1
|
Puvogel S, Alsema A, North HF, Webster MJ, Weickert CS, Eggen BJL. Single-Nucleus RNA-Seq Characterizes the Cell Types Along the Neuronal Lineage in the Adult Human Subependymal Zone and Reveals Reduced Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Abundance with Age. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0246-23.2024. [PMID: 38351133 PMCID: PMC10913050 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0246-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The subependymal zone (SEZ), also known as the subventricular zone (SVZ), constitutes a neurogenic niche that persists during postnatal life. In humans, the neurogenic potential of the SEZ declines after the first year of life. However, studies discovering markers of stem and progenitor cells highlight the neurogenic capacity of progenitors in the adult human SEZ, with increased neurogenic activity occurring under pathological conditions. In the present study, the complete cellular niche of the adult human SEZ was characterized by single-nucleus RNA sequencing, and compared between four youth (age 16-22) and four middle-aged adults (age 44-53). We identified 11 cellular clusters including clusters expressing marker genes for neural stem cells (NSCs), neuroblasts, immature neurons, and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. The relative abundance of NSC and neuroblast clusters did not differ between the two age groups, indicating that the pool of SEZ NSCs does not decline in this age range. The relative abundance of oligodendrocyte progenitors and microglia decreased in middle-age, indicating that the cellular composition of human SEZ is remodeled between youth and adulthood. The expression of genes related to nervous system development was higher across different cell types, including NSCs, in youth as compared with middle-age. These transcriptional changes suggest ongoing central nervous system plasticity in the SEZ in youth, which declined in middle-age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Puvogel
- Section Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 AD, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid Alsema
- Section Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 AD, The Netherlands
| | - Hayley F North
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2031, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Maree J Webster
- Laboratory of Brain Research, Stanley Medical Research Institute, Rockville 20850, Maryland
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2031, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13201
| | - Bart J L Eggen
- Section Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 AD, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tenorio-Castano J, Gómez ÁSA, Coronado M, Rodríguez-Martín P, Parra A, Pascual P, Cazalla M, Gallego N, Arias P, Morales AV, Nevado J, Lapunzina P. Lamb-Shaffer syndrome: 20 Spanish patients and literature review expands the view of neurodevelopmental disorders caused by SOX5 haploinsufficiency. Clin Genet 2023; 104:637-647. [PMID: 37702321 DOI: 10.1111/cge.14423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Lamb-Shaffer Syndrome (LSS; OMIM #616803; ORPHA #313892; ORPHA #313884) is an infrequent genetic disorder that affects multiple aspects of human development especially those related to the development of the nervous system. LSS is caused by variants in the SOX5 gene. At the molecular level, SOX5 gene encodes for a transcription factor containing a High Mobility Group (HMG) DNA-Binding domain with relevant functions in brain development in different vertebrate species. Clinical features of Lamb-Shaffer syndrome may include intellectual disability, delayed speech and language development, attention deficits, hyperactivity, autism spectrum disorder, visual problems and seizures. Additionally, patients with the syndrome may present distinct facial dimorphism such as a wide mouth with full lips, small chin, broad nasal bridge, and deep-set eyes. Other physical features that have been reported in some patients include short stature, scoliosis, and joint hypermobility. Here, we report the clinical and molecular characterization of a Spanish LSS cohort of new 20 patients and review all the patients published so far which amount for 111 patients. The most frequent features included developmental delay, intellectual disability, visual problems, poor speech development and facial dysmorphic features. Strikingly, pain insensitivity and hypermetropia seems to be more frequent than previously reported, based on the frequency seen in the Spanish cohort. Eighty-three variants have been reported so far, single nucleotide variants (SNV) and copy number variants represent 47% and 53%, respectively, from the total of variants reported. Similarly to previous reports, the majority of the SNVs variants of the novel patients reported herein fall in the HMG domain of the protein. However, new variants, affecting other functional domains, were also detected. In conclusion, LLS is a rare genetic disorder mostly characterized by a wide range of developmental and neurological symptoms. Early diagnosis would allow to start of care programs, clinical follow up, prospective studies and appropriate genetic counseling, to promote clinical and social improvement to have profound lifelong benefits for patients and their families. Further research is needed to better understand the underlying mechanisms of the syndrome related to SOX5 haploinsufficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jair Tenorio-Castano
- CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Madrid, Spain
- INGEMM-IdIPAZ, Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- ITHACA, European Reference Network, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Mónica Coronado
- Department of Radiology, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Alejandro Parra
- CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Madrid, Spain
- INGEMM-IdIPAZ, Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- ITHACA, European Reference Network, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patricia Pascual
- CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Madrid, Spain
- INGEMM-IdIPAZ, Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- ITHACA, European Reference Network, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mario Cazalla
- CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Madrid, Spain
- INGEMM-IdIPAZ, Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- ITHACA, European Reference Network, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Natalia Gallego
- CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Madrid, Spain
- INGEMM-IdIPAZ, Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- ITHACA, European Reference Network, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pedro Arias
- CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Madrid, Spain
- INGEMM-IdIPAZ, Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- ITHACA, European Reference Network, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Aixa V Morales
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julián Nevado
- CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Madrid, Spain
- INGEMM-IdIPAZ, Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- ITHACA, European Reference Network, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pablo Lapunzina
- CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Madrid, Spain
- INGEMM-IdIPAZ, Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- ITHACA, European Reference Network, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Peñalba JV, Peters JL, Joseph L. Sustained plumage divergence despite weak genomic differentiation and broad sympatry in sister species of Australian woodswallows (
Artamus
spp.). Mol Ecol 2022; 31:5060-5073. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.16637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua V. Peñalba
- Museum für Naturkunde Berlin Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science Center for Integrative Biodiversity Discovery, Invalidenstr. 43, D‐10115 Berlin Germany
| | - Jeffrey L. Peters
- Department of Biological Sciences Wright State University Dayton OH USA
| | - Leo Joseph
- Australian National Wildlife Collection, CSIRO National Research Collections Australia Canberra Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li L, Medina-Menéndez C, García-Corzo L, Córdoba-Beldad CM, Quiroga AC, Calleja Barca E, Zinchuk V, Muñoz-López S, Rodríguez-Martín P, Ciorraga M, Colmena I, Fernández S, Vicario C, Nicolis SK, Lefebvre V, Mira H, Morales AV. SoxD genes are required for adult neural stem cell activation. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110313. [PMID: 35108528 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The adult neurogenic niche in the hippocampus is maintained through activation of reversibly quiescent neural stem cells (NSCs) with radial glia-like morphology (RGLs). Here, we show that the expression of SoxD transcription factors Sox5 and Sox6 is enriched in activated RGLs. Using inducible deletion of Sox5 or Sox6 in the adult mouse brain, we show that both genes are required for RGL activation and the generation of new neurons. Conversely, Sox5 overexpression in cultured NSCs interferes with entry in quiescence. Mechanistically, expression of the proneural protein Ascl1 (a key RGL regulator) is severely downregulated in SoxD-deficient RGLs, and Ascl1 transcription relies on conserved Sox motifs. Additionally, loss of Sox5 hinders the RGL activation driven by neurogenic stimuli such as environmental enrichment. Altogether, our data suggest that SoxD genes are key mediators in the transition of adult RGLs from quiescence to an activated mitotic state under physiological situations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Carlos Vicario
- Instituto Cajal, CSIC, 28002 Madrid, Spain; CIBERNED-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Helena Mira
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Qiu M, Lu Y, Li J, Gu J, Ji Y, Shao Y, Kong X, Sun W. Interaction of SOX5 with SOX9 promotes warfarin-induced aortic valve interstitial cell calcification by repressing transcriptional activation of LRP6. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2021; 162:81-96. [PMID: 34520801 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is an important health burden due to its increasing prevalence and lack of available approaches. Osteogenic transdifferentiation of aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs) contributes to valve calcification. SRY-related HMG-box transcription factor 5 (SOX5) is essential for cartilage development. Whether SOX5 is involved in AVIC calcification has not been determined. This study aimed to explore the role of SOX5 in warfarin-induced AVIC calcification. Immunostaining showed decreased SOX5 in human calcific AV and warfarin induced mouse calcific AV tissues compared with human noncalcific AV and control mouse AV tissues. In calcific human AVICs (hAVICs) and porcine AVICS (pAVICs), both knockdown and overexpression of SOX5 inhibited calcium deposition and osteogenic marker gene expression. Protein expression assays and ChIP assays showed that overexpression of SOX5 led to increased recruitment of SOX5 to the SOX9 promoter and resulted in increased mRNA and protein expression of SOX9. Coimmunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence showed that SOX5 binds to SOX9 with its HMG domain in nucleus. Blue Native PAGE showed overexpression of SOX5 led to multimeric complex formation of SOX5 and resulted in decreased binding of SOX5 to SOX9 similar to the results of knockdown of SOX5. Further ChIP and western blotting assays showed that both knockdown and overexpression of SOX5 resulted in SOX9 initiating transcription of anti-calcific gene LRP6 in warfarin-treated pAVICs. Knockdown of LRP6 rescues the anti-calcification effect of SOX5 overexpression. We found that both loss and gain of function of SOX5 lead to the same phenotype: decreased warfarin induced calcification. The stoichiometry of SOX5 is crucial for cooperation with SOX9, SOX9 nuclear localization and subsequent binding of SOX9 to LRP6 promoter. These results suggest that SOX5 is a potential target for the development of anti-calcification therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Qiu
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, PR China
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, PR China
| | - Junhan Li
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, PR China
| | - Jia Gu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, PR China
| | - Yue Ji
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, PR China
