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Kutzler J, Polettini AE, Bleicher S, Sauer C, Schultis W, Neukamm MA, Auwärter V. Synthetic cannabinoids in hair-Prevalence of use in abstinence control programs for driver's license regranting in Germany. Drug Test Anal 2024; 16:518-531. [PMID: 37731292 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Although the use, structural variety, and prevalence of synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) have steadily increased on the drug market, they are rarely analyzed in abstinence control programs for driver's license regranting. The aim of this study was to determine the SC prevalence in these programs by analyzing hair samples collected between March 2020 and March 2021 from various regions in Germany, mainly Bavaria (40%). Specimens were analyzed quantitatively for drugs of abuse and qualitatively for 107 SCs. Hair samples were screened by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and to search for unknown SC analogs, positive samples were additionally screened by liquid chromatography-high resolution time of flight mass spectrometry (LC-qTOF/MS). The analysis of 5097 hair samples resulted in 181 SC detections (3.6%), showing a wide range of 44 SCs, with up to 13 different compounds found in a single sample. The most prevalent compounds were 5F-MDMB-PICA and MDMB-4en-PINACA; furthermore, 10 new substances not initially covered by LC-MS/MS analysis were detected by LC-qTOF/MS. The SC positivity rate was comparable to cocaine (5.4%) and amphetamine (2.6%). Only in 35 cases (0.7%), SC analysis was requested by the clients, highlighting the insufficient coverage of SC consumption in the studied collective. In summary, hair sample analysis proved to be a valuable tool to monitor the use of SCs. In order to keep pace with newly emerging SC analogs, an up-to-date analytical method is essential. Prospectively, SCs should be more routinely screened in hair analysis for abstinence control to avoid cannabis substitution by SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Kutzler
- Department of Forensic Toxicology & Drug Analysis, SYNLAB MVZ Weiden GmbH, Weiden, Germany
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Postgraduate Course for Toxicology and Environmental Toxicology, Institute for Legal Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Aldo Eliano Polettini
- Department of Forensic Toxicology & Drug Analysis, SYNLAB MVZ Weiden GmbH, Weiden, Germany
- Department of Diagnostics & Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Sergej Bleicher
- Department of Forensic Toxicology & Drug Analysis, SYNLAB MVZ Weiden GmbH, Weiden, Germany
| | - Christoph Sauer
- Department of Forensic Toxicology & Drug Analysis, SYNLAB MVZ Weiden GmbH, Weiden, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schultis
- Department of Forensic Toxicology & Drug Analysis, SYNLAB MVZ Weiden GmbH, Weiden, Germany
| | - Merja A Neukamm
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Volker Auwärter
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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2
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Lea Houston M, Morgan J, Kelso C. Narrative Review of the Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacokinetics, and Toxicities of Illicit Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists. Mini Rev Med Chem 2024; 24:92-109. [PMID: 37190813 DOI: 10.2174/1389557523666230515163107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) are the most diverse class of new psychoactive substances worldwide, with approximately 300 unique SCRAs identified to date. While the use of this class of drug is not particularly prevalent, SCRAs are associated with several deaths every year due to their severe toxicity. METHODS A thorough examination of the literature identified 15 new SCRAs with a significant clinical impact between 2015 and 2021. RESULTS These 15 SCRAs have been implicated in 154 hospitalizations and 209 deaths across the US, Europe, Asia, and Australasia during this time period. CONCLUSION This narrative review provides pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, and toxicologic data for SCRAs as a drug class, including an in-depth review of known pharmacological properties of 15 recently identified and emerging SCRAs for the benefit of researchers, policy makers, and clinicians who wish to be informed of developments in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilda Lea Houston
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jody Morgan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Celine Kelso
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
- Molecular Horizons Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
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3
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Wolfe TJ, Kruse NA, Radwan MM, Wanas AS, Sigworth KN, ElSohly MA, Hammer NI. A study of major cannabinoids via Raman spectroscopy and density functional theory. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 303:123133. [PMID: 37473664 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoids, a class of molecules specific to the cannabis plant, are some of the most relevant molecules under study today due to their widespread use and varying legal status. Here, we present Raman spectra of a series of eleven cannabinoids and compare them to simulated spectra from density functional theory computations. The studied cannabinoids include three cannabinoid acids (Δ9-THC acid, CBD acid, and CBG acid) and eight neutral ones (Δ9-THC, CBD, CBG, CBDVA, CBDV, Δ8-THC, CBN and CBC). All cannabinoids have been isolated from cannabis plant gown at the University of Mississippi. The data presented in this work represents the most resolved experimental and highest-level simulated spectra available to date for each cannabinoid. All cannabinoids displayed higher peak separation in the experimental spectra than CBGA, which is most likely attributable to physical composition of the samples. The overall agreement between the experimental and simulated spectra is good, however for certain vibrational modes, especially those in the -OH stretching region, deviations are observed due to hydrogen bonding, suggesting that the OH stretching region is a good probe for decarboxylation reactions in these and related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor J Wolfe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, Coulter Hall, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Nicholas A Kruse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, Coulter Hall, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Mohamed M Radwan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Amira S Wanas
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Kalee N Sigworth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, Coulter Hall, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Mahmoud A ElSohly
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Nathan I Hammer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, Coulter Hall, University, MS 38677, USA.
