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Embryonic Cerebellar Graft Morphology Differs in Two Mouse Models of Cerebellar Degeneration. THE CEREBELLUM 2020; 18:855-865. [PMID: 31418135 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-019-01067-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar diseases causing substantial cell loss often lead to severe functional deficits and restoration of cerebellar function is difficult. Neurotransplantation therapy could become a hopeful method, but there are still many limitations and unknown aspects. Studies in a variety of cerebellar mutant mice reflecting heterogeneity of human cerebellar degenerations show promising results as well as new problems and questions to be answered. The aim of this work was to compare the development of embryonic cerebellar grafts in adult B6CBA Lurcher and B6.BR pcd mutant mice and strain-matched healthy wild type mice. Performance in the rotarod test, graft survival, structure, and volume was examined 2 months after the transplantation or sham-operation. The grafts survived in most of the mice of all types. In both B6CBA and B6.BR wild type mice and in pcd mice, colonization of the host's cerebellum was a common finding, while in Lurcher mice, the grafts showed a low tendency to infiltrate the host's cerebellar tissue. There were no significant differences in graft volume between mutant and wild type mice. Nevertheless, B6CBA mice had smaller grafts than their B6.BR counterparts. The transplantation did not improve the performance in the rotarod test. The study showed marked differences in graft integration into the host's cerebellum in two types of cerebellar mutants, suggesting disease-specific factors influencing graft fate.
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Cendelin J, Purkartova Z, Kubik J, Ulbricht E, Tichanek F, Kolinko Y. Long-Term Development of Embryonic Cerebellar Grafts in Two Strains of Lurcher Mice. THE CEREBELLUM 2019; 17:428-437. [PMID: 29450804 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-018-0928-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
For many degenerative cerebellar diseases, currently, no effective treatment that would substantially restore cerebellar functions is available. Neurotransplantation could be a promising therapy for such cases. Nevertheless, there are still severe limitations for routine clinical use. The aim of the work was to assess volume and morphology and functional impact on motor skills of an embryonic cerebellar graft injected in the form of cell suspension in Lurcher mutant and wild-type mice of the B6CBA and C3H strains after a 6-month survival period. The grafts survived in the majority of the mice. In both B6CBA and C3H Lurcher mice, most of the grafts were strictly delimited with no tendency to invade the host cerebellum, while in wild-type mice, graft-derived Purkinje cells colonized the host's cerebellum. In C3H Lurcher mice, but not in B6CBA Lurchers, the grafts had smaller volume than in their wild-type counterparts. C3H wild-type mice had significantly larger grafts than B6CBA wild-type mice. No positive effect of the transplantation on performance in the rotarod test was observed. The findings suggest that the niche of the Lurcher mutant cerebellum has a negative impact on integration of grafted cells. This factor seems to be limiting for specific functional effects of the transplantation therapy in this mouse model of cerebellar degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Cendelin
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, alej Svobody 1655/76, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic.
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, alej Svobody 1655/76, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic.
| | - Zdenka Purkartova
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, alej Svobody 1655/76, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Kubik
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, alej Svobody 1655/76, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Erik Ulbricht
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, alej Svobody 1655/76, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Tichanek
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, alej Svobody 1655/76, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, alej Svobody 1655/76, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Yaroslav Kolinko
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Karlovarska 48, 301 66, Plzen, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Quantitative Histology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Karlovarska 48, 301 66, Plzen, Czech Republic
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Brown AM, Arancillo M, Lin T, Catt DR, Zhou J, Lackey EP, Stay TL, Zuo Z, White JJ, Sillitoe RV. Molecular layer interneurons shape the spike activity of cerebellar Purkinje cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1742. [PMID: 30742002 PMCID: PMC6370775 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38264-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Purkinje cells receive synaptic input from several classes of interneurons. Here, we address the roles of inhibitory molecular layer interneurons in establishing Purkinje cell function in vivo. Using conditional genetics approaches in mice, we compare how the lack of stellate cell versus basket cell GABAergic neurotransmission sculpts the firing properties of Purkinje cells. We take advantage of an inducible Ascl1CreER allele to spatially and temporally target the deletion of the vesicular GABA transporter, Vgat, in developing neurons. Selective depletion of basket cell GABAergic neurotransmission increases the frequency of Purkinje cell simple spike firing and decreases the frequency of complex spike firing in adult behaving mice. In contrast, lack of stellate cell communication increases the regularity of Purkinje cell simple spike firing while increasing the frequency of complex spike firing. Our data uncover complementary roles for molecular layer interneurons in shaping the rate and pattern of Purkinje cell activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Brown
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Marife Arancillo
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Daniel R Catt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Joy Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Lackey
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Trace L Stay
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Zhongyuan Zuo
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Joshua J White
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA.
