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Barna J, Renner E, Arszovszki A, Cservenák M, Kovács Z, Palkovits M, Dobolyi A. Suckling induced activation pattern in the brain of rat pups. Nutr Neurosci 2017; 21:317-327. [PMID: 28185482 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2017.1286446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to understand the effects of suckling on the brain of the pups by mapping their brain activation pattern in response to suckling. METHODS The c-fos method was applied to identify activated neurons. Fasted rat pups were returned to their mothers for suckling and sacrificed 2 hours later for Fos immunohistochemistry. Double labeling was also performed to characterize some of the activated neurons. For comparison, another group of fasted pups were given dry food before Fos mapping. RESULTS After suckling, we found an increase in the number of Fos-immunoreactive neurons in the insular and somatosensory cortices, central amygdaloid nucleus (CAm), paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic hypothalamic nuclei, lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPB), nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), and the area postrema. Double labeling experiments demonstrated the activation of calcitonin gene-related peptide-ir (CGRP-ir) neurons in the LPB, corticotropin-releasing hormone-ir (CRH-ir) but not oxytocin-ir neurons in the PVN, and noradrenergic neurons in the NTS. In the CAm, Fos-ir neurons did not contain CRH but were apposed to CGRP-ir fiber terminals. Refeeding with dry food-induced Fos activation in all brain areas activated by suckling. The degree of activation was higher following dry food consumption than suckling in the insular cortex, and lower in the supraoptic nucleus and the NTS. Furthermore, the accumbens, arcuate, and dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei, and the lateral hypothalamic area, which were not activated by suckling, showed activation by dry food. DISCUSSION Neurons in a number of brain areas are activated during suckling, and may participate in the signaling of satiety, taste perception, reward, food, and salt balance regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- János Barna
- a Laboratory of Neuromorphology, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology , Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Eva Renner
- b MTA-SOTE NAP_A Human Brain Tissue Bank and Laboratory, Semmelweis University and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Antónia Arszovszki
- c MTA-ELTE NAP_B Laboratory of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology , Eötvös Loránd University and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Melinda Cservenák
- a Laboratory of Neuromorphology, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology , Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary.,c MTA-ELTE NAP_B Laboratory of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology , Eötvös Loránd University and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Zsolt Kovács
- d Department of Zoology , University of West Hungary, Savaria Campus , Szombathely , Hungary
| | - Miklós Palkovits
- b MTA-SOTE NAP_A Human Brain Tissue Bank and Laboratory, Semmelweis University and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Arpád Dobolyi
- a Laboratory of Neuromorphology, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology , Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary.,c MTA-ELTE NAP_B Laboratory of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology , Eötvös Loránd University and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Budapest , Hungary
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Mecawi AS, Macchione AF, Nuñez P, Perillan C, Reis LC, Vivas L, Arguelles J. Developmental programing of thirst and sodium appetite. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 51:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Leshem M, del Canho S. Ontogeny of urine preference and its relationship to NH4Cl preference and sodium hunger in suckling rat pups. Dev Psychobiol 2005; 46:111-7. [PMID: 15732056 DOI: 10.1002/dev.20043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We chart the postnatal ontogeny of urine preference in the suckling rat. Twelve-day-old sucklings, when offered urine, NH4Cl, or NaCl, ingest more urine and NH4Cl than NaCl. When rendered sodium hungry by ivc renin or by sodium depletion, these sucklings prefer urine and NH4Cl to NaCl, dilute urine, or an NaCl and KCl mineral mix equimolar to urine; however, by 18 days of age, urine and NH4Cl are no longer preferred to NaCl. Hence, urine preference in the suckling may be specific and preparatory for the variety of purposes urine preference serves in the adult rat, and it might guide the pup to urinary sodium in the nest. Since preference for urine and NH4Cl covary during postnatal development, the high preference for NH4Cl in midterm sucklings might be because its ammonium flavor is similar to urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah Leshem
- Psychology Department, University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel.