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4
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Dou Q, Liu W, Xiang P, Zhao J. Quantitative Analysis of Three Synthetic Cannabinoids MDMB-4en-PINACA, ADB-BUTINACA, and ADB-4en-PINACA by Thermal-Assisted Carbon Fiber Ionization Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:2316-2322. [PMID: 37641897 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Recently, synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) have emerged as new psychoactive substances (NPS) and have been frequently added to e-liquids, leading to their abuse. In order to detect SCs in e-liquids quickly and accurately, a thermal-assisted carbon fiber ionization mass spectrometry technique has been developed. The introduction of a heat source helps to reduce the matrix effects. The results indicate that the ratio of the slope of the matrix curve (e-liquids matrix) and the standard curve (methanol solution) for SCs analysis is close to 1, indicating a minimized matrix effect of this method. Furthermore, this method exhibits good quantitative ability when applied to real samples. It does not require sample pretreatment and is sensitive enough to directly quantify SCs in e-liquids. Our method is characterized by the ability to achieve rapid and direct quantitative analysis with minimized matrix effects. It provides a rapid and simple method for analyzing SCs in e-liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanlu Dou
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200063, China
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Wanhui Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Junbo Zhao
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200063, China
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5
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Pulver B, Fischmann S, Gallegos A, Christie R. EMCDDA framework and practical guidance for naming synthetic cannabinoids. Drug Test Anal 2023; 15:255-276. [PMID: 36346325 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs), often sold as "legal" replacements for cannabis, are the largest group of new psychoactive substances monitored by the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). Currently, close to 240 structurally heterogeneous SCs are monitored through the European Union (EU) Early Warning System, and attributing consistent, informative, and user-friendly names to SCs has been a challenge in the past. Over time, several naming conventions have been employed with the aim of making SCs more easily recognizable by non-chemists, including regulators. To achieve this, the names assigned need to contain detailed information on the structural features present in the substance. This work provides a theoretical framework and a practical hands-on guideline for consistent naming of SCs, which is easy to understand and can be applied by the forensic community, researchers, clinical practitioners, and policy-makers. The proposed framework builds on the established letter code system for molecular building blocks (core, linker, linked group, and tail) implemented by the EMCDDA in 2013 and has been expanded to incorporate additional structural features through substitution. The scope of the issue of attributing semi-systematic code names is illustrated, and earlier approaches used for naming SCs are discussed. The concepts and rules of the EMCDDA framework are described through a flowchart that provides a basis for naming new SCs, a graphical overview of the chemical diversity of SCs, and a detailed list of the SCs identified in the EU by the Early Warning System of the EMCDDA for reference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Pulver
- State Bureau of Criminal Investigation Schleswig-Holstein, Forensic Science Institute, Kiel, Germany
| | - Svenja Fischmann
- State Bureau of Criminal Investigation Schleswig-Holstein, Forensic Science Institute, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ana Gallegos
- European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rachel Christie
- European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Lisbon, Portugal
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6
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Janssens LK, Ametovski A, Sparkes E, Boyd R, Lai F, Maloney CJ, Rhook D, Gerona RR, Connolly M, Liu H, Hibbs DE, Cairns EA, Banister SD, Stove CP. Comprehensive Characterization of a Systematic Library of Alkyl and Alicyclic Synthetic Cannabinoids Related to CUMYL-PICA, CUMYL-BUTICA, CUMYL-CBMICA, and CUMYL-PINACA. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:35-52. [PMID: 36530139 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 200 synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) have been identified as new psychoactive substances. Effective monitoring and characterization of SCRAs are hindered by the rapid pace of structural evolution. Ahead of possible appearance on the illicit drug market, new SCRAs were synthesized to complete a systematic library of cumyl-indole- (e.g., CUMYL-CPrMICA, CUMYL-CPMICA) and cumyl-indazole-carboxamides (e.g., CUMYL-CPrMINACA, CUMYL-CPMINACA), encompassing butyl, pentyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutylmethyl, cyclopentylmethyl, and cyclohexylmethyl tails. Comprehensive pharmacological characterization was performed with three assay formats, monitoring the recruitment of either wild-type or C-terminally truncated (βarr2d366) β-arrestin2 to the activated cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1) or monitoring Gβγ-mediated membrane hyperpolarization. Altered compound characterization was observed when comparing derived potency (EC50) and efficacy (Emax) values from both assays monitoring the same or a different signaling event, whereas ranges and ranking orders were similar. Structure-activity relationships (SAR) were assessed in threefold, resulting in the identification of the pendant tail as a critical pharmacophore, with the optimal chain length for CB1 activation approximating an n-pentyl (e.g., cyclopentylmethyl or cyclohexylmethyl tail). The activity of the SCRAs encompassing cyclic tails decreased with decreasing number of carbons forming the cyclic moiety, with CUMYL-CPrMICA showing the least CB1 activity in all assay formats. The SARs were rationalized via molecular docking, demonstrating the importance of the optimal steric contribution of the hydrophobic tail. While SAR conclusions remained largely unchanged, the differential compound characterization by both similar and different assay designs emphasizes the importance of detailing specific assay characteristics to allow adequate interpretation of potencies and efficacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesl K Janssens
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Adam Ametovski
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia.,School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Eric Sparkes
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia.,School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Rochelle Boyd
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia.,School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Felcia Lai
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Callan J Maloney
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia.,School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Dane Rhook
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia.,School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Roy R Gerona
- Clinical Toxicology and Environmental Biomonitoring Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | | | | | - David E Hibbs