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA.
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA.
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He J, Xu L, Yang L, Wang X. Epigallocatechin Gallate Is the Most Effective Catechin Against Antioxidant Stress via Hydrogen Peroxide and Radical Scavenging Activity. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:8198-8206. [PMID: 30428482 PMCID: PMC6247744 DOI: 10.12659/msm.911175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hydrogen peroxide-induced neuronal oxidative stress is a serious threat to the nervous system. Catechins and related compounds are effective radical scavengers that protect against nerve cell damage. Material/Methods Here, we investigated the antioxidant property of various catechins in protecting against hydrogen peroxide, as well as their radical-scavenging activity. Result We found that catechins treatment effectively protected HT22 cells against H2O2-induced cell viability by decreasing and attenuating reactive oxidative species production in different proportions. In addition, all tested catechins performed radical scavenging activity, and partially removed the free radicals. Among all investigated catechins, epigallocatechin gallate was the most effective against ROS production and had the strongest radical-scavenging activity. These results suggest that beneficial effects were strongly related with structure of catechins, mainly because of the hydroxyl and galloyl groups. Conclusions In conclusion, epigallocatechin gallate is the most effective antioxidant polyphenol against hydrogen peroxide and radical-scavenging activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinting He
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China (mainland)
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China (mainland)
| | - Le Yang
- People's Hospital of Jilin Province, Changchun, Jilin, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Department of Stomatology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China (mainland)
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Zanjani HS, Vogel MW, Mariani J. Deletion of the GluRδ2 Receptor in the Hotfoot Mouse Mutant Causes Granule Cell Loss, Delayed Purkinje Cell Death, and Reductions in Purkinje Cell Dendritic Tree Area. THE CEREBELLUM 2017; 15:755-766. [PMID: 26607150 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-015-0748-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have found that in the cerebellum, the δ2 glutamate receptor (GluRδ2) plays a key role in regulating the differentiation of parallel fiber-Purkinje synapses and mediating key physiological functions in the granule cell-Purkinje cell circuit. In the hotfoot mutant or GluRδ2 knockout mice, the absence of GluRδ2 expression results in impaired motor-related tasks, ataxia, and disruption of long-term depression at parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses. The goal of this study was to determine the long-term consequences of deletion of GluRδ2 expression in the hotfoot mutant (GluRδ2 ho/ho ) on Purkinje and granule cell survival and Purkinje cell dendritic differentiation. Quantitative estimates of Purkinje and granule cell numbers in 3-, 12-, and 20-month-old hotfoot mutants and wild-type controls showed that Purkinje cell numbers are within control values at 3 and 12 months in the hotfoot mutant but reduced by 20 % at 20 months compared with controls. In contrast, the number of granule cells is significantly reduced from 3 months onwards in GluRδ2 ho/ho mutant mice compared to wild-type controls. Although the overall structure of Purkinje cell dendrites does not appear to be altered, there is a significant 27 % reduction in the cross-sectional area of Purkinje cell dendritic trees in the 20-month-old GluRδ2 ho/ho mutants. The interpretation of the results is that the GluRδ2 receptor plays an important role in the long-term organization of the granule-Purkinje cell circuit through its involvement in the regulation of parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synaptogenesis and in the normal functioning of this critical cerebellar circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi S Zanjani
- Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ. Paris 06, IBPS, UMR 8256, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, B2A, 75005, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 8256, B2A, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Michael W Vogel
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, P.O. Box 21247, Baltimore, MD, 21228, USA.
