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Nonato DTT, Aragão GF, Craveiro RMCB, Pereira MG, Vasconcelos SMM, Wong DVT, Júnior RCPL, Soares PMG, Lima MADS, Assreuy AMS, Chaves EMC. Polysaccharide-rich extract of Genipa americana leaves protects seizures and oxidative stress in the mice model of pentylenetetrazole-induced epilepsy. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 172:116212. [PMID: 38364734 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant polysaccharides have biological activities in the brain and those obtained from Genipa americana leaves present antioxidant and anticonvulsant effects in the mice model of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced acute seizures. This study aimed to evaluate the polysaccharide-rich extract of Genipa americana leaves (PRE-Ga) in the models of acute seizures and chronic epilepsy (kindling) induced by PTZ. In the acute seizure model, male Swiss mice (25-35 g) received PRE-Ga (1 or 9 mg/kg; intraperitoneal- IP), alone or associated with diazepam (0.01 mg/kg), 30 min before induction of seizures with PTZ (70 mg/kg; IP). In the chronic epilepsy model, seizures were induced by PTZ (40 mg/kg) 30 min after treatment and in alternated days up to 30 days and evaluated by video. Brain areas (prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, striatum) were assessed for inflammatory and oxidative stress markers. Diazepam associated to PRE-Ga (9 mg/kg; i.p.) increased the latency of seizures in acute (222.4 ± 47.57 vs. saline: 62.00 ± 4.709 s) and chronic models (6.267 ± 0.502 vs. saline: 4.067 ± 0.407 s). In hippocampus, PRE-Ga (9 mg/kg) inhibited TNF-α (105.9 ± 5.38 vs. PTZ: 133.5 ± 7.62 pmol/g) and malondialdehyde (MDA) (473.6 ± 60.51) in the chronic model. PTZ increased glial fibrillar acid proteins (GFAP) and Iba-1 in hippocampus, which was reversed by PRE-Ga (GFAP: 1.9 ± 0.23 vs PTZ: 3.1 ± 1.3 and Iba-1: 2.2 ± 0.8 vs PTZ: 3.2 ± 1.4). PRE-Ga presents neuroprotector effect in the mice model of epilepsy induced by pentylenetetrazole reducing seizures, gliosis, inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gislei Frota Aragão
- Superior Institute of Biomedical Sciences, State University of Ceará, 60714-903 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Gonçalves Pereira
- Superior Institute of Biomedical Sciences, State University of Ceará, 60714-903 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Deysi Viviana Tenazoa Wong
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, 60455-760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Marcos Gomes Soares
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, 60455-760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Maria Sampaio Assreuy
- Superior Institute of Biomedical Sciences, State University of Ceará, 60714-903 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Edna Maria Camelo Chaves
- Superior Institute of Biomedical Sciences, State University of Ceará, 60714-903 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
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Bergamini G, Sacchi S, Ferri A, Franchi N, Montanari M, Ahmad M, Losi C, Nasi M, Cocchi M, Malagoli D. Clodronate Liposome-Mediated Phagocytic Hemocyte Depletion Affects the Regeneration of the Cephalic Tentacle of the Invasive Snail, Pomacea canaliculata. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:992. [PMID: 37508422 PMCID: PMC10376890 DOI: 10.3390/biology12070992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
After amputation, granular hemocytes infiltrate the blastema of regenerating cephalic tentacles of the freshwater snail Pomacea canaliculata. Here, the circulating phagocytic hemocytes were chemically depleted by injecting the snails with clodronate liposomes, and the effects on the cephalic tentacle regeneration onset and on Pc-Hemocyanin, Pc-transglutaminase (Pc-TG) and Pc-Allograft Inflammatory Factor-1 (Pc-AIF-1) gene expressions were investigated. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that clodronate liposomes targeted large circulating hemocytes, resulting in a transient decrease in their number. Corresponding with the phagocyte depletion, tentacle regeneration onset was halted, and it resumed at the expected pace when clodronate liposome effects were no longer visible. In addition to the regeneration progress, the expressions of Pc-Hemocyanin, Pc-TG, and Pc-AIF-1, which are markers of hemocyte-mediated functions like oxygen transport and immunity, clotting, and inflammation, were modified. After the injection of clodronate liposomes, a specific computer-assisted image analysis protocol still evidenced the presence of granular hemocytes in the tentacle blastema. This is consistent with reports indicating the large and agranular hemocyte population as the most represented among the professional phagocytes of P. canaliculata and with the hypothesis that different hemocyte morphologies could exert diverse biological functions, as it has been observed in other invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Bergamini
- Department Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Zoological Station "Anton Dohrn", 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Sandro Sacchi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Anita Ferri
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Nicola Franchi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Monica Montanari
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Mohamad Ahmad
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- LASIRE, Université de Lille, Cité Scientifique, 59650 Villeneuve-d'Ascq, France
| | - Chiara Losi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Milena Nasi
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Marina Cocchi
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Davide Malagoli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133 Palermo, Italy
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Lucchi C, Codeluppi A, Filaferro M, Vitale G, Rustichelli C, Avallone R, Mandrioli J, Biagini G. Human Microglia Synthesize Neurosteroids to Cope with Rotenone-Induced Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040963. [PMID: 37107338 PMCID: PMC10135967 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We obtained evidence that mouse BV2 microglia synthesize neurosteroids dynamically to modify neurosteroid levels in response to oxidative damage caused by rotenone. Here, we evaluated whether neurosteroids could be produced and altered in response to rotenone by the human microglial clone 3 (HMC3) cell line. To this aim, HMC3 cultures were exposed to rotenone (100 nM) and neurosteroids were measured in the culture medium by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Microglia reactivity was evaluated by measuring interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels, whereas cell viability was monitored by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. After 24 h (h), rotenone increased IL-6 and reactive oxygen species levels by approximately +37% over the baseline, without affecting cell viability; however, microglia viability was significantly reduced at 48 h (p < 0.01). These changes were accompanied by the downregulation of several neurosteroids, including pregnenolone, pregnenolone sulfate, 5α-dihydroprogesterone, and pregnanolone, except for allopregnanolone, which instead was remarkably increased (p < 0.05). Interestingly, treatment with exogenous allopregnanolone (1 nM) efficiently prevented the reduction in HMC3 cell viability. In conclusion, this is the first evidence that human microglia can produce allopregnanolone and that this neurosteroid is increasingly released in response to oxidative stress, to tentatively support the microglia's survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Lucchi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Codeluppi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Monica Filaferro
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Giovanni Vitale
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Cecilia Rustichelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Rossella Avallone
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Jessica Mandrioli
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Ospedale Civile di Baggiovara, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Biagini
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
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Parisi MG, Baranzini N, Dara M, La Corte C, Vizioli J, Cammarata M. AIF-1 and RNASET2 are involved in the inflammatory response in the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis following Vibrio infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:109-118. [PMID: 35697269 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Filter-feeding bivalves, such as the Mytilus species, are exposed to different types of bacteria in the surrounding waters, in particular of the Vibrio genus. Mussels lack an adaptive immune system and hemocytes can recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to activate intracellular signaling pathways to trigger the antimicrobial effectors synthesis. Among the areas of bivalve immunity that deserve study include the role of hemocyte subpopulations. Since little information are available on immune responses at the tissue level to human pathogenic vibrios commonly detected in coastal waters involved in seafood-borne diseases, in this work, immunological parameters of the hemocytes from the Mediterranean mussel M. galloprovincialis were evaluated in response to in vivo challenge with Vibrio splendidus. The histological approach has been first used in order to identify the hemocytes recruitment at the infection site and the morphological change of muscular fibers. In addition, using immunolabeling with specific antibody we detected the production of molecules involved in the inflammatory activated cascade: Toll-like receptors 4 (TLR4), the myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), the Allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF-1) and the ribonucleases RNASET2, belonging to the T2 family, that in vertebrates are involved in the recruitment and activation of macrophages. Our results indicate the activation of TLR4 during bacterial infection preparatory to the recruitment of the MyD88 adapter with a putative role in recognition and intracellular signalling. Furthermore, the data presented in this work suggest that challenging with Gram-negative bacteria causes a massive migration of AIF-1+ hemocytes and that the ribonuclease RNASET2 could play a key role in the recruitment of these activated hemocytes. Our approach is useful for further understanding the complex molecular defence mechanisms of the host in invertebrates, especially in relation to the need to develop methods to evaluate the immunological response of bivalve molluscs used in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Parisi
