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Zhan H, Wang Y, Yu S, Cai G, Zeng Y, Ma J, Liu W, Wu W. Upregulation of Mlxipl induced by cJun in the spinal dorsal horn after peripheral nerve injury counteracts mechanical allodynia by inhibiting neuroinflammation. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:11004-11024. [PMID: 32518215 PMCID: PMC7346034 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mlxipl regulates glucose metabolism, lipogenesis and tumorigenesis and has a wide-ranging impact on human health and disease. However, the role of Mlxipl in neuropathic pain remains unknown. In this study, we found that Mlxipl was increased in the ipsilateral L4-L6 spinal dorsal horn after Spared Nerve Injury surgery. Knockdown of Mlxipl in the ipsilateral L4-L6 spinal dorsal horn by intraspinal microinjection aggravated Spared Nerve Injury-induced mechanical allodynia and inflammation in the spinal dorsal horn, on the contrary, overexpression of Mlxipl inhibited mechanical allodynia and inflammation. Subsequently, the rat Mlxipl promoter was analyzed using bioinformatics methods to predict the upstream transcription factor cJun. Luciferase assays and ChIP-qPCR confirmed that cJun bound to the promoter of Mlxipl and enhanced its expression. Finally, we demonstrated that Mlxipl inhibited the inflammatory responses of lipopolysaccharide-induced microglia and that Mlxipl was regulated by the transcription factor cJun. These findings suggested that cJun-induced Mlxipl upregulation in the spinal dorsal horn after peripheral nerve injury provided a protective mechanism for the development and progression of neuropathic pain by inhibiting microglial-derived neuroinflammation. Targeting Mlxipl in the spinal dorsal horn might represent an effective strategy for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongrui Zhan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China.,Department of Rehabilitation, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Shi Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Guiyuan Cai
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Yanyan Zeng
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Junqin Ma
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wen Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
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2
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Kadhim S, Bird MF, Lambert DG. N/OFQ-NOP System in Peripheral and Central Immunomodulation. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2019; 254:297-311. [PMID: 30771012 DOI: 10.1007/164_2018_203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Classical opioids (μ: mu, MOP; δ: delta, DOP and κ: kappa, KOP) variably affect immune function; they are immune depressants and there is good clinical evidence in the periphery. In addition, there is evidence for a central role in the control of a number of neuropathologies, e.g., neuropathic pain. Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) is the endogenous ligand for the N/OFQ peptide receptor, NOP; peripheral and central activation can modulate immune function. In the periphery, NOP activation generally depresses immune function, but unlike classical opioids this is in part driven by NOP located on circulating immune cells. Peripheral activation has important implications in pathologies like asthma and sepsis. NOP is expressed on central neurones and glia where activation can modulate glial function. Microglia, as resident central 'macrophages', increase/infiltrate in pain and following trauma; these changes can be reduced by N/OFQ. Moreover, the interaction with other glial cell types such as the ubiquitous astrocytes and their known cross talk with microglia open a wealth of possibilities for central immunomodulation. At the whole animal level, clinical ligands with wide central and peripheral distribution have the potential to modulate immune function, and defining the precise nature of that interaction is important in mitigating or even harnessing the adverse effect profile of these important drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salim Kadhim
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Anaesthesia Critical Care and Pain Management, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK
| | - Mark F Bird
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Anaesthesia Critical Care and Pain Management, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK
| | - David G Lambert
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Anaesthesia Critical Care and Pain Management, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK.
