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Meesters K, Balbas-Martinez V, Allegaert K, Downes KJ, Michelet R. Personalized Dosing of Medicines for Children: A Primer on Pediatric Pharmacometrics for Clinicians. Paediatr Drugs 2024; 26:365-379. [PMID: 38755515 DOI: 10.1007/s40272-024-00633-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The widespread use of drugs for unapproved purposes remains common in children, primarily attributable to practical, ethical, and financial constraints associated with pediatric drug research. Pharmacometrics, the scientific discipline that involves the application of mathematical models to understand and quantify drug effects, holds promise in advancing pediatric pharmacotherapy by expediting drug development, extending applications, and personalizing dosing. In this review, we delineate the principles of pharmacometrics, and explore its clinical applications and prospects. The fundamental aspect of any pharmacometric analysis lies in the selection of appropriate methods for quantifying pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Population pharmacokinetic modeling is a data-driven method ('top-down' approach) to approximate population-level pharmacokinetic parameters, while identifying factors contributing to inter-individual variability. Model-informed precision dosing is increasingly used to leverage population pharmacokinetic models and patient data, to formulate individualized dosing recommendations. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models integrate physicochemical drug properties with biological parameters ('bottom-up approach'), and is particularly valuable in situations with limited clinical data, such as early drug development, assessing drug-drug interactions, or adapting dosing for patients with specific comorbidities. The effective implementation of these complex models hinges on strong collaboration between clinicians and pharmacometricians, given the pivotal role of data availability. Promising advancements aimed at improving data availability encompass innovative techniques such as opportunistic sampling, minimally invasive sampling approaches, microdialysis, and in vitro investigations. Additionally, ongoing research efforts to enhance measurement instruments for evaluating pharmacodynamics responses, including biomarkers and clinical scoring systems, are expected to significantly bolster our capacity to understand drug effects in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Meesters
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, 4480 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3V4, Canada.
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | | | - Karel Allegaert
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kevin J Downes
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robin Michelet
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- qPharmetra LLC, Berlin, Germany
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2
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Johnson-Ferguson L, Shanahan L, Loher M, Bechtiger L, Binz TM, Baumgartner M, Ribeaud D, Eisner M, Quednow BB. Higher paracetamol levels are associated with elevated glucocorticoid concentrations in hair: findings from a large cohort of young adults. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:2261-2268. [PMID: 38615315 PMCID: PMC11168975 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03747-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Paracetamol is one of the most commonly used over-the-counter medications. Experimental studies suggest a possible stress-suppressing effect of paracetamol in humans facing experimental stress-inducing paradigms. However, no study has investigated whether paracetamol and steroid hormones covary over longer time frames and under real-life conditions. This study addresses this gap by investigating associations between steroid hormones (cortisol, cortisone, and testosterone) and paracetamol concentrations measured in human hair, indexing a timeframe of approximately three months. The data came from a large community sample of young adults (N = 1002). Hair data were assayed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Multiple regression models tested associations between paracetamol and steroid hormones, while adjusting for a wide range of potential confounders, such as sex, stressful live events, psychoactive substance use, hair colour, and body mass index. Almost one in four young adults from the community had detectable paracetamol in their hair (23%). Higher paracetamol hair concentrations were robustly associated with more cortisol (β = 0.13, ηp = 0.016, p < 0.001) and cortisone (β = 0.16, ηp = 0.025, p < 0.001) in hair. Paracetamol and testosterone hair concentrations were not associated. Paracetamol use intensity positively correlated with corticosteroid functioning across several months. However, a potential corticosteroid-inducing effect of chronic paracetamol use has yet to be tested in future experimental designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Johnson-Ferguson
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Andreasstrasse 15, 8050, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacopsychology, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Lilly Shanahan
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Andreasstrasse 15, 8050, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michelle Loher
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Andreasstrasse 15, 8050, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura Bechtiger
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Andreasstrasse 15, 8050, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tina M Binz
- Center for Forensic Hair Analytics, Zurich Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Baumgartner
- Center for Forensic Hair Analytics, Zurich Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Denis Ribeaud
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Andreasstrasse 15, 8050, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Eisner
- Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Boris B Quednow
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Andreasstrasse 15, 8050, Zurich, Switzerland
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacopsychology, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Makhdoom HS, Afzal S, Sultana K, Shah SNH, Mujahid M, Hassan ZU, Munir F, Jahan F, Abbas Z, Abid AI, Khan NUH. SPE-UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS Analysis of Cocaine and Its Metabolites in Conventional and Alternative Biological Specimens: Application to Real Samples. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:23355-23363. [PMID: 38854579 PMCID: PMC11154955 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