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A Cairns
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia.,School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Samuel D Banister
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia.,School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Christophe P Stove
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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7
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Pulver B, Riedel J, Westphal F, Luhn S, Schönberger T, Schäper J, Auwärter V, Luf A, Pütz M. A new synthetic cathinone: 3,4-EtPV or 3,4-Pr-PipVP? An unsuccessful attempt to circumvent the German legislation on new psychoactive substances. Drug Test Anal 2023; 15:84-96. [PMID: 36136085 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic cathinones comprise psychostimulants with desired effects like euphoria, increased vigilance, appetite suppression, and-mainly depending on certain structural features-entactogenic properties. 3,4-EtPV (1-(bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-3-yl)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)pentan-1-one) was first mentioned in an online drug forum in September 2021, where its imminent synthesis was announced. The goal was to produce a legal alternative to the phenylethylamines already banned by the German NpSG. In February and June 2022, two samples labeled with the name and molecular structure of 3,4-EtPV were analyzed. The molecular structure of the obviously mislabeled compound was elucidated and comprehensively characterized within the ADEBAR project. The synthetic cathinone identified differed from the declared 3,4-EtPV by a 3,4-propylene bridge instead of a 3,4-ethylene bridge and a piperidine ring instead of a pyrrolidine ring. The short name 3,4-Pr-PipVP (3,4-propylene-2-(1-piperidinyl)valerophenone) was suggested as a semisystematic name in collaboration with the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Herein, the results of the analyses are discussed and will enable forensic laboratories to update their databases quickly and identify 3,4-Pr-PipVP confidently. 3,4-Pr-PipVP is already scheduled under the German NpSG. This study highlights that there are ongoing efforts to deliberately circumvent generic definitions given, for example, in the German NpSG and that (unintentional?) mislabeling can be an issue. The end user purchasing substances online can never be sure that the material actually supplied will be the one ordered, and he might receive an illicit drug instead of an uncontrolled one. Furthermore, the purity is always unknown, creating health risks due to unexpected effects and potencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Pulver
- State Bureau of Criminal Investigation Schleswig-Holstein, Forensic Science Institute, Kiel, Germany.,Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Hermann Staudinger Graduate School, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Riedel
- Federal Criminal Police Office, Forensic Science Institute, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Folker Westphal
- State Bureau of Criminal Investigation Schleswig-Holstein, Forensic Science Institute, Kiel, Germany
| | - Steven Luhn
- Federal Criminal Police Office, Forensic Science Institute, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Torsten Schönberger
- Federal Criminal Police Office, Forensic Science Institute, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Jan Schäper
- Bavarian State Bureau of Criminal Investigation, Munich, Germany
| | - Volker Auwärter
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anton Luf
- Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Pütz
- Federal Criminal Police Office, Forensic Science Institute, Wiesbaden, Germany
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8
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Kühnl R, Aydin D, Horn S, Olderbak S, Verthein U, Kraus L. Taking the cat-and-mouse game to the next level: different perspectives on the introduction of the German New Psychoactive Substances Act. Harm Reduct J 2022; 19:122. [PMID: 36329471 PMCID: PMC9632031 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-022-00704-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To counteract the spread of new psychoactive substances (NPS) and to prevent the emergence of novel substances, specifically designed as a response to the legal control of individual substances, a new law was introduced in Germany in 2016: the New Psychoactive Substances Act (NpSG). The NpSG combines a generic approach with the waiver of criminal liability for the acquisition and possession of NPS for personal use, which is a novelty in German narcotics law. The present study aimed at exploring the impact of the introduction of the NpSG from three different perspectives-NPS users, staff of addiction care facilities, and members of law enforcement authorities-to better understand the dynamics surrounding such a change in legislation and to contribute to the body of international experience in dealing with NPS. METHODS Semi-structured narrative interviews were conducted with a total of 193 representatives of the three different groups affected by the law. These interviews included questions on perceived changes associated with the introduction of the NpSG as well as questions on opinions regarding legal and criminal policy issues. The analysis was carried out using qualitative content analysis according to Mayring. RESULTS Most interviewees welcomed the non-criminalisation approach of the NpSG but also noticed that, in practice, not much has changed for users. Nevertheless, the changes in legislation have had an impact on the market. For example, novel substances have emerged circumventing the new legislation. According to users, this has led some to reduce NPS use and others to adopt more hazardous consumption patterns. Overall, most respondents did not expect the introduction of the NpSG to bring any significant changes. CONCLUSIONS Although the idea of non-criminalisation inherent to the NpSG is appreciated and the generic approach has been well implemented in the law, thus covering a wide range of substances, the introduction of the law-perhaps for that very reason-has also had unintended and negative consequences, taking the cat-and-mouse game to the next level. To end the game, or at least to defuse the game situation, a combination of different strategies will be necessary, with legislation always playing a key role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Kühnl
- IFT Institut für Therapieforschung, Leopoldstraße 175, 80804, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89069, Ulm, Germany
| | - Darya Aydin
- IFT Institut für Therapieforschung, Leopoldstraße 175, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - Sabine Horn
- Unit III.5 Criminal Law, Criminal Procedural Law and Criminal Politics, German Police University, Zum Roten Berge 18-24, 48165, Muenster, Germany
| | - Sally Olderbak
- IFT Institut für Therapieforschung, Leopoldstraße 175, 80804, Munich, Germany.,Psychology Department, University of Arizona, 1503 E University Blvd., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Uwe Verthein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Centre of Interdisciplinary Addiction Research, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ludwig Kraus
- IFT Institut für Therapieforschung, Leopoldstraße 175, 80804, Munich, Germany. .,Department of Public Health Sciences, Centre for Social Research on Alcohol and Drugs, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Egyetem tér 1-3, 1053, Budapest, Hungary.