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
| | - N Baranzini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - M Dara
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - C La Corte
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - J Vizioli
- Inserm, Université de.Lille, Inserm, U1192-Protéomique Réponse Inflammatoire Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - M Cammarata
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Rivastigmine Reverses the Decrease in Synapsin and Memory Caused by Homocysteine: Is There Relation to Inflammation? Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:4517-4534. [PMID: 35578101 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02871-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Elevated levels of homocysteine (Hcy) in the blood, called hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), is a prevalent risk factor for it has been shown that Hcy induces oxidative stress and increases microglial activation and neuroinflammation, as well as causes cognitive impairment, which have been linked to the neurodegenerative process. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of mild hyperhomocysteinemia with or without ibuprofen and rivastigmine treatments on the behavior and neurochemical parameters in male rats. The chronic mild HHcy model was chemically induced in Wistar rats by subcutaneous administration of Hcy (4055 mg/kg body weight) twice daily for 30 days. Ibuprofen (40 mg/kg) and rivastigmine (0.5 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally once daily. Motor damage (open field, balance beam, rotarod, and vertical pole test), cognitive deficits (Y-maze), neurochemical parameters (oxidative status/antioxidant enzymatic defenses, presynaptic protein synapsin 1, inflammatory profile parameters, calcium binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1), iNOS gene expression), and cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway were investigated. Results showed that mild HHcy caused cognitive deficits in working memory, and impaired motor coordination reduced the amount of synapsin 1 protein, altered the neuroinflammatory picture, and caused changes in the activity of catalase and acetylcholinesterase enzymes. Both rivastigmine and ibuprofen treatments were able to mitigate this damage caused by mild HHcy. Together, these neurochemical changes may be associated with the mechanisms by which Hcy has been linked to a risk factor for AD. Treatments with rivastigmine and ibuprofen can effectively reduce the damage caused by increased Hcy levels.
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Dervan A, Franchi A, Almeida-Gonzalez FR, Dowling JK, Kwakyi OB, McCoy CE, O’Brien FJ, Hibbitts A. Biomaterial and Therapeutic Approaches for the Manipulation of Macrophage Phenotype in Peripheral and Central Nerve Repair. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:2161. [PMID: 34959446 PMCID: PMC8706646 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury to the peripheral or central nervous systems often results in extensive loss of motor and sensory function that can greatly diminish quality of life. In both cases, macrophage infiltration into the injury site plays an integral role in the host tissue inflammatory response. In particular, the temporally related transition of macrophage phenotype between the M1/M2 inflammatory/repair states is critical for successful tissue repair. In recent years, biomaterial implants have emerged as a novel approach to bridge lesion sites and provide a growth-inductive environment for regenerating axons. This has more recently seen these two areas of research increasingly intersecting in the creation of 'immune-modulatory' biomaterials. These synthetic or naturally derived materials are fabricated to drive macrophages towards a pro-repair phenotype. This review considers the macrophage-mediated inflammatory events that occur following nervous tissue injury and outlines the latest developments in biomaterial-based strategies to influence macrophage phenotype and enhance repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Dervan
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (A.D.); (A.F.); (F.R.A.-G.); (F.J.O.)
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Antonio Franchi
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (A.D.); (A.F.); (F.R.A.-G.); (F.J.O.)
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Francisco R. Almeida-Gonzalez
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (A.D.); (A.F.); (F.R.A.-G.); (F.J.O.)
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jennifer K. Dowling
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (J.K.D.); (O.B.K.); (C.E.M.)
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ohemaa B. Kwakyi
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (J.K.D.); (O.B.K.); (C.E.M.)
- School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Claire E. McCoy
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (J.K.D.); (O.B.K.); (C.E.M.)
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fergal J. O’Brien
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (A.D.); (A.F.); (F.R.A.-G.); (F.J.O.)
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alan Hibbitts
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (A.D.); (A.F.); (F.R.A.-G.); (F.J.O.)
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
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Sharma K, Bisht K, Eyo UB. A Comparative Biology of Microglia Across Species. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:652748. [PMID: 33869210 PMCID: PMC8047420 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.652748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are unique brain-resident, myeloid cells. They have received growing interest for their implication in an increasing number of neurodevelopmental, acute injury, and neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). Fate-mapping studies establish microglial ontogeny from the periphery during development, while recent transcriptomic studies highlight microglial identity as distinct from other CNS cells and peripheral myeloid cells. This evidence for a unique microglial ontogeny and identity raises questions regarding their identity and functions across species. This review will examine the available evidence for microglia in invertebrate and vertebrate species to clarify similarities and differences in microglial identity, ontogeny, and physiology across species. This discussion highlights conserved and divergent microglial properties through evolution. Finally, we suggest several interesting research directions from an evolutionary perspective to adequately understand the significance of microglia emergence. A proper appreciation of microglia from this perspective could inform the development of specific therapies geared at targeting microglia in various pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Sharma
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Kanchan Bisht
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Ukpong B Eyo
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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Allograft Inflammatory Factor-1 in Metazoans: Focus on Invertebrates. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9110355. [PMID: 33114451 PMCID: PMC7692721 DOI: 10.3390/biology9110355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary During their life, all living organisms defend themselves from pathogens using complex strategies. Vertebrates and invertebrates share mechanisms and molecules that guarantee their overall bodily integrity. Allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF-1) is a protein extensively studied in vertebrates, and especially in mammals. This factor, generally involved in inflammation events occurring upon pathogenic infection or tissue injury, is linked to several important human diseases. This review collects data on the presence and role of AIF-1 in invertebrates, which are still poorly investigated organisms. Multiple alignment and phylogenetic analysis reveal that AIF-1 is conserved in vertebrates and invertebrates, suggesting similarity of functions. In some invertebrate species, the expression of AIF-1 increases considerably after a bacterial challenge, indicating that it plays a key role during the immune responses. This review highlights the importance of studying this protein in invertebrates as a way to improve our knowledge of innate immunity mechanisms and to better understand inflammatory regulation events in mammals. Abstract Allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF-1) is a calcium-binding scaffold/adaptor protein often associated with inflammatory diseases. Originally cloned from active macrophages in humans and rats, this gene has also been identified in other vertebrates and in several invertebrate species. Among metazoans, AIF-1 protein sequences remain relatively highly conserved. Generally, the highest expression levels of AIF-1 are observed in immunocytes, suggesting that it plays a key role in immunity. In mammals, the expression of AIF-1 has been reported in different cell types such as activated macrophages, microglial cells, and dendritic cells. Its main immunomodulatory role during the inflammatory response has been highlighted. Among invertebrates, AIF-1 is involved in innate immunity, being in many cases upregulated in response to biotic and physical challenges. AIF-1 transcripts result ubiquitously expressed in all examined tissues from invertebrates, suggesting its participation in a variety of biological processes, but its role remains largely unknown. This review aims to present current knowledge on the role and modulation of AIF-1 and to highlight its function along the evolutionary scale.
