1
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Sun Y, Giacomello G, Girreser U, Steff J, Bureik M, de la Torre X, Botrè F, Parr MK. Characterization and quantitation of a sulfoconjugated metabolite for detection of methyltestosterone misuse and direct identification by LC-MS. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 242:106527. [PMID: 38710312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2024.106527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Methyltestosterone (MT) is one of the most frequently misused anabolic androgenic steroids detected in doping control analysis. The metabolism of MT in humans leads to several phase І metabolites and their corresponding phase Ⅱ conjugates. Previous studies have postulated the 3α-sulfoconjugate of 17α-methyl-5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol (S2) as principal sulfate metabolite of MT, with a detection window exceeding 10 days. However, a final direct and unambiguous confirmation of the structure of this metabolite is missing until now. In this study, we established an approach to detect and identify S2, using intact analysis by liquid chromatography hyphenated with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) without complex sample pretreatment. An in vitro study yielded the LC-MS/MS reference retention times of all 3-sulfated 17-methylandrostane-3,17-diol diastereomers, allowing for accurate structure assignment of potentially detected metabolites. In an in vivo excretion study with a single healthy male volunteer, the presence of the metabolite S2 was confirmed after a single oral dose of 10 mg MT. The reference standard was chemically synthesized, characterized by accurate mass mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and quantified by quantitative NMR (qNMR). Thus, this study finally provides accurate structure information on the S2 metabolite and a direct analytical method for detection of MT misuse. The availability of the reference material is expected to facilitate further evaluation and subsequent analytical method validation in anti-doping research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Sun
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Ginevra Giacomello
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Ulrich Girreser
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Jakob Steff
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Matthias Bureik
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Lu, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | | | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, Rome 00197, Italy,; REDs - Research and Expertise on Antidoping sciences, ISSUL - Institute des sciences du sport, Université de Lausanne, Synathlon 3224 - Quartier Centre, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, Berlin 14195, Germany,.
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2
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Slíž K, Mikuš P. Advances in SARMs anti-doping analysis. Drug Test Anal 2024. [PMID: 38706416 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) are performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) that stimulate anabolism, increase muscle mass and strength and promote recovery from exercise. The use of SARMs in sports is considered doping and is strictly prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) and the International Federation of Horseracing Authorities (IFHA). To monitor the abuse of SARMs in sports, it is essential to develop advanced, selective and sensitive analytical methods that provide reliable results. This review evaluates the advances in this area, with a focus on the identification of target analytes related to SARMs, such as SARMs, their metabolites or markers. The aim is to identify targets that could extend the detection windows of SARMs, provide scientific support for results management and/or offer an indirect biomarker-based approach to doping control. This review also aims to evaluate the current liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods developed for the monitoring of SARMs in different biological matrices, including traditional matrices such as urine and serum/plasma samples, as well as alternative matrices such as dried blood spots, hair and nail samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristián Slíž
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Toxicologic and Antidoping Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Mikuš
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Toxicologic and Antidoping Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
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3
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Hovda LR. Therapeutic Medications and Illicit Medications and Supplements. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2024; 40:151-160. [PMID: 37951813 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2023.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This article provides information on the toxicity of some therapeutic drugs, illicit drugs, and supplements. Medications in the therapeutic section are grouped into antibiotics, antipsychotic agents, bronchodilators, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opioids, and sedatives/tranquilizers. The section on illicit drugs and supplements provides information on more specific medications including commonly used or abused human medications and a few that are available only from Internet compounding pharmacies. Many drugs and supplements can be either therapeutic or illicit depending on the dosage and ultimate use of the horse. Some medications, however, are illicit no matter when and how they are administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Rolland Hovda
- Safetycall International and Pet Poison Helpline, 3600 American Boulevard West, Suite 725, Bloomington, MN 55431, USA; Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
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4
