1
|
Gábris F, Kajtár B, Kellermayer Z, Balogh P. Quantitative Analysis of NKX2-3 Expression in Human Colon: An Immunohistochemical Study. J Histochem Cytochem 2024; 72:11-23. [PMID: 38063211 PMCID: PMC10795564 DOI: 10.1369/00221554231217336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In mice, Nkx2-3 homeodomain transcription factor defines the vascular specification of secondary and tertiary lymphoid tissues of the intestines. In human studies, polymorphisms in NKX2-3 have been identified as a susceptibility factor in inflammatory bowel diseases, whereas in mice, its absence is associated with protection against experimental colitis and enhanced intestinal epithelial proliferation. Here, we investigated the expression of NKX2-3 in normal, polyp, and adenocarcinoma human colon samples using immunohistochemistry and quantitative morphometry, correlating its expression with endothelial and mesenchymal stromal markers. Our results revealed that the expression of NKX2-3 is regionally confined to the lamina propria and lamina muscularis mucosae, and its production is restricted mostly to endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells with variable co-expression of CD34, alpha smooth muscle antigen (αSMA), and vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1). The frequency of NKX2-3-positive cells and intensity of expression correlated inversely with aging. Furthermore, in most colorectal carcinoma samples, we observed a significant reduction of NKX2-3 expression. These findings indicate that the NKX2-3 transcription factor is produced by both endothelial and non-endothelial tissue constituents in the colon, and its expression changes during aging and in colorectal malignancies. (J Histochem Cytochem XX: XXX-XXX, XXXX).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fanni Gábris
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology
- Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary, and Lymphoid Organogenesis Research Team, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | | | - Zoltán Kellermayer
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology
- Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary, and Lymphoid Organogenesis Research Team, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Péter Balogh
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology
- Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary, and Lymphoid Organogenesis Research Team, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Challenges to, and prospects for, reverse engineering the gastrointestinal tract using organoids. Trends Biotechnol 2022; 40:932-944. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
3
|
The Interplay between Nutrition, Innate Immunity, and the Commensal Microbiota in Adaptive Intestinal Morphogenesis. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072198. [PMID: 34206809 PMCID: PMC8308283 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is a functionally and anatomically segmented organ that is colonized by microbial communities from birth. While the genetics of mouse gut development is increasingly understood, how nutritional factors and the commensal gut microbiota act in concert to shape tissue organization and morphology of this rapidly renewing organ remains enigmatic. Here, we provide an overview of embryonic mouse gut development, with a focus on the intestinal vasculature and the enteric nervous system. We review how nutrition and the gut microbiota affect the adaptation of cellular and morphologic properties of the intestine, and how these processes are interconnected with innate immunity. Furthermore, we discuss how nutritional and microbial factors impact the renewal and differentiation of the epithelial lineage, influence the adaptation of capillary networks organized in villus structures, and shape the enteric nervous system and the intestinal smooth muscle layers. Intriguingly, the anatomy of the gut shows remarkable flexibility to nutritional and microbial challenges in the adult organism.
Collapse
|
4
|
Qi D, Shi W, Black AR, Kuss MA, Pang X, He Y, Liu B, Duan B. Repair and regeneration of small intestine: A review of current engineering approaches. Biomaterials 2020; 240:119832. [PMID: 32113114 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.119832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The small intestine (SI) is difficult to regenerate or reconstruct due to its complex structure and functions. Recent developments in stem cell research, advanced engineering technologies, and regenerative medicine strategies bring new hope of solving clinical problems of the SI. This review will first summarize the structure, function, development, cell types, and matrix components of the SI. Then, the major cell sources for SI regeneration are introduced, and state-of-the-art biofabrication technologies for generating engineered SI tissues or models are overviewed. Furthermore, in vitro models and in vivo transplantation, based on intestinal organoids and tissue engineering, are highlighted. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives are discussed to help direct future applications for SI repair and regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dianjun Qi
- Department of General Practice, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China; Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Wen Shi
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Adrian R Black
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Mitchell A Kuss
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Xining Pang
- Department of General Practice, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China; Department of Academician Expert Workstation and Liaoning Province Human Amniotic Membrane Dressings Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Engineering Research Center, Shenyang Amnion Biological Engineering Technology Research and Development Center Co., Ltd, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yini He
- Department of General Practice, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Bin Duan
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Endoderm for Modeling Development and Clinical Applications. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 22:485-499. [PMID: 29625066 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The liver, lung, pancreas, and digestive tract all originate from the endoderm germ layer, and these vital organs are subject to many life-threatening diseases affecting millions of patients. However, primary cells from endodermal organs are often difficult to grow in vitro. Human pluripotent stem cells thus hold great promise for generating endoderm cells and their derivatives as tools for the development of new therapeutics against a variety of global healthcare challenges. Here we describe recent advances in methods for generating endodermal cell types from human pluripotent stem cells and their use for disease modeling and cell-based therapy.