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Chiaramonte M, Arizza V, La Rosa S, Queiroz V, Mauro M, Vazzana M, Inguglia L. Allograft Inflammatory Factor AIF-1: early immune response in the Mediterranean sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. ZOOLOGY 2020; 142:125815. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2020.125815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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10
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Gou H, Sun D, Hao L, An M, Xie B, Cong B, Ma C, Wen D. Cholecystokinin-8 attenuates methamphetamine-induced inflammatory activation of microglial cells through CCK2 receptor. Neurotoxicology 2020; 81:70-79. [PMID: 32916201 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) exposure reportedly promotes microglial activation and pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion. Sustained inflammation in abusers of psychostimulant drugs further induces neural damage. Cholecystokinin-8 (CCK-8) is a gut-brain peptide which exerts a wide range of biological activities in the gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system. We previously found that pre-treatment with CCK-8 inhibited behavioural and histologic changes typically induced by repeated exposure to METH. Here, we aimed to estimate the effects of CCK-8 on METH-induced neuro-inflammation, which is markedly characterized by microglia activation and increased pro-inflammatory cytokines production in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, we assessed the subtypes of the CCK receptor mediating the regulatory effects of CCK-8, and the changes in the NF-κB signalling pathway. We found that CCK-8 inhibited METH-induced microglial activation and IL-6 and TNF-α generation in vivo and in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, co-treatment of CCK-8 with METH significantly attenuated the activation of the NF-κB signalling pathway by activating the CCK2 receptor subtype in N9 cells. In conclusion, our findings indicated the inhibitory effect of CCK-8 on METH-induced neuro-inflammation in vivo and in vitro, and suggested the underlying mechanism may involve the activation of the CCK2 receptor, which downregulated the NF-κB signalling pathway induced by METH stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Gou
- Gastrointestinal cancer biology & therapeutics laboratory, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, PR China; Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Donglei Sun
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China; Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215 Heping West Road, Xinhua District, Shijiazhuang 050035, PR China
| | - Lijing Hao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China; Department of Anesthesiology, The third hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shi Jiazhuang, 050051, PR China
| | - Meiling An
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Bing Xie
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China; Department of Anesthesiology, The third hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shi Jiazhuang, 050051, PR China
| | - Bin Cong
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Chunling Ma
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China.
| | - Di Wen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China.
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Kim JS, Kirkland RA, Lee SH, Cawthon CR, Rzepka KW, Minaya DM, de Lartigue G, Czaja K, de La Serre CB. Gut microbiota composition modulates inflammation and structure of the vagal afferent pathway. Physiol Behav 2020; 225:113082. [PMID: 32682966 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Vagal afferent neurons (VAN), located in the nodose ganglion (NG) innervate the gut and terminate in the nucleus of solitary tract (NTS) in the brainstem. They are the primary sensory neurons integrating gut-derived signals to regulate meal size. Chronic high-fat diet (HFD) consumption impairs vagally mediated satiety, resulting in overfeeding. There is evidence that HFD consumption leads to alterations in both vagal nerve function and structural integrity. HFD also leads to marked gut microbiota dysbiosis; in rodent models, dysbiosis is sufficient to induce weight gain. In this study, we investigated the effect of microbiota dysbiosis on gut-brain vagal innervation independently of diet. To do so, we recolonized microbiota-depleted rats with gastrointestinal (GI) contents isolated from donor animals fed either a HFD (45 or 60% fat) or a low fat diet (LFD, 13% fat). We used two different depletion models while maintaining the animals on LFD: 1) conventionally raised Fischer and Wistar rats that underwent a depletion paradigm using an antibiotic cocktail and 2) germ free (GF) raised Fischer rats. Following recolonization, receiver animals were designated as ConvLF and ConvHF. Fecal samples were collected throughout these studies and analyzed via 16S Illumina sequencing. In both models, bacteria that were identified as characteristic of HFD were successfully transferred to recipient animals. Three weeks post-colonization, ConvHF rats showed significant increases in ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule-1 (Iba1) positive immune cells in the NG compared to ConvLF animals. Additionally, using isolectin B4 (IB4) staining to identify c-fibers, we found that, compared to ConvLF animals, ConvHF rats displayed decreased innervation at the level of the medial NTS; c-fibers at this level are believed to be primarily of vagal origin. This alteration in vagal structure was associated with a loss in satiety induced by the gut peptide cholecystokinin (CCK). Increased presence of immunocompetent Iba1+ cells along the gut-brain axis and alterations in NTS innervation were still evident in ConvHF rats compared to ConvLF animals 12 weeks post-colonization and were associated with increases in food intake and body weight (BW). We conclude from these data that microbiota dysbiosis can alter gut-brain vagal innervation, potentially via recruitment and/or activation of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Kim
- Dept. of Foods and Nutrition, USA
| | | | - S H Lee
- Dept. of Foods and Nutrition, USA
| | | | - K W Rzepka
- Dept. of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - D M Minaya
- Dept. of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - G de Lartigue
- Dept. of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - K Czaja
- Dept. of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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12
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Geirsdottir L, David E, Keren-Shaul H, Weiner A, Bohlen SC, Neuber J, Balic A, Giladi A, Sheban F, Dutertre CA, Pfeifle C, Peri F, Raffo-Romero A, Vizioli J, Matiasek K, Scheiwe C, Meckel S, Mätz-Rensing K, van der Meer F, Thormodsson FR, Stadelmann C, Zilkha N, Kimchi T, Ginhoux F, Ulitsky I, Erny D, Amit I, Prinz M. Cross-Species Single-Cell Analysis Reveals Divergence of the Primate Microglia Program. Cell 2020; 179:1609-1622.e16. [PMID: 31835035 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Microglia, the brain-resident immune cells, are critically involved in many physiological and pathological brain processes, including neurodegeneration. Here we characterize microglia morphology and transcriptional programs across ten species spanning more than 450 million years of evolution. We find that microglia express a conserved core gene program of orthologous genes from rodents to humans, including ligands and receptors associated with interactions between glia and neurons. In most species, microglia show a single dominant transcriptional state, whereas human microglia display significant heterogeneity. In addition, we observed notable differences in several gene modules of rodents compared with primate microglia, including complement, phagocytic, and susceptibility genes to neurodegeneration, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Our study provides an essential resource of conserved and divergent microglia pathways across evolution, with important implications for future development of microglia-based therapies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laufey Geirsdottir
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eyal David
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Hadas Keren-Shaul
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Life Science Core Facility-Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine (G-INCPM), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Assaf Weiner
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Jana Neuber
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Adam Balic
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Amir Giladi
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Fadi Sheban
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Charles-Antoine Dutertre
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore; Program in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christine Pfeifle
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Ploen, Germany
| | - Francesca Peri