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Broberg MN, Ohlsson RT, Bondesson U, Pettersson C, Tidstedt B, Thevis M, Hedeland M. A multivariate data analysis approach for the investigation of in vitro derived metabolites of ACP-105 in comparison with human in vivo metabolites. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1231:123927. [PMID: 37972465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) such as ACP-105 are prohibited in sports due to their anabolic properties. ACP-105 has in previous equine studies shown to undergo extensive metabolism, which makes its metabolite profile important to investigate in humans, since the metabolism is unknown in this species. The aims of the study were to systematically optimize in vitro microsome incubations for improved metabolite yield and to utilize a multivariate data analysis (MVDA) approach to aid the metabolite discovery. Microsomes together with S9 fractions were used at optimal conditions, both with and without phase II additives. Furthermore, the relevance of the in vitro derived metabolites was evaluated as analytical targets in doping control by comparison with results from a human post-administration urine sample collected after a single dose of 100 µg ACP-105. All samples were analyzed with liquid chromatography - Orbitrap mass spectrometry. The use of the systematical optimization and MVDA greatly simplified the search and a total of 18 in vitro metabolites were tentatively identified. The yield of the two main monohydroxylated isomers increased by 24 and 10 times, respectively. In the human urine sample, a total of seven metabolites of ACP-105, formed by a combination of hydroxylations and glucuronic acid conjugations, were tentatively identified. The main metabolites were two monohydroxylated forms that are suggested as analytical targets for human doping control after hydrolysis. All the in vivo metabolites could be detected with the MVDA approach on the in vitro models, demonstrating its usefulness for prediction of the in vivo metabolite profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Nilsson Broberg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Ulf Bondesson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Curt Pettersson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Börje Tidstedt
- Department of Chemistry, Environment and Feed Hygiene, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 75189 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Mikael Hedeland
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
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5
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Karatt TK, Sathiq MA, Laya S, Karakka Kal AK, Subhahar MB, M P MA, Philip M, Graiban FM, Caveney MR. Metabolic study of selective androgen receptor modulator LY2452473 in thoroughbred horses for doping control. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37:e9491. [PMID: 36758220 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Since 2010, there has been an increasing number of adverse analytical findings related to selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) in competitive sports. It emphasizes the importance of comprehensive doping control analytical procedures that are capable of detecting SARM misuse. METHODS In this study, it is described how LY2452473, a SARM, was metabolized in thoroughbred horses after a single-dose oral administration and in vitro with equine liver microsome preparations. An investigation of the metabolism of LY2452473 in horses' urine, plasma, and hair matrices was carried out during the study. The plausible structures of the detected metabolites were postulated using high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. RESULTS Under the experimental conditions 15 metabolites (12 phase I and three conjugates of phase I) were detected (M1-M15). The major phase I metabolites identified were formed by hydroxylation. Side-chain dissociated and methylated metabolites were also detected. In phase II, the glucuronic acid and sulfonic acid conjugates of hydroxy LY2452473 were detected as the major metabolites. In vitro analysis has confirmed the presence of all metabolites found in vivo except for the methylated analogs M11 and M12. A peak concentration of LY2452473 (0.5 pg/mg) in proximal hair segments was achieved 4 weeks after administration, according to hair analysis. CONCLUSIONS Data obtained will aid in identifying LY2452473 and related substances faster. Furthermore, the results will assist in checking for the illegal use of these substances in competitive sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tajudheen K Karatt
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Jamal Mohamed College (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Anwar Sathiq
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Jamal Mohamed College (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Saraswathy Laya
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | | | | | - Muhammed Ajeebsanu M P
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Moses Philip
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fatma Mohammed Graiban
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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6
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Kaufmann A, Arrizabalaga-Larrañaga A, Blokland M, Sterk S. Potential and limitation of retrospective HRMS based data analysis: “Have meat-producing animals been exposed to illegal growth promotors such as SARMs?”. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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7
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Karatt TK, Sathiq MA, Laya S, Philip M, Karakka Kal AK, Subhahar MB. Investigation of in vitro generated metabolites of GLPG0492 using equine liver microsomes for doping control. Drug Test Anal 2023. [PMID: 36762383 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
An effective alternative to testosterone therapy is selective androgen receptor modulators, a class of compounds that has a tissue-specific effect on muscle and bone. These drugs, which enhance performance, pose a severe abuse risk in competitive sports. GLPG0492 is one of the selective androgen receptor modulators discovered in recent decades. This compound has a unique tissue-specific action for muscle and bone against steroid receptors and acts as a partial agonist for androgen receptors. This study examined GLPG0492 and its metabolites in vitro using equine liver microsomes. Liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry was utilized to determine the probable structures of detected metabolites. This study identified 39 metabolites of GLPG0492 (21 phase I and 18 phase II). The hydroxylation of GLPG0492 results in monohydroxylated and dihydroxylated metabolites. Additionally, the study detected dissociated side chains (3-methyl and 4-(hydroxymethyl)) and corresponding hydroxylated metabolites. A series of glucuronic acid- and sulfonic acid-conjugated analogs of GLPG0492 were detected during phase II of the study. The findings might help in the detection of GLPG0492 and the elucidation of its illegal use in equestrian sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tajudheen K Karatt