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Stubbs RJ, Hughes DA, Johnstone AM, Horgan GW, King N, Blundell JE. A decrease in physical activity affects appetite, energy, and nutrient balance in lean men feeding ad libitum. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 79:62-9. [PMID: 14684398 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/79.1.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is not clear how decreased activity quantitatively affects energy balance (EB) in subjects feeding ad libitum. OBJECTIVE We assessed the effect of an imposed sedentary routine on appetite, energy intake (EI), EB, and nutrient balance in lean men for 7 d. DESIGN Six men with a mean (+/-SD) age of 23.0 +/- 2.3 y, weight of 69.2 +/- 11.4 kg, and height of 1.76 +/- 0.07 m were each studied twice during a sedentary [1.4 x resting metabolic rate (RMR)] and a moderately active (1.8 x RMR) regimen. During each treatment, they resided in the whole-body indirect calorimeter for the 7 d and had ad libitum access to a medium-fat diet of constant, measurable composition. Meal size, frequency, and composition were continually monitored. Motivation to eat was recorded during waking hours. Subjects were weighed in light clothing each morning, and their weight was corrected to nude. RESULTS Energy expenditure was 9.7 and 12.8 MJ/d [P < 0.01; SE of the difference between means (SED) = 0.41] during the sedentary and active regimens, respectively. EI was 13.5 and 14.4 MJ/d (P = 0.463, SED = 1.06), respectively. There was no regimen effect on hunger, appetite, or body weight. By day 7, cumulative EB was 26.3 and 11.1 MJ, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Reducing a level of physical activity from 1.8 to 1.4 x RMR can markedly affect EB. A sedentary routine does not induce a compensatory reduction of EI and leads to a significantly positive EB, most of which is stored as fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- R James Stubbs
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
During early postnatal life, rat pups make a transition from suckling to food intake independent of the dam. Accompanying this transition is the requirement for pups to independently modulate their ingestive behavior. In adult animals, one set of signals known to modulate intake is generated by administration of agents that interfere with metabolism of glucose or fats (such as mercaptoacetate [MA] or 2-deoxyglucose [2-DG]). However, demonstrations of the effects of such agents in young rats have been less robust. Recent work in our lab has focused on examining the effects of MA and methyl palmoxirate (MP) on independent ingestion in pre- and periweaning rats. In rat pups between the ages of 12 and 15 days, latencies to initiate intake independent of the dam are typically longer relative to older or younger pups. However, the latency with which 12- and 15-day-old pups initiate independent ingestion is reduced following administration of MA. Further, MA produces physiological changes consistent with a change in the oxidation of fatty acids in 12- and 15-day-old pups, and similar physiological changes are produced during moderate periods of food deprivation in pups at the same ages. Thus, signals related to changes in the oxidation of fatty acids normally produced by moderate food deprivation in periweaning rats may provide a fundamental signal involved in the onset and modulation of intake independent of the dam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Swithers
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, 703 Third Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2004, USA.
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Abstract
Salt hunger is the behaviour of an animal suffering sodium deficiency. It is characterised by an increased motivation to seek and ingest sodium, and the ability to distinguish between sodium and other salts. Here I review the development of salt hunger in the rat. Salt hunger develops rapidly between birth and weaning. It can first be demonstrated 72 h postnatally when an intracerebroventricular injection of renin elicits greater swallowing of NaCl solution than water and greater mouthing of solid fragments of NaCl than of an artificial sweetener. However, sodium deficit per se cannot arouse the hunger at this age, and first elicits increased intake of NaCl only at 12 days-of-age. The next landmark is at 17 days-of-age when the hormonal synergy of aldosterone and central angiotensin II first elicits salt hunger, as it does in the adult. The specificity of the hunger for the sodium ion also develops postnatally: the 72 h-old sodium-hungry neonate does not distinguish between NaCl and other mono- and di-valent chloride salts but, increasingly during development, the sodium hungry pup distinguishes salts and by weaning age NaCl is clearly preferred to other salts almost as it is in adults. Early development may also be a sensitive period for determining lifelong preferences, and indeed, acute perinatal sodium depletion induces a lifelong enhancement of salt intake. Taken together, these findings demonstrate how a behaviour develops precociously and how, when the behaviour becomes important at weaning, the rat pup is competent to meet its sodium requirements, and may be adapted to anticipate sodium deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Leshem
- Psychology Department, Haifa University, Israel.