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Antonella Raffo-Romero
- Universite Lille, Inserm, U-1192-Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, Lille, France
| | - Jacopo Vizioli
- Universite Lille, Inserm, U-1192-Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, Lille, France
| | - Kaspar Matiasek
- Section of Clinical & Comparative Neuropathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Scheiwe
- Clinic for Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Meckel
- Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Mätz-Rensing
- German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Christine Stadelmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Noga Zilkha
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tali Kimchi
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore; Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Translational Immunology Institute, Singhealth/Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, the Academia, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Igor Ulitsky
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Daniel Erny
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Berta-Ottenstein-Programme, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Ido Amit
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Signaling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Center for NeuroModulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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13
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Brief Electrical Stimulation Triggers an Effective Regeneration of Leech CNS. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0030-19.2020. [PMID: 32471846 PMCID: PMC7317182 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0030-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for therapeutic strategies to promote neuronal regeneration following injuries toward functional recovery is of great importance. Brief low-frequency electrical stimulation (ES) has been reported as a useful method to improve neuronal regeneration in different animal models; however, the effect of ES on single neuron behavior has not been shown. Here, we study the effect of brief ES on neuronal regeneration of the CNS of adult medicinal leeches. Studying the regeneration of selected sets of identified neurons allow us to quantify the ES effect per cell type at the single-cell level. Chains of the CNS that were subjected to cut injury were observed for 3 d, and the spontaneous regeneration was compared with the electrically stimulated injured chains. We show that the ES improves the efficiency of regeneration of Retzius cells, as larger masses of the total branching tree traverse the injury site with better directed growth with no effect on the average branching tree length. No antero-posterior polarity was found along regeneration within the leech CNS. Moreover, the microglial cell distribution was examined revealing more microglial cells in proximity to the stimulation site compared with non-stimulated. Our results lay a foundation for future ES-based neuroregenerative therapies.
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14
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Baranzini N, De Vito A, Orlandi VT, Reguzzoni M, Monti L, de Eguileor M, Rosini E, Pollegioni L, Tettamanti G, Acquati F, Grimaldi A. Antimicrobial Role of RNASET2 Protein During Innate Immune Response in the Medicinal Leech Hirudo verbana. Front Immunol 2020; 11:370. [PMID: 32210967 PMCID: PMC7068815 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response represents a first-line defense against pathogen infection that has been widely conserved throughout evolution. Using the invertebrate Hirudo verbana (Annelida, Hirudinea) as an experimental model, we show here that the RNASET2 ribonuclease is directly involved in the immune response against Gram-positive bacteria. Injection of lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a key component of Gram-positive bacteria cell wall, into the leech body wall induced a massive migration of granulocytes and macrophages expressing TLR2 (the key receptor involved in the response to Gram-positive bacteria) toward the challenged/inoculated area. We hypothesized that the endogenous leech RNASET2 protein (HvRNASET2) might be involved in the antimicrobial response, as already described for other vertebrate ribonucleases, such as RNase3 and RNase7. In support of our hypothesis, HvRNASET2 was mainly localized in the granules of granulocytes, and its release in the extracellular matrix triggered the recruitment of macrophages toward the area stimulated with LTA. The activity of HvRNASET2 was also evaluated on Staphylococcus aureus living cells by means of light, transmission, and scanning electron microscopy analysis. HvRNASET2 injection triggered the formation of S. aureus clumps following a direct interaction with the bacterial cell wall, as demonstrated by immunogold assay. Taken together, our data support the notion that, during the early phase of leech immune response, granulocyte-released HvRNASET2 triggers bacterial clumps formation and, at the same time, actively recruits phagocytic macrophages in order to elicit a rapid and effective eradication of the infecting microorganisms from inoculated area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Baranzini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Annarosaria De Vito
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | | | - Marcella Reguzzoni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Laura Monti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Magda de Eguileor
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Elena Rosini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Loredano Pollegioni
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Gianluca Tettamanti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Francesco Acquati
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Annalisa Grimaldi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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15
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Kumar M, Sandhir R. Hydrogen sulfide suppresses homocysteine-induced glial activation and inflammatory response. Nitric Oxide 2019; 90:15-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Pomierny B, Krzyżanowska W, Broniowska Ż, Strach B, Bystrowska B, Starek-Świechowicz B, Maciejska A, Skórkowska A, Wesołowska J, Walczak M, Budziszewska B. Benzophenone-3 Passes Through the Blood-Brain Barrier, Increases the Level of Extracellular Glutamate, and Induces Apoptotic Processes in the Hippocampus and Frontal Cortex of Rats. Toxicol Sci 2019; 171:485-500. [PMID: 31368502 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Benzophenone-3 is the most commonly used UV filter. It is well absorbed through the skin and gastrointestinal tract. Its best-known side effect is the impact on the function of sex hormones. Little is known about the influence of BP-3 on the brain. The aim of this study was to show whether BP-3 crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB), to determine whether it induces nerve cell damage in susceptible brain structures, and to identify the mechanism of its action in the central nervous system. BP-3 was administered dermally during the prenatal period and adulthood to rats. BP-3 effect on short-term and spatial memory was determined by novel object and novel location recognition tests. BP-3 concentrations were assayed in the brain and peripheral tissues. In brain structures, selected markers of brain damage were measured. The study showed that BP-3 is absorbed through the rat skin, passes through the BBB. BP-3 raised oxidative stress and induced apoptosis in the brain. BP-3 increased the concentration of extracellular glutamate in examined brain structures and changed the expression of glutamate transporters. BP-3 had no effect on short-term memory but impaired spatial memory. The present study showed that dermal BP-3 exposure may cause damage to neurons what might be associated with the increase in the level of extracellular glutamate, most likely evoked by changes in the expression of GLT-1 and xCT glutamate transporters. Thus, exposure to BP-3 may be one of the causes that increase the risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Beata Bystrowska
- Department of Toxicology, Chair of Toxicology, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | | | | | | | - Julita Wesołowska
- Laboratory for In vivo and In Vitro Imaging, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Maria Walczak
- Department of Toxicology, Chair of Toxicology, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
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17