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Zhou J, Xiong Q, Chen H, Yang C, Fan Y. Identification of the Spinal Expression Profile of Non-coding RNAs Involved in Neuropathic Pain Following Spared Nerve Injury by Sequence Analysis. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:91. [PMID: 28420964 PMCID: PMC5377590 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain (NP) is caused by damage to the nervous system, resulting in aberrant pain, which is associated with gene expression changes in the sensory pathway. However, the molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. A non-coding Ribose Nucleic Acid (ncRNA) is an RNA molecule that is not translated into a protein. NcRNAs are involved in many cellular processes, and mutations or imbalances of the repertoire within the body can cause a variety of diseases. Although ncRNAs have recently been shown to play a role in NP pathogenesis, the specific effects of ncRNAs in NP remain largely unknown. In this study, sequencing analysis was performed to investigated the expression patterns of ncRNAs in the spinal cord following spared nerve injury-induced NP. A total of 134 long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), 12 microRNAs (miRNAs), 188 circular RNAs (circRNAs) and 1066 mRNAs were significantly regulated at 14 days after spared nerve injury (SNI) surgery. Next, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to validate the expression of selected lncRNAs, miRNAs, circRNAs, and mRNAs. Bioinformatics tools and databases were employed to explore the potential ncRNA functions and relationships. Our data showed that the most significantly involved pathways in SNI pathogenesis were ribosome, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, focal adhesion, ECM-receptor interaction, amoebiasis and protein digestion and absorption. In addition, the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA and circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network of NP was constructed. This is the first study to comprehensively identify regulated ncRNAs of the spinal cord and to demonstrate the involvement of different ncRNA expression patterns in the spinal cord of NP pathogenesis by sequence analysis. This information will enable further research on the pathogenesis of NP and facilitate the development of novel NP therapeutics targeting ncRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of FoshanFoshan, China
| | - Qingming Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of FoshanFoshan, China
| | - Hongtao Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Eighth People's Hospital of GuangzhouGuangzhou, China
| | - Chengxiang Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of FoshanFoshan, China
| | - Youling Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Panyu Central HospitalGuangzhou, China
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Chandran V, Coppola G, Nawabi H, Omura T, Versano R, Huebner EA, Zhang A, Costigan M, Yekkirala A, Barrett L, Blesch A, Michaelevski I, Davis-Turak J, Gao F, Langfelder P, Horvath S, He Z, Benowitz L, Fainzilber M, Tuszynski M, Woolf CJ, Geschwind DH. A Systems-Level Analysis of the Peripheral Nerve Intrinsic Axonal Growth Program. Neuron 2016; 89:956-70. [PMID: 26898779 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The regenerative capacity of the injured CNS in adult mammals is severely limited, yet axons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) regrow, albeit to a limited extent, after injury. We reasoned that coordinate regulation of gene expression in injured neurons involving multiple pathways was central to PNS regenerative capacity. To provide a framework for revealing pathways involved in PNS axon regrowth after injury, we applied a comprehensive systems biology approach, starting with gene expression profiling of dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) combined with multi-level bioinformatic analyses and experimental validation of network predictions. We used this rubric to identify a drug that accelerates DRG neurite outgrowth in vitro and optic nerve outgrowth in vivo by inducing elements of the identified network. The work provides a functional genomics foundation for understanding neural repair and proof of the power of such approaches in tackling complex problems in nervous system biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayendran Chandran
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Homaira Nawabi
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Takao Omura
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Revital Versano
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Eric A Huebner
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alice Zhang
- Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael Costigan
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ajay Yekkirala
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lee Barrett
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Armin Blesch
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Izhak Michaelevski
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jeremy Davis-Turak
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Fuying Gao
- Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Peter Langfelder
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Biostatistics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Steve Horvath
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Biostatistics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Zhigang He
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Larry Benowitz
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mike Fainzilber
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mark Tuszynski
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Clifford J Woolf
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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5
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Tsuda M. Microglia in the spinal cord and neuropathic pain. J Diabetes Investig 2015; 7:17-26. [PMID: 26813032 PMCID: PMC4718109 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to physiological pain, pathological pain is not dependent on the presence of tissue‐damaging stimuli. One type of pathological pain – neuropathic pain – is often a consequence of nerve injury or of diseases such as diabetes. Neuropathic pain can be agonizing, can persist over long periods and is often resistant to known painkillers. A growing body of evidence shows that many pathological processes within the central nervous system are mediated by complex interactions between neurons and glial cells. In the case of painful peripheral neuropathy, spinal microglia react and undergo a series of changes that directly influence the establishment of neuropathic pain states. After nerve damage, purinergic P2X4 receptors (non‐selective cation channels activated by extracellular adenosine triphosphate) are upregulated in spinal microglia in a manner that depends on the transcription factors interferon regulatory factor 8 and 5, both of which are expressed in microglia after peripheral nerve injury. P2X4 receptor expression on the cell surface of microglia is also regulated at the post‐translational level by signaling from CC chemokine receptor chemotactic cytokine receptor 2. Furthermore, spinal microglia in response to extracellular stimuli results in signal transduction through intracellular signaling cascades, such as mitogen‐activated protein kinases, p38 and extracellular signal‐regulated protein kinase. Importantly, inhibiting the function or expression of these microglial molecules suppresses the aberrant excitability of dorsal horn neurons and neuropathic pain. These findings show that spinal microglia are a central player in mechanisms for neuropathic pain, and might be a potential target for treating the chronic pain state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Tsuda
