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Choi SE, Noh JR, Seo J, Yang KJ, Kook MC, Lee CH. Gene expression profiling of allogeneic islet grafts in an experimental mouse model before rejection or tolerance phenotypes arise. Transplant Proc 2013; 45:597-604. [PMID: 23498796 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2012.09.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been reported that an HY antigen-mismatched islet transplantation can induce peripheral tolerance. However, the factors that initiate the peripheral tolerance are not clear. This study was designed to examine which genes were most important for the induction of peripheral tolerance. METHODS Islets from female Balb/c and male C57BL/6 mice were transplanted underneath the left perirenal capsule of female C57BL/6 recipient mice rendered diabetic by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. Before rejection or tolerance phenotypes arose, we harvested islet grafts for cDNA microarray analysis. RESULTS Minor antigen-mismatched islets transplanted into recipient mice showed no rejection or tolerance phenotypes until 12 days posttransplantation. When we confirmed, decreased functional islet grafts and increased inflammatory cell infiltration. Gene expression profiles revealed differences in expression among groups. Major histocompatibility complex-mismatched islets induced upregulation of 209 genes and downregulation of 10 genes compared with the HY antigen-mismatched islet (2-fold; P < .05). Of these, 3 genes exhibited significant changes in expression levels in Balb/c donor islet grafts compared with C57BL/6 donor islet grafts: Gad1, Gdf10, and Scg2 (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS The present study suggested that 3 genes showed a significant relationship to protection against graft rejection. The identification of these genes may help to understand signaling pathways, involved in the communication between transplanted islet grafts and recipients in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-E Choi
- Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, POSTECH, Hyojadong, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Republic of Korea
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2
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Wu Z, Kandeel F. Radionuclide probes for molecular imaging of pancreatic beta-cells. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010; 62:1125-38. [PMID: 20854861 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2010.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Islet transplantation is a promising treatment option for patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D); however, the fate of the graft over time remains difficult to follow, due to the lack of available tools capable of monitoring graft rejection and inflammation prior to islet graft loss. Due to the challenges imposed by the location of the pancreas and the sparsely dispersed beta-cell population within the pancreas, currently, the clinical verification of beta-cell abnormalities can only be obtained indirectly via metabolic studies, which typically is not possible until after a significant deterioration in islet function has already occurred. The development of non-invasive imaging methods for the assessment of the pancreatic beta-cells, however, offers the potential for the early detection of beta-cell dysfunction prior to the clinical onset of T1D and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Ideal islet imaging agents would have an acceptable residence time in the human body, be capable of providing high-resolution images with minimal uptake in surrounding tissues (e.g., the liver), would not be toxic to islets, and would not require pre-treatment of islets prior to transplantation. A variety of currently available imaging techniques, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), bioluminescence imaging (BLI), and nuclear imaging have been tested for the study of beta-cell diseases. In this article, we summarize the recent advances made in nuclear imaging techniques for non-invasive imaging of pancreatic beta-cells. The use of radioactive probes for islet imaging is also discussed.
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Bernal-Mizrachi E, Cras-Méneur C, Ye BR, Johnson JD, Permutt MA. Transgenic overexpression of active calcineurin in beta-cells results in decreased beta-cell mass and hyperglycemia. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11969. [PMID: 20689817 PMCID: PMC2914754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucose modulates beta-cell mass and function through an initial depolarization and Ca(2+) influx, which then triggers a number of growth regulating signaling pathways. One of the most important downstream effectors in Ca(2+) signaling is the calcium/Calmodulin activated serine threonine phosphatase, calcineurin. Recent evidence suggests that calcineurin/NFAT is essential for beta-cell proliferation, and that in its absence loss of beta-cells results in diabetes. We hypothesized that in contrast, activation of calcineurin might result in expansion of beta-cell mass and resistance to diabetes. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To determine the role of activation of calcineurin signaling in the regulation of pancreatic beta-cell mass and proliferation, we created mice that expressed a constitutively active form of calcineurin under the insulin gene promoter (caCn(RIP)). To our surprise, these mice exhibited glucose intolerance. In vitro studies demonstrated that while the second phase of Insulin secretion is enhanced, the overall insulin secretory response was conserved. Islet morphometric studies demonstrated decreased beta-cell mass suggesting that this was a major component responsible for altered Insulin secretion and glucose intolerance in caCn(RIP) mice. The reduced beta-cell mass was accompanied by decreased proliferation and enhanced apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Our studies identify calcineurin as an important factor in controlling glucose homeostasis and indicate that chronic depolarization leading to increased calcineurin activity may contribute, along with other genetic and environmental factors, to beta-cell dysfunction and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Bernal-Mizrachi
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, Diabetes, The Brehm Center for Type 1 Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America.
