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Smail MA, Lenz KM. Developmental Functions of Microglia: Impact of Psychosocial and Physiological Early Life Stress. Neuropharmacology 2024:110084. [PMID: 39025401 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Microglia play numerous important roles in brain development. From early embryonic stages through adolescence, these immune cells influence neuronal genesis and maturation, guide connectivity, and shape brain circuits. They also interact with other glial cells and structures, influencing the brain's supportive microenvironment. While this central role makes microglia essential, it means that early life perturbations to microglia can have widespread effects on brain development, potentially resulting in long-lasting behavioral impairments. Here, we will focus on the effects of early life psychosocial versus physiological stressors in rodent models. Psychosocial stress refers to perceived threats that lead to stress axes activation, including prenatal stress, or chronic postnatal stress, including maternal separation and resource scarcity. Physiological stress refers to with physical threats, including maternal immune activation, postnatal infection, and traumatic brain injury. Differing sources of early life stress have varied impacts on microglia, and these effects are moderated by factors such as developmental age, brain region, and sex. Overall, these stressors appear to either 1) upregulate basal microglia numbers and activity throughout the lifespan, while possibly blunting their responsivity to subsequent stressors, or 2) shift the developmental curve of microglia, resulting in differential timing and function, impacting the critical periods they govern. Either could contribute to behavioral dysfunctions that occur after the resolution of early life stress. Exploring how different stressors impact microglia, as well as how the experience of multiple stressors interacts to alter microglia's developmental functions, could deepen our understanding of how early life stress changes the brain's developmental trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa A Smail
- Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.
| | - Kathryn M Lenz
- Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Chronic Brain Injury Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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2
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Davis AB, Lloyd KR, Bollinger JL, Wohleb ES, Reyes TM. Adolescent high fat diet alters the transcriptional response of microglia in the prefrontal cortex in response to stressors in both male and female mice. Stress 2024; 27:2365864. [PMID: 38912878 PMCID: PMC11228993 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2024.2365864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Both obesity and high fat diets (HFD) have been associated with an increase in inflammatory gene expression within the brain. Microglia play an important role in early cortical development and may be responsive to HFD, particularly during sensitive windows, such as adolescence. We hypothesized that HFD during adolescence would increase proinflammatory gene expression in microglia at baseline and potentiate the microglial stress response. Two stressors were examined, a physiological stressor [lipopolysaccharide (LPS), IP] and a psychological stressor [15 min restraint (RST)]. From 3 to 7 weeks of age, male and female mice were fed standard control diet (SC, 20% energy from fat) or HFD (60% energy from fat). On P49, 1 h before sacrifice, mice were randomly assigned to either stressor exposure or control conditions. Microglia from the frontal cortex were enriched using a Percoll density gradient and isolated via fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), followed by RNA expression analysis of 30 genes (27 target genes, three housekeeping genes) using Fluidigm, a medium throughput qPCR platform. We found that adolescent HFD induced sex-specific transcriptional response in cortical microglia, both at baseline and in response to a stressor. Contrary to our hypothesis, adolescent HFD did not potentiate the transcriptional response to stressors in males, but rather in some cases, resulted in a blunted or absent response to the stressor. This was most apparent in males treated with LPS. However, in females, potentiation of the LPS response was observed for select proinflammatory genes, including Tnfa and Socs3. Further, HFD increased the expression of Itgam, Ikbkb, and Apoe in cortical microglia of both sexes, while adrenergic receptor expression (Adrb1 and Adra2a) was changed in response to stressor exposure with no effect of diet. These data identify classes of genes that are uniquely affected by adolescent exposure to HFD and different stressor modalities in males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyshia B Davis
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kelsey R Lloyd
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Justin L Bollinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Eric S Wohleb
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Teresa M Reyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Cuskelly A, Hoedt EC, Harms L, Talley NJ, Tadros MA, Keely S, Hodgson DM. Neonatal immune challenge influences the microbiota and behaviour in a sexually dimorphic manner. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 103:232-242. [PMID: 35491004 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is comorbidity between anxiety disorders and gastrointestinal disorders, with both linked to adverse early life events. The microbiome gut-brain-axis, a bidirectional communication system, is plastic throughout the neonatal period and is a possible mediator of this relationship. Here, we used a well-established neonatal rodent immune activation model to investigate the long-term effect of neonatal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure on adult behaviour and the relationship to microbiome composition. Wistar rats were injected with LPS (0.05 mg/kg) or saline (equivolume) on postnatal days 3 and 5. In adulthood, behavioural tests were performed to assess anxiety-like behaviour, and microbiota sequencing was performed on stool samples. There were distinctly different behavioural phenotypes for LPS-exposed males and females. LPS-exposed males displayed typical anxiety-like behaviours with significantly decreased social interaction (F(1,22) = 7.576, p = 0.009) and increased defecation relative to saline controls (F(1,23) = 8.623, p = 0.005). LPS-exposed females displayed a different behavioural phenotype with significantly increased social interaction (F(1,22) = 6.094, p = 0.018), and exploration (F(1,24) = 6.359, p = 0.015), compared to saline controls. With respect to microbiota profiling data, Bacteroidota was significantly increased for LPS-exposed females (F(1,14) = 4.931p = 0.035) and Proteobacteria was decreased for LPS-exposed rats of both sexes versus controls (F(1,30) = 4.923p = 0.035). Furthermore, alterations in predicted functional pathways for neurotransmitters in faeces were observed with a decrease in the relative abundance of D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism in LPS exposed females compared to control females (p < 0.05). This suggests that neonatal immune activation alters both later life behaviour and adult gut microbiota in sex-specific ways. These findings highlight the importance of sex in determining the impact of neonatal immune activation on social behaviour and the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cuskelly
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Viruses, Infection, Immunity, Vaccine and Asthma (VIVA) Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
| | - E C Hoedt
- Viruses, Infection, Immunity, Vaccine and Asthma (VIVA) Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), Newcastle, NSW, Australia; NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Digestive Health, HMRI, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - L Harms
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - N J Talley
- Viruses, Infection, Immunity, Vaccine and Asthma (VIVA) Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), Newcastle, NSW, Australia; NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Digestive Health, HMRI, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - M A Tadros
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - S Keely
- Viruses, Infection, Immunity, Vaccine and Asthma (VIVA) Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), Newcastle, NSW, Australia; NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Digestive Health, HMRI, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - D M Hodgson
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Viruses, Infection, Immunity, Vaccine and Asthma (VIVA) Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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Lima MN, Barbosa-Silva MC, Maron-Gutierrez T. Microglial Priming in Infections and Its Risk to Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:878987. [PMID: 35783096 PMCID: PMC9240317 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.878987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases of different etiologies have been associated with acute and long-term neurological consequences. The primary cause of these consequences appears to be an inflammatory process characterized primarily by a pro-inflammatory microglial state. Microglial cells, the local effectors’ cells of innate immunity, once faced by a stimulus, alter their morphology, and become a primary source of inflammatory cytokines that increase the inflammatory process of the brain. This inflammatory scenario exerts a critical role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. In recent years, several studies have shown the involvement of the microglial inflammatory response caused by infections in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. This has been associated with a transitory microglial state subsequent to an inflammatory response, known as microglial priming, in which these cells are more responsive to stimuli. Thus, systemic inflammation and infections induce a transitory state in microglia that may lead to changes in their state and function, making priming them for subsequent immune challenges. However, considering that microglia are long-lived cells and are repeatedly exposed to infections during a lifetime, microglial priming may not be beneficial. In this review, we discuss the relationship between infections and neurodegenerative diseases and how this may rely on microglial priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiara N. Lima
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria C. Barbosa-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Maron-Gutierrez
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Tatiana Maron-Gutierrez;
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Ozaydin B, Bicki E, Taparli OE, Sheikh TZ, Schmidt DK, Yapici S, Hackett MB, Karahan-Keles N, Eickhoff JC, Corcoran K, Lagoa-Miguel C, Guerrero Gonzalez J, Dean Iii DC, Sousa AMM, Ferrazzano PA, Levine JE, Cengiz P. Novel injury scoring tool for assessing brain injury following neonatal hypoxia-ischemia in mice. Dev Neurosci 2022; 44:394-411. [PMID: 35613558 DOI: 10.1159/000525244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The variability of severity in hypoxia ischemia (HI) induced brain injury among research subjects is a major challenge in developmental brain injury research. Our laboratory developed a novel injury scoring tool based on our gross pathological observations during hippocampal extraction. The hippocampi received scores of 0-6 with 0 being no injury and 6 being severe injury post-HI. The hippocampi exposed to sham surgery were grouped as having no injury. We have validated the injury scoring tool with T2-weighted MRI analysis of percent hippocampal/hemispheric tissue loss and cell survival/death markers after exposing the neonatal mice to Vannucci's rodent model of neonatal HI. In addition, we have isolated hippocampal nuclei and quantified the percent good quality nuclei to provide an example of utilization of our novel injury scoring tool. Our novel injury scores correlated significantly with percent hippocampal and hemispheric tissue loss, cell survival/death markers, and percent good quality nuclei. Caspase-3 and Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1) have been implicated in different cell death pathways in response to neonatal HI. Another gene, sirtuin1 (SIRT1), has been demonstrated to have neuroprotective and anti-apoptotic properties. To assess the correlation between the severity of injury and genes involved in cell survival/death, we analyzed caspase-3, PARP1, and SIRT1 mRNA expressions in hippocampi 3 days post-HI and sham surgery, using RT-qPCR. The ipsilateral (IL) hippocampal caspase-3 and SIRT1 mRNA expressions post-HI were significantly higher than sham IL hippocampi, and positively correlated with the novel injury scores in both males and females. We detected a statistically significant sex difference in IL hippocampal caspase-3 mRNA expression with comparable injury scores between males and females with higher expression in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Ozaydin