Collapse
|
6
|
Byrnes KG, McDermott K, Coffey JC. Development of mesenteric tissues. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 92:55-62. [PMID: 30347243 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mesothelial, neurovascular, lymphatic, adipose and mesenchymal tissues make up the mesentery. These tissues are pathobiologically important for numerous reasons. Collectively, they form a continuous, discrete and substantive organ. Additionally, they maintain abdominal digestive organs in position and in continuity with other systems. Furthermore, as they occupy a central position, they mediate transmission of signals between the abdominal digestive system and the remainder of the body. Despite this physiologic centrality, mesenteric tissue development has received little investigatory focus. However, recent advances in our understanding of anatomy demonstrate continuity between all mesenteric tissues, thereby linking previously unrelated studies. In this review, we examine the development of mesenteric tissue in normality and in the setting of congenital abnormalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Gerard Byrnes
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Kieran McDermott
- Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - John Calvin Coffey
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (4i), University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hatch J, Mukouyama YS. Spatiotemporal mapping of vascularization and innervation in the fetal murine intestine. Dev Dyn 2014; 244:56-68. [PMID: 25138596 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In mice, the intestinal tube develops from the splanchopleure before embryonic day 9.5. Subsequent patterning of nerves and blood vessels is critical for normal digestive function. A hierarchical branching vascular network allows for efficient nutrient absorption, while the complex enteric nervous system regulates intestinal motility as well as secretion, absorption, and blood flow. Despite the well-recognized significance of these systems, the precise mechanisms by which they develop have not been clearly established in mammals. RESULTS Using a novel whole-mount immunohistochemical protocol, we visualize the pattern of intestinal neurovascular development in mice between embryonic day 10.5 and birth. In particular, we focus on the development and remodeling of the enteric vascular plexus, the migration and organization of enteric neural crest-derived cells, and the integration of peripheral sympathetic nerves with the enteric nervous system. These correlative data lead us to hypothesize a functional interaction between migrating neural crest-derived cells and endothelial cells of the primary capillary plexus, as well as a subsequent interaction between developing peripheral autonomic nerves and differentiated neural crest-derived cells. CONCLUSIONS These studies provide useful anatomical data for continuing investigations on the functional mechanisms underlying intestinal organogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Hatch
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Neuro-Vascular Biology, Genetics and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
The mesenchyme in malignancy: a partner in the initiation, progression and dissemination of cancer. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 136:131-41. [PMID: 22921882 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment presents an exciting opportunity for innovative prognostic and therapeutic approaches to human cancer. The diverse cellular and extracellular contribution to tumor growth argues that prevention and cure of human cancers will result only from a multifaceted approach to cancer therapy. In this review we provide a foundation for considering the mesenchymal contribution to the tumor microenvironment. We address normal mesenchymal development, physiological interactions between the epithelium and stroma and the cellular hierarchy within these compartments. We focus on cancer-associated fibroblasts in gastrointestinal malignancy but our models have also been informed by other tumor systems. The review provides a framework for characterizing the overall biological contribution of the mesenchyme to human disease. Understanding the biological heterogeneity of specific mesenchymal cells in cancer will provide new opportunities for targeted cancer prevention and therapy.