| | - Jean Mariani
- Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ. Paris 06, IBPS, UMR 8256, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, B2A, 75005, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 8256, B2A, F-75005, Paris, France.,Institut de la Longévité, APHP, DHU Fast, 94205, Ivry-Sur-Seine, France
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Silva MADS, Carvalho TRD, Cruz ACMBD, Jesus LRGD, Silva Neto LAD, Trajano ETL, Bezerra FS. Effect of time-dependent cryotherapy on redox balance of quadriceps injuries. Cryobiology 2016; 72:1-6. [PMID: 26769009 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Muscle trauma represents a high number of injuries in professional sport and recreation and may occur through several mechanisms. This study aims at analyzing time-dependent effects of cryotherapy on the redox balance in lesioned quadriceps muscles in F1 mice. Twenty male F1 mice were divided into five groups: (a) animals were not subjected to muscle lesioning or treatment (CTR); (b) quadriceps muscle was lesioned without treatment (L); (c) quadriceps muscle was lesioned and treated with cryotherapy for 5 min (LC5); (d) quadriceps muscle was lesioned and treated with cryotherapy for 20 min (LC20); and quadriceps muscle was lesioned and treated with cryotherapy for 40 min (LC40). The mice were euthanized; the quadriceps muscles were collected and subjected to analyses for levels of protein, hydroperoxides, nitrite, catalase (CAT) activity, oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and reduced glutathione (GSH). Protein levels were reduced in L (-39%; p < 0.05), LC5 (-54%; p < 0.05), LC20 (-40%; p < 0.05) and LC40 (-50%; p < 0.05) compared to CTR. There was an increase in lipid peroxidation in L (158%; p < 0.05), LC5 (300%; p < 0.01), LC20 (292%; p < 0.01) and LC40 (362%; p < 0.01) compared to CTR. We observed a significant increase in CAT activity in L (164%; p < 0.05) and LC5 (193%; p < 0.01) compared to CTR; a significant reduction in GSH in L (-60%; p < 0.05) and LC20 (-61%; p < 0.05) compared to CTR; and a significant increase in GSSG in LC5 (171%; p < 0.05) compared to CTR. In addition, GSH/GSSG was reduced in L (-89%; p < 0.01), LC5 (-95%; p < 0.01), LC20 (-59%; p < 0.05), and LC40 (-82%; p < 0.01) compared to CTR. This study showed that the cryotherapy does not improve the oxidative stress in lesioned muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Taiara Ramos de Carvalho
- Laboratory of Biomorphology and Experimental Pathology, Severino Sombra University, Vassouras, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Frank Silva Bezerra
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil.
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Changes in the Distribution of the α 3 Na(+)/K(+) ATPase Subunit in Heterozygous Lurcher Purkinje Cells as a Genetic Model of Chronic Depolarization during Development. Int J Cell Biol 2014; 2014:152645. [PMID: 24719618 PMCID: PMC3955620 DOI: 10.1155/2014/152645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A common assumption of excitotoxic mechanisms in the nervous system is that the ionic imbalance resulting from overstimulation of glutamate receptors and increased Na+ and Ca++ influx overwhelms cellular energy metabolic systems leading to cell death. The goal of this study was to examine how a chronic Na+ channel leak current in developing Purkinje cells in the heterozygous Lurcher mutant (+/Lc) affects the expression and distribution of the α3 subunit of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump, a key component of the homeostasis system that maintains ionic equilibrium in neurons. The expression pattern of the catalytic α3 Na+/K+ ATPase subunit was analyzed by immunohistochemistry, histochemistry, and Western Blots in wild type (WT) and +/Lc cerebella at postnatal days P10, P15, and P25 to determine if there are changes in the distribution of active Na+/K+ ATPase subunits in degenerating Purkinje cells. The results suggest that the expression of the catalytic α3 subunit is altered in chronically depolarized +/Lc Purkinje cells, although the density of active Na+/K+ ATPase pumps is not significantly altered compared with WT in the cerebellar cortex at P15, and then declines from P15 to P25 in the +/Lc cerebellum as the +/Lc Purkinje cells degenerate.
