongst vulnerable individuals or populations, as well as timely, targeted treatment interventions. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder'.
Collapse
|
49
|
Cornelis MC, Nugent NR, Amstadter AB, Koenen KC. Genetics of post-traumatic stress disorder: review and recommendations for genome-wide association studies. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2010; 12:313-26. [PMID: 20549395 PMCID: PMC3108177 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-010-0126-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent, disabling anxiety disorder that constitutes a major health care burden. Despite evidence supporting a genetic predisposition to PTSD, the precise genetic loci remain unclear. Herein we review the current state and limitations of genetic research on PTSD. Although recent years have seen an exponential increase in the number of studies examining the influence of candidate genes on PTSD diagnosis and symptomatology, most studies have been characterized by relatively low rates of PTSD, with apparent inconsistencies in gene associations linked to marked differences in methodology. We further discuss how current advances in the genetics field can be applied to studies of PTSD, emphasizing the need to adapt a genome-wide approach that facilitates discovery rather than hypothesis testing. Genome-wide association studies offer the best opportunity to identify novel "true" risk variants for the disorder that in turn has the potential to inform our understanding of PTSD etiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole R. Nugent
- Bradley/Hasbro Children’s Research Center of Rhode Island Hospital, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ananda B. Amstadter
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Karestan C. Koenen
- Departments of Society, Human Development and Health and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Kresge 613, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Voisey J, Swagell CD, Hughes IP, Connor JP, Lawford BR, Young RM, Morris CP. A polymorphism in the dysbindin gene (DTNBP1) associated with multiple psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia. BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN FUNCTIONS : BBF 2010; 6:41. [PMID: 20615259 PMCID: PMC2911395 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-6-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of studies have found associations between dysbindin (DTNBP1) polymorphisms and schizophrenia. Recently we identified a DTNBP1 SNP (rs9370822) that is strongly associated with schizophrenia. Individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia were nearly three times as likely to carry the CC genotype compared to the AA genotype. METHODS To investigate the importance of this SNP in the function of DTNBP1, a number of psychiatric conditions including addictive behaviours and anxiety disorders were analysed for association with rs9370822. RESULTS The DTNBP1 polymorphism was significantly associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as well as nicotine and opiate dependence but not alcohol dependence. Individuals suffering PTSD were more than three times as likely to carry the CC genotype compared to the AA genotype. Individuals with nicotine or opiate dependence were more than twice as likely to carry the CC genotype compared to the AA genotype. CONCLUSIONS This study provides further support for the importance of DTNBP1 in psychiatric conditions and suggests that there is a common underlying molecular defect involving DTNBP1 that contributes to the development of several anxiety and addictive disorders that are generally recognised as separate clinical conditions. These disorders may actually be different expressions of a single metabolic pathway perturbation. As our participant numbers are limited our observations should be viewed with caution until they are independently replicated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Voisey
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christopher D Swagell
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ian P Hughes
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jason P Connor
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bruce R Lawford
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Division of Mental Health, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ross M Young
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - C Phillip Morris
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|