An increase in cocaine abuse has been observed globally since the past decade. Cocaine is among the commonly abused stimulants used for recreational purposes. In this study, the SPE-UHPLC-MS/MS method was developed and validated to be applied on real specimens of 20 chronic cocaine abusers to quantify cocaine/metabolites in conventional as well as alternative biological matrices. Cocaine was extracted from biological specimens using solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a Poroshell120EC-18 column (2.1 mm × 50 mm, 2.7 μm particle size) using water-acetonitrile in 0.1% formic acid as a mobile phase in gradient elution mode. The flow rate of the mobile phase was 0.5 mL/min with a gradient varying the percentage of acetonitrile linearity ranging 15-95% in 6.0 min acquisition time, and the injection volume was set at 5 μL. Positive electrospray ionization with multireaction ion monitoring mode using two ion transitions for cocaine/metabolites and one for cocaine-d3 was employed. The quantification method demonstrated good linear ranges of 0.025-250 ng/mL in blood, urine, and oral fluid (ng/mg for hair and nail) with a ≥0.991% determination coefficient. The detection limit and lower quantification limit were 0.005 and 0.025 ng/mL in all matrices, respectively. The mean extraction recovery and ionization suppression ranged from 89.3 to 99.8% and -4.6 to -14.4% in the studied matrices. Within-run and between-days precisions were 1.8-7.2% and 1.9-6.1%, respectively. This study will not only help in quantifying cocaine/metabolites in alternative specimens (hair, nail, and oral fluid) but also guide clinical and forensic toxicologists in interpretation of exhumation cases. Furthermore, multiple specimens' analyses can be of significance in estimating the time/manner of drug exposure, in confirming the results of laboratories in cases of doubtful clinical histories, or in aiding medico-legal investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humera Shafi Makhdoom
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lahore, Lahore 44000, Pakistan
- Clinical
and Forensic Toxicology Department, Chughtai
Healthcare, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Saira Afzal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lahore, Lahore 44000, Pakistan
| | - Kishwar Sultana
- Department of Pharmacy, Iqra
University Islamabad Campus, Islamabad 440000, Pakistan
| | | | - Majida Mujahid
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lahore, Lahore 44000, Pakistan
- Drug
Regulatory Authority of Pakistan, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | | | - Farida Munir
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lahore, Lahore 44000, Pakistan
| | - Faryal Jahan
- Shifa Tameer e Millat University Islamabad, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Zeerak Abbas
- Clinical
and Forensic Toxicology Department, Chughtai
Healthcare, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ali Imran Abid
- Department of Regenerative
Nanomedicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67081, France
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Kuwayama K, Miyaguchi H, Kanamori T, Tsujikawa K, Yamamuro T, Segawa H, Okada Y, Iwata YT. Development of a method to evaluate the effects of external environments on drug stability in nails using micro-segmental analysis. Drug Test Anal 2024. [PMID: 38631699 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Nails can be used as an alternative to hair for examining past drug use. However, daily hand-and-nail care can eliminate the internal drugs. Therefore, we developed an evaluation method to examine the effects of the external environment on drug stability in nails using micro-segmental analysis. First, reference nails containing drugs were prepared by collecting fingernails from participants who had consumed hay-fever medicines continuously for 4 months. Next, the entire free edge of a reference nail was cut into halves at the centerline; one side was stored as an untreated block, and the other was treated with various hand/nail care products. Both nail blocks were washed and segmented at 0.5-mm intervals in the width direction. Each segment in the extraction solution was crushed with stainless-steel beads, sonicated, and soaked in the solution for 24 h. The analytes in extracts were quantified by LC-MS/MS, and the drug concentrations between the treated and untreated blocks were compared. The drug concentrations decreased slightly in nails treated with manicure and gel-nail products. The analytes in nails tended to be lower in water-rich products such as hand soap and hand cream than in oil-rich products such as nailcare oil and acetone-free remover. The developed method using micro-segmental analysis enabled the evaluation of the effects of various hand/nail care products on drug stability in a limited number of nails. This would also be useful for examining the effects of severe environments on drugs in nails collected from cases of unnatural death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kuwayama
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Chiba, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Hiroki Segawa
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuki Okada
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuko T Iwata
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Chiba, Japan
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Shima N, Nitta A, Sasaki K, Katagi M, Sato T, Nishioka H. Influences of hair dyeing on the distribution shapes of zolpidem and methoxyphenamine in hair. Forensic Sci Int 2024; 357:111990. [PMID: 38518566 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.111990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
In order to investigate the influences of hair dyeing on the distribution shapes of drugs in hair, different hair dyeing processes ("semi-permanent coloring without bleaching" and "permanent coloring with bleaching") were performed in vitro on black hair specimens collected from two subjects (Asians) who took a single dose of zolpidem (ZP, 10 mg of ZP tartrate) or methoxyphenamine (MOP, 50 mg of MOP hydrochloride). Under the following three different dyeing conditions, (1) semi-permanent coloring, (2) permanent coloring (once), (3) permanent coloring (twice), drug distributions in single hair specimens were investigated using a 2-mm segmental analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Distribution shapes of drugs changed significantly only under the permanent coloring (twice) condition, resulting in reduced peak concentration and extended distribution width. There was, however, no significant difference in the amounts of drugs in hair between non-treated and dyed specimens, suggesting the drugs hardly leaked out of hair or were only slightly degraded during dyeing. In addition, while assuming contact with aqueous environment such as daily hair washing after dyeing, dyed hair specimens were individually immersed in ultrapure water for 20 hours, then the outflow of drugs in ultrapure water as well as the distribution shapes of drugs remaining in hair were determined. The drug outflow after permanent coloring (once and twice) was significantly larger than those after semi-permanent coloring, and the outflow ratios, [outflow]/([outflow] + [amount remaining in hair]), ranged over 9.8-24% (n = 3) for ZP and 68-71% (n = 3) for MOP after permanent coloring (once), and 54-72% (n = 3) for ZP and 86-91% (n = 3) for MOP after permanent coloring (twice). The distribution shapes of drugs after 20 h of immersion tended to flatten as outflow ratios increased, resulting in no change in the shapes after semi-permanent coloring, and complete collapse of their shapes after permanent coloring (twice). Thus, the present results indicated that hair dyeing involving bleaching and subsequent contact with aqueous environment after dyeing could significantly influence distribution shapes of drugs in hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Shima