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.,Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Jamal Mohamed College (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Anwar Sathiq
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Jamal Mohamed College (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Saraswathy Laya
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Moses Philip
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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8
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From targeted methods to metabolomics based strategies to screen for growth promoters misuse in horseracing and livestock: A review. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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9
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Harding C, Viljanto M, Habershon-Butcher J, Taylor P, Scarth J. Equine metabolism of the selective androgen receptor modulator YK-11 in urine and plasma following oral administration. Drug Test Anal 2022; 15:388-407. [PMID: 36519889 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
YK-11 is a steroidal selective androgen receptor modulator, a compound class prohibited in both equine racing and human sports because of their potentially performance enhancing properties. YK-11 is easily accessible via internet-based supplement vendors making this compound a possible candidate for doping; however, its phases I and II metabolism has not yet been reported in the horse. The purpose of this study was to investigate the in vivo metabolites of YK-11 in urine and plasma following oral administration with three daily doses of 50 mg to two Thoroughbred horses. In vitro incubations with equine liver microsomes/S9 were also performed for use as metabolite reference materials; however, this resulted in the formation of 79 metabolites with little overlap with the in vivo metabolism. In plasma, parent YK-11 and seven phase I metabolites were detected, with five of them also observed in vitro. They were present nonconjugated in plasma, with one metabolite also indicating some glucuronide conjugation. In urine, 11 phase I metabolites were observed, with four of them also observed in vitro and six of them also detected in plasma. Nine metabolites were excreted non-conjugated in urine, with two of them also indicating some sulfate conjugation. Two minor metabolites were detected solely as sulfate conjugates. The most abundant analytes in urine were a mono-O-demethylated breakdown product and di-O-demethylated YK-11. The most abundant analytes in plasma were two isomers of the breakdown product with an additional hydroxylation reaction, which also provided the longest detection time in both matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Harding
- Sport and Specialised Analytical Services, LGC, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Marjaana Viljanto
- Sport and Specialised Analytical Services, LGC, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | | | - Polly Taylor
- Sport and Specialised Analytical Services, LGC, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - James Scarth
- Sport and Specialised Analytical Services, LGC, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, UK
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10
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Cutler C, Viljanto M, Taylor P, Habershon-Butcher J, Van Eenoo P. Equine metabolism of the growth hormone secretagogue MK-0677 in vitro and in urine and plasma following oral administration. Drug Test Anal 2022; 14:1273-1290. [PMID: 35302297 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Ibutamoren mesylate, or MK-0677, is an orally active, non-peptide growth hormone secretagogue that has been developed to stimulate excretion of endogenous growth hormone. It has been evaluated for the treatment of a range of clinical conditions but is not available therapeutically. Nonetheless, MK-0677 is widely available to purchase online, sold as 'supplement' products. The mode of action and relative ease of purchase make MK-0677 a potential threat with regard to sports doping. The aim of this study was to investigate the metabolism of MK0677 in the horse following in vitro incubation and oral administration to two Thoroughbred racehorses, in order to identify the most appropriate analytical targets for doping control laboratories. Liquid chromatographyhigh resolution mass spectrometry was used for metabolite identification, and subsequently liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to generate full metabolite profiles for post-administration urine and plasma samples. Fourteen phase I metabolites were identified in vitro; thirteen of these were subsequently detected in urine and nine in plasma collected post-administration, alongside the parent compound in both matrices. In both urine and plasma, the longest duration of detection was observed for an O-dealkylated metabolite of MK-0677 and, therefore, this would be the best target for the detection of MK-0677 administration. MK-0677 and the O-dealkylated metabolite were found to be excreted largely unconjugated in urine and plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Cutler
- LGC Ltd, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, UK.,Ghent University (Ugent) Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Ghent University (Ugent) Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent, Belgium
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11