Collapse
|
9
|
Boyle MJ, Seaver EC. Expression of FoxA and GATA transcription factors correlates with regionalized gut development in two lophotrochozoan marine worms: Chaetopterus (Annelida) and Themiste lageniformis (Sipuncula). EvoDevo 2010; 1:2. [PMID: 20849645 PMCID: PMC2938726 DOI: 10.1186/2041-9139-1-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A through gut is present in almost all metazoans, and most likely represents an ancient innovation that enabled bilaterian animals to exploit a wide range of habitats. Molecular developmental studies indicate that Fox and GATA regulatory genes specify tissue regions along the gut tube in a broad diversity of taxa, although little is known about gut regionalization within the Lophotrochozoa. In this study, we isolated FoxA and GATA456 orthologs and used whole mount in situ hybridization during larval gut formation in two marine worms: the segmented, polychaete annelid Chaetopterus, which develops a planktotrophic larva with a tripartite gut, and the non-segmented sipunculan Themiste lageniformis, which develops a lecithotrophic larva with a U-shaped gut. Results FoxA and GATA456 transcripts are predominantly restricted to gut tissue, and together show regional expression spanning most of the alimentary canal in each of these lophotrochozoans, although neither FoxA nor GATA456 is expressed in the posterior intestine of Chaetopterus. In both species, FoxA is expressed at the blastula stage, transiently in presumptive endoderm before formation of a definitive gut tube, and throughout early larval development in discrete foregut and hindgut domains. GATA456 genes are expressed during endoderm formation, and in endoderm and mesoderm associated with the midgut in each species. Several species-specific differences were detected, including an overlap of FoxA and GATA456 expression in the intestinal system of Themiste, which is instead complimentary in Chaetopterus. Other differences include additional discrete expression domains of FoxA in ectodermal trunk cells in Themiste but not Chaetopterus, and expression of GATA456 in anterior ectoderm and midgut cells unique to Chaetopterus. Conclusions This study of gene expression in a sipunculan contributes new comparative developmental insights from lophotrochozoans, and shows that FoxA and GATA456 transcription factors are part of an ancient patterning mechanism that was deployed during early evolution of the metazoan through gut. The common utilization of FoxA and GATA456 throughout gut formation by species with contrasting life history modes indicates that both genes are core components of a gut-specific gene regulatory network in spiralians. Despite a highly conserved pattern of early development, and probably similar ontogenic origins of gut tissue, there are molecular differences in gut regionalization between lophotrochozoan species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Boyle
- Kewalo Marine Laboratory, Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Vaccari E, Deflorian G, Bernardi E, Pauls S, Tiso N, Bortolussi M, Argenton F. prep1.2 and aldh1a2 participate to a positive loop required for branchial arches development in zebrafish. Dev Biol 2010; 343:94-103. [PMID: 20423710 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Revised: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Segmentation is a key step in embryonic development. Acting in all germ layers, it is responsible for the generation of antero-posterior asymmetries. Hox genes, with their diverse expression in individual segments, are fundamental players in the determination of different segmental fates. In vertebrates, Hox gene products gain specificity for DNA sequences by interacting with Pbx, Prep and Meis homeodomain transcription factors. In this work we cloned and analysed prep1.2 in zebrafish. In-situ hybridization experiments show that prep1.2 is maternally and ubiquitously expressed up to early somitogenesis when its expression pattern becomes more restricted to the head and trunk mesenchyme. Experiments of loss of function with prep1.2 morpholinos change the shape of the hyoid and third pharyngeal cartilages while arches 4-7 and pectoral fins are absent, a phenotype strikingly similar to that caused by loss of retinoic acid (RA). In fact, we show that prep1.2 is positively regulated by RA and required for the normal expression of aldh1a2 at later stages, particularly in tissues involved in the development of the branchial arches and pectoral fins. Thus, prep1.2 and aldh1a2 are members of an indirect positive feedback loop required for pharyngeal endoderm and posterior branchial arches development. As the paralogue gene prep1.1 is more important in hindbrain patterning and neural crest chondrogenesis, we provide evidence of a functional specialization of prep genes in zebrafish head segmentation and morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Vaccari