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ela Bicki
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Onur E Taparli
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Temour Z Sheikh
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Danielle K Schmidt
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sefer Yapici
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Nida Karahan-Keles
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jens C Eickhoff
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Karson Corcoran
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Jose Guerrero Gonzalez
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Douglas C Dean Iii
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Andre M M Sousa
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Peter A Ferrazzano
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jon E Levine
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Pelin Cengiz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Early life exposure to poly I:C impairs striatal DA-D2 receptor binding, myelination and associated behavioural abilities in rats. J Chem Neuroanat 2021; 118:102035. [PMID: 34597812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2021.102035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Early-life viral infections critically influence the brain development and have been variously reported to cause neuropsychiatric diseases such as Schizophrenia, Parkinson's diseases, demyelinating diseases, etc. To investigate the alterations in the dopaminergic system, myelination and associated behavioral impairments following neonatal viral infection, the viral immune activation model was created by an intraperitoneal injection of Poly I:C (5 mg/kg bw/ip) to neonatal rat pups on PND-7. The DA-D2 receptor binding was assessed in corpus striatum by using 3H-Spiperone at 3, 6 and 12 weeks of age. MOG immunolabelling was performed to check myelination stature and myelin integrity, while corpus callosum calibre was assessed by Luxol fast blue staining. Relative behavioral tasks i.e., motor activity, motor coordination and neuromuscular strength were assessed by open field, rotarod and grip strength meter respectively at 3, 6 and 12 weeks of age. Following Poly I:C exposure, a significant decrease in DA-D2 receptor binding, reduction in corpus callosum calibre and MOG immunolabelling indicating demyelination and a significant decrease in locomotor activity, neuromuscular strength and motor coordination signify motor deficits and hypokinetic influence of early life viral infection. Thus, the findings suggest that early life poly I:C exposure may cause demyelination and motor deficits by decreasing DA-D2 receptor binding affinity.
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Turano A, McAuley EM, Muench MC, Schwarz JM. EXAMINING THE IMPACT OF NEUROIMMUNE DYSREGULATION ON SOCIAL BEHAVIOR OF MALE AND FEMALE JUVENILE RATS. Behav Brain Res 2021; 415:113449. [PMID: 34252501 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Many individuals diagnosed with neuropsychiatric disorders, such as autism, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia, and social anxiety disorder, all share a common dimension of aberrant social behavior. Epidemiological data indicate that adverse environmental factors contribute to the risk for neurodevelopmental disorders, including those associated with aberrant social behavior. Early-life exposure to infectious pathogens is one of those adverse environmental factors, suggesting that activation of the immune system during early development may contribute to disease pathology associated with altered social behavior. In the current project, we examined the impact of neonatal infection, with or without juvenile immune activation, on the expression of juvenile social behavior and on the expression of inflammatory cytokines and microglial signaling molecules in the juvenile rat brain. The outcomes of these experiments revealed that neonatal infection significantly decreased juvenile social interaction, but significantly increased juvenile play behavior in male and female rats. Moreover, neonatal infection alone, juvenile immune activation alone, and neonatal infection plus juvenile immune activation all significantly impaired social recognition in juvenile male rats. Juvenile female rats (including controls) failed to demonstrate social recognition as measured in our three-chamber social recognition test. Taken together, the behavioral and molecular data presented here support the sensitivity of the developing brain to immune activation, particularly in the expression of age-appropriate social behaviors. These data warrant the design of additional studies to examine the mechanistic relationship between early-life immune activation and aberrant social behavior to develop novel as well as modify existing therapeutic targets and preventative measures to help those who display aberrant social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Turano
- University of Delaware, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 105 The Green, Newark, Delaware, 19716, United States.
| | - Elizabeth M McAuley
- University of Delaware, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 105 The Green, Newark, Delaware, 19716, United States.
| | - Megan C Muench
- University of Delaware, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 105 The Green, Newark, Delaware, 19716, United States.
| | - Jaclyn M Schwarz
- University of Delaware, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 105 The Green, Newark, Delaware, 19716, United States.