| | - Yongfeng Shao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, PR China
| | - Xiangqing Kong
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Filla MS, Meyer KK, Faralli JA, Peters DM. Overexpression and Activation of αvβ3 Integrin Differentially Affects TGFβ2 Signaling in Human Trabecular Meshwork Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081923. [PMID: 34440692 PMCID: PMC8394542 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies from our laboratory have suggested that activation of αvβ3 integrin-mediated signaling could contribute to the fibrotic-like changes observed in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and glucocorticoid-induced glaucoma. To determine how αvβ3 integrin signaling could be involved in this process, RNA-Seq analysis was used to analyze the transcriptomes of immortalized trabecular meshwork (TM) cell lines overexpressing either a control vector or a wild type (WT) or a constitutively active (CA) αvβ3 integrin. Compared to control cells, hierarchical clustering, PANTHER pathway and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis of cells overexpressing WT-αvβ3 integrin or CA-αvβ3 integrin resulted in a significant differential expression of genes encoding for transcription factors, adhesion and cytoskeleton proteins, extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, cytokines and GTPases. Cells overexpressing a CA-αvβ3 integrin also demonstrated an enrichment for genes encoding proteins found in TGFβ2, Wnt and cadherin signaling pathways all of which have been implicated in POAG pathogenesis. These changes were not observed in cells overexpressing WT-αvβ3 integrin. Our results suggest that activation of αvβ3 integrin signaling in TM cells could have significant impacts on TM function and POAG pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark S. Filla
- Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (M.S.F.); (K.K.M.); (J.A.F.)
| | - Kristy K. Meyer
- Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (M.S.F.); (K.K.M.); (J.A.F.)
| | - Jennifer A. Faralli
- Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (M.S.F.); (K.K.M.); (J.A.F.)
| | - Donna M. Peters
- Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (M.S.F.); (K.K.M.); (J.A.F.)
- Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-608-262-4626
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Stevanovic M, Drakulic D, Lazic A, Ninkovic DS, Schwirtlich M, Mojsin M. SOX Transcription Factors as Important Regulators of Neuronal and Glial Differentiation During Nervous System Development and Adult Neurogenesis. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:654031. [PMID: 33867936 PMCID: PMC8044450 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.654031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The SOX proteins belong to the superfamily of transcription factors (TFs) that display properties of both classical TFs and architectural components of chromatin. Since the cloning of the Sox/SOX genes, remarkable progress has been made in illuminating their roles as key players in the regulation of multiple developmental and physiological processes. SOX TFs govern diverse cellular processes during development, such as maintaining the pluripotency of stem cells, cell proliferation, cell fate decisions/germ layer formation as well as terminal cell differentiation into tissues and organs. However, their roles are not limited to development since SOX proteins influence survival, regeneration, cell death and control homeostasis in adult tissues. This review summarized current knowledge of the roles of SOX proteins in control of central nervous system development. Some SOX TFs suspend neural progenitors in proliferative, stem-like state and prevent their differentiation. SOX proteins function as pioneer factors that occupy silenced target genes and keep them in a poised state for activation at subsequent stages of differentiation. At appropriate stage of development, SOX members that maintain stemness are down-regulated in cells that are competent to differentiate, while other SOX members take over their functions and govern the process of differentiation. Distinct SOX members determine down-stream processes of neuronal and glial differentiation. Thus, sequentially acting SOX TFs orchestrate neural lineage development defining neuronal and glial phenotypes. In line with their crucial roles in the nervous system development, deregulation of specific SOX proteins activities is associated with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). The overview of the current knowledge about the link between SOX gene variants and NDDs is presented. We outline the roles of SOX TFs in adult neurogenesis and brain homeostasis and discuss whether impaired adult neurogenesis, detected in neurodegenerative diseases, could be associated with deregulation of SOX proteins activities. We present the current data regarding the interaction between SOX proteins and signaling pathways and microRNAs that play roles in nervous system development. Finally, future research directions that will improve the knowledge about distinct and various roles of SOX TFs in health and diseases are presented and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milena Stevanovic
- Laboratory for Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Drakulic
- Laboratory for Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Andrijana Lazic
- Laboratory for Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Stanisavljevic Ninkovic
- Laboratory for Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Schwirtlich
- Laboratory for Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Mojsin