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9
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Pasin D, Nedahl M, Mollerup CB, Tortzen C, Reitzel LA, Dalsgaard PW. Identification of the synthetic cannabinoid-type new psychoactive substance, CH-PIACA, in seized material. Drug Test Anal 2022; 14:1645-1651. [PMID: 35687099 PMCID: PMC9544820 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) remain the largest class of new psychoactive substances (NPS), and while the number of NPS that are reported to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) for the first time each year declines, the number of newly reported SCs still exceeds other NPS classes. This decline can be seen as a result of legislative changes by different jurisdictions which have sometimes transitioned to a more generalized approach when controlling substances by defining common structural scaffolds rather than explicit structures. While the consequences of such legislative changes have been expected over the years, the introduction of so‐called “class‐wide” bans puts further pressure on clandestine laboratories to synthesize compounds which are out of the scope of the legislation, and thus, these compounds are initially harder to detect and/or identify in the absence of analytical data. Recently, a SC with an indole‐3‐acetamide core‐linker scaffold, AD‐18 (i.e., ADB‐FUBIATA or ADB‐FUBIACA), was reported for the first time in China in 2021. Here, an additional cannabinoid with the indole‐3‐acetamide scaffold, N‐cyclohexyl‐2‐(1‐pentyl‐1H‐indol‐3‐yl)acetamide (CH‐PIACA), is reported which was identified for the first time in a seized material in Denmark. Structural characterization was performed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), liquid chromatography‐high‐resolution mass spectrometry (LC‐HRMS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pasin
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Nedahl
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Brinch Mollerup
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Tortzen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lotte Ask Reitzel
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Petur Weihe Dalsgaard
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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10
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Pulver B, Fischmann S, Westphal F, Schönberger T, Schäper J, Budach D, Jacobsen-Bauer A, Dreiseitel W, Zagermann J, Damm A, Knecht S, Opatz T, Auwärter V, Pütz M. The ADEBAR project - European and international provision of analytical data from structure elucidation and analytical characterization of NPS. Drug Test Anal 2022; 14:1491-1502. [PMID: 35524160 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Novel substances for which none or limited analytical data are available constitute a challenge for police and customs forensic laboratories. The time-consuming process of structural elucidation and acquisition of analytical data has been centralized in the ADEBAR project in Germany, co-funded since 2017 by the EU's Internal Security Fund. The project aims to comprehensively characterize substances relevant for forensic-toxicological casework within the analytical competence network. The analytical datasets are distributed digitally through European and (inter-) national channels. Additionally, pharmacological evaluation allows for estimating in vivo potency and potential harm required as scientific evidence for legislative amendments. The ADEBAR project contributes to the availability of analytical data on new substances relevant to the daily work of police and customs laboratories. Since the inception of the ADEBAR project, 549 samples have been registered, and 302 substance reports notified to the EMCDDA, including numerous spectrometric and spectroscopic data. In addition, 3619 mass spectra have been accumulated in ADEBAR mass spectra databases. A central institution for the structure elucidation and acquisition of valid, high-quality analytical data for police and customs forensic laboratories and forensic medicine institutes is important in the future because there does not seem to be an end to the dynamic of novel NPS appearing on the drug market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Pulver
- State Bureau of Criminal Investigation Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany.,Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Svenja Fischmann
- State Bureau of Criminal Investigation Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Folker Westphal
- State Bureau of Criminal Investigation Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Jan Schäper
- Bavarian State Bureau of Criminal Investigation, Munich, Germany
| | - Dennis Budach
- State Bureau of Criminal Investigation Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Johannes Zagermann
- State Bureau of Criminal Investigation North Rhine-Westphalia, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Angela Damm
- State Bureau of Criminal Investigation Rhineland-Palatinate, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Till Opatz
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry Section, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Volker Auwärter
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Pütz
- Federal Criminal Police Office (BKA), Wiesbaden, Germany
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11
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Pulver B, Schönberger T, Weigel D, Köck M, Eschenlohr Y, Lucas T, Podlesnik N, Opatz T, Dreiseitel W, Pütz M, Schäper J, Jacobsen-Bauer A, Auwärter V, Westphal F. Structure elucidation of the novel synthetic cannabinoid Cumyl-tosyl-indazole-3-carboxamide (Cumyl-TsINACA) found in illicit products in Germany. Drug Test Anal 2022; 14:1387-1406. [PMID: 35338591 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