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Pavlova IV, Broshevitskaya ND. The Influence of Social Isolation and Enriched Environment on Fear Conditioning in Rats after Early Proinflammatory Stress. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093021040062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Caulfield JI, Schopf KJ, Cavigelli SA. Peri-adolescent asthma: Acute impacts on innate immune response, corticosterone, and microglia in mice. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 350:577450. [PMID: 33285450 PMCID: PMC7750285 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is highly comorbid with anxiety in youth. We investigated the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and microglia as mechanisms underlying asthma and anxiety comorbidity. We induced asthma symptoms in developing BALB/cJ mice with house dust mite (HDM) for airway inflammation and methacholine (MCH) for bronchoconstriction. On the last day of exposure, we analyzed samples at six timepoints. Lung IL-5 and IL-1β expression peaked 4 h after final HDM exposure. Circulating corticosterone was blunted in a sex- and treatment-specific temporal pattern. Hippocampal IL-1β expression and microglial area were marginally increased 24 h after MCH exposure. These results provide a foundation for further work investigating asthma-anxiety mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine I Caulfield
- Pennsylvania State University, Huck Institute for Life Sciences, 101 Life Sciences Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Pennsylvania State University, Department of Biobehavioral Health, 219 Biobehavioral Health Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Pennsylvania State University, Center for Brain, Behavior, Cognition, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Kerri J Schopf
- Pennsylvania State University, Department of Biobehavioral Health, 219 Biobehavioral Health Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sonia A Cavigelli
- Pennsylvania State University, Huck Institute for Life Sciences, 101 Life Sciences Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Pennsylvania State University, Department of Biobehavioral Health, 219 Biobehavioral Health Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Pennsylvania State University, Center for Brain, Behavior, Cognition, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Matelski L, Keil Stietz KP, Sethi S, Taylor SL, Van de Water J, Lein PJ. The influence of sex, genotype, and dose on serum and hippocampal cytokine levels in juvenile mice developmentally exposed to a human-relevant mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls. Curr Res Toxicol 2020; 1:85-103. [PMID: 34296199 PMCID: PMC8294704 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are pervasive environmental contaminants implicated as risk factors for neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Immune dysregulation is another NDD risk factor, and developmental PCB exposures are associated with early life immune dysregulation. Studies of the immunomodulatory effects of PCBs have focused on the higher-chlorinated congeners found in legacy commercial mixtures. Comparatively little is known about the immune effects of contemporary, lower-chlorinated PCBs. This is a critical data gap given recent reports that lower-chlorinated congeners comprise >70% of the total PCB burden in serum of pregnant women enrolled in the MARBLES study who are at increased risk for having a child with an NDD. To examine the influence of PCBs, sex, and genotype on cytokine levels, mice were exposed throughout gestation and lactation to a PCB mixture in the maternal diet, which was based on the 12 most abundant PCBs in sera from MARBLES subjects. Using multiplex array, cytokines were quantified in the serum and hippocampus of weanling mice expressing either a human gain-of-function mutation in ryanodine receptor 1 (T4826I mice), a human CGG premutation repeat expansion in the fragile X mental retardation gene 1 (CGG mice), or both mutations (DM mice). Congenic wildtype (WT) mice were used as controls. There were dose-dependent effects of PCB exposure on cytokine concentrations in the serum but not hippocampus. Differential effects of genotype were observed in the serum and hippocampus. Hippocampal cytokines were consistently elevated in T4826I mice and also in WT animals for some cytokines compared to CGG and DM mice, while serum cytokines were usually elevated in the mutant genotypes compared to the WT group. Males had elevated levels of 19 cytokines in the serum and 4 in the hippocampus compared to females, but there were also interactions between sex and genotype for 7 hippocampal cytokines. Only the chemokine CCL5 in the serum showed an interaction between PCB dose, genotype, and sex. Collectively, these findings indicate differential influences of PCB exposure and genotype on cytokine levels in serum and hippocampal tissue of weanling mice. These results suggest that developmental PCB exposure has chronic effects on baseline serum, but not hippocampal, cytokine levels in juvenile mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Matelski
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kimberly P. Keil Stietz
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sunjay Sethi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sandra L. Taylor
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Judy Van de Water
- MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA,Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Pamela J. Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA,MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA,Corresponding author at: Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Huang P, Chen X, Hu X, Zhou Q, Lin L, Jiang S, Fu H, Xiong Y, Zeng H, Fang M, Chen C, Deng Y. Experimentally Induced Sepsis Causes Extensive Hypomyelination in the Prefrontal Cortex and Hippocampus in Neonatal Rats. Neuromolecular Med 2020; 22:420-436. [PMID: 32638208 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-020-08602-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal sepsis is associated with cognitive deficit in the later life. Axonal myelination plays a pivotal role in neurotransmission and formation of learning and memory. This study aimed to explore if systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection would induce hypomyelination in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in developing septic neonatal rats. Sprague-Dawley rats (1-day old) were injected with LPS (1 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. By electron microscopy, axonal hypomyelination was evident in the subcortical white matter and hippocampus. The expression of myelin proteins including CNPase, MBP, PLP and MAG was downregulated in both areas of the brain at 7, 14 and 28 days after LPS injection. The frequency of MBP and PLP-positive oligodendrocyte was significantly reduced using in situ hybridization in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus at the corresponding time points after LPS injection, whereas the expression of NG2 and PDGFRα was noticeably increased. In tandem with this was reduction of Olig1 and Olig2 expressions which are involved in differentiation/maturation of OPCs. Expression of NFL, NFM, and NFH was significantly downregulated, indicating that axon development was disrupted after LPS injection. Morris Water Maze behavioral test, Open field test, Rotarod test, and Pole test were used to evaluate neurological behaviors of 28 days rats. The rats in the LPS group showed the impairment of motor coordination, balance, memory, and learning ability and represented bradykinesia and anxiety-like behavior. The present results suggest that following systemic LPS injection, differentiation/maturation of OPCs was affected which may be attributed to the inhibition of transcription factors Olig1 and Olig2 expression resulting in impairment to axonal development. It is suggested that this would ultimately lead to axonal hypomyelination in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, which may be associated with neurological deficits in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixian Huang
- Department of Critical Care and Emergency, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- Department of Critical Care and Emergency, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoli Hu
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School and Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510055, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiuping Zhou
- Department of Critical Care and Emergency, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
- South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, Guangdong, China
| | - Lanfen Lin
- Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, 510317, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuqi Jiang
- Department of Critical Care and Emergency, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
- South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Fu
- Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Yajie Xiong
- Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Hongke Zeng
- Department of Critical Care and Emergency, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Ming Fang
- Department of Critical Care and Emergency, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunbo Chen
- Department of Intensive Care Unit of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Yiyu Deng
- Department of Critical Care and Emergency, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.
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Kudryashova I, Stepanichev M, Manolova A, Gulyaeva N. Deficit of Long-Term Potentiation Induction, but Not Maintenance, in the Juvenile Hippocampus after Neonatal Proinflammatory Stress. Dev Neurosci 2020; 41:318-326. [PMID: 32369803 DOI: 10.1159/000507347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CA3-CA1 long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampal slices from juvenile Wistar rats was studied to reveal factors potentially contributing to different sensitivity to neonatal proinflammatory stress (NPS). NPS was induced by intra-peritoneal injections of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to neonatal rats (two injections of LPS, or saline in the control group, consecutively on postnatal days 3 and 5 [PND3 and PND5]). In females, a significant effect of NPS on hippocampus development was associated with modifications of long-term synaptic plasticity, the synapses becoming more resistant to LTP induction. LTP deficit in the slices of the NPS group was not associated with a decrease in LTP maintenance, since late LTP generally corresponded to early LTP magnitude, similar in all groups. Moreover, partial correlation revealed significantly higher residual LTP 1 h after high-frequency stimulation in the NPS groups compared to the corresponding value of early LTP in the control groups, suggesting improved consolidation. Both effects were evident in NPS females. A number of males responded to NPS similarly to females, while others were relatively resistant to NPS exposure, a significant increase in variability of LTP magnitude being revealed in NPS males compared to respective females and the control groups. We suggest that postnatal development of long-term plasticity after NPS is similar in animals of both sexes; however, additional specific factor(s) may promote a relative resistance of the male brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Kudryashova
- Laboratory of Functional Biochemistry of the Nervous System, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail Stepanichev
- Laboratory of Functional Biochemistry of the Nervous System, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation,
| | - Anna Manolova
- Laboratory of Functional Biochemistry of the Nervous System, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia Gulyaeva