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18 Hommachi, Chuo-ku , Osaka 541-0053, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Nitta
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18 Hommachi, Chuo-ku , Osaka 541-0053, Japan
| | - Keiko Sasaki
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18 Hommachi, Chuo-ku , Osaka 541-0053, Japan
| | - Munehiro Katagi
- Division of Preventive and Social Medicine, Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Takako Sato
- Division of Preventive and Social Medicine, Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishioka
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18 Hommachi, Chuo-ku , Osaka 541-0053, Japan
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6
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Makhdoom HS, Abid AI, Mujahid M, Afzal S, Sultana K, Hussain N, Barkat K. Assessment of pheniramine in alternative biological matrices by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2024:10.1007/s12024-024-00795-7. [PMID: 38530580 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-024-00795-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Pheniramine is an over-the-counter antihistamine drug. Its accessibility and low cost made it more popular among drug abusers in Pakistan. In this study, pheniramine was quantified in both conventional and alternative specimens of twenty chronic drug abusers, aged 16-50 years, who were positive for pheniramine in comprehensive toxicological screening for drugs by gas chromatography with mass spectral detection in positive electron impact mode. Pheniramine was extracted from biological specimens using solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was employed for quantification. Chromatographic separation was carried out on a Poroshell120EC-18 (2.1 mm × 50 mm × 2.7 µm) column using water-acetonitrile in formic acid (0.1%) mobile phase in gradient elution mode with 500 μL/min flow rate. Positive electrospray ionization mode and multi-reaction monitoring with ion transitions m/z 241.3 → 195.8 and 167.1 for pheniramine and m/z m/z 247.6 → 173.1 for pheniramine-d6 were employed. The quantification method showed good linear ranges of 2-1000 ng/mL in blood, urine, and oral fluid; 2-1000 ng/mg in hair and 5-1000 ng/mg in nail with ≥ 0.985% coefficient of linearity. The retention time of pheniramine was 3.0 ± 0.1 min. The detection and lower quantification limits were 1 ng/mL and 2 ng/mL for blood, urine, oral fluid and hair whereas 2.5 ng/mg and 5 ng/mg for nail, respectively. Mean extraction recovery and ionization suppression ranged 86.3-95.1% and -4.6 to -14.4% in the studied matrices. Intra-day and inter-day precision were 4.1-9.3% and 2.8-11.2%, respectively. Pheniramine levels in specimens of drug abusers were 23-480 ng/mL in blood, 72-735 ng/mL in urine, 25-379 ng/mL in oral fluid, 10-170 ng/mg in hair and 8-86 ng/mg in nail specimens. Alternative specimens are of utmost significance in clinical and medico-legal cases. In this study, authors compared matrix-matched calibration curves to blood calibration curve and obtained results within ± 10%; thereby justifying the use of blood calibration curve for urine, oral fluid, hair, and nail specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humera Shafi Makhdoom
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
- Clinical and Forensic Toxicology Department, Chughtai Healthcare, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ali Imran Abid
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, Régénérative nanomédecine UMR 1260, Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg (CRBS), F-67000, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Majida Mujahid
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
- Drug Regulatory Authority of Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saira Afzal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Kishwar Sultana
- Department of Pharmacy and Allied Health Sciences, Iqra University Islamabad Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nisar Hussain
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Kashif Barkat
- Clinical and Forensic Toxicology Department, Chughtai Healthcare, Lahore, Pakistan
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Izawa S, Kawasaki M, Sugaya N, Nomura S. Time-course changes in fingernail cortisol levels during pregnancy and postpartum. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1145. [PMID: 38212622 PMCID: PMC10784579 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51650-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The cortisol level in fingernails can reflect the cumulative hormones produced in the body several months prior. However, previous studies have only demonstrated the cross-sectional associations of fingernail cortisol with salivary or hair cortisol, and not longitudinal changes in fingernail cortisol in situations where cortisol levels in the body could be expected to change. Therefore, this study focused on pregnancy as a model for changes in cortisol levels over a prolonged period of time, and investigating the time courses of fingernail cortisol during pregnancy and the postpartum period. We collected nail samples from 30 healthy women during pregnancy and 12 months postpartum to measure the cortisol levels in the nail. Results showed that cortisol levels in fingernail clippings increased from 1 month before childbirth to 4 months postpartum, with the levels peaking at 2 months postpartum. Additionally, we found higher cortisol levels in fingernail clippings in primiparas than in those of multiparas. The time course of fingernail cortisol levels could replicate the longitudinal changes in cortisol in the body, and differences between multiparas and primiparas seemed to be biologically plausible, which could support the concept of fingernail cortisol as a retrospective index of hormone production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Izawa
- Occupational Stress and Health Management Research Group, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Japan.