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Kintz P. The forensic response after an adverse analytical finding (doping) involving a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) in human athlete. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 207:114433. [PMID: 34715583 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) are a class of drugs presenting identical anabolic properties to anabolic steroids in addition to marked reduced androgenic effects. These drugs have emerged in the doping area within the early 2000's. Ligandrol, ostarine, RAD-140 and andarine are the most popular agents belonging to this class. According to the world anti-doping agency (WADA) prohibited list, SARMs are prohibited at all times (i.e. in and out-of-competition) and are listed under the section S1.2 (other anabolic agents). The compilation of the WADA testing figures reports from 2015 to 2019 has indicated a regular increase of adverse analytical findings (AAF) due to SARMs, particularly with ostarine and ligandrol. The implementation of highly sensitive chromatographic anti-doping analyses has induced high-profile challenges of anti-doping rules violations as athletes have claimed in numerous occasions that contamination was the reason for their AAF. Since the early 2000's, it has been accepted by the Court of Arbitration for Sports (CAS) in Lausanne (Switzerland) that, under some specific circumstances, unusual explanations can be provided to the Panel to explain an AAF. This was the open door for forensic investigations, as it is done in criminal Courts. A forensic approach can include testing for SARMs in food, drinks, but mostly in dietary supplements. As most anti-doping rules violations are only known several weeks after urine collection, this biological matrix is seldom use for further tests, despite the fact that most SARMs can be detected for several weeks in urine. Luckily, hair or nail testing can be a complement to document the claim of the athlete but of course, it cannot be considered as an alternative to urinalysis. This is because a negative hair or nail result cannot exclude the use of the detected drug and cannot overrule the urine result. To date, all methods for SARMs identification in various matrices involve liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry or high-resolution mass spectrometry. The aim of this paper is to review the scientific literature on the analytical possibilities of testing SARMs in dietary supplements, urine and hair or nail clippings after an AAF to document the claims of an athlete or his/her legal team.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Kintz
- X-Pertise Consulting, 42 rue principale, 67206 Mittelhausbergen, France; Institut de Médecine légale, 11 rue Humann, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
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12
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Cutler C, Viljanto M, Taylor P, Hincks P, Biddle S, Van Eenoo P. Identification of equine in vitro metabolites of seven non-steroidal selective androgen receptor modulators for doping control purposes. Drug Test Anal 2021; 14:349-370. [PMID: 34714606 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Selective androgen receptor modulators, SARMs, are a large class of compounds developed to provide therapeutic anabolic effects with minimal androgenic side effects. A wide range of these compounds are available to purchase online and thus provide the potential for abuse in sports. Knowledge of the metabolism of these compounds is essential to aid their detection in doping control samples. In vitro models allow a quick, cost-effective response where administration studies are yet to be carried out. In this study, the equine phase I metabolism of the non-steroidal SARMs GSK2881078, LGD-2226, LGD-3303, PF-06260414, ACP-105, RAD-140 and S-23 was investigated using equine liver microsomes. Liquid chromatography coupled to a QExactive Orbitrap mass spectrometer allowed identification of metabolites with high resolution and mass accuracy. Three metabolites were identified for both GSK2881078 and LGD-2226, four for LGD-3303 and RAD-140, five for PF-06260414, twelve for ACP-105 and ten for S-23. The equine metabolism of GSK-2881078, LGD-2226, LGD-3303 and PF-06260414 is reported for the first time. Although the equine metabolism of ACP-105, RAD-140 and S-23 has previously been reported, the results obtained in this study have been compared with published data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Cutler
- LGC Ltd, Fordham, UK.,Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University (UGent), Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University (UGent), Ghent, Belgium
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13
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Moreira F, Carmo H, Guedes de Pinho P, Bastos MDL. Doping detection in animals: A review of analytical methodologies published from 1990 to 2019. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:474-504. [PMID: 33440053 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the impressive innate physical abilities of horses, camels, greyhounds, or pigeons, doping agents might be administered to these animals to improve their performance. To control these illegal practices, anti-doping analytical methodologies have been developed. This review compiles the analytical methods that have been published for the detection of prohibited substances administered to animals involved in sports over 30 years. Relevant papers meeting the search criteria that discussed analytical methods aiming to detect and/or quantify doping substances in animal biological matrices published from 1990 to 2019 were considered. A total of 317 studies were included, of which 298 were related to horses, demonstrating significant advances toward the development of doping detection methods for equine sports. However, analytical methods for the detection of doping agents in sports involving other species are lacking. Due to enhanced accuracy and specificity, chromatographic analysis coupled to mass spectrometry detection is preferred over immunoassays. Regarding biological matrices, blood and urine remain the first choice, although alternative biological matrices, such as hair and feces, have been considered. With the increasing number and type of drugs used as doping agents, the analytes addressed in the published papers are diverse. It is very important to continue to detect and quantify these drugs, recognizing those that are most frequently used, in order to punish the abusers, protect animals' health, and ensure a healthier and genuine competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Moreira
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Área Técnico-Científica de Farmácia, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena Carmo
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Guedes de Pinho
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria de Lourdes Bastos
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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14