New chemical moieties continue to appear in synthetic cannabimimetics (SC), the largest group of new psychoactive substances in the EU. We describe the first comprehensive characterisation of the novel SC Cumyl-TsINACA (N-(2-phenylpropan-2-yl)-1-tosyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide) from seized case samples. Structure elucidation was performed within the EU-project ADEBAR plus to facilitate confident identification by other researchers and practitioners worldwide. Characteristic MS fragmentations include the cleavage of the sulfonamide bond (S-N), the aryl sulfone bond (C-S) and the elimination rearrangement of SO2 in the side chain. Cumyl-TsINACA is a full receptor agonist at hCB1 (Emax = 228%) with very weak binding affinity (Ki = 292 nm) and low functional activity (EC50 = 31 μm). Thermal degradation of Cumyl-TsINACA was observed under GC conditions. The degree to which the tosyl side chain is cleaved due to pyrolysis primarily depends on solvent, the use of glass wool in the liner, and injector temperature. The determination of the constitution by NMR spectroscopy was ambiguous due to the high number of neighbouring, non-proton-bearing atoms. Therefore, other possible structures compatible with the NMR correlations were generated using the WebCocon software. The unambiguous structural evidence was finally obtained by spectra comparison after the synthesis of Cumyl-TsINACA. The low thermal stability, as well as the low affinity and potency, render this compound unfavourable for the use as a psychoactive substance. Thus, we do not expect widespread adoption of this SC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Pulver
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Hermann Staudinger Graduate School, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,State Bureau of Criminal Investigation Schleswig-Holstein, Forensic Science Institute, Kiel, Germany
| | - Torsten Schönberger
- Federal Criminal Police Office, Forensic Science Institute, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Diana Weigel
- Federal Criminal Police Office, Forensic Science Institute, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Matthias Köck
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Yvonne Eschenlohr
- Bavarian State Criminal Police Office, Forensic Science Institute, München, Germany
| | - Tobias Lucas
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nika Podlesnik
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Till Opatz
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Dreiseitel
- Hessian State Criminal Police Office, Forensic Science Institute, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Michael Pütz
- Federal Criminal Police Office, Forensic Science Institute, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Jan Schäper
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Volker Auwärter
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Folker Westphal
- State Bureau of Criminal Investigation Schleswig-Holstein, Forensic Science Institute, Kiel, Germany
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12
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Fabregat-Safont D, Mata-Pesquera M, Barneo-Muñoz M, Martinez-Garcia F, Mardal M, Davidsen AB, Sancho JV, Hernández F, Ibáñez M. In-depth comparison of the metabolic and pharmacokinetic behaviour of the structurally related synthetic cannabinoids AMB-FUBINACA and AMB-CHMICA in rats. Commun Biol 2022; 5:161. [PMID: 35210552 PMCID: PMC8873228 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03113-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids receptor agonists (SCRAs) are often almost completely metabolised, and hence their pharmacokinetics should be carefully evaluated for determining the most adequate biomarker in toxicological analysis. Two structurally related SCRAs, AMB-FUBINACA and AMB-CHMICA, were selected to evaluate their in vivo metabolism and pharmacokinetics using male Sprague-Dawley rats. Brain, liver, kidney, blood (serum) and urine samples were collected at different times to assess the differences in metabolism, metabolic reactions, tissue distribution and excretion. Both compounds experimented O-demethyl reaction, which occurred more rapidly for AMB-FUBINACA. The parent compounds and O-demethyl metabolites were highly bioaccumulated in liver, and were still detected in this tissue 48 h after injection. The different indazole/indole N-functionalisation produced diverse metabolic reactions in this moiety and thus, different urinary metabolites were formed. Out of the two compounds, AMB-FUBINACA seemed to easily cross the blood-brain barrier, presenting higher brain/serum concentrations ratio than AMB-CHMICA. Synthetic cannabinoids are amongst the most widely used psychoactive drugs which are tightly controlled by government agencies around the world. Here, pharmacokinetics of two synthetic cannabinoids in rats are evaluated along with their metabolites and tissue distribution, aiding in identifying distinct biomarkers that reflect the consumption of synthetic cannabinoids based on the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Fabregat-Safont
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - María Mata-Pesquera
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Manuela Barneo-Muñoz
- Predepartmental Unit of Medicine, Unitat Mixta de Neuroanatomia Funcional NeuroFun-UVEG-UJI, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Ferran Martinez-Garcia
- Predepartmental Unit of Medicine, Unitat Mixta de Neuroanatomia Funcional NeuroFun-UVEG-UJI, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Marie Mardal
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders B Davidsen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Juan V Sancho
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Félix Hernández
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - María Ibáñez
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071, Castellón, Spain.