| | - Mikiko Kawasaki
- Graduate School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan
- Japanese Red Cross Kyushu International College of Nursing, Munakata, Japan
| | - Nagisa Sugaya
- Occupational Stress and Health Management Research Group, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Shusaku Nomura
- Faculty of Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Japan.
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Gicquel T, Wiart JF, Gish A, Hakim F, Allorge D, Gaulier JM. The Conditions and Quality of Postmortem Hair Sampling May Have a Subsequent Impact on the Interpretation of Toxicological Results in Hair. J Anal Toxicol 2023; 47:e17-e19. [PMID: 36125350 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkac076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gicquel
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie Biologique et Médicolégale, CHU Rennes, Rennes 35033, France.,Institut NuMeCan (Nutrition, Metabolismes et Cancer), Univ. Rennes, INSERM, INRAE, CHU Rennes, Rennes 35033, France
| | | | - Alexandr Gish
- CHU Lille, Unité Fonctionnelle de Toxicologie, Lille 59037, France
| | - Florian Hakim
- CHU Lille, Unité Fonctionnelle de Toxicologie, Lille 59037, France.,ULR 4483-IMPECS-IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, Univ. Lille, Lille 59045, France
| | - Delphine Allorge
- CHU Lille, Unité Fonctionnelle de Toxicologie, Lille 59037, France.,ULR 4483-IMPECS-IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, Univ. Lille, Lille 59045, France
| | - Jean-Michel Gaulier
- CHU Lille, Unité Fonctionnelle de Toxicologie, Lille 59037, France.,ULR 4483-IMPECS-IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, Univ. Lille, Lille 59045, France
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9
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Xu D, Ji J, Xiang P, Yan H, Duan G, Shen M. Time course of estazolam in single-strand hair based on micro-segmental analysis after controlled oral administration. Front Chem 2022; 10:996857. [PMID: 36324520 PMCID: PMC9619365 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.996857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of estazolam incorporation into hair was investigated by studying the time course of estazolam along single-strand hair after two oral administration of estazolam at 28 days interval. Estazolam in single hair segments 0.4 mm in length was verified and quantified by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The distributions of estazolam within a strand of hair (collected at 12 h, 28 days, and 56 days post-administration) were visualized by micro-segmental analysis. The highest estazolam concentration (1.5–9.9 pg/mm) was detected in the hair bulb region (S1), and it then decreased through the hair shaft to the distal end, with a small fluctuation (0.3–3 pg/mm) near the junction of the hair roots and shafts (S4–S7) 12 h after drug intake. These findings suggested that the incorporation of estazolam occurred in two regions, mainly in the hair bulb and to a lesser extent in the upper dermis zone. Models using internal temporal markers (TIMs) and temporal intervals (TIs) were constructed to estimate the day of estazolam ingestion. The estimation accuracy was within an average error of 1.7 mm and 3.0 mm between the calculated and actual positions, based on the TIMs and TIs 56 days after estazolam intake. These findings can help in further elucidation of the drug incorporation mechanism, which is crucial for interpreting hair analysis results used to reveal individual drug-use history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duoqi Xu
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaojiao Ji
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Forensic Medicine of Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gengli Duan
- Department of Phamaceutical Analysis, School of Phamacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Shen
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Min Shen,
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Kuwayama K, Miyaguchi H, Kanamori T, Tsujikawa K, Yamamuro T, Segawa H, Okada Y, Iwata YT. Micro-segmental hair analysis: detailed procedures and applications in forensic toxicology. Forensic Toxicol 2022; 40:215-233. [PMID: 36454411 PMCID: PMC9715473 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-022-00619-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Since the 1980s, the detection sensitivity of mass spectrometers has increased by improving the analysis of drugs in hair. Accordingly, the number of hair strands required for the analysis has decreased. The length of the hair segment used in the analysis has also shortened. In 2016, micro-segmental hair analysis (MSA), which cuts a single hair strand at a 0.4-mm interval corresponding to a hair growth length of approximately one day, was developed. The advantage of MSA is that the analytical results provide powerful evidence of drug use in the investigation of drug-related crimes and detailed information about the mechanism of drug uptake into hair. This review article focuses on the MSA technique and its applications in forensic toxicology. METHODS Multiple databases, such as SciFinder, PubMed, and Google, were utilized to collect relevant reports referring to MSA and drug analysis in hair. The experiences of our research group on the MSA were also included in this review. RESULTS The analytical results provide a detailed drug distribution profile in a hair strand, which is useful for examining the mechanism of drug uptake into hair in detail. Additionally, the analytical method has been used for various scenarios in forensic toxicology, such as the estimation of days of drug consumption and death. CONCLUSIONS The detailed procedures are summarized so that beginners can use the analytical method in their laboratories. Moreover, some application examples are presented, and the limitations of the current analytical method and future perspectives are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kuwayama
- National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan.