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Cutler C, Viljanto M, Taylor P, Habershon-Butcher J, Muir T, Biddle S, Van Eenoo P. Equine metabolism of the selective androgen receptor modulator AC-262536 in vitro and in urine, plasma and hair following oral administration. Drug Test Anal 2020; 13:369-385. [PMID: 32959959 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AC-262536 is one of a number of selective androgen receptor modulators that are being developed by the pharmaceutical industry for treatment of a range of clinical conditions including androgen replacement therapy. Though not available therapeutically, selective androgen receptor modulators are widely available to purchase online as (illegal) supplement products. The growth- and bone-promoting effects, along with fewer associated negative side effects compared with anabolic-androgenic steroids, make these compounds a significant threat with regard to doping control in sport. The aim of this study was to investigate the metabolism of AC-262536 in the horse following in vitro incubation and oral administration to two Thoroughbred horses, in order to identify the most appropriate analytical targets for doping control laboratories. Urine, plasma and hair samples were collected and analysed for parent drug and metabolites. Liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry was used for in vitro metabolite identification and in urine and plasma samples. Nine phase I metabolites were identified in vitro; four of these were subsequently detected in urine and three in plasma, alongside the parent compound in both matrices. In both urine and plasma samples, the longest detection window was observed for an epimer of the parent compound, which is suggested as the best target for detection of AC-262536 administration. AC-262536 and metabolites were found to be primarily glucuronide conjugates in both urine and plasma. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of post-administration hair samples indicated incorporation of parent AC-262536 into the hair following oral administration. No metabolites were detected in the hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Cutler
- Sports and Specialised Analytical Services, LGC Ltd, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Marjaana Viljanto
- Sports and Specialised Analytical Services, LGC Ltd, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Polly Taylor
- Sports and Specialised Analytical Services, LGC Ltd, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | | | - Tessa Muir
- British Horseracing Authority, London, UK.,Racing Victoria Ltd, Flemington, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon Biddle
- Sports and Specialised Analytical Services, LGC Ltd, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Laboratory of Doping Control, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
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15
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Delcourt V, Barnabé A, Loup B, Garcia P, André F, Chabot B, Trévisiol S, Moulard Y, Popot MA, Bailly-Chouriberry L. MetIDfyR: An Open-Source R Package to Decipher Small-Molecule Drug Metabolism through High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:13155-13162. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Delcourt
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Agnès Barnabé
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Benoit Loup
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Patrice Garcia
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - François André
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Benjamin Chabot
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Stéphane Trévisiol
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Yves Moulard
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Popot
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
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16
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So YM, Wong JKY, Choi TLS, Prabhu A, Stewart B, Farrington AF, Robinson P, Wan TSM, Ho ENM. Metabolic studies of selective androgen receptor modulators RAD140 and S-23 in horses. Drug Test Anal 2020; 13:318-337. [PMID: 32853476 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the studies of the in vitro biotransformation of two selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs), namely, RAD140 and S-23, and the in vivo metabolism of RAD140 in horses using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. in vitro metabolic studies of RAD140 and S-23 were performed using homogenised horse liver. The more prominent in vitro biotransformation pathways for RAD140 included hydrolysis, hydroxylation, glucuronidation and sulfation. Metabolic pathways for S-23 were similar to those for other arylpropionamide-based SARMs. The administration study of RAD140 was carried out using three retired thoroughbred geldings. RAD140 and the majority of the identified in vitro metabolites were detected in post-administration urine samples. For controlling the misuse of RAD140 in horses, RAD140 and its metabolite in sulfate form gave the longest detection time in hydrolysed urine and could be detected for up to 6 days post-administration. In plasma, RAD140 itself gave the longest detection time of up to 13 days. Apart from RAD140 glucuronide, the metabolites of RAD140 described herein have never been reported before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yat-Ming So
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N. T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Jenny K Y Wong
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N. T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Timmy L S Choi
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N. T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Anil Prabhu
- Department of Veterinary Regulation, Welfare & Biosecurity Policy, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N. T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Brian Stewart
- Department of Veterinary Regulation, Welfare & Biosecurity Policy, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N. T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Adrian F Farrington
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Services, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N. T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul Robinson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Services, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N. T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Terence S M Wan
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N. T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Emmie N M Ho
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N. T., Hong Kong, China
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17