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Bassi 58B, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Arasaradnam RP, Pharaoh MW, Williams GJ, Nwokolo CU, Bardhan KD, Kumar S. Colonic fermentation--more than meets the nose. Med Hypotheses 2009; 73:753-6. [PMID: 19473773 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Revised: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Fermentation of undigested foods in the colon by its resident bacteria affects not only colonic health (protection against inflammation and tumour formation) but also influences metabolic health. Studying fermentation directly is difficult for lack of access. We hypothesise that the anatomical structure of the colon is suited to act as a fermenting chamber with the gaseous molecules (VOCs) emitted having direct effects on the colonocytes as well as gut neural and metabolic effects. We refer to this complex system as the 'fermentome', and further hypothesise that alteration in the 'fermentome' through dietary modification will have a direct impact on colonic as well as metabolic health and disease. The VOCs emitted may play a role in bacterial chemical signalling within the colon but importantly could also function as a 'gas' biomarker. Measurement of such VOCs through non-invasive methods would have important application as a hypothesis-generating tool with subsequent clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R P Arasaradnam
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, UK; University Hospital Coventry and Warwick, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hedgehog signaling is involved in differentiation of normal colonic tissue rather than in tumor proliferation. Virchows Arch 2009; 454:369-79. [PMID: 19280222 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-009-0753-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Revised: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) pathway is a main regulation cascade in embryonic differentiation. It is also present in adult tissues and unusual expression has been associated with formation of benign and malignant lesions. We examined the presence of the Hedgehog pathway in normal and pathological human colon tissue. Components investigated include Sonic (Shh), Indian (Ihh), and Desert Hedgehog (Dhh), Gli1, Gli2, Gli3, and Patched (Ptch). Pathological tissue samples comprised 23 benign and 20 malignant lesions of human colon. The influence of the Hedgehog pathway on differentiation and proliferation has been investigated by analyzing the effect of the pathway inhibitor Cyclopamine on human colon cancer cell lines HT29 and CaCo2. In normal colon, we detected expression of Shh and Dhh within the lining epithelium and Patched, Gli1, and Gli2 along the whole crypts. Within all benign lesions, positive staining of Shh, Dhh, Gli1, Gli2, and Ptch was detected. Expression of Shh and Dhh was restricted to single cell aggregates. Malignant lesions also displayed focal staining pattern for Shh and Dhh but to a much lesser extent. We conclude that Hedgehog signaling is involved rather in constant differentiation and renewing of the colonic lining epithelium than in cancer formation, growth, or proliferation.
Collapse
|
13
|
Affiliation(s)
- H M Young
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Matsushita S, Urase K, Komatsu A, Scotting PJ, Kuroiwa A, Yasugi S. Foregut endoderm is specified early in avian development through signal(s) emanating from Hensen's node or its derivatives. Mech Dev 2008; 125:377-95. [PMID: 18374547 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2008.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2006] [Revised: 02/13/2008] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the initial specification of foregut endoderm in the chick embryo was analyzed. A fate map constructed for the area pellucida endoderm at definitive streak-stage showed centrally-located presumptive cells of foregut-derived organs around Hensen's node. Intracoelomic cultivation of the area pellucida endoderm at this stage combined with somatic mesoderm resulted in the differentiation predominantly into intestinal epithelium, suggesting that this endoderm may not yet be regionally specified. In vitro cultivation of this endoderm for 1-1.5 day combined with Hensen's node or its derivatives but not with other embryonic structures/tissues elicited endodermal expression of cSox2 but not of cHoxb9, which is characteristic of specified foregut endoderm. When the anteriormost or posteriormost part of the area pellucida endoderm at this stage, whose fate is extraembryonic, was combined with Hensen's node or its derivatives for 1 day, then enwrapped with somatic mesoderm and cultivated for a long period intracoelomically, differentiation of various foregut organ epithelia was observed. Such epithelia never appeared in the endoderm associated with other embryonic structures/tissues and cultured similarly. Thus, Hensen's node and its derivatives that lie centrally in the presumptive endodermal area of the foregut are likely to play an important role in the initial specification of the foregut. Chordin-expressing COS cells or noggin-producing CHO cells transplanted into the anteriormost area pellucida of the definitve streak-stage embryo could induce endodermal expression of cSox2 but not of cHoxb9, suggesting that chordin and noggin that emanate from Hensen's node and its derivatives, may be involved in this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Matsushita
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lechner H, Josten F, Fuss B, Bauer R, Hoch M. Cross regulation of intercellular gap junction communication and paracrine signaling pathways during organogenesis in Drosophila. Dev Biol