| | - Hajime Miyaguchi
- National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
| | - Tatsuyuki Kanamori
- National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
| | - Kenji Tsujikawa
- National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yamamuro
- National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
| | - Hiroki Segawa
- National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
| | - Yuki Okada
- National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
| | - Yuko T Iwata
- National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
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11
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Hair analysis interpretation in post-mortem situations: Key considerations and proposals to overcome main hurdles. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2022; 56:102032. [DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2022.102032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Hepatitis B virus DNA in the fingernails and hair of children with acute hepatitis B. J Infect Chemother 2021; 28:82-86. [PMID: 34412982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2021.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA is detectable in the nails and hair of patients with chronic HBV infection. However, it remains unclear whether HBV DNA can be detectable in the nails and hair of patients with acute HBV infection. We encountered two cases of children with acute HBV infection. HBV DNA in the nails and hair from the two children was evaluated by real-time PCR. To clarify the characteristics of HBV DNA, full-length HBV genome sequencing and phylogenetic tree analysis were performed. The levels of serum HBV DNA in children of cases 1 and 2 at day 0 were 7.6 Log IU/mL and 7.4 Log IU/mL, respectively. Nail HBV DNA was detected in both children (case 1: 4.6 Log IU/mL at day 0, case 2: 5.5 Log IU/mL at day 14). Moreover, hair HBV DNA was detectable in case 2 (4.0 Log IU/mL at day 14). Serum HBV DNA became undetectable within approximately 3-4 months after the first hospital visit. After the resolution of HBV viremia, nail and hair HBV DNA became undetectable. The sequence analysis of serum, nail and hair HBV DNA showed the same HBV genotype in each case (case1: genotype C, case 2: genotype A). In case 1, 3 nucleotides were different in the full-genome HBV sequence between the serum and nails. In case 2, the full-genome HBV sequences were identical among the serum, nails and hair. In conclusion, HBV DNA was detectable in nails and hair of children with acute HBV infection.
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13
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Kintz P, Raul JS, Ameline A. The use of multiple keratinous matrices (head hair, axillary hair, and toenail clippings) can help narrowing a period of drug exposure: experience with a criminal case involving 25I-NBOMe and 4-MMC. Int J Legal Med 2021; 135:1461-1465. [PMID: 33527191 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-021-02511-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this publication is to present the interest of collecting several keratinous specimens in order to document possible drug impairment at the time of the assault, when knowledge solely occurred 7 months after. A subject committed a murder and within minutes after the crime self-inflicted serious wounds. He was charged to the hospital where he slowly recovered. After several weeks, he was sent to prison. During this period, intelligence indicated possible drug impairment at the time of the assault after using 25I-NBOMe and 4-MMC. Head hair (4 cm), axillary hair, and toenails were collected 7 months after the crime. New psychoactive substances were tested in each specimen using LC-MS/MS, which revealed the presence of 25I-NBOMe and 4-MMC in axillary hair (2 and 6 pg/mg) and toenails (1 and 5 pg/mg). However, the perpetrator claimed that the positive findings were due to contamination in prison. Therefore, the head hair was also tested and results returned negative (LOQ at 1 pg/mg), demonstrating absence of contamination during the last 4 months before collection. Combining the window of drug detection in axillary hair (about 4 to 8 months) and the one of toenail clippings (up to 8 months), and excluding drug exposure during the previous 4 months as well as external contamination as the head hair results were negative, allowed us to conclude that the positive findings in axillary hair and toenails are more likely than not consistent with consumption of both 25I-NBOMe and 4-MMC at the time of the crime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Kintz
- X-Pertise Consulting, 42 rue principale, 67206, Mittelhausbergen, France.