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Leshem M, Del Canho S, Epstein AN. Intracerebroventricular injection of renin in the neonatal rat reveals a precocious sodium appetite that is dissociated from renin-aroused thirst. Dev Psychobiol 1994; 27:185-93. [PMID: 8200490 DOI: 10.1002/dev.420270305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Previous research on the ontogeny of sodium appetite in the rat has shown that sodium deficit first engenders sodium intake at 12 days of age, whereas direct stimulation of the brain renin--angiotensin system by intracranial injection of renin increases intake of NaCl solution as early as 3 days postnatally. Similar activation of brain angiotensin also increases thirst, so that the specificity of the precocious sodium intake remains undetermined. In this article we report experiments that dissociate neonatal renin-evoked sodium appetite and thirst, and establish the specificity of the appetite. Our findings confirm that sodium appetite can first be discerned at 3 days of age, and show that it rapidly develops until 12 days of age. During this developmental window, renin-evoked sodium appetite is dissociated from thirst because (a) NaCl is preferred to water, (b) the appetite develops faster than thirst, and (c) 3-day-old renin-stimulated pups will avidly lick dry NaCl. These results show that activation of brain angiotensin in the 3-day-old rat pup evokes a precocious and specific sodium appetite.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Leshem
- Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Israel
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Leshem M, Langberg J, Epstein AN. Salt appetite consequent on sodium depletion in the suckling rat pup. Dev Psychobiol 1993; 26:97-114. [PMID: 8467963 DOI: 10.1002/dev.420260203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The ontogeny of the behavioral ability to compensate for sodium deficit was studied in the rat. The experiments showed that: 1) Before weaning age, sodium-depleted pups will increase their avidity for 3% NaCl solution; 2) the ability to select and drink a salt solution in response to a sodium deficit continues to evolve between 17-24 days of age, and that pups at these ages will modify their intake of salt and water as do adult rats when rectifying plasma osmolality; 3) The increased appetite for sodium is evident even when depleted preweanlings are dehydrated and provided with solid NaCl tablets to lick, showing that sodium appetite and hydrational status are already dissociated at this age; and finally, 4) sodium depletion first induces an increase in intake of orally infused 3% NaCl solution in 12-day-old pups. The picture of the development of salt appetite in the suckling rat that these findings present is of a precocious competence to meet a challenge to sodium homeostasis. In this respect salt appetite emerges in parallel to the other ingestive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Leshem
- University of Haifa, Department of Psychology, Israel
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Abstract
The emergence of the rat's ability to respond behaviorally to a bodily sodium deficit was examined. Sucklings were depleted of bodily sodium by furosemide injections and their ability to replenish sodium by imbibing 3% NaCl solution was measured at different ages. The results suggest that the appetite for salt, as a response to sodium deficit, matures at weaning age.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Leshem
- Psychology Department, Haifa University, Israel
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Leshem M. Cranial puncture, a simple procedure requiring no preparatory surgery: validation by observation of drinking and salt appetite evoked by intracerebroventricular renin. J Neurosci Methods 1989; 29:151-5. [PMID: 2671515 DOI: 10.1016/0165-0270(89)90027-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A non-surgical procedure, "cranical puncture" (CP), for pulse intracerebroventricular (p.i.c.v.) injection of solutions in adult rats is described. The injections are made by pushing a needle through the scalp and skull while the rats are under brief carbon dioxide narcosis from which behavioral recovery is rapid. The method was validated by comparing the effects of renin injected either by CP or through conventional chronic ventricular cannulas. Renin injections by either procedure evoked copious drinking of water (224 +/- 23 ml/24 h) and 3% NaCl (44 +/- 9.1 ml/24 h) at smaller doses than previously reported. Cranial puncture is proposed as a simple method of i.c.v. injection for behavioral experimentation in rats, and its advantages are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Leshem
- Psychology Department, University of Haifa, Israel
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Abstract
Intracerebroventricular injections of renin in suckling rat pups increased intake of NaCl solutions when they were orally infused 5 hr after injection. The appetite for saline solution was evident in pups as young as 3 days, was greater in females, and was specific insofar as intake of milk, either by suckling or by oral infusion, was not affected. Three-day-old pups increased intake only to 12% NaCl, the acceptable concentration of NaCl becoming lower in older pups. These results suggest, first, that, as is true for feeding and drinking, the brain mechanism for salt appetite is competent for expression of the behavior in the very young rat pup, and second, that its angiotensinergic neural substrate is distinct from that which mediates the dipsogenic effect of the hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Leshem
- Biology Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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