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Zanjani HS, Lohof AM, McFarland R, Vogel MW, Mariani J. Enhanced survival of wild-type and Lurcher Purkinje cells in vitro following inhibition of conventional PKCs or stress-activated MAP kinase pathways. THE CEREBELLUM 2013; 12:377-89. [PMID: 23136008 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-012-0427-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies using both dissociated and organotypic cell cultures have shown that heterozygous Lurcher (Lc/+) Purkinje cells (PCs) grown in vitro share many of the same survival and morphological characteristics as Lc/+ PCs in vivo. We have used this established tissue culture system as a valuable model for studying cell death mechanisms in a relatively simple system where neurodegeneration is induced by a constitutive cation leak mediated by the Lurcher mutation in the δ2 glutamate receptor (GluRδ2). In this study, Ca(++) imaging and immunocytochemistry studies indicate that intracellular levels of Ca(++) are chronically increased in Lc/+ PCs and the concentration and/or distribution of the conventional PKCγ isoform is altered in degenerating Lc/+ PCs. To begin to characterize the molecular mechanisms that regulate Lc/+ PC death, the contributions of conventional PKC pathways and of two MAP kinase family members, JNK and p38, were examined in slice cultures from wild-type and Lc/+ mutant mouse cerebellum. Cerebellar slice cultures from P0 pups were treated with either a conventional PKC inhibitor, a JNK inhibitor, or a p38 inhibitor either from 0 to 14 or 7 to 14 DIV. Treatment with either of the three inhibitors from 0 DIV significantly increased wild type and Lc/+ PC survival through 14 DIV, but only Lc/+ PC survival was significantly increased following treatments from 7 to 14 DIV. The results suggest that multiple PC death pathways are induced by the physical trauma of making organotypic slice cultures, naturally-occurring postnatal cell death, and the GluRδ2 (Lc) mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi S Zanjani
- UMR 7102, CNRSet Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 9 Quai St. Bernard, Paris, France.
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Sharov V, Pal R, Dremina E, Michaelis E, Schöneich C. Fluorogenic tagging of protein 3-nitrotyrosine with 4-(aminomethyl)benzene sulfonate in tissues: a useful alternative to Immunohistochemistry for fluorescence microscopy imaging of protein nitration. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:1877-85. [PMID: 22995636 PMCID: PMC3523807 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.08.582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine nitration is a common biomarker of biological aging and diverse pathologies associated with the excessive formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Recently, we suggested a novel fluorogenic derivatization procedure for the detection of 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) using benzylamine derivatives to convert specifically protein- or peptide-bound 3-NT to a highly fluorescent benzoxazole product. In this study, we applied this procedure to fluorogenic derivatization of protein 3-NT in sections from adult rat cerebellum to: (i) test this method for imaging nitrated proteins in fixed brain tissue sections and (ii) compare the chemical approach to immunohistochemical labeling with anti-3-NT antibodies. Immunofluorescence analysis of cerebellar sections using anti-3-NT antibodies showed differential levels of immunostaining in the molecular, Purkinje, and granule cell layers of the cerebellar cortex; in agreement with previous reports, the Purkinje cells were most highly labeled. Importantly, fluorogenic derivatization reactions of cerebellar proteins with 4-(aminomethyl)benzene sulfonic acid (ABS) and K(3)Fe(CN)(6) at pH 9, after sodium dithionite reduction of 3-NT to 3-aminotyrosine, showed a very similar pattern of relative intensity of cell labeling and improved resolution compared with antibody labeling. Our data demonstrate that ABS derivatization may be either a useful alternative to or a complementary approach to immunolabeling in imaging protein nitration in cells and tissues, including under conditions of dual labeling with antibodies to cell proteins, thus allowing for cellular colocalization of nitrated proteins and any protein of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- V.S. Sharov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - R. Pal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - E.S. Dremina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - E.K. Michaelis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - C. Schöneich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