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13
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Dataset allowing for the identification of three new synthetic cannabimimetics featuring a norbornyl methyl side chain by spectrometric and spectroscopic techniques. Data Brief 2022; 39:107628. [PMID: 34988267 PMCID: PMC8711051 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2021.107628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic cannabimimetics (SC) are a diverse group of new psychoactive substances with varying potency and harm potential. New SCs appear on the drug market every year, and reliable and correct identification of these new derivatives independent from the matrix relies on the availability of verified spectra. Three new synthetic cannabimimetics featuring a norbornyl methyl side chain and varying core structure elements were identified in different seizures and forms. Cumyl-BC[2.2.1]HpMeGaClone and Cumyl-BC[2.2.1]HpMINACA were laced onto herbal blends, whereas Cumyl-BC[2.2.1]HpMICA was seized as a pure solid powder. The data collection process involves a comprehensive set of orthogonal analytical techniques allowing for the unambiguous identification of the respective endo- and exo-isomers. Furthermore, the diversity of analytical techniques allows a greater number of laboratories working in the field of forensic chemistry to confidently identify the substances described in our original research article [1]. Structure elucidation and analytical characterisation were performed within the EU-project ADEBAR plus using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), gas chromatography-solid state infrared spectroscopy (GC-sIR), as well as solid and neat IR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS), and high resolution (HR)-LC-ESI-MS, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The raw analytical data files are included in the Mendeley repository alongside the individual spectra in a universally importable format. The use of the universal JCAMP format for storage of the spectra facilitates database maintenance and enables seamless integration of the verified spectra. Thus, the dataset enables other researchers worldwide to identify these three new SCs confidently.
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14
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Pulver B, Riedel J, Schönberger T, Pütz M, Schäper J, Kunert N, Putzer K, Hermann G, Auwärter V, Westphal F. Comprehensive structural characterisation of the newly emerged synthetic cannabimimetics Cumyl-BC[2.2.1]HpMeGaClone, Cumyl-BC[2.2.1]HpMINACA, and Cumyl-BC[2.2.1]HpMICA featuring a norbornyl methyl side chain. Forensic Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2021.100371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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Alam RM, Keating JJ. "Walking the nitrogen around the ring": Chemical synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of novel 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-azaindazole analogs of the synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist MDMB-PINACA. Drug Test Anal 2021; 14:277-297. [PMID: 34654062 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) have rapidly evolved to encompass a wide range of structurally diverse new psychoactive substances (NPS), including derivatives that incorporate indole, indazole, 7-azaindole, γ-carbolinone, or carbazole heterocyclic scaffolds. The introduction of legislative measures seeking to control the availability of NPS on the recreational drug scene has likely contributed to the continued emergence of novel SCRA analogs, which often evade regulatory control. However, the detection and/or identification of azaindazole-type SCRAs in seized material has not yet been reported (September, 2021). It is plausible that SCRAs bearing a 1,3-disubstituted azaindazole scaffold may possess cannabimimetic activity, given their structural similarity with known indole, indazole, and azaindole SCRAs. In view of these antecedents, a set of four novel isomeric 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-azaindazole analogs of the known potent indazole SCRA, MDMB-PINACA, were synthesized using a Pd-catalyzed aminocarbonylation strategy. The complementary use of ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), 1D- and 2D-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has permitted the spectroscopic differentiation, unambiguous structural assignment, and rapid separation of novel isomeric 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-azaindazole analogs of the indazole SCRA, MDMB-PINACA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Alam
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility (ABCRF), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Chemistry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John J Keating
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility (ABCRF), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Chemistry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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16
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'Synthetic cannabis': A dangerous misnomer. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2021; 98:103396. [PMID: 34343944 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The term 'synthetic cannabis' has been widely used in public discourse to refer to a group of cannabinoid receptor agonists. In this paper we detail the characteristics of these drugs, and present the case that the term is a misnomer. We describe the pharmacodynamics of these drugs, their epidemiology, mechanisms of action, physiological effects and how these differ substantially from delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). We argue that not only is the term a misnomer, but it is one with negative clinical and public health implications. Rather, the substances referred to as 'synthetic cannabis' in public discourse should instead be referred to consistently as synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs), a drug class distinct from plant-derived cannabinoids. SCRAs have greater potency and efficacy, and psychostimulant-like properties. While such terminology may be used in the scientific community, it is not widely used amongst the media, general public, people who use these drugs or may potentially do so. A new terminology has the potential to reduce the confusion and harms that result from the misnomer 'synthetic cannabis'. The constant evolution of this distinct drug class necessitates a range of distinct policy responses relating to terminology, harm reduction, epidemiology, treatment, and legal status.