- Department of Life Innovation Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
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Bartel DL, Finger TE. Reactive microglia after taste nerve injury: comparison to nerve injury models of chronic pain. F1000Res 2013; 2:65. [PMID: 24358861 PMCID: PMC3782356 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.2-65.v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The chorda tympani (CT), which innervates taste buds on the anterior portion of the tongue, is susceptible to damage during inner ear surgeries. Injury to the CT causes a disappearance of taste buds, which is concurrent with significant microglial responses at central nerve terminals in the nucleus of the solitary tract (nTS). The resulting taste disturbances that can occur may persist for months or years, long after the nerve and taste buds have regenerated. These persistent changes in taste sensation suggest alterations in central functioning and may be related to the microglial responses. This is reminiscent of nerve injuries that result in chronic pain, where microglial reactivity is essential in maintaining the altered sensation (i.e., pain). In these models, methods that diminish microglial responses also diminish the corresponding pain behavior. Although the CT nerve does not contain nociceptive pain fibers, the microglial reactivity after CT damage is similar to that described in pain models. Therefore, methods that decrease microglial responses in pain models were used here to test if they could also affect microglial reactivity after CT injury. Treatment with minocycline, an antibiotic that dampens pain responsive microglia, was largely ineffective in diminishing microglial responses after CT injury. In addition, signaling through the toll-like 4 receptor (TLR4) does not seem to be required after CT injury as blocking or deleting TLR4 had no effect on microglial reactivity. These results suggest that microglial responses following CT injury rely on different signaling mechanisms than those described in nerve injuries resulting in chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianna L Bartel
- Rocky Mountain Taste & Smell Center, Neuroscience Program, Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Thomas E Finger
- Rocky Mountain Taste & Smell Center, Neuroscience Program, Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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Tsuda M, Beggs S, Salter MW, Inoue K. Microglia and intractable chronic pain. Glia 2012; 61:55-61. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Whiteside GT, Adedoyin A, Leventhal L. Predictive validity of animal pain models? A comparison of the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship for pain drugs in rats and humans. Neuropharmacology 2008; 54:767-75. [PMID: 18289614 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Revised: 01/03/2008] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A number of previous reviews have very eloquently summarized pain models and endpoints in animals. Many of these reviews also discuss how animal models have enhanced our understanding of pain mechanisms and make forward-looking statements as to our proximity to the development of effective mechanism-based treatments. While a number of reports cite failures of animal pain models to predict efficacy in humans, few have actually analyzed where these models have been successful. This review gives a brief overview of those successes, both backward, providing validation of the models, and forward, predicting clinical efficacy. While the largest dataset is presented on treatments for neuropathic pain, this review also discusses acute and inflammatory pain models. Key to prediction of clinical efficacy is a lack of side effects, which may incorrectly suggest efficacy in animals and an understanding of how pharmacokinetic parameters translate from animals to man. As such, this review focuses on a description of the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship for a number of pain treatments that are effective in both animals and humans. Finally we discuss where and why animal pain models have failed and summarize improvements to pain models that should expand and improve their predictive power.
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Whiteside
- Neuroscience Discovery Research, Wyeth Research, CN 8000, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA.
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Abstract
The treatment of neuropathic pain is a major unresolved medical challenge. Present pharmacotherapies only have modest efficacy and numerous side effects. The use of opioid analgesics is additionally coupled with dependence and withdrawal syndromes. Ibudilast (AV-411) is a non-selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor that is also known to suppress glial cell activation. It has been used clinically for other indications with a good safety profile. As glial cell activation is considered to crucially contribute to neuropathic pain as well as opioid dependence and withdrawal, the authors conceived that ibudilast may be useful for treating these conditions. Preclinical data indicate that ibudilast crosses the blood-brain barrier, is well tolerated, is active on oral administration, reduces glial activation and attenuates pain symptoms in diverse rat models of neuropathic pain. In addition, it enhances acute morphine analgesia and attenuates morphine tolerance and withdrawal. Thus ibudilast may improve opioid efficacy and is a promising therapeutic candidate for neuropathic pain, with a novel mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Ledeboer
- Avigen, Inc., Department of Preclinical Development, Alameda, CA 94502, USA.
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Prakash C, Lin J, Colizza K, Miao Z. Characterization of metabolites of a NK1 receptor antagonist, CJ-11,972, in human liver microsomes and recombinant human CYP isoforms by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:2822-32. [PMID: 17661339 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro metabolism of CJ-11,972, (2-benzhydryl-1-aza-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl)-(5-tert-butyl-2-methoxybenzyl)amine, an NK1 receptor antagonist, was studied in human liver microsomes and recombinant human CYP isoforms. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) coupled to radioactive detection were used to detect and identify the metabolites. CJ-11,972 was extensively metabolized in human liver microsomes and recombinant human CYP 3A4/3A5 isoforms. A total of fourteen metabolites were identified by a combination of various MS techniques. The major metabolic pathways were due to oxidation of the tert-butyl moiety to form an alcohol (M6) and/or O-demethylation of the anisole moiety. The alcohol metabolite M6 was further oxidized to the corresponding aldehyde (M7) and carboxylic acid (M4). Two unusual metabolites (M13, M17), formed by C-demethylation of the tert-butyl group, were identified as 2-{3-[(2-benzhydryl-1-aza-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-ylamino)methyl]-4-methoxyphenyl}propan-2-ol and (2-benzhydryl-1-aza-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl)-(5-isopropenyl-2-methoxybenzyl)amine. A plausible mechanism for C-demethylation may involve oxidation of M6 to form an aldehyde metabolite (M7), followed by cytochrome P450-mediated deformylation leaving an unstable carbon-centered radical, which would quickly form either the alcohol metabolite M13 and the olefin metabolite M17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Prakash
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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