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Analysis of kinetics of dihydroethidium fluorescence with superoxide using xanthine oxidase and hypoxanthine assay. Ann Biomed Eng 2012; 41:327-37. [PMID: 22965641 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-012-0653-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Superoxide (O(2) (-)) is an important reactive oxygen species (ROS), and has an essential role in physiology and pathophysiology. An accurate detection of O(2) (-) is needed to better understand numerous vascular pathologies. In this study, we performed a mechanistic study by using the xanthine oxidase (XOD)/hypoxanthine (HX) assay for O(2) (-) generation and a O(2) (-) sensitive fluorescent dye dihydroethidium (DHE) for O(2) (-) measurement. To quantify O(2) (-) and DHE interactions, we measured fluorescence using a microplate reader. We conducted a detailed reaction kinetic analysis for DHE-O(2) (-) interaction to understand the effect of O(2) (-) self-dismutation and to quantify DHE-O(2) (-) reaction rate. Fluorescence of DHE and 2-hydroethidium (EOH), a product of DHE and O(2) (-) interaction, were dependent on reaction conditions. Kinetic analysis resulted in a reaction rate constant of 2.169 ± 0.059 × 10(3) M(-1) s(-1) for DHE-O(2) (-) reaction that is ~100× slower than the reported value of 2.6 ± 0.6 × 10(5) M(-1) s(-1). In addition, the O(2) (-) self-dismutation has significant effect on DHE-O(2) (-) interaction. A slower reaction rate of DHE with O(2) (-) is more reasonable for O(2) (-) measurements. In this manner, the DHE is not competing with superoxide dismutase and NO for O(2) (-). Results suggest that an accurate measurement of O(2) (-) production rate may be difficult due to competitive interference for many factors; however O(2) (-) concentration may be quantified.
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Mansouri A, Min W, Cole CJ, Josselyn SA, Henderson JT, van Eede M, Henkelman RM, Ackerley C, Grunebaum E, Roifman CM. Cerebellar abnormalities in purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficient mice. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 47:201-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Duffin C, McFarland R, Sarna J, Vogel M, Armstrong C. Heat shock protein 25 expression and preferential Purkinje cell survival in thelurchermutant mouse cerebellum. J Comp Neurol 2010; 518:1892-907. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.22309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zanjani HS, McFarland R, Cavelier P, Blokhin A, Gautheron V, Levenes C, Bambrick LL, Mariani J, Vogel MW. Death and survival of heterozygous Lurcher Purkinje cells in vitro. Dev Neurobiol 2009; 69:505-17. [PMID: 19294643 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The differentiation and survival of heterozygous Lurcher (+/Lc) Purkinje cells in vitro was examined as a model system for studying how chronic ionic stress affects neuronal differentiation and survival. The Lurcher mutation in the delta2 glutamate receptor (GluRdelta2) converts an orphan receptor into a membrane channel that constitutively passes an inward cation current. In the GluRdelta2(+/Lc) mutant, Purkinje cell dendritic differentiation is disrupted and the cells degenerate following the first week of postnatal development. To determine if the GluRdelta2(+/Lc) Purkinje cell phenotype is recapitulated in vitro, +/+, and +/Lc Purkinje cells from postnatal Day 0 pups were grown in either isolated cell or cerebellar slice cultures. GluRdelta2(+/+) and GluRdelta2(+/Lc) Purkinje cells appeared to develop normally through the first 7 days in vitro (DIV), but by 11 DIV GluRdelta2(+/Lc) Purkinje cells exhibited a significantly higher cation leak current. By 14 DIV, GluRdelta2(+/Lc) Purkinje cell dendrites were stunted and the number of surviving GluRdelta2(+/Lc) Purkinje cells was reduced by 75% compared to controls. However, treatment of +/Lc cerebellar cultures with 1-naphthyl acetyl spermine increased +/Lc Purkinje cell survival to wild type levels. These results support the conclusion that the Lurcher mutation in GluRdelta2 induces cell autonomous defects in differentiation and survival. The establishment of a tissue culture system for studying cell injury and death mechanisms in a relatively simple system like GluRdelta2(+/Lc) Purkinje cells will provide a valuable model for studying how the induction of a chronic inward cation current in a single cell type affects neuronal differentiation and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi S Zanjani