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17
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Pike E, Grafinger KE, Cannaert A, Ametovski A, Luo JL, Sparkes E, Cairns EA, Ellison R, Gerona R, Stove CP, Auwärter V, Banister SD. Systematic evaluation of a panel of 30 synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists structurally related to MMB-4en-PICA, MDMB-4en-PINACA, ADB-4en-PINACA, and MMB-4CN-BUTINACA using a combination of binding and different CB 1 receptor activation assays: Part I-Synthesis, analytical characterization, and binding affinity for human CB 1 receptors. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1383-1401. [PMID: 33787091 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) are one of the largest and most structurally diverse classes of new psychoactive substances (NPS). Despite this, pharmacological data are often lacking following the identification of a new SCRA in drug markets. In this first of a three-part series, we describe the synthesis, analytical characterization, and binding affinity of a proactively generated, systematic library of 30 indole, indazole, and 7-azaindole SCRAs related to MMB-4en-PICA, MDMB-4en-PINACA, ADB-4en-PINACA, and MMB-4CN-BUTINACA featuring a 4-pentenyl (4en-P), butyl (B/BUT), or 4-cyanobutyl (4CN-B/BUT) tail and a methyl l-valinate (MMB), methyl l-tert-leucinate (MDMB), methyl l-phenylalaninate (MPP), l-valinamide (AB), l-tert-leucinamide (ADB), l-phenylalaninamide (APP), adamantyl (A), or cumyl head group. Competitive radioligand binding assays demonstrated that the indazole core conferred the highest CB1 binding affinity (Ki = 0.17-39 nM), followed by indole- (Ki = 0.95-160 nM) and then 7-azaindole-derived SCRAs (Ki = 5.4-271 nM). Variation of the head group had the greatest effect on binding, with tert-leucine amides and methyl esters (Ki = 0.17-14 nM) generally showing the greatest affinities, followed by valine derivatives (Ki = 0.72-180 nM), and then phenylalanine derivatives (Ki = 2.5-271 nM). Adamantyl head groups (Ki = 8.8-59 nM) were suboptimal for binding, whereas the cumyl analogues consistently conferred high affinity (Ki = 0.62-36 nM). Finally, both butyl (Ki = 3.1-163 nM) and 4-cyanobutyl (Ki = 5.5-44 nM) tail groups were less favorable for CB1 binding than their corresponding 4-pentenyl counterparts (Ki = 0.72-25 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Pike
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
| | - Katharina Elisabeth Grafinger
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annelies Cannaert
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Adam Ametovski
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jia Lin Luo
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eric Sparkes
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A Cairns
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ross Ellison
- Clinical Toxicology and Environmental Biomonitoring Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Roy Gerona
- Clinical Toxicology and Environmental Biomonitoring Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Christophe P Stove
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Volker Auwärter
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Samuel D Banister
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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18
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Haschimi B, Grafinger KE, Pulver B, Psychou E, Halter S, Huppertz LM, Westphal F, Pütz M, Auwärter V. New synthetic cannabinoids carrying a cyclobutyl methyl side chain: Human Phase I metabolism and data on human cannabinoid receptor 1 binding and activation of Cumyl-CBMICA and Cumyl-CBMINACA. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1499-1515. [PMID: 33788409 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) represent a large group of new psychoactive substances (NPS), sustaining a high prevalence on the drug market since their first detection in 2008. Cumyl-CBMICA and Cumyl-CBMINACA, the first representatives of a new subclass of SCs characterized by a cyclobutyl methyl (CBM) moiety, were identified in July 2019 and February 2020. This work aimed at evaluating basic pharmacological characteristics and human Phase I metabolism of these compounds. Human Phase I metabolites were tentatively identified by liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QToF-MS) of urine samples and confirmed by a pooled human liver microsome (pHLM) assay. The basic pharmacological evaluation was performed by applying a competitive ligand binding assay and a functional activation assay (GTPγS) using cell membranes carrying the human cannabinoid receptor 1 (hCB1 ). Investigation of the human Phase I metabolism resulted in the identification of specific urinary markers built by monohydroxylation or dihydroxylation. Although Cumyl-CBMICA was primarily hydroxylated at the indole ring, hydroxylation of Cumyl-CBMINACA mainly occurred at the CBM moiety. Both substances acted as agonists at the hCB1 receptor, although substantial differences could be observed. Cumyl-CBMINACA showed higher binding affinity (Ki = 1.32 vs. 29.3 nM), potency (EC50 = 55.4 vs. 497 nM), and efficacy (Emax = 207% vs. 168%) than its indole counterpart Cumyl-CBMICA. This study confirms that substitution of an indole by an indazole core tends to increase in vitro potency, which is potentially reflected by higher in vivo potency. The emergence and disappearance of SCs distributed via online shops carrying a CBM moiety once more demonstrate the "cat-and-mouse" game between manufacturers and legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belal Haschimi
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Herrmann Staudinger Graduate School, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Elisabeth Grafinger
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Pulver
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Herrmann Staudinger Graduate School, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,State Bureau of Criminal Investigation Schleswig-Holstein, Forensic Science Institute, Kiel, Germany
| | - Evangelia Psychou
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Halter
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Herrmann Staudinger Graduate School, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Laura M Huppertz
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Folker Westphal
- State Bureau of Criminal Investigation Schleswig-Holstein, Forensic Science Institute, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Pütz
- Federal Criminal Police Office, Forensic Science Institute, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Volker Auwärter
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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19