- Institut de médecine légale, 11 rue Humann, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
| | | | - Alice Ameline
- Institut de médecine légale, 11 rue Humann, 67000, Strasbourg, France
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14
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Kintz P, Gheddar L, Ameline A, Raul J. Identification of S22 (ostarine) in human nails and hair using LC‐HRMS. Application to two authentic cases. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1508-1513. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Kintz
- X‐Pertise Consulting 42 rue principale Mittelhausbergen F‐67206 France
- Institut de médecine légale 11 rue Humann Strasbourg F‐67000 France
| | - Laurie Gheddar
- Institut de médecine légale 11 rue Humann Strasbourg F‐67000 France
| | - Alice Ameline
- Institut de médecine légale 11 rue Humann Strasbourg F‐67000 France
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15
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Chan WS, Wong GF, Hung CW, Wong YN, Fung KM, Lee WK, Dao KL, Leung CW, Lo KM, Lee WM, Cheung BKK. Interpol review of toxicology 2016-2019. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2020; 2:563-607. [PMID: 33385147 PMCID: PMC7770452 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review paper covers the forensic-relevant literature in toxicology from 2016 to 2019 as a part of the 19th Interpol International Forensic Science Managers Symposium. The review papers are also available at the Interpol website at: https://www.interpol.int/content/download/14458/file/Interpol%20Review%20.Papers%202019.pdf.
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16
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Measurement of three-dimensional distributions of drugs in nails using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry after micro-segmentation to elucidate drug uptake routes. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1108:89-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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17
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Pelissier-Alicot AL, Kintz P, Ameline A, Bosdure E, Chabrol B, Neant N, Torrents R, Sastre C, Baillif-Couniou V, Tuchtan-Torrents L, Leonetti G. Bromazepam intoxication in an infant: Contribution of hair and nail analysis. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:397-401. [PMID: 31997564 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pascal Kintz
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Institut de Médecine Légale, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alice Ameline
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Institut de Médecine Légale, Strasbourg, France
| | - Emmanuelle Bosdure
- Aix Marseille University, APHM, Hôpital La Timone, Service de Pédiatrie Spécialisée et de Médecine Infantile, Marseille, France
| | - Brigitte Chabrol
- Aix Marseille University, APHM, Hôpital La Timone, Service de Pédiatrie Spécialisée et de Médecine Infantile, Marseille, France
| | - Nadège Neant
- Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique et Toxicologie, Aix Marseille University, APHM, INSERM, CNRS, CRCM SMARTc, Hôpital La Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Romain Torrents
- Aix Marseille University, APHM, Hôpitaux Sud, Pharmacologie Toxicologie Clinique - Centre Anti-Poison et de ToxicoVigilance (CAP-TV), Marseille, France
| | - Caroline Sastre
- Service de Médecine Légale, Aix Marseille University, APHM, Hôpital La Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Valérie Baillif-Couniou
- Service de Médecine Légale, Aix Marseille University, APHM, Hôpital La Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Lucile Tuchtan-Torrents
- Service de Médecine Légale, Aix Marseille University, APHM, Hôpital La Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Georges Leonetti
- Service de Médecine Légale, Aix Marseille University, APHM, Hôpital La Timone, Marseille, France
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18
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Ramírez Fernández MDM, Wille SMR, Di Fazio V, Samyn N. Time course detection of dihydrocodeine in body hair after a single dose. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 302:109864. [PMID: 31261035 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND When head hair is not suitable or not available, body hair, such as leg or beard hair might be the most suitable sample for drug hair analysis. Information about the time course of drugs in hair, from the different anatomical body sites, should still be well documented. AIM The aim of this study was to determine and compare (a) the detection window of dihydrocodeine in frequently shaved legs and beard, (b) in unshaved hair from head hair, chest hair, leg hair, and/or arm hair, and (c) the distribution concentrations over the scalp, after a single dihydrocodeine intake. METHOD Before a single intake of 12 mg dihydrocodeine by subject 1 (woman), both legs hair were shaved in the morning. The subject 2 (man) shaved his beard in the morning and 30 min later he had a dose of 10 mg of dihydrocodeine. The samples were washed with water and shampoo, dried and collected as follows: Subject 1: every 3-days shaved leg hair (n = 9) and 1-month-later head hair (n = 1). Subject 2: daily shaved beard hair (n = 15), 2 months later head hair (n = 145), and every 20 days unshaved arm, leg and chest hair (from different areas) (n = 4/area). The samples were analysed for dihydrocodeine using a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method with a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 15.6 pg/mg for dihydrocodeine. About 20 mg of hair samples were weighted, washed with dichloromethane, centrifuged, dried, and pulverized in the same disposable tubes. Then the samples were incubated with methanol (under sonication at 45 °C) during 4 h. After centrifugation, the supernatant was evaporated and a cation exchange solid phase extraction followed by separation and quantification using ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (ULC-MS/MS) was carried out. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a BEH phenyl column eluted with 0.1% formic acid: methanol (0.1% formic acid). The UPLC-MS/MS method was validated and used in routine for drug hair analysis for already several years. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In the present study leg hair was collected every 3 days, as an average of frequent shaved hair in western woman population. Shaved leg hair was very limited and only one hair sample was available per analysis. Beard was collected daily and in a higher amount. Dihydrocodeine was detected in leg hair from the first sample (3 days after the intake). Maximum concentration at 68 pg/mg for the single intake was obtained after 15 days (±2 days), decreasing later to the LOQ from the 21th day. Beard hair was positive from the first day sample, and the maximum concentration was observed at 66 pg/mg, 6 days after the intake, decreasing later to the LOQ from day 13. This may be explained by growth rate and the amount of growing hairs, in anagen phase. In other body hair samples, dihydrocodeine was negative or detected from 1 month after the intake. No significant differences in dihydrocodeine concentrations over the scalp in the different regions were observed (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Body hair presents different time course window detection due to the different growth rates. Frequently shaved leg and beard hair may be suitable samples for recent single dihydrocodeine dose detection from the first days up to 2-3 weeks after the intake, respectively, when a LOQ of 15.6 pg/mg is applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Mar Ramírez Fernández