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Temerdashev AZ, Dmitrieva EV. Methods for the Determination of Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934820070187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Gadaj A, Ventura E, Healy J, Botrè F, Sterk SS, Buckley T, Mooney MH. Enhanced UHPLC-MS/MS screening of selective androgen receptor modulators following urine hydrolysis. MethodsX 2020; 7:100926. [PMID: 32547930 PMCID: PMC7286957 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2020.100926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) represent non-steroidal agents commonly abused in human and animal (i.e. equine, canine) sports, with potential for further misuse as growth promoting agents in livestock-based farming. As a direct response to the real and possible implications of illicit application in both sport as well as food production systems, this study incorporated enzymatic hydrolysis (β-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase) into a previously established protocol while maintaining the minimal volume (200 µL) of urine sample required to detect SARMs encompassing various pharmacophores in urine from a range of species (i.e. equine, bovine, human, canine and rodent). The newly presented semi-quantitative UHPLC-MS/MS-based assay is shown to be fit-for-purpose, being rapid and offering high-throughput, with validation findings fulfilling criteria stipulated within relevant doping and food control legislation.CCβ values determined at 1 ng mL−1 for majority of analytes. Deconjugation step included in the method led to significantly increased relative abundance of ostarine in analysed incurred urine samples demonstrating the requirement for hydrolysis to detect a total form of emerging SARMs. Assay amenable for use within routine testing to ensure fair play in animal and human sports and that animal-derived food is free from contamination with SARM residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gadaj
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 5DL, United Kingdom.,Chemical and Immunodiagnostic Sciences Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Stoney Road, Belfast BT4 3SD, United Kingdom
| | - Emiliano Ventura
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 5DL, United Kingdom
| | - Jim Healy
- Laboratory, Irish Greyhound Board, Limerick Greyhound Stadium, Ireland.,Applied Science Department, Limerick Institute of Technology, Moylish, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Italy
| | - Saskia S Sterk
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, European Union Reference Laboratory, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tom Buckley
- Irish Diagnostic Laboratory Services Ltd., Johnstown, W91 RH93, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Mark H Mooney
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 5DL, United Kingdom
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19
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Cutler C, Viljanto M, Hincks P, Habershon‐Butcher J, Muir T, Biddle S. Investigation of the metabolism of the selective androgen receptor modulator LGD‐4033 in equine urine, plasma and hair following oral administration. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:247-260. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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20
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Temerdashev A, Dmitrieva E, Azaryan A, Gashimova E. A novel approach to the quantification of urinary aryl‐propionamide‐derived SARMs by UHPLC–MS/MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 34:e4700. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Azamat Temerdashev
- Department of Analytical ChemistryKuban State University Krasnodar Russia
| | | | - Alice Azaryan
- Department of Analytical ChemistryKuban State University Krasnodar Russia
| | - Elina Gashimova
- Department of Analytical ChemistryKuban State University Krasnodar Russia
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21
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Ventura E, Gadaj A, Monteith G, Ripoche A, Healy J, Botrè F, Sterk SS, Buckley T, Mooney MH. Development and validation of a semi-quantitative ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for screening of selective androgen receptor modulators in urine. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1600:183-196. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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22
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van Geenen FAMG, Franssen MCR, Miikkulainen V, Ritala M, Zuilhof H, Kostiainen R, Nielen MWF. TiO 2 Photocatalyzed Oxidation of Drugs Studied by Laser Ablation Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:639-646. [PMID: 30617860 PMCID: PMC6445813 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-2120-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In drug discovery, it is important to identify phase I metabolic modifications as early as possible to screen for inactivation of drugs and/or activation of prodrugs. As the major class of reactions in phase I metabolism is oxidation reactions, oxidation of drugs with TiO2 photocatalysis can be used as a simple non-biological method to initially eliminate (pro)drug candidates with an undesired phase I oxidation metabolism. Analysis of reaction products is commonly achieved with mass spectrometry coupled to chromatography. However, sample throughput can be substantially increased by eliminating pretreatment steps and exploiting the potential of ambient ionization mass spectrometry (MS). Furthermore, online monitoring of reactions in a time-resolved way would identify sequential modification steps. Here, we introduce a novel (time-resolved) TiO2-photocatalysis laser ablation electrospray ionization (LAESI) MS method for the analysis of drug candidates. This method was proven to be compatible with both TiO2-coated glass slides as well as solutions containing suspended TiO2 nanoparticles, and the results were in excellent agreement with studies on biological oxidation of verapamil, buspirone, testosterone, andarine, and ostarine. Finally, a time-resolved LAESI MS setup was developed and initial results for verapamil showed excellent analytical stability for online photocatalyzed oxidation reactions within the set-up up to at least 1 h. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred A M G van Geenen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- TI-COAST, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maurice C R Franssen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ville Miikkulainen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Ritala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Risto Kostiainen