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Norman C, Halter S, Haschimi B, Acreman D, Smith J, Krotulski AJ, Mohr ALA, Logan BK, NicDaéid N, Auwärter V, McKenzie C. A transnational perspective on the evolution of the synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists market: Comparing prison and general populations. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:841-852. [PMID: 33463894 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist (SCRA) market is transnational, and the availability of individual SCRAs changes regularly in response to national and international legislative controls. This generates a cyclic pattern and near constant evolution of SCRA compounds. This study reports toxicology-based and/or seized sample-based prevalence data relating to SCRA use in prisons from Germany, the United Kingdom (UK; Scotland and Wales), and the United States (US), representing 4427 individual test results. The study examines SCRA detections in prisons from July 2018 to September 2020, and where possible, prison-based data are compared with SCRA prevalence data in the wider population. The relative influence of Chinese, other international, and national drug legislation on the prevalence of individual SCRAs in prisons is also considered. tert-Leucinate- and valinate-indole- and indazole-3-carboxamides were the most common SCRA detections, and MDMB-4en-PINACA was one of the most commonly detected SCRAs in all jurisdictions by September 2020. However, despite there being a global production and supply market, there were notable regional differences. Analog controls in German and US legislation may have led to increased compound diversity that is not reflected in the UK which has both analog controls and a blanket ban on psychoactive substances. While there were regional differences, SCRA prevalence in prisons closely aligned with the SCRAs detected on the local market, demonstrating that SCRA (and possibly other NPS) monitoring programs in prisons can act as early warning systems for the wider population in that given jurisdiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn Norman
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Forensic Science, School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Sebastian Halter
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Hermann Staudinger Graduate School, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Belal Haschimi
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Hermann Staudinger Graduate School, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dean Acreman
- Welsh Emerging Drugs and Identification of Novel Substances Project, Public Health, Wales, UK
| | - Josie Smith
- Welsh Emerging Drugs and Identification of Novel Substances Project, Public Health, Wales, UK
| | - Alex J Krotulski
- Center for Forensic Science Research and Education, Fredric Rieders Family Foundation, Willow Grove, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amanda L A Mohr
- Center for Forensic Science Research and Education, Fredric Rieders Family Foundation, Willow Grove, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Barry K Logan
- Center for Forensic Science Research and Education, Fredric Rieders Family Foundation, Willow Grove, Pennsylvania, USA.,NMS Labs, Horsham, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Niamh NicDaéid
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Forensic Science, School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Volker Auwärter
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Craig McKenzie
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Forensic Science, School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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20
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Cannaert A, Sparkes E, Pike E, Luo JL, Fang A, Kevin RC, Ellison R, Gerona R, Banister SD, Stove CP. Synthesis and in Vitro Cannabinoid Receptor 1 Activity of Recently Detected Synthetic Cannabinoids 4F-MDMB-BICA, 5F-MPP-PICA, MMB-4en-PICA, CUMYL-CBMICA, ADB-BINACA, APP-BINACA, 4F-MDMB-BINACA, MDMB-4en-PINACA, A-CHMINACA, 5F-AB-P7AICA, 5F-MDMB-P7AICA, and 5F-AP7AICA. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:4434-4446. [PMID: 33253529 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) are an evolving class of new psychoactive substances (NPS) with structurally diverse compounds emerging each year. Due to the rapid pace at which these drugs enter the market, there is often little or nil information regarding the pharmacology of these substances despite widespread human use. In this study, 12 recently emerged SCRAs (reported between 2018 and 2020) were synthesized, analytically characterized, and pharmacologically evaluated using a live cell-based nanoluciferase complementation reporter assay that monitors in vitro cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) activation via its interaction with β-arrestin 2 (βarr2). All synthesized SCRAs acted as agonists of CB1, although differences in potency (EC50 = 2.33-5475 nM) and efficacy (Emax = 37-378%) were noted, and several structure-activity relationships were identified. SCRAs featuring indazole cores (EC50 = 2.33-159 nM) were generally of equal or greater potency than indole analogues (EC50 = 32.9-330 nM) or 7-azaindole derivatives (EC50 = 64.0-5475 nM). Interestingly, with the exception of APP-BINACA (Emax = 75.7%) and 5F-A-P7AICA (Emax = 37.4%), all SCRAs showed greater efficacy than the historical SCRA JWH-018 to which responses were normalized (Emax = 142-378%). The most potent CB1 agonists in the study were ADB-BINACA (EC50 = 6.36 nM), 4F-MDMB-BINACA (EC50 = 7.39 nM), and MDMB-4en-PINACA (EC50 = 2.33 nM). Notably, all of these SCRAs featured an indazole core as well as a "bulky" tert-butyl moiety in the pendant amino acid side chain. This study confirms that recently detected SCRAs 4F-MDMB-BICA, 5F-MPP-PICA, MMB-4en-PICA, CUMYL-CBMICA, ADB-BINACA, APP-BINACA, 4F-MDMB-BINACA, MDMB-4en-PINACA, A-CHMINACA, 5F-AB-P7AICA, 5F-MDMB-P7AICA, and 5F-AP7AICA were all able to activate the CB1 receptor in vitro, albeit to different extents, and are potentially psychoactive in vivo. These results indicate that further evaluation of these widely used NPS is warranted to better understand the risks associated with human consumption of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Cannaert
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Eric Sparkes
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, Australia
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Edward Pike
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, Australia
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Jia Lin Luo
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, Australia
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Ada Fang
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, Australia
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Richard C. Kevin
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, Australia
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Ross Ellison
- Clinical Toxicology and Environmental Biomonitoring Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Roy Gerona
- Clinical Toxicology and Environmental Biomonitoring Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Samuel D. Banister
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, Australia
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Christophe P. Stove
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
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