- Laboratory of Functional Biochemistry of the Nervous System, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Gao SX, Sun J, Li HH, Chen J, Kashif MR, Zhou P, Wei L, Zheng QW, Wu LG, Guan JC. Prenatal exposure of staphylococcal enterotoxin B attenuates the development and function of blood regulatory T cells to repeated staphylococcal enterotoxin B exposure in adult offspring rats. J Med Microbiol 2020; 69:591-599. [PMID: 32043953 PMCID: PMC7440678 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) is an extensively studied super-antigen. A previous study by us suggested that SEB exposure during pregnancy could alter the percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the peripheral blood of neonatal offspring rats.Aim. It is unknown whether SEB exposure during pregnancy can influence the development of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the peripheral blood of neonatal offspring rats.Methodology. Pregnant rats at gestational day 16 were intravenously injected with 15 µg SEB. Peripheral blood was acquired from neonatal offspring rats on days 1, 3 and 5 after delivery and from adult offspring rats for determination of Treg number by cytometry, cytokines by ELISA, and FoxP3 expression by real-time PCR and western blot.Results. SEB given to pregnant rats significantly increased the absolute number of Tregs and the expression levels of FoxP3, IL-10 and TGF-β (P<0.05, P<0.01) in the peripheral blood of not only neonatal but also adult offspring rats. Furthermore, repeated SEB exposure in adult offspring rats significantly decreased the absolute number of Tregs (P<0.01), and the expression levels of FoxP3, IL-10 and TGF-β (P<0.05, P<0.01) in their peripheral blood.Conclusion. Prenatal SEB exposure attenuates the development and function of Tregs to repeated SEB exposure in the peripheral blood of adult offspring rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-xian Gao
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, PR China
- Department of Microbiology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, PR China
| | - Jing Sun
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, PR China
| | - Hui-hui Li
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, PR China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Jiande Branch, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejian University School of Medicine, Jiande 311600, PR China
| | - Mohsin Raza Kashif
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, PR China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, PR China
- Department of Microbiology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, PR China
| | - Li Wei
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, PR China
| | - Qing-wei Zheng
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, PR China
| | - Li-gao Wu
- Department of Pathology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, PR China
| | - Jun-chang Guan
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, PR China
- Department of Microbiology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, PR China
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15
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Lin Q, Shen F, Zhou Q, Huang P, Lin L, Chen M, Chen X, Jiang S, He S, Zeng H, Deng Y. Interleukin-1β Disturbs the Proliferation and Differentiation of Neural Precursor Cells in the Hippocampus via Activation of Notch Signaling in Postnatal Rats Exposed to Lipopolysaccharide. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:2560-2575. [PMID: 30817119 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious exposure during the perinatal period may predispose to permanent neurological disorders in later life. Here we investigated whether changes in interleukin-1β (IL-1β) are associated with cognitive dysfunction in later life of septic neonatal rats through suppression of neurogenesis in the hippocampus. Sprague-Dawley rats (1-day old) administered lipopolysaccharide (LPS) showed upregulated expression of IL-1β and IL-1 receptors in the hippocampus. At 28 days of age, rats showed longer escape latencies and decreased numbers of crossings after LPS administration. This was coupled with increased numbers of glial fibrillary acidic protein positive (GFAP+) astrocytes and decreased numbers of neuronal nuclei positive (NeuN+) cells. The numbers of sex-determining region Y-box 2 positive (SOX2+) and doublecortin positive (DCX+) cells were decreased at 1 and 3 days but was increased at 7 and 14 days. The proliferation of SOX2+ cells was inhibited at 1 and 3 days but increased at 7 and 14 days. In vitro IL-1β administration suppressed the proliferation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in neurospheres derived from the hippocampus. GFAP expression was upregulated in differentiated NPCs treated with IL-1β for 4 days, but expression of DCX and microtubule associated protein-2 (MAP2) was decreased. Remarkably, the Notch signaling pathway involved in antineurogenic and progliogenic differentiation of NPCs was activated after IL-1β administration. The results show that following LPS injection in neonatal rats, microglia were activated and generated excess amounts of IL-1β in the hippocampus. It is suggested that this might have contributed to inhibiting neurogenesis but promoting gliogenesis of NPCs via activation of the Notch signaling pathway and maybe one of the causes for cognitive dysfunction in septic neonatal rats in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongyu Lin
- Department of Critical Care and Emergency, Guangdong Provincial People' Hospital , Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences , Guangzhou 510080 , China
- Jieyang People's Hospital, Jieyang Affiliated Hospital , Sun Yat-sen University , Jieyang 522000 , China
| | - Fengcai Shen
- Department of Critical Care and Emergency, Guangdong Provincial People' Hospital , Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences , Guangzhou 510080 , China
- Department of Rheumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital , Shantou University Medical College , Shantou 515063 , China
| | - Qiuping Zhou
- Department of Critical Care and Emergency, Guangdong Provincial People' Hospital , Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences , Guangzhou 510080 , China
| | - Peixian Huang
- Department of Critical Care and Emergency, Guangdong Provincial People' Hospital , Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences , Guangzhou 510080 , China