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4
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Freeby M, Goland R, Ichise M, Maffei A, Leibel R, Harris P. VMAT2 quantitation by PET as a biomarker for beta-cell mass in health and disease. Diabetes Obes Metab 2008; 10 Suppl 4:98-108. [PMID: 18834437 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2008.00943.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The common pathology underlying both type 1 and type 2 diabetes (T1DM and T2DM) is insufficient beta-cell mass (BCM) to meet metabolic demands. An important impediment to the more rapid evaluation of interventions for both T1DM and T2DM lack of biomarkers of pancreatic BCM. A reliable means of monitoring the mass and/or function of beta-cells would enable evaluation of the progression of diabetes as well as the monitoring of pharmacologic and other interventions. Recently, we identified a biomarker of BCM that is quantifiable by positron emission tomography (PET). PET is an imaging technique which allows for non-invasive measurements of radioligand uptake and clearance, is sensitive in the pico- to nanomolar range and of which the results can be deconvoluted into measurements of receptor concentration. For BCM estimates, we have identified VMAT2 (vesicular monoamine transporter type 2) as a biomarker and [(11)C] DTBZ (dihydrotetrabenazine) as the transporter's ligand. VMAT2 is highly expressed in beta-cells of the human pancreas relative to other cells of the endocrine and exocrine pancreas. Thus measurements of [(11)C] DTBZ in the pancreas provide an indirect measurement of BCM. Here we summarize our ongoing efforts to validate the clinical utility of this non-invasive approach to real-time BCM measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Freeby
- Department of Medicine of Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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5
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Hoffman BG, Zavaglia B, Witzsche J, Ruiz de Algara T, Beach M, Hoodless PA, Jones SJM, Marra MA, Helgason CD. Identification of transcripts with enriched expression in the developing and adult pancreas. Genome Biol 2008; 9:R99. [PMID: 18554416 PMCID: PMC2481431 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2008-9-6-r99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Revised: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 06/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite recent advances, the transcriptional hierarchy driving pancreas organogenesis remains largely unknown, in part due to the paucity of comprehensive analyses. To address this deficit we generated ten SAGE libraries from the developing murine pancreas spanning Theiler stages 17-26, making use of available Pdx1 enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and Neurog3 EGFP reporter strains, as well as tissue from adult islets and ducts. RESULTS We used a specificity metric to identify 2,536 tags with pancreas-enriched expression compared to 195 other mouse SAGE libraries. We subsequently grouped co-expressed transcripts with differential expression during pancreas development using K-means clustering. We validated the clusters first using quantitative real time PCR and then by analyzing the Theiler stage 22 pancreas in situ hybridization staining patterns of over 600 of the identified genes using the GenePaint database. These were then categorized into one of the five expression domains within the developing pancreas. Based on these results we identified a cascade of transcriptional regulators expressed in the endocrine pancreas lineage and, from this, we developed a predictive regulatory network describing beta-cell development. CONCLUSION Taken together, this work provides evidence that the SAGE libraries generated here are a valuable resource for continuing to elucidate the molecular mechanisms regulating pancreas development. Furthermore, our studies provide a comprehensive analysis of pancreas development, and insights into the regulatory networks driving this process are revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad G Hoffman
- Department of Cancer Endocrinology, BC Cancer Research Center, West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada.