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michel W F Nielen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- RIKILT, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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23
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Fragkaki AG, Sakellariou P, Kiousi P, Kioukia-Fougia N, Tsivou M, Petrou M, Angelis Y. Human in vivo metabolism study of LGD-4033. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1635-1645. [PMID: 30255601 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) are an emerging class of therapeutics targeted to cachexia, sarcopenia, and hypogonadism treatment. LGD-4033 is a SARM which has been included on the Prohibited List annually released by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). The aim of the present work was the investigation of the metabolism of LGD-4033 in a human excretion study after administration of an LGD-4033 supplement, the determination of the metabolites' excretion profiles with special interest in the determination of its long-term metabolites, and the comparison of the excretion time of the phase I and phase II metabolites. The results were also compared to those derived from previous LGD-4033 studies concerning both in vitro and in vivo experiments. Supplement containing LGD-4033 was administered to one human male volunteer and urine samples were collected up to almost 21 days. Analysis of the hydrolyzed (with β-glucuronidase) as well as of the non-hydrolyzed samples was performed using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) in negative ionization mode and revealed that, in both cases, the two isomers of the dihydroxylated metabolite (M5) were preferred target metabolites. The gluco-conjugated parent LGD-4033 and its gluco-conjugated metabolites M1 and M2 can be also considered as useful target analytes in non-hydrolyzed samples. The study also presents two trihydroxylated metabolites (M6) identified for the first time in human urine; one of them was recently reported in an LGD-4033 metabolism study in horse urine and plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyro G Fragkaki
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens "Spyros Louis", 37 Kifisias Avenue, 15123, Maroussi, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Sakellariou
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens "Spyros Louis", 37 Kifisias Avenue, 15123, Maroussi, Greece.,Faculty of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Polyxeni Kiousi
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens "Spyros Louis", 37 Kifisias Avenue, 15123, Maroussi, Greece
| | - Nassia Kioukia-Fougia
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens "Spyros Louis", 37 Kifisias Avenue, 15123, Maroussi, Greece
| | - Maria Tsivou
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens "Spyros Louis", 37 Kifisias Avenue, 15123, Maroussi, Greece
| | - Michael Petrou
- Cyprus Anti-Doping Authority, Makarion Athletic Centre Avenue, Engomi, Nicosia, CY, 2400, Cyprus
| | - Yiannis Angelis
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens "Spyros Louis", 37 Kifisias Avenue, 15123, Maroussi, Greece
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24
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Equine in vivo -derived metabolites of the SARM LGD-4033 and comparison with human and fungal metabolites. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1074-1075:91-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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25
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Garg N, Hansson A, Knych HK, Stanley SD, Thevis M, Bondesson U, Hedeland M, Globisch D. Structural elucidation of major selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) metabolites for doping control. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:698-702. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob03030d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Elucidated and validated structure of the major SARM doping drug metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Garg
- Science for Life Laboratory
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Uppsala University
- Uppsala
- Sweden
| | - Annelie Hansson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Division of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Uppsala University
- Uppsala
- Sweden
| | - Heather K. Knych
- K. L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory
- School of Veterinary Medicine
- University of California
- Davis
- USA
| | - Scott D. Stanley
- K. L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory
- School of Veterinary Medicine
- University of California
- Davis
- USA
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Preventive Doping Research
- German Sport University
- Cologne
- Germany
| | - Ulf Bondesson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Division of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Uppsala University
- Uppsala
- Sweden
| | - Mikael Hedeland
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Division of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Uppsala University
- Uppsala
- Sweden
| | - Daniel Globisch
- Science for Life Laboratory
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Uppsala University
- Uppsala
- Sweden
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26
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Fragkaki AG, Kioukia-Fougia N, Kiousi P, Kioussi M, Tsivou M. Challenges in detecting substances for equine anti-doping. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1291-1303. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. G. Fragkaki
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens; Olympic Athletic Center of Athens ‘Spyros Louis’; 37 Kifisias Avenue 15123 Maroussi Greece
| | - N. Kioukia-Fougia
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens; Olympic Athletic Center of Athens ‘Spyros Louis’; 37 Kifisias Avenue 15123 Maroussi Greece
| | - P. Kiousi
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens; Olympic Athletic Center of Athens ‘Spyros Louis’; 37 Kifisias Avenue 15123 Maroussi Greece
| | - M. Kioussi
- Laboratory of Pesticides Residues, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy; Benaki Phytopathological Institute; 8 St. Delta str., 14561 Kifissia Athens Greece