- Shantou University Medical College , Shantou 515063 , China
| | - Lanfen Lin
- Department of Critical Care and Emergency, Guangdong Provincial People' Hospital , Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences , Guangzhou 510080 , China
- Southern Medical University , Guangzhou 510515 , China
| | - Mengmeng Chen
- Department of Critical Care and Emergency, Guangdong Provincial People' Hospital , Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences , Guangzhou 510080 , China
- Shantou University Medical College , Shantou 515063 , China
| | - Xuan Chen
- Department of Critical Care and Emergency, Guangdong Provincial People' Hospital , Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences , Guangzhou 510080 , China
- Shantou University Medical College , Shantou 515063 , China
| | - Shuqi Jiang
- Department of Critical Care and Emergency, Guangdong Provincial People' Hospital , Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences , Guangzhou 510080 , China
- Southern Medical University , Guangzhou 510515 , China
| | - Shaoru He
- Department of Neonatology , Guangzhou General Hospital , Guangzhou 510080 , China
| | - Hongke Zeng
- Department of Critical Care and Emergency, Guangdong Provincial People' Hospital , Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences , Guangzhou 510080 , China
| | - Yiyu Deng
- Department of Critical Care and Emergency, Guangdong Provincial People' Hospital , Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences , Guangzhou 510080 , China
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Nelson LH, Saulsbery AI, Lenz KM. Small cells with big implications: Microglia and sex differences in brain development, plasticity and behavioral health. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 176:103-119. [PMID: 30193820 PMCID: PMC8008579 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Brain sex differences are programmed largely by sex hormone secretions and direct sex chromosome effects in early life, and are subsequently modulated by early life experiences. The brain's resident immune cells, called microglia, actively contribute to brain development. Recent research has shown that microglia are sexually dimorphic, especially during early life, and may participate in sex-specific organization of the brain and behavior. Likewise, sex differences in immune cells and their signaling in the adult brain have been found, although in most cases their function remains unclear. Additionally, immune cells and their signaling have been implicated in many disorders in which brain development or plasticity is altered, including autism, schizophrenia, pain disorders, major depression, and postpartum depression. This review summarizes what is currently known about sex differences in neuroimmune function in development and during other major phases of brain plasticity, as well as the current state of knowledge regarding sex-specific neuroimmune function in psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars H Nelson
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Angela I Saulsbery
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kathryn M Lenz
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Osborne BF, Turano A, Caulfield JI, Schwarz JM. Sex- and region-specific differences in microglia phenotype and characterization of the peripheral immune response following early-life infection in neonatal male and female rats. Neurosci Lett 2018; 692:1-9. [PMID: 30367955 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Early-life infection has been shown to have profound effects on the brain and behavior across the lifespan, a phenomenon termed "early-life programming". Indeed, many neuropsychiatric disorders begin or have their origins early in life and have been linked to early-life immune activation (e.g. autism, ADHD, and schizophrenia). Furthermore, many of these disorders show a robust sex bias, with males having a higher risk of developing early-onset neurodevelopmental disorders. The concept of early-life programming is now well established, however, it is still unclear how such effects are initiated and then maintained across time to produce such a phenomenon. To begin to address this question, we examined changes in microglia, the immune cells of the brain, and peripheral immune cells in the hours immediately following early-life infection in male and female rats. We found that males showed a significant decrease in BDNF expression and females showed a significant increase in IL-6 expression in the cerebellum following E.coli infection on postnatal day 4; however, for most cytokines examined in the brain and in the periphery we were unable to identify any sex differences in the immune response, at least at the time points examined. Instead, neonatal infection with E.coli increased the expression of a number of cytokines in the brain of both males and females similarly including TNF-α, IL-1β, and CD11b (a marker of microglia activation) in the hippocampus and, in the spleen, TNF-α and IL-1β. We also found that protein levels of GRO-KC, MIP-1a, MCP1, IP-10, TNF-α, and IL-10 were elevated 8-hours postinfection, but this response was resolved by 24-hours. Lastly, we found that males have more thin microglia than females on P5, however, neonatal infection had no effect on any of the microglia morphologies we examined. These data show that sex differences in the acute immune response to neonatal infection are likely gene, region, and even time dependent. Future research should consider these factors in order to develop a comprehensive understanding of the immune response in males and females as these changes are likely the initiating agents that lead to the long-term, and often sex-specific, effects of early-life infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany F Osborne
- University of Delaware, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 108 Wolf Hall, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| | - Alexandra Turano
- University of Delaware, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 108 Wolf Hall, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| | - Jasmine I Caulfield