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6
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Lin M, Lubag A, McGuire MJ, Seliounine SY, Tsyganov EN, Antich PP, Sherry AD, Brown KC, Sun X. Advances in molecular imaging of pancreatic beta cells. FRONTIERS IN BIOSCIENCE : A JOURNAL AND VIRTUAL LIBRARY 2008; 13:4558-75. [PMID: 18508529 PMCID: PMC2790725 DOI: 10.2741/3023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The development of non-invasive imaging methods for early diagnosis of beta cell associated metabolic diseases, including type 1 and type 2 diabetes (T1D and T2D), has recently drawn interest from the molecular imaging community and clinical investigators. Due to the challenges imposed by the location of the pancreas, the sparsely dispersed beta cell population within the pancreas, and the poor understanding of the pathogenesis of the diseases, clinical diagnosis of beta cell abnormalities is still limited. Current diagnostic methods are invasive, often inaccurate, and usually performed post-onset of the disease. Advances in imaging techniques for probing beta cell mass and function are needed to address this critical health care problem. A variety of imaging techniques have been tested for the assessment of pancreatic beta cell islets. Here we discuss current advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), bioluminescence imaging (BLI), and nuclear imaging for the study of beta cell diseases. Spurred by early successes in nuclear imaging techniques for beta cells, especially positron emission tomography (PET), the need for beta cell specific ligands has expanded. Progress for obtaining such ligands is presented. We report our preliminary efforts of developing such a peptidic ligand for PET imaging of pancreatic beta cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Lin
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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7
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Vlacich G, Roe C, Webb GC. Technology insight: microarrays--research and clinical applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 3:594-605. [PMID: 17643130 DOI: 10.1038/ncpendmet0580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
For microarrays, the transition from research to clinical and diagnostic applications is well underway. Microarrays use a range of specific probes that are immobilized in known locations on a support matrix; this technique can measure levels of specific DNA, RNA and proteins, as well as carbohydrates and lipids. It is anticipated that analysis of these levels will lead to identification of biomarkers for the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of a wide range of diseases. So far, this type of analysis has been particularly useful in clinical oncology, but the technology is being actively and successfully explored for diseases such as diabetes, endocrine tumors and endocrine modulators of tumors. There are now many commercial sources of microarrays, which have robust quality-control procedures in place. Progress will be enhanced when biomarkers can be established, statistical approaches can be refined and when we better understand the interactions of genes and of particular gene loci in disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Vlacich
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes Research and Training Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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8
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Simpson NR, Souza F, Witkowski P, Maffei A, Raffo A, Herron A, Kilbourn M, Jurewicz A, Herold K, Liu E, Hardy MA, Van Heertum R, Harris PE. Visualizing pancreatic beta-cell mass with [11C]DTBZ. Nucl Med Biol 2007; 33:855-64. [PMID: 17045165 PMCID: PMC3743255 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2006.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2006] [Revised: 06/29/2006] [Accepted: 07/03/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Beta-cell mass (BCM) influences the total amount of insulin secreted, varies by individual and by the degree of insulin resistance, and is affected by physiologic and pathologic conditions. The islets of Langerhans, however, appear to have a reserve capacity of insulin secretion and, overall, assessments of insulin and blood glucose levels remain poor measures of BCM, beta-cell function and progression of diabetes. Thus, novel noninvasive determinations of BCM are needed to provide a quantitative endpoint for novel therapies of diabetes, islet regeneration and transplantation. Built on previous gene expression studies, we tested the hypothesis that the targeting of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2), which is expressed by beta cells, with [11C]dihydrotetrabenazine ([11C]DTBZ), a radioligand specific for VMAT2, and the use of positron emission tomography (PET) can provide a measure of BCM. In this report, we demonstrate decreased radioligand uptake within the pancreas of Lewis rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes relative to their euglycemic historical controls. These studies suggest that quantitation of VMAT2 expression in beta cells with the use of [11C]DTBZ and PET represents a method for noninvasive longitudinal estimates of changes in BCM that may be useful in the study and treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman Ray Simpson
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical School, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Fabiola Souza
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical School, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Piotr Witkowski
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical School, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Antonella Maffei
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso”, CNR, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Anthony Raffo
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical School, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Alan Herron
- Center for Comparative Medicine and The Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael Kilbourn
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0638, USA
| | - Agata Jurewicz
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical School, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kevan Herold