- Federal Public Service Justice, National Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology, Chaussée de Vilvorde 100, 1120 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Sarah M R Wille
- Federal Public Service Justice, National Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology, Chaussée de Vilvorde 100, 1120 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincent Di Fazio
- Federal Public Service Justice, National Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology, Chaussée de Vilvorde 100, 1120 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nele Samyn
- Federal Public Service Justice, National Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology, Chaussée de Vilvorde 100, 1120 Brussels, Belgium
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19
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Kuwayama K. [Development of High-resolution Methods for the Analysis of Drug Distribution in Biological Tissue Samples and Their Applications]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2019; 139:1063-1070. [PMID: 31366839 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.19-00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The abuse of drugs has become a serious social problem worldwide. Amphetamine-type stimulants such as methamphetamine are recreationally abused and can cause toxic effects in the body. Unfortunately, death from drug poisoning can occur due to careless intake. In postmortem examinations, the distribution of drugs in an entire organ gives valuable information for evaluating their toxicity. We developed methods to measure the distribution of drugs in organs using LC/MS and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS). The complementary use of the two methods provides more detailed information on the distribution and concentration of drugs in organs because the accurate quantification in LC/MS and small spatial resolution in MALDI-IMS are combined. On the other hand, it is important to elucidate the drug intake history of suspects and victims in drug-facilitated crimes (DFCs). Hair and nail samples are often used to confirm chronic drug intake because ingested drugs can stably remain in these specimens over several months. However, it is impossible to determine the day of drug ingestion in conventional segmental analysis of bulk samples. Therefore, we developed methods to cut hair strands at 0.4-mm intervals and nails at 0.2-mm intervals, which correspond to their respective growth rates over 1-2 d, to analyze the drugs in each segment efficiently using LC/MS. The microsegmental hair analysis method is applied to estimate the day of drug ingestion in DFC investigations. These methods could be applied to measure the distribution of compounds in various solid samples.
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20
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Shima N, Nitta A, Kamata T, Sasaki K, Matsuta S, Ishikawa A, Asai R, Wada M, Kakehashi H, Nakano S, Kamata H, Sato T, Tsuchihashi H, Miki A, Katagi M. Incorporation of zolpidem and methoxyphenamine into white hair strands after single administrations: Influence of hair pigmentation on drug incorporation. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 301:67-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Abstract
The precise proof of a crime using objective evidence is becoming increasingly important as Japan's crime rate climbs. This need arises not only from the current high rate of anonymous crime, but also the introduction of a Saiban-in (citizen judge) system, and the increased silence of suspects following investigation visualization. Forensic science is an academic field that investigates legal (and illegal) matters using science, and subsequently applies research results to resolving real crime cases. Materials examined during forensic practice include both common specimens, such as fingerprints, footprints, blood stains, and hairs, and less common specimens, such as soils, plants, dust, and pollens. In the event of biological, chemical, or explosive terrorism, air and surface wipe specimens-possibly containing chemical warfare agents, microbes, and explosives-can become critical target materials. Alternatively, on discovering powders and/or liquids that are suspected to be illegal drugs, preliminary tests are performed at the crime scene itself. Subsequently, confirmatory examinations are performed at a forensic science laboratory. Current research efforts are underway to develop simpler and more reliable tools for on-site drug testing, and to develop analytical methods capable of differentiating regioisomers of drugs, performing drug metabolism studies as a way to identify drugs of abuse, and studying the organic synthesis of authentic standard compounds. In this review, we outline current state-of-the-art technologies in forensic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Inoue
- Third Department of Forensic Science, National Research Institute of Police Science
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22
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Shima N, Sasaki K, Kamata T, Miki A, Katagi M. Hair Testing for Drugs in the Field of Forensics. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2019; 139:705-713. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.18-00166-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Shima
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police H.Q
| | - Keiko Sasaki
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police H.Q
| | - Tohru Kamata
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police H.Q
| | - Akihiro Miki
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police H.Q
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23
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Binz TM, Gaehler F, Voegel CD, Hofmann M, Baumgartner MR, Kraemer T. Systematic investigations of endogenous cortisol and cortisone in nails by LC-MS/MS and correlation to hair. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:4895-4903. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1131-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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24