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Raffo-Romero A, Arab T, Van Camp C, Lemaire Q, Wisztorski M, Franck J, Aboulouard S, Le Marrec-Croq F, Sautiere PE, Vizioli J, Salzet M, Lefebvre C. ALK4/5-dependent TGF-β signaling contributes to the crosstalk between neurons and microglia following axonal lesion. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6896. [PMID: 31053759 PMCID: PMC6499822 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43328-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal activity is closely influenced by glia, especially microglia which are the resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia in medicinal leech are the only cells able to migrate to the injury site within the 24 hours post-lesion. The microglia-neuron interactions constitute an important mechanism as there is neither astrocyte nor oligodendrocyte in the leech CNS. Given that axonal sprouting is impaired when microglia recruitment is inhibited, the crosstalk between microglia and neurons plays a crucial role in neuroprotection. The present results show that neurons and microglia both use ALK4/5 (a type of TGF-β receptor) signaling in order to maintain mutual exchanges in an adult brain following an axonal injury. Indeed, a TGF-β family member (nGDF) is immediately released by injured axons contributing to the early recruitment of ALK4/5+ microglia to the lesion site. Surprisingly, within the following hours, nGDF from microglia activates ALK4/5+ neurons to maintain a later microglia accumulation in lesion. Taken together, the results demonstrate that ALK4/5 signaling is essential throughout the response to the lesion in the leech CNS and gives a new insight in the understanding of this pathway. This latter is an important signal contributing to a correct sequential mobilization over time of microglia recruitment leading to axon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Raffo-Romero
- University Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
- EURON - European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tanina Arab
- University Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
- EURON - European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Christelle Van Camp
- University Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
- EURON - European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Quentin Lemaire
- University Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
- EURON - European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Maxence Wisztorski
- University Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
- EURON - European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Julien Franck
- University Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
- EURON - European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Soulaimane Aboulouard
- University Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
- EURON - European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Francoise Le Marrec-Croq
- University Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
- EURON - European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Pierre-Eric Sautiere
- University Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
- EURON - European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jacopo Vizioli
- University Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
- EURON - European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Salzet
- University Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
- EURON - European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Christophe Lefebvre
- University Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France.
- EURON - European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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18
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Arab T, Raffo-Romero A, Van Camp C, Lemaire Q, Le Marrec-Croq F, Drago F, Aboulouard S, Slomianny C, Lacoste AS, Guigon I, Touzet H, Salzet M, Fournier I, Lefebvre C, Vizioli J, Sautière PE. Proteomic characterisation of leech microglia extracellular vesicles (EVs): comparison between differential ultracentrifugation and Optiprep™ density gradient isolation. J Extracell Vesicles 2019; 8:1603048. [PMID: 31069026 PMCID: PMC6493217 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2019.1603048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In Mammals, microglial cells are considered as the resident immune cells in central nervous system (CNS). Many studies demonstrated that, after injury, these cells are activated and recruited at the lesion site. Leech microglia present a similar pattern of microglial activation and migration upon experimental lesion of CNS. This activation is associated with the release of a large amount of extracellular vesicles (EVs). We collected EVs released by microglia primary culture and compared two different protocols of isolation: one with differential ultracentrifugation (UC) and one using an additional Optiprep™ Density Gradient (ODG) ultracentrifugation. Nanoparticles tracking analysis (NTA) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to assess vesicles size and morphology. The protein content of isolated EVs was assessed by mass spectrometry approaches. Results showed the presence of EV-specific proteins in both procedures. The extensive proteomic analysis of each single ODG fractions confirmed the efficiency of this protocol in limiting the presence of co-isolated proteins aggregates and other membranous particles during vesicles isolation. The present study permitted for the first time the characterisation of microglial EV protein content in an annelid model. Interestingly, an important amount of proteins found in leech vesicles was previously described in EV-specific databases. Finally, purified EVs were assessed for neurotrophic activity and promote neurites outgrowth on primary cultured neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Arab
- U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse – PRISM, Univ. Lille, Inserm, Lille, France
| | - A Raffo-Romero
- U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse – PRISM, Univ. Lille, Inserm, Lille, France
| | - C Van Camp
- U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse – PRISM, Univ. Lille, Inserm, Lille, France
| | - Q Lemaire
- U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse – PRISM, Univ. Lille, Inserm, Lille, France
| | - F Le Marrec-Croq
- U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse – PRISM, Univ. Lille, Inserm, Lille, France
| | - F Drago
- U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse – PRISM, Univ. Lille, Inserm, Lille, France
| | - S Aboulouard
- U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse – PRISM, Univ. Lille, Inserm, Lille, France
| | - C Slomianny
- Inserm U1003, PHYCEL Laboratory, Physiologie Cellulaire, Univ Lille, Lille, France
- Bio Imaging Center Lille, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - A-S Lacoste
- Bio Imaging Center Lille, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - I Guigon
- CNRS, Centrale Lille, UMR 9189 - CRIStAL - Centre de Recherche en Informatique Signal et Automatique de Lille, Bilille and Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - H Touzet
- CNRS, Centrale Lille, Inria, UMR 9189 - CRIStAL - Centre de Recherche en Informatique Signal et Automatique de Lille, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - M Salzet
- U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse – PRISM, Univ. Lille, Inserm, Lille, France
| | - I Fournier
- U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse – PRISM, Univ. Lille, Inserm, Lille, France
| | - C Lefebvre
- U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse – PRISM, Univ. Lille, Inserm, Lille, France
| | - J Vizioli
- U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse – PRISM, Univ. Lille, Inserm, Lille, France
| | - P-E Sautière
- U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse – PRISM, Univ. Lille, Inserm, Lille, France
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19
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The medicinal leech as a valuable model for better understanding the role of a TLR4-like receptor in the inflammatory process. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 377:245-257. [PMID: 30919048 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03010-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite extensive investigation focused on both the molecular characteristics and the expression level of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) during the inflammatory response in vertebrates, few data are available in the literature on the role of these proteins in invertebrate's immune response. Here, we propose the medicinal leech as a valuable model to better elucidate the role of TLR4 and its related products, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), after activation of the leech peripheral immune system with the endogenous medicinal leech recombinant allograft inflammatory factor-1 (rHmAIF-1) or with an exogenous stimulus, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Our results indicate that activated macrophages (HmAIF-1+) and granulocytes (CD11b+) express both TLR4 and its coreceptor CD14. Moreover, functional studies performed by injecting a cyanobacterium selective TLR4 antagonist CyP demonstrated that only the TLR4 pathway was blocked, while the immune response caused by lipoteichoic acid (LTA) treatment is not affected. These results are consistent with literature on vertebrates, indicating that TLR4 functions as a LPS receptor while the recognition of LTA may involve other pathways.