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical School, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Eric Liu
- Diabetes Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20854, USA
| | - Mark Adam Hardy
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical School, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ronald Van Heertum
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical School, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Paul Emerson Harris
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical School, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Corresponding author. BB 20-06, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA. Tel.: +1 212 305 7363; fax: +1 212 305 7348. (P.E. Harris)
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Maffei A, Harris PE. Targeting vesicular monoamine transporter Type 2 for noninvasive PET-based β-cell mass measurements. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2007; 2:35-46. [PMID: 30743747 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.2.1.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The common pathology in both Types 1 and 2 diabetes is insufficient β-cell mass to meet the metabolic needs of insulin production. The rising worldwide incidence of diabetes, combined with the lack of reliable endpoints of the body's true capacity to produce insulin, constitute a serious dilemma facing healthcare professionals and the pharmaceutical industry. Recent advances in imaging science and molecular imaging chemistry, as well as a broader understanding of basic islet biology, now allow the collection of quantitative information about β cells deep within the pancreas. The ability to noninvasively measure the mass of insulin-producing cells will most likely be of value towards characterizing new drugs and refining the diagnosis and treatment of this burdensome disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Maffei
- a Research Scientist, IGB - CNR: Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, Adriano Buzzati-Traverso, Naples, 80131, Italy.
| | - Paul E Harris
- b Research Scientist, Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, BB 20-06, College of Physicians and Surgeons 650 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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10
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Rachdi L, Balcazar N, Elghazi L, Barker DJ, Krits I, Kiyokawa H, Bernal-Mizrachi E. Differential effects of p27 in regulation of beta-cell mass during development, neonatal period, and adult life. Diabetes 2006; 55:3520-8. [PMID: 17130500 DOI: 10.2337/db06-0861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
beta-Cell cycle progression and proliferation are critical to maintain beta-cell mass in adult mice. Of the cell cycle inhibitors, p27Kip1 is thought to be the primary modulator of the proliferative status in most cell types. p27 plays a role in beta-cell adaptation in genetic models of insulin resistance. To study the role of p27 in beta-cells during physiological conditions and at different stages of beta-cell differentiation, we studied mice deficient of or overexpressing p27. Experiments in p27-deficient mice showed improved glucose tolerance and hyperinsulinemia. These changes were associated with increased islet mass and proliferation. The experiments overexpressing p27 in beta-cells were performed using a doxycycline-inducible model. Interestingly, overexpression of p27 for 16 weeks in beta-cells from adult mice had no effect on glucose tolerance, beta-cell mass, or proliferation. In contrast, induction of p27 expression during beta-cell development or early neonatal period resulted in severe glucose intolerance and reduced beta-cell mass by decreased proliferation. These changes were reversible upon discontinuation of doxycycline. These experiments suggest that p27 is a critical molecule for beta-cell proliferation during beta-cell development and early postnatal life but not for maintenance of adult mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latif Rachdi
- Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Campus Box 8127, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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11
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Souza F, Simpson N, Raffo A, Saxena C, Maffei A, Hardy M, Kilbourn M, Goland R, Leibel R, Mann JJ, Van Heertum R, Harris PE. Longitudinal noninvasive PET-based beta cell mass estimates in a spontaneous diabetes rat model. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:1506-13. [PMID: 16710474 PMCID: PMC1462946 DOI: 10.1172/jci27645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2005] [Accepted: 03/21/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes results from an absolute or relative reduction in pancreatic beta cell mass (BCM) leading to insufficient insulin secretion and hyperglycemia. Measurement of insulin secretory capacity is currently used as a surrogate measure of BCM. However, serum insulin concentrations provide an imprecise index of BCM, and no reliable noninvasive measure of BCM is currently available. Type 2 vesicular monoamine transporters (VMAT2) are expressed in human islet beta cells, as well as in tissues of the CNS. [11C]Dihydrotetrabenazine ([11C]DTBZ) binds specifically to VMAT2 and is a radioligand currently used in clinical imaging of the brain. Here we report the use of [11C]DTBZ to estimate BCM in a rodent model of spontaneous type 1 diabetes (the BB-DP rat). In longitudinal PET studies of the BB-DP rat, we found a significant decline in pancreatic uptake of [11C]DTBZ that anticipated the loss of glycemic control. Based on comparison of standardized uptake values (SUVs) of [11C]DTBZ and blood glucose concentrations, loss of more than 65% of the original SUV correlated significantly with the development of persistent hyperglycemia. These studies suggest that PET-based quantitation of VMAT2 receptors provides a noninvasive measurement of BCM that could be used to study the pathogenesis of diabetes and to monitor therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Souza
- Department of Medicine and
Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso,” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy.
Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Norman Simpson
- Department of Medicine and
Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso,” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy.
Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anthony Raffo
- Department of Medicine and
Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso,” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy.
Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chitra Saxena
- Department of Medicine and
Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso,” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy.
Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Antonella Maffei
- Department of Medicine and
Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso,” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy.
Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mark Hardy
- Department of Medicine and
Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso,” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy.
Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael Kilbourn
- Department of Medicine and
Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso,” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy.
Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Robin Goland
- Department of Medicine and
Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso,” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy.
Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rudolph Leibel
- Department of Medicine and
Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso,” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy.
Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - J. John Mann
- Department of Medicine and
Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso,” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy.
Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ronald Van Heertum
- Department of Medicine and
Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso,” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy.
Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Paul E. Harris
- Department of Medicine and
Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso,” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy.
Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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Colombo M, Kruhoeffer M, Gregersen S, Agger A, Jeppesen P, Oerntoft T, Hermansen K. Energy restriction prevents the development of type 2 diabetes in Zucker diabetic fatty rats: coordinated patterns of gene expression for energy metabolism in insulin-sensitive tissues and pancreatic islets determined by oligonucleotide microarray analysis. Metabolism 2006; 55:43-52. [PMID: 16324918 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2005.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2004] [Accepted: 07/24/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Energy restriction (ER) causes metabolic improvement in the prediabetic and diabetic state. Little information exists on the mechanism of action of ER, for example, on the changes at the transcriptional gene level in insulin-sensitive tissues. To gain further insight, we have investigated changes in gene expressions in skeletal muscle, liver, fat, and pancreatic islets after ER in male Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Eighteen Zucker diabetic fatty rats were divided at the age of 7 weeks into a control group (ad libitum diet) and an ER group (30% ER compared with the control group). Blood glucose, weight, and food intake were measured weekly. After 5 weeks, blood samples, and skeletal muscle, liver, visceral fat (epididymal fat pads), and islets tissue were collected. Gene expression was quantified with high-density oligonucleotide, microarray GeneChip technology. ER ameliorated the development of hyperglycemia, increased the levels of plasma insulin, and reduced plasma total cholesterol and the glucagon-insulin ratio (P < .05). In skeletal muscle, the expression of 55 genes increased and 245 decreased involving genes related to glucose metabolism (eg, phosphorylase kinase, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4), lipid metabolism (eg, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1, fatty acid transporter), and signaling pathways (eg, mitogen-activated protein kinases, protein kinase C). In the liver, the expression of 123 genes increased and 103 decreased involving genes related primarily to lipid metabolism. In pancreatic islets, the expression of 110 genes increased and that of 127 decreased, whereas in visceral fat, the expression of 279 genes increased and that of 528 decreased. ER counteracts the development of diabetes and causes changes in the expression of multiple genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle, liver, and pancreatic islets, which may play an important role for the prevention of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Colombo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism C, Aarhus Sygehus THG, Tage Hansens Gade 2, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Abstract
The prevalence of metabolic diseases is taking on epidemic proportions and poses a serious threat to human health. Current treatment options have proven insufficient to cope with obesity and diabetes because they rarely restore normal metabolism and thus leave patients exposed to life-threatening complications. Successful management of these diseases depends on novel, improved therapeutic strategies targeting early intervention in disease progression. Discovery of novel metabolic disease targets has been hampered by the complexity of contributing environmental and genetic factors, as well as the need for potent but safe treatments suitable for chronic diseases. Genomic approaches are excellent tools to manage genetic complexity and have been applied successfully to identify candidate target genes that will lead to the development of novel therapies for metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cord E Dohrmann
- DeveloGen AG, Rudolf-Wissell Strasse 28, 37079 Goettingen, Germany.