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Kuwayama K, Nariai M, Miyaguchi H, Iwata YT, Kanamori T, Tsujikawa K, Yamamuro T, Segawa H, Abe H, Iwase H, Inoue H. Micro-segmental hair analysis for proving drug-facilitated crimes: Evidence that a victim ingested a sleeping aid, diphenhydramine, on a specific day. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 288:23-28. [PMID: 29705586 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Sleeping aids are often abused in the commission of drug-facilitated crimes. Generally, there is little evidence that a victim ingested a spiked drink unknowingly because the unconscious victim cannot report the situation to the police immediately after the crime occurred. Although conventional segmental hair analysis can estimate the number of months since a targeted drug was ingested, this analysis cannot determine the specific day of ingestion. We recently developed a method of micro-segmental hair analysis using internal temporal markers (ITMs) to estimate the day of drug ingestion. This method was based on volunteer ingestion of ITMs to determine a timescale within individual hair strands, by segmenting a single hair strand at 0.4-mm intervals, corresponding to daily hair growth. This study assessed the ability of this method to estimate the day of ingestion of an over-the-counter sleeping aid, diphenhydramine, which can be easily abused. To model ingestion of a diphenhydramine-spiked drink unknowingly, each subject ingested a dose of diphenhydramine, followed by ingestion of two doses of the ITM, chlorpheniramine, 14days apart. Several hair strands were collected from each subject's scalp several weeks after the second ITM ingestion. Diphenhydramine and ITM were detected at specific regions within individual hair strands. The day of diphenhydramine ingestion was estimated from the distances between the regions and the days of ITM ingestion. The error between estimated and actual ingestion day ranged from -0.1 to 1.9days regardless of subjects and hair collection times. The total time required for micro-segmental analysis of 96 hair segments (hair length: 3.84cm) was approximately 2days and the cost was almost the same as in general drug analysis. This procedure may be applicable to the investigation of crimes facilitated by various drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kuwayama
- National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan.
| | - Maika Nariai
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hajime Miyaguchi
- National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
| | - Yuko T Iwata
- National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
| | - Tatsuyuki Kanamori
- National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
| | - Kenji Tsujikawa
- National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yamamuro
- National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
| | - Hiroki Segawa
- National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
| | - Hiroko Abe
- Education and Research Center of Legal Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Hirotaro Iwase
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan; Education and Research Center of Legal Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Inoue
- National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
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25
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Cappelle D, De Keukeleire S, Neels H, Been F, De Doncker M, Dom G, Crunelle CL, Covaci A, van Nuijs ALN. Keratinous matrices for the assessment of drugs of abuse consumption: A correlation study between hair and nails. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1110-1118. [PMID: 29314761 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Keratinous matrices - hair and nails - accumulate substances over time and allow retrospective investigation of past consumption. Analysis of these matrices can provide information complementary to blood and urine analysis or can be used as standalone. So far, research has primarily focused on the detection of substances in hair, while studies in nails are scarce. In this study, we assessed concentrations of drugs of abuse and their metabolites in hair, fingernails, and toenails collected from the same individuals to evaluate differences and correlations between matrices. A total of 26 hair, 24 fingernail, and 18 toenail samples were collected. Samples were analysed by a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method able to simultaneously detect the following compounds: amphetamine (AMP), methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine, morphine (MOR), codeine (COD), 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM), methadone (MTD), 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP), cocaine (COC), benzoylecgonine (BE), and ecgonine methyl ester (EME). Strong positive correlations between hair, fingernails, and toenails were present for COC, BE, EME, AMP and MDMA. MOR, COD, 6-MAM, MTD and EDDP showed positive trends. Concentrations were generally higher in nails compared to hair. Ratios between parent compounds and their metabolites were assessed for 6-MAM/MOR, EDDP/MTD, BE/COC and EME/COC. Preliminary cut-off concentrations for COC, BE, EME and AMP in fingernails and toenails were proposed. In light of these results, nails can be considered as a useful alternative to hair for monitoring of long-term drug consumption. However, care should be taken regarding the variability in the accumulation of compounds between the matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hugo Neels
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Frederic Been
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Geert Dom
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Antwerp, Belgium
- Psychiatric Hospital Multiversum, Boechout, Belgium
| | - Cleo L Crunelle
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Jette, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Belgium
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26
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Kuwayama K, Miyaguchi H, Iwata YT, Kanamori T, Tsujikawa K, Yamamuro T, Segawa H, Inoue H. Different localizations of drugs simultaneously administered in a strand of hair by micro-segmental analysis. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:750-760. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kuwayama
- National Research Institute of Police Science; Chiba Japan
| | | | - Yuko T. Iwata
- National Research Institute of Police Science; Chiba Japan
| | | | | | | | - Hiroki Segawa
- National Research Institute of Police Science; Chiba Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Inoue
- National Research Institute of Police Science; Chiba Japan
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27
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Kuwayama K, Miyaguchi H, Iwata YT, Kanamori T, Tsujikawa K, Yamamuro T, Segawa H, Inoue H. Three-step drug extraction from a single sub-millimeter segment of hair and nail to determine the exact day of drug intake. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 948:40-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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