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20
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Raffo-Romero A, Arab T, Al-Amri IS, Le Marrec-Croq F, Van Camp C, Lemaire Q, Salzet M, Vizioli J, Sautiere PE, Lefebvre C. Medicinal Leech CNS as a Model for Exosome Studies in the Crosstalk between Microglia and Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19124124. [PMID: 30572617 PMCID: PMC6321190 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19124124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In healthy or pathological brains, the neuroinflammatory state is supported by a strong communication involving microglia and neurons. Recent studies indicate that extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles, play a key role in the physiological interactions between cells allowing central nervous system (CNS) development and/or integrity. The present report used medicinal leech CNS to investigate microglia/neuron crosstalk from ex vivo approaches as well as primary cultures. The results demonstrated a large production of exosomes from microglia. Their incubation to primary neuronal cultures showed a strong interaction with neurites. In addition, neurite outgrowth assays demonstrated microglia exosomes to exhibit significant neurotrophic activities using at least a Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF-β) family member, called nGDF (nervous Growth/Differentiation Factor). Of interest, the results also showed an EV-mediated dialog between leech microglia and rat cells highlighting this communication to be more a matter of molecules than of species. Taken together, the present report brings a new insight into the microglia/neuron crosstalk in CNS and would help deciphering the molecular evolution of such a cell communication in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Raffo-Romero
- U1192-Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Univ. Lille, INSERM, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Tanina Arab
- U1192-Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Univ. Lille, INSERM, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Issa S Al-Amri
- DARIS Centre for Scientific Research and Technology Development, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al-Mouz, PC 616 Nizwa, Oman.
| | - Francoise Le Marrec-Croq
- U1192-Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Univ. Lille, INSERM, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Christelle Van Camp
- U1192-Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Univ. Lille, INSERM, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Quentin Lemaire
- U1192-Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Univ. Lille, INSERM, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Michel Salzet
- U1192-Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Univ. Lille, INSERM, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Jacopo Vizioli
- U1192-Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Univ. Lille, INSERM, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Pierre-Eric Sautiere
- U1192-Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Univ. Lille, INSERM, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Christophe Lefebvre
- U1192-Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Univ. Lille, INSERM, F-59000 Lille, France.
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21
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Baranzini N, Monti L, Vanotti M, Orlandi VT, Bolognese F, Scaldaferri D, Girardello R, Tettamanti G, de Eguileor M, Vizioli J, Taramelli R, Acquati F, Grimaldi A. AIF-1 and RNASET2 Play Complementary Roles in the Innate Immune Response of Medicinal Leech. J Innate Immun 2018; 11:150-167. [PMID: 30368505 DOI: 10.1159/000493804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrated that allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF-1) and RNASET2 act as chemoattractants for macrophages and modulate the inflammatory processes in both vertebrates and invertebrates. The expression of these proteins significantly increases after bacterial infection; however, the mechanisms by which they regulate the innate immune response are still poorly defined. Here, we evaluate the effect of bacterial lipopolysaccharide injection on the expression pattern of these genes and the interrelation between them during innate immune response in the medicinal leech, an invertebrate model with a simple anatomy and a marked similarity with vertebrates in inflammatory processes. Collectively, prokaryotic-eukaryotic co-cultures and in vivo infection assays suggest that RNASET2 and AIF-1 play a crucial role in orchestrating a functional cross-talk between granulocytes and macrophages in leeches, resulting in the activation of an effective response against pathogen infection. RNASET2, firstly released by granulocytes, likely plays an early antibacterial role. Subsequently, AIF-1+ RNASET2-recruited macrophages further recruit other macrophages to potentiate the antibacterial inflammatory response. These experimental data are in keeping with the notion of RNA-SET2 acting as an alarmin-like molecule whose role is to locally transmit a "danger" signal (such as a bacterial infection) to the innate immune system in order to trigger an appropriate host response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Baranzini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Laura Monti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Marta Vanotti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Viviana T Orlandi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Bolognese
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Debora Scaldaferri
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Rossana Girardello
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Gianluca Tettamanti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Magda de Eguileor
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Jacopo Vizioli
- Protéomique Réponse Inflammatoire Spectrométrie de Masse - PRISM, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Roberto Taramelli
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Francesco Acquati
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Annalisa Grimaldi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese,
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22
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Donovan KM, Leidinger MR, McQuillen LP, Goeken JA, Hogan CM, Harwani SC, Flaherty HA, Meyerholz DK. Allograft Inflammatory Factor 1 as an Immunohistochemical Marker for Macrophages in Multiple Tissues and Laboratory Animal Species. Comp Med 2018; 68:341-348. [PMID: 30227902 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-18-000017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Allograft inflammatory factor 1 (AIF1) is a commonly used marker for microglia in the brains of humans and some animal models but has had limited applications elsewhere. We sought to determine whether AIF1 can be used as a macrophage marker across common laboratory animal species and tissues. We studied tissues (that is, spleen, liver, and lung) with defined macrophage populations by using an AIF1 immunostaining technique previously validated in human tissue. Tissues were collected from various mouse strains (n = 20), rat strains (n = 15), pigs (n = 4), ferrets (n = 4), and humans (n = 4, lung only). All samples of liver had scattered immunostaining in interstitial cells, consistent with resident tissue macrophages (Kupffer cells). Spleen samples had cellular immunostaining of macrophages in both the red and white pulp compartments, but the red pulp had more immunostained cellular aggregates and, in some species, increased immunostaining intensity compared with white pulp. In lung, alveolar macrophages had weak to moderate staining, whereas interstitial and perivascular macrophages demonstrated moderate to robust staining. Incidental lesions and tissue changes were detected in some sections, including a tumor, inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue, and inflammatory lesions that demonstrated AIF1 immunostaining of macrophages. Finally, we compared AIF1 immunostaining of alveolar macrophages between a hypertensive rat model (SHR strain) and a normotensive model (WKY strain). SHR lungs had altered intensity and distribution of immunostaining in activated macrophages compared with macrophages of WKY lungs. Overall, AIF1 immunostaining demonstrated reproducible macrophage staining across multiple species and tissue types. Given the increasing breadth of model species used to study human disease, the use of cross-species markers and techniques can reduce some of the inherent variability within translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - J Adam Goeken
- Departments of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | | | - Sailesh C Harwani
- Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Heather A Flaherty
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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23
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Zhao YY, Lin YQ, Xu YO. Functional Identification of Allograft Inflammatory Factor 1-Like Gene in Luning Chicken. Anim Biotechnol 2018; 29:234-240. [PMID: 29035136 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2017.1369096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF-1) is an inflammation-related protein mainly produced by immune cells, such as monocyte/macrophages and activated T lymphocytes. It is essential for the survival and proinflammatory activity of immune cells. However, the function of AIF-1 in chicken still has not been defined. In the present study, AIF-1-like (AIF1L) gene was identified in Luning chicken. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the molecular weight of the chicken AIF-1 protein was 16290.8 Da. AIF1L contained a Ca2+ binding EF hand and could interact with actin filament. Its transcript was found in all tested tissues including spleen, brain, heart, kidney, liver, thymus, bursa of Fabricius, lung, and a relative low-level expression was detected in leg muscle. Furthermore, AIF1L expression in peripheral blood lymphocyte was depressed in a dose-dependent manner with cadmium exposure and peripheral blood lymphocyte viability decrease displayed a similar pattern with AIF1L expression. The results indicated that newly identified chicken AIF1L might be associated with lymphocyte viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ying Zhao
- a College of Life Science and Technology , Southwest University for Nationalities , Chengdu , P. R. China
| | - Ya-Qiu Lin
- a College of Life Science and Technology , Southwest University for Nationalities , Chengdu , P. R. China
| | - Ya-Ou Xu
- a College of Life Science and Technology , Southwest University for Nationalities , Chengdu , P. R. China
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24
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Nzou G, Wicks RT, Wicks EE, Seale SA, Sane CH, Chen A, Murphy SV, Jackson JD, Atala AJ. Human Cortex Spheroid with a Functional Blood Brain Barrier for High-Throughput Neurotoxicity Screening and Disease Modeling. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7413. [PMID: 29743549 PMCID: PMC5943588 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25603-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The integral selectivity characteristic of the blood brain barrier (BBB) limits therapeutic options for many neurologic diseases and disorders. Currently, very little is known about the mechanisms that govern the dynamic nature of the BBB. Recent reports have focused on the development and application of human brain organoids developed from neuro-progenitor cells. While these models provide an excellent platform to study the effects of disease and genetic aberrances on brain development, they may not model the microvasculature and BBB of the adult human cortex. To date, most in vitro BBB models utilize endothelial cells, pericytes and astrocytes. We report a 3D spheroid model of the BBB comprising all major cell types, including neurons, microglia and oligodendrocytes, to recapitulate more closely normal human brain tissue. Spheroids show expression of tight junctions, adherens junctions, adherens junction-associated proteins and cell specific markers. Functional assessment using MPTP, MPP+ and mercury chloride indicate charge selectivity through the barrier. Junctional protein distribution was altered under hypoxic conditions. Our spheroid model may have potential applications in drug discovery, disease modeling, neurotoxicity and cytotoxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goodwell Nzou
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA.