- Equipe Développement et Vieillissement du Système Nerveux, 75005, Paris, France
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Weimer JM, Benedict JW, Getty AL, Pontikis CC, Lim MJ, Cooper JD, Pearce DA. Cerebellar defects in a mouse model of juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Brain Res 2009; 1266:93-107. [PMID: 19230832 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2008] [Revised: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (JNCL), or Batten disease, is a neurodegenerative disease resulting from a mutation in CLN3, which presents clinically with visual deterioration, seizures, motor impairments, cognitive decline, hallucinations, loss of circadian rhythm, and premature death in the late-twenties to early-thirties. Using a Cln3 null (Cln3(-/-)) mouse, we report here several deficits in the cerebellum in the absence of Cln3, including cell loss and early onset motor deficits. Surprisingly, early onset glial activation and selective neuronal loss within the mature fastigial pathway of the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN), a region critical for balance and coordination, are seen in many regions of the Cln3(-/-) cerebellum. Additionally, there is a loss of Purkinje cells (PC) in regions of robust Bergmann glia activation in Cln3(-/-) mice and human JNCL post-mortem cerebellum. Moreover, the Cln3(-/-) cerebellum had a mis-regulation in granule cell proliferation and maintenance of PC dendritic arborization and spine density. Overall, this study defines a novel multi-faceted, early-onset cerebellar disruption in the Cln3 null brain, including glial activation, cell loss, and aberrant cell proliferation and differentiation. These early alterations in the maturation of the cerebellum could underlie some of the motor deficits and pathological changes seen in JNCL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill M Weimer
- Center for Neural Development and Disease, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14607, USA
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Repici M, Zanjani HS, Gautheron V, Borsello T, Dusart I, Mariani J. Specific JNK Inhibition by D-JNKI1 Protects Purkinje Cells from Cell Death in Lurcher Mutant Mouse. THE CEREBELLUM 2008; 7:534-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12311-008-0070-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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16
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Bäurle J, Kucera J, Frischmuth S, Lambertz M, Kranda K. Dynamics of trace element concentration during development and excitotoxic cell death in the cerebellum of Lurcher mutant mice. Brain Pathol 2008; 19:586-95. [PMID: 18702639 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2008.00200.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated concentrations of Zn, Cu and Fe, observed in biopsied or post-mortem tissue from diseased human brains, have often been considered as some of the major factors in the etiology of excitotoxic neuronal death but without any direct evidence for the causal role of metals. Although elevated metal concentrations that precede or coincide with the onset of neurodegeneration may provide such evidence, the dynamics of metal concentrations during excitotoxic cell death has never been established. Hence, we measured time-resolved Zn, Cu and Fe concentrations during the course of excitotoxic cell death in the Lurcher (Lc/+) mutant mouse with neutron activation analysis. In the Lc/+ cerebellum, Fe and Zn but not Cu concentrations were substantially lower than in normal cerebellum before the onset of neurodegeneration; then the concentration of all three metals doubled during excitotoxic Purkinje cell (PC) death, before stabilizing at abnormally high levels at the end of cell death progression. The rise in metal concentrations followed the onset and progression of PC loss after a delay of almost a week. This temporal correlation between neurodegenerative progression and metal concentrations indicates that elevated metal concentrations are the consequence of metabolic overload and glial activation during excitotoxicity rather than the primary cause of PC death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Bäurle
- Department of Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.