- University of Delaware, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 108 Wolf Hall, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| | - Jaclyn M Schwarz
- University of Delaware, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 108 Wolf Hall, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
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18
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Abstract
While sex differences in the peripheral immune response have been studied extensively, sex differences in the neuroimmune response, including glial activation and associated cytokine production in the brain, is a recently emerging field. Advances in our understanding of sex differences in the neuroimmune response have important implications for understanding how neural circuits are shaped during early brain development, how activation of the immune system may impact cognitive function and behavior, and how inflammation may be associated with the risk of mental health disorders that have strong sex-biases. The goal of this mini review is to highlight recent work in the field of sex differences in neuroimmune function, with a particular focus on how microglia function is influenced by age and sex hormone exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany F Osborne
- University of Delaware, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 108 Wolf Hall, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Alexandra Turano
- University of Delaware, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 108 Wolf Hall, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Jaclyn M Schwarz
- University of Delaware, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 108 Wolf Hall, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
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Sun J, Pan X, Christiansen LI, Yuan XL, Skovgaard K, Chatterton DEW, Kaalund SS, Gao F, Sangild PT, Pankratova S. Necrotizing enterocolitis is associated with acute brain responses in preterm pigs. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:180. [PMID: 29885660 PMCID: PMC5994241 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1201-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is an acute gut inflammatory disorder that occurs in preterm infants in the first weeks after birth. Infants surviving NEC often show impaired neurodevelopment. The mechanisms linking NEC lesions with later neurodevelopment are poorly understood but may include proinflammatory signaling in the immature brain. Using preterm pigs as a model for preterm infants, we hypothesized that severe intestinal NEC lesions are associated with acute effects on the developing hippocampus. Methods Cesarean-delivered preterm pigs (n = 117) were reared for 8 days and spontaneously developed variable severity of NEC lesions. Neonatal arousal, physical activity, and in vitro neuritogenic effects of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were investigated in pigs showing NEC lesions in the colon (Co-NEC) or in the small intestine (Si-NEC). Hippocampal transcriptome analysis and qPCR were used to assess gene expressions and their relation to biological processes, including neuroinflammation, and neural plasticity. Microglia activation was quantified by stereology. The neuritogenic response to selected proteins was investigated in primary cultures of hippocampal neurons. Results NEC development rapidly reduced the physical activity of pigs, especially when lesions occurred in the small intestine. Si-NEC and Co-NEC were associated with 27 and 12 hippocampal differentially expressed genes (DEGs), respectively. These included genes related to neuroinflammation (i.e., S100A8, S100A9, IL8, IL6, MMP8, SAA, TAGLN2) and hypoxia (i.e., PDK4, IER3, TXNIP, AGER), and they were all upregulated in Si-NEC pigs. Genes related to protection against oxidative stress (HBB, ALAS2) and oligodendrocytes (OPALIN) were downregulated in Si-NEC pigs. CSF collected from NEC pigs promoted neurite outgrowth in vitro, and the S100A9 and S100A8/S100A9 proteins may mediate the neuritogenic effects of NEC-related CSF on hippocampal neurons. NEC lesions did not affect total microglial cell number but markedly increased the proportion of Iba1-positive amoeboid microglial cells. Conclusions NEC lesions, especially when present in the small intestine, are associated with changes to hippocampal gene expression that potentially mediate neuroinflammation and disturbed neural circuit formation via enhanced neuronal differentiation. Early brain-protective interventions may be critical for preterm infants affected by intestinal NEC lesions to reduce their later neurological dysfunctions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1201-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Xiaoyu Pan
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Line I Christiansen
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Xiao-Long Yuan
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kerstin Skovgaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Dereck E W Chatterton
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.,Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Sanne S Kaalund
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospitals, DK-2400, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fei Gao
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518000, Shenzhen, China
| | - Per T Sangild
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark. .,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Stanislava Pankratova
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Bukhari SHF, Clark OE, Williamson LL. Maternal high fructose diet and neonatal immune challenge alter offspring anxiety-like behavior and inflammation across the lifespan. Life Sci 2018; 197:114-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Weinhard L, d'Errico P, Leng Tay T. Headmasters: Microglial regulation of learning and memory in health and disease. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2018.1.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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