| | - R T Wicks
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - E E Wicks
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA
| | - S A Seale
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA
| | - C H Sane
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA
| | - A Chen
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA
| | - S V Murphy
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA
| | - J D Jackson
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA
| | - A J Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA
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25
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Janušonis S. Some Galeomorph Sharks Express a Mammalian Microglia-Specific Protein in Radial Ependymoglia of the Telencephalon. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2017; 91:17-30. [PMID: 29232670 DOI: 10.1159/000484196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1), also known as allograft inflammatory factor 1 (AIF-1), is a highly conserved cytoplasmic scaffold protein. Studies strongly suggest that Iba1 is associated with immune-like reactions in all Metazoa. In the mammalian brain, it is abundantly expressed in microglial cells and is used as a reliable marker for this cell type. The present study used multiple-label microscopy and Western blotting to examine Iba1 expression in the telencephalon of 2 galeomorph shark species, the swellshark (Cephaloscyllium ventriosum) and the horn shark (Heterodontus francisci), a member of an ancient extant order. In the swellshark, high Iba1 expression was found in radial ependymoglial cells, many of which also expressed glial fibrillary acidic protein. Iba1 expression was absent from most cells in the horn shark (with the possible exception of perivascular cells). The difference in Iba1 expression between the species was supported by protein analysis. These results suggest that radial ependymoglia of the elasmobranchs may be functionally related to mammalian microglia and that Iba1 expression has undergone evolutionary changes in this cartilaginous group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skirmantas Janušonis
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
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26
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Barca A, Vacca F, Vizioli J, Drago F, Vetrugno C, Verri T, Pagliara P. Molecular and expression analysis of the Allograft inflammatory factor 1 (AIF-1) in the coelomocytes of the common sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 71:136-143. [PMID: 28986218 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.09.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Allograft inflammatory factor 1 (AIF-1) is a highly conserved gene involved in inflammation, cloned and characterized in several evolutionary distant animal species. Here, we report the molecular identification, characterization and expression of AIF-1 from the common sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. In this species, AIF-1 encodes a predicted 151 amino acid protein with high similarity to vertebrate AIF-1 proteins. Immunocytochemical analyses on coelomocytes reveal localization of the AIF-1 protein in amoebocytes (perinuclear cytoplasmic zone) and red sphaerulocytes (inside granules), but not in vibratile cells and colorless sphaerula cells. The significant increase of AIF-1 expression (mRNA and protein) found in the coelomocytes of the sea urchin after Gram + bacterial challenge suggests the involvement of AIF-1 in the inflammatory response. Our analysis on P. lividus AIF-1 contributes to elucidate AIF-1 function along the evolutionary scale and consolidate the key evolutionary position of echinoderms throughout metazoans with respect to the common immune paths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amilcare Barca
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali, Università Del Salento, Complesso Ecotekne Pal. A, Via Prov.le Lecce Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Francesca Vacca
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali, Università Del Salento, Complesso Ecotekne Pal. A, Via Prov.le Lecce Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Jacopo Vizioli
- Laboratoire PRISM (Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire, Spectrométrie de Masse), INSERM U1192 Université Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies, Bât. SN3, Cité Scientifique, 59650 Villeneuve D'Ascq, France.
| | - Francesco Drago
- Laboratoire PRISM (Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire, Spectrométrie de Masse), INSERM U1192 Université Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies, Bât. SN3, Cité Scientifique, 59650 Villeneuve D'Ascq, France.
| | - Carla Vetrugno
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali, Università Del Salento, Complesso Ecotekne Pal. A, Via Prov.le Lecce Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Tiziano Verri
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali, Università Del Salento, Complesso Ecotekne Pal. A, Via Prov.le Lecce Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Pagliara
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali, Università Del Salento, Complesso Ecotekne Pal. A, Via Prov.le Lecce Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
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27
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A new cellular type in invertebrates: first evidence of telocytes in leech Hirudo medicinalis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13580. [PMID: 29051571 PMCID: PMC5648783 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13202-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Telocytes, a peculiar cell type, were recently found in vertebrates. Hence this cell system has been reported as ubiquitous in the bodies of mammals and interpreted as an important player in innate immunity and tissue regeneration, it is reasonable to look for it also in invertebrates, that rely their integrity solely by innate immunity. Here we describe, at morphological and functional level, invertebrate telocytes from the body of leech Hirudo medicinalis (Annelida), suggesting how these cells, forming a resident stromal 3D network, can influence or participate in different events. These findings support the concepts that leech telocytes: i) are organized in a cellular dynamic and versatile 3D network likewise the vertebrate counterpart; ii) are an evolutionarily conserved immune-neuroendocrine system; iii) form an immuno-surveillance system of resident cells responding faster than migrating immunocytes recruited in stimulated area; iv) communicate with neighbouring cells directly and indirectly, via cell-cell contacts and soluble molecules secreted by multivesicular bodies; v) present within neo-vessels, share with immunocytes the mesodermal lineage; vi) are involved in regenerative processes. In conclusion, we propose that HmTCs, integrating so different functions, might explain the innate immune memory and can be associated with several aged related diseases.