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Bransfield RC, Wulfman JS, Harvey WT, Usman AI. The association between tick-borne infections, Lyme borreliosis and autism spectrum disorders. Med Hypotheses 2008; 70:967-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2007.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2007] [Accepted: 09/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Sajdel-Sulkowska EM, Nguon K, Sulkowski ZL, Lipinski B. Potential Role of Oxidative Stress in Mediating the Effect of Altered Gravity on the Developing Rat Cerebellum. ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE COMMITTEE ON SPACE RESEARCH (COSPAR) 2007; 40:1414-1420. [PMID: 18438448 PMCID: PMC2344128 DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2007.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported that perinatal exposure to hypergravity affects cerebellar structure and motor coordination in rat neonates. In the present study, we explored the hypothesis that exposure to hypergravity results in oxidative stress that may contribute to the decrease in Purkinje cell number and the impairment of motor coordination in hypergravity-exposed rat neonates. To test this hypothesis we compared cerebellar oxidative stress marker 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT; an index of oxidative protein modification) and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG; an index of oxidative DNA damage) between stationary control (SC) and rat neonates exposed to 1.65 G (HG) on a 24-ft centrifuge from gestational day (G) 8 to P21. The levels of 3-NT and 8-OH-dG were determined by specific ELISAs. We also compared the Purkinje cell number (stereorologically) and rotarod performance between the two groups. The levels of 3-NT were increased only in HG females on P6 and on P12 in the cerebellum, and only in HG females on P12 in the extracellabellar tissue. Limited cerebellar data suggests an increase in the levels of 8-OH-dG on P12 only in HG females. In extracerebellar tissue the increase in 8-OH-dG levels was observed in both HG males and HG females except on P6 when it was only observed in HG males. While preliminary, these data suggest that the effect of hypergravity on the developing brain is sex-dependent and may involve oxidative stress. Oxidative stress may, in turn, contribute to the decrease Purkinje cell number and impaired motor behavior observed in hypergravity-exposed rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Sajdel-Sulkowska
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kosal Nguon
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | - Boguslaw Lipinski
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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Tornieri K, Rehder V. Nitric oxide release from a single cell affects filopodial motility on growth cones of neighboring neurons. Dev Neurobiol 2007; 67:1932-43. [PMID: 17874460 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), a gaseous messenger, has been reported to be involved in a variety of functions in the nervous system, ranging from neuronal pathfinding to learning and memory. We have shown previously that the application of NO via NO donors to growth cones of identified Helisoma buccal neurons B5 in vitro induces an increase in filopodial length, a decrease in filopodial number, and a slowing in neurite advance. It is unclear, however, whether NO released from a physiological source would affect growth cone dynamics. Here we used cell bodies of identified neurons known to express the NO synthesizing enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS) as a source of constitutive NO production and tested their effect on growth cones of other cells in a sender-receiver paradigm. We showed that B5 cell bodies induced a rapid increase in filopodial length in NO-responsive growth cones, and that this effect was blocked by the NOS inhibitor 7-NI, suggesting that the effect was mediated by NO. Inhibition of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) with ODQ blocked filopodial elongation induced by B5 somata, confirming that NO acted via sGC. We also demonstrate that the effect of NO was reversible and that a cell releasing NO can affect growth cones over a distance of at least 100 microm. Our results suggest that NO released from a physiological source can affect the motility of nearby growth cones and thus should be considered a signaling molecule with the potential to affect the outcome of neuronal pathfinding in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Tornieri
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-4010, USA
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