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry; University of Athens; 15771 Panepistimiopolis-Zographou Athens Greece
| | - M. Tsivou
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens; Olympic Athletic Center of Athens ‘Spyros Louis’; 37 Kifisias Avenue 15123 Maroussi Greece
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Cesbron N, Sydor A, Penot M, Prevost S, Le Bizec B, Dervilly-Pinel G. Analytical strategies to detect enobosarm administration in bovines. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 34:632-640. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1258122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nora Cesbron
- LaBoratoire d’Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Oniris, Nantes, France
| | - Alexandre Sydor
- LaBoratoire d’Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Oniris, Nantes, France
| | - Mylène Penot
- LaBoratoire d’Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Oniris, Nantes, France
| | - Stéphanie Prevost
- LaBoratoire d’Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Oniris, Nantes, France
| | - Bruno Le Bizec
- LaBoratoire d’Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Oniris, Nantes, France
| | - Gaud Dervilly-Pinel
- LaBoratoire d’Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Oniris, Nantes, France
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28
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Rojas D, Dervilly-Pinel G, Cesbron N, Penot M, Sydor A, Prévost S, Le Bizec B. Selective androgen receptor modulators: comparative excretion study of bicalutamide in bovine urine and faeces. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:1017-1025. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dante Rojas
- LUNAM Université; Oniris, Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA); Nantes France
- Instituto Tecnología de Alimentos (ITA), Centro de Investigación de Agroindustria (CIA); Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA); CC77 Morón Argentina
| | - Gaud Dervilly-Pinel
- LUNAM Université; Oniris, Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA); Nantes France
| | - Nora Cesbron
- LUNAM Université; Oniris, Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA); Nantes France
| | - Mylène Penot
- LUNAM Université; Oniris, Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA); Nantes France
| | - Alexandre Sydor
- LUNAM Université; Oniris, Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA); Nantes France
| | - Stéphanie Prévost
- LUNAM Université; Oniris, Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA); Nantes France
| | - Bruno Le Bizec
- LUNAM Université; Oniris, Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA); Nantes France
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29
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Hansson A, Knych H, Stanley S, Thevis M, Bondesson U, Hedeland M. Investigation of the selective androgen receptor modulators S1, S4 and S22 and their metabolites in equine plasma using high-resolution mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:833-42. [PMID: 26969924 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) are prohibited in sports due to their performance enhancing ability. It is important to investigate the metabolism to determine appropriate targets for doping control. This is the first study where the equine metabolites of SARMs S1, S4 (Andarine) and S22 (Ostarine) have been studied in plasma. METHODS Each SARM was administered to three horses as an intravenous bolus dose and plasma samples were collected. The samples were pretreated with protein precipitation using cold acetonitrile before separation by liquid chromatography. The mass spectrometric analysis was performed using negative electrospray, quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry operated in MS(E) mode and triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry operated in selected reaction monitoring mode. For the quantification of SARM S1, a deuterated analogue was used as internal standard. RESULTS The numbers of observed metabolites were eight, nine and four for the SARMs S1, S4 and S22, respectively. The major metabolite was formed by the same metabolic reactions for all three SARMs, namely amide hydrolysis, hydroxylation and sulfonation. The values of the determined maximum plasma concentrations were in the range of 97-170 ng/mL for SARM S1, 95-115 ng/mL for SARM S4 and 92-147 ng/mL for SARM S22 and the compounds could be detected for 96 h, 12 h and 18 h, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The maximum plasma concentration of SARMs S1, S4 and S22 was measured in the first sample (5 min) after administration and they were eliminated fast from plasma. The proposed targets to be used in equine doping control are the parent compounds for all three SARMs, but with the metabolite yielding the highest response as a complementary target. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelie Hansson
- Division of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Heather Knych
- K. L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Scott Stanley
- K. L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ulf Bondesson
- Division of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden
- National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Department of Chemistry, Environment and Feed Hygiene, SE-75651, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikael Hedeland
- Division of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden
- National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Department of Chemistry, Environment and Feed Hygiene, SE-75651, Uppsala, Sweden
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Cawley AT, Smart C, Greer C, Liu Lau M, Keledjian J. Detection of the selective androgen receptor modulator andarine (S-4) in a routine equine blood doping control sample. Drug Test Anal 2015; 8:257-61. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam T. Cawley
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory; Racing NSW; Randwick NSW Australia
| | - Corrine Smart
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory; Racing NSW; Randwick NSW Australia
| | - Candace Greer
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory; Racing NSW; Randwick NSW Australia
| | - Marcus Liu Lau
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory; Racing NSW; Randwick NSW Australia
| | - John Keledjian
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory; Racing NSW; Randwick NSW Australia
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