- Laboratory for Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fernandez-Lamo I, Gomez-Dominguez D, Sanchez-Aguilera A, Oliva A, Morales AV, Valero M, Cid E, Berenyi A, Menendez de la Prida L. Proximodistal Organization of the CA2 Hippocampal Area. Cell Rep 2020; 26:1734-1746.e6. [PMID: 30759386 PMCID: PMC6389459 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The proximodistal axis is considered a major organizational principle of the hippocampus. At the interface between the hippocampus and other brain structures, CA2 apparently breaks this rule. The region is involved in social, temporal, and contextual memory function, but mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we reveal cell-type heterogeneity and a characteristic expression gradient of the transcription factor Sox5 within CA2 in the rat. Using intracellular and extracellular recordings followed by neurochemical identification of single cells, we find marked proximodistal trends of synaptic activity, subthreshold membrane potentials, and phase-locked firing coupled to theta and gamma oscillations. Phase-shifting membrane potentials and opposite proximodistal correlations with theta sinks and sources at different layers support influences from different current generators. CA2 oscillatory activity and place coding of rats running in a linear maze reflect proximodistal state-dependent trends. We suggest that the structure and function of CA2 are distributed along the proximodistal hippocampal axis. The CA2 region is organized around the limit of the mossy fibers Heterogeneous pyramidal cell types populate the proximal and distal CA2 region Responses to intra- and extra-hippocampal inputs segregate along this axis CA2 oscillatory activity and spatial coding change proximodistally
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Azahara Oliva
- Department of Neuroscience, Zuckerman and Kavli Institutes, Columbia University, 3227 Broadway, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | | | - Manuel Valero
- Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Ave Doctor Arce 37, Madrid 28002, Spain
| | - Elena Cid
- Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Ave Doctor Arce 37, Madrid 28002, Spain
| | - Antal Berenyi
- MTA-SZTE "Momentum" Oscillatory Neuronal Networks Research Group, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Physiology, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ji EH, Kim J. SoxD Transcription Factors: Multifaceted Players of Neural Development. Int J Stem Cells 2016; 9:3-8. [PMID: 27426080 PMCID: PMC4961098 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc.2016.9.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
SoxD transcription factor subfamily includes three members, Sox5, Sox6, and Sox13. Like other Sox genes, they contain the High-Mobility-Group (HMG) box as the DNA binding domain but in addition feature the subgroup-specific leucine zipper motif. SoxD genes are expressed in diverse cell types in multiple organs during embryogenesis and in adulthood. Among the cells expressing them are those present in the developing nervous system including neural stem (or progenitor) cells as well as differentiating neurons and oligodendrocytes. SoxD transcription factors do not contain distinct activator or repressor domain, and they are believed to function in modulation of other transcription factors in promoter-specific manners. This brief review article will attempt to summarize the latest studies on the function of SoxD genes in embryogenesis with a particular emphasis on the regulation of neural development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Hye Ji
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaesang Kim
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Baroti T, Zimmermann Y, Schillinger A, Liu L, Lommes P, Wegner M, Stolt CC. Transcription factors Sox5 and Sox6 exert direct and indirect influences on oligodendroglial migration in spinal cord and forebrain. Glia 2015; 64:122-38. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tina Baroti
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Erlangen Germany
| | - Yvonne Zimmermann
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Erlangen Germany
| | - Anja Schillinger
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Erlangen Germany
| | - Lina Liu
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Erlangen Germany
| | - Petra Lommes
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Erlangen Germany
| | - Michael Wegner
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Erlangen Germany
| | - C. Claus Stolt
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Erlangen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lu DC, Niu T, Alaynick WA. Molecular and cellular development of spinal cord locomotor circuitry. Front Mol Neurosci 2015; 8:25. [PMID: 26136656 PMCID: PMC4468382 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2015.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The spinal cord of vertebrate animals is comprised of intrinsic circuits that are capable of sensing the environment and generating complex motor behaviors. There are two major perspectives for understanding the biology of this complicated structure. The first approaches the spinal cord from the point of view of function and is based on classic and ongoing research in electrophysiology, adult behavior, and spinal cord injury. The second view considers the spinal cord from a developmental perspective and is founded mostly on gene expression and gain-of-function and loss-of-function genetic experiments. Together these studies have uncovered functional classes of neurons and their lineage relationships. In this review, we summarize our knowledge of developmental classes, with an eye toward understanding the functional roles of each group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Tianyi Niu
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - William A Alaynick
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Becker CG, Diez del Corral R. Neural development and regeneration: it's all in your spinal cord. Development 2015; 142:811-6. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.121053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The spinal cord constitutes an excellent model system for studying development and regeneration of a functional nervous system, from specification of its precursors to circuit formation. The latest advances in the field of spinal cord development and its regeneration following damage were discussed at a recent EMBO workshop ‘Spinal cord development and regeneration’ in Sitges, Spain (October, 2014), highlighting the use of direct visualization of cellular processes, genome-wide molecular techniques and the development of methods for directed stem cell differentiation and regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherina G. Becker
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Ruth Diez del Corral
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid 28002, Spain
| |
Collapse
|