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Hui H, Wang C, Li H, Bulotta A, D'Amico E, Khoury N, Nguyen E, Di Mario U, Chen IY, Perfetti R. Gene expression profiling of cultured human islet preparations. Diabetes Technol Ther 2004; 6:481-92. [PMID: 15321003 DOI: 10.1089/1520915041705866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The expression of functional and regulatory genes by islet cells is a key determinant for the success of islet transplantation. The aim of this study is twofold: first, to characterize the cluster of genes expressed in human islet isolations; and second, to validate the capability of gene array technology to assess with accuracy the expression of various transcripts. RNA from isolated islet preparations obtained from three independent donors was converted to cDNA and then transcribed to cRNA. Individual cRNA preparations were then hybridized to U133A microarrays carrying approximately 23,000 genes, and analyzed using GeneSpring (SiliconGenetics, Redwood City, CA) software. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed to validate results obtained by microarray analysis. Microarray analysis identified the expression of about 7,000 genes transcribed in cultured human islet preparations. Enzymes represented the most abundant class of genes identified, followed by nuclear binding proteins, signal transduction molecules, transport proteins, and growth factor receptors and their ligands. Real-time polymerase chain reaction confirmed the identification of various islet-specific genes detected by microarray analysis, but also showed that such genes as pancreatic duodenal homeobox 1 protein and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor, which were not detected by gene array, can be readily identified and quantified. In addition, gene array produced a suboptimal quantification of genes expressed in large amounts by islet cells. Indeed, the abundance of mRNA for insulin when compared with the level of somatostatin mRNA was not as different as one would have predicated based on the classic knowledge of islet physiology. Gene array analysis appears to be a valuable tool to obtain preliminary information of genes expressed by a given tissue. The expression levels of transcripts expressed in very low or very high quantities need to be confirmed by an independent technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiang Hui
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
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15
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Ohsugi M, Cras-Méneur C, Zhou Y, Warren W, Bernal-Mizrachi E, Permutt MA. Glucose and insulin treatment of insulinoma cells results in transcriptional regulation of a common set of genes. Diabetes 2004; 53:1496-508. [PMID: 15161754 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.53.6.1496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Glucose and insulin are important regulators of islet beta-cell growth and function by activating signaling pathways resulting in transcriptional changes that lead to adaptive responses. Several immediate early genes have been shown to be rapidly induced by glucose-activated depolarization in islet beta-cells. The current studies address aspects of glucose-regulated transcription: 1) the number and characteristics of these genes, 2) if depolarization is the major mechanism, and 3) if glucose-stimulated insulin secretion is responsible, because insulin per se can activate transcription. Here, the expression profiles of glucose-responsive insulinoma cells 45 min after the addition of glucose, KCl to induce depolarization, or insulin were assessed by endocrine pancreas cDNA microarrays. Glucose activated more than 90 genes, representing diverse gene ontology functions, and most were not previously known to be glucose responsive. KCl activated 80% of these same glucose-regulated genes and, along with the effects of pretreatment with diazoxide, suggested that glucose signaling is mediated primarily via depolarization. There were >150 genes activated by insulin, and remarkably 71% were also regulated by glucose. Preincubation with a phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase inhibitor resulted in almost total inhibition of depolarization and insulin-activated transcriptional responses. Thus, through gene expression profiling, these data demonstrate that glucose and insulin rapidly activate a PI 3-kinase pathway, resulting in transcription of a common set of genes. This is consistent with glucose activation of gene transcription either directly or indirectly through a paracrine/autocrine effect via insulin release. These results illustrate that expression gene profiling can contribute to the elucidation of important beta-cell biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Ohsugi
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism,Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Campus Box 8127, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Current literature in diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2003; 19:333-40. [PMID: 12879412 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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