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28
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Mai N, Prifti L, Rininger A, Bazarian H, Halterman MW. Endotoxemia induces lung-brain coupling and multi-organ injury following cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. Exp Neurol 2017; 297:82-91. [PMID: 28757259 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Post-ischemic neurodegeneration remains the principal cause of mortality following cardiac resuscitation. Recent studies have implicated gastrointestinal ischemia in the sepsis-like response associated with the post-cardiac arrest syndrome (PCAS). However, the extent to which the resulting low-grade endotoxemia present in up to 86% of resuscitated patients affects cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury has not been investigated. Here we report that a single injection of low-dose lipopolysaccharide (50μg/kg, IP) delivered after global cerebral ischemia (GCI) induces blood-brain barrier permeability, microglial activation, cortical injury, and functional decline in vivo, compared to ischemia alone. And while GCI was sufficient to induce neutrophil (PMN) activation and recruitment to the post-ischemic CNS, minimal endotoxemia exhibited synergistic effects on markers of systemic inflammation including PMN priming, lung damage, and PMN burden within the lung and other non-ischemic organs including the kidney and liver. Our findings predict that acute interventions geared towards blocking the effects of serologically occult endotoxemia in survivors of cardiac arrest will limit delayed neurodegeneration, multi-organ dysfunction and potentially other features of PCAS. This work also introduces lung-brain coupling as a novel therapeutic target with broad effects on innate immune priming and post-ischemic neurodegeneration following cardiac arrest and related cerebrovascular conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Mai
- Center for Neurotherapeutics Discovery, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Landa Prifti
- Center for Neurotherapeutics Discovery, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Aric Rininger
- Center for Neurotherapeutics Discovery, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Hannah Bazarian
- Center for Neurotherapeutics Discovery, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Marc W Halterman
- Center for Neurotherapeutics Discovery, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, United States.
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29
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Baranzini N, Pedrini E, Girardello R, Tettamanti G, de Eguileor M, Taramelli R, Acquati F, Grimaldi A. Human recombinant RNASET2-induced inflammatory response and connective tissue remodeling in the medicinal leech. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 368:337-351. [PMID: 28070637 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2557-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, several studies have demonstrated that the RNASET2 gene is involved in the control of tumorigenicity in ovarian cancer cells. Furthermore, a role in establishing a functional cross-talk between cancer cells and the surrounding tumor microenvironment has been unveiled for this gene, based on its ability to act as an inducer of the innate immune response. Although several studies have reported on the molecular features of RNASET2, the details on the mechanisms by which this evolutionarily conserved ribonuclease regulates the immune system are still poorly defined. In the effort to clarify this aspect, we report here the effect of recombinant human RNASET2 injection and its role in regulating the innate immune response after bacterial challenge in an invertebrate model, the medicinal leech. We found that recombinant RNASET2 injection induces fibroplasias, connective tissue remodeling and the recruitment of numerous infiltrating cells expressing the specific macrophage markers CD68 and HmAIF1. The RNASET2-mediated chemotactic activity for macrophages has been further confirmed by using a consolidated experimental approach based on injection of the Matrigel biomatrice (MG) supplemented with recombinant RNASET2 in the leech body wall. One week after injection, a large number of CD68+ and HmAIF-1+ macrophages massively infiltrated MG sponges. Finally, in leeches challenged with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) or with the environmental bacteria pathogen Micrococcus nishinomiyaensis, numerous macrophages migrating to the site of inoculation expressed high levels of endogenous RNASET2. Taken together, these results suggest that RNASET2 is likely involved in the initial phase of the inflammatory response in leeches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Baranzini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Edoardo Pedrini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Rossana Girardello
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Gianluca Tettamanti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Magda de Eguileor
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Roberto Taramelli
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Francesco Acquati
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy.
| | - Annalisa Grimaldi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy.
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30
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Malagoli D, Mandrioli M, Tascedda F, Ottaviani E. Circulating phagocytes: the ancient and conserved interface between immune and neuroendocrine function. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 92:369-377. [PMID: 26548761 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Immune and neuroendocrine functions display significant overlap in highly divergent and evolutionarily distant models such as molluscs, crustaceans, insects and mammals. Fundamental players in this crosstalk are professional phagocytes: macrophages in vertebrates and immunocytes in invertebrates. Although they have different developmental origins, macrophages and immunocytes possess comparable functions and differentiate under the control of evolutionarily conserved transcription factors. Macrophages and immunocytes share their pools of receptors, signalling molecules and pathways with neural cells and the neuro-endocrine system. In crustaceans, adult transdifferentiation of circulating haemocytes into neural cells has been documented recently. In light of developmental, molecular and functional evidence, we propose that the immune-neuroendocrine role of circulating phagocytes pre-dates the split of protostomian and deuterostomian superphyla and has been conserved during the evolution of the main groups of metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Malagoli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi, 213/D, 41122, Modena, Italy
| | - Mauro Mandrioli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi, 213/D, 41122, Modena, Italy
| | - Fabio Tascedda
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi, 213/D, 41122, Modena, Italy
| | - Enzo Ottaviani
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi, 213/D, 41122, Modena, Italy
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Kaur H, Patro I, Tikoo K, Sandhir R. Curcumin attenuates inflammatory response and cognitive deficits in experimental model of chronic epilepsy. Neurochem Int 2015; 89:40-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Schorn T, Drago F, Tettamanti G, Valvassori R, de Eguileor M, Vizioli J, Grimaldi A. Homolog of allograft inflammatory factor-1 induces macrophage migration during innate immune response in leech. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 359:853-64. [PMID: 25435328 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-2058-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF-1) is a 17-kDa cytokine-inducible calcium-binding protein that, in vertebrates, plays an important role in the allograft immune response. Its expression is mostly limited to the monocyte/macrophage lineage. Until recently, AIF-1 was assumed to be a novel molecule involved in inflammatory responses. To clarify this aspect, we have investigated the expression of AIF-1 after bacterial challenge and its potential role in regulating the innate immune response in an invertebrate model, the medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis). Analysis of an expressed sequence tag library from the central nervous system of Hirudo revealed the presence of the gene Hmaif-1/alias Hmiba1, showing high homology with vertebrate aif-1. Immunohistochemistry with an anti-HmAIF-1 polyclonal antibody revealed the constitutive presence of this protein in spread CD68(+) macrophage-like cells. A few hours after pathogen (bacterial) injection into the body wall, the amount of these immunopositive cells co-expressing HmAIF-1 and the common leucocyte marker CD45 increased at the injected site. Moreover, the recombinant protein HmAIF-1 induced massive angiogenesis and was a potent chemoattractant for macrophages. Following rHmAIF-1 stimulation, macrophage-like cells co-expressed the macrophage marker CD68 and the surface glycoprotein CD45, which, in vertebrates, seems to have a role in the integrin-mediated adhesion of macrophages and in the regulation of the functional responsiveness of cells to chemoattractants. CD45 is therefore probably involved in leech macrophage-like cell activation and migration towards an inflammation site. We have also examined its potential effect on HmAIF-1-induced signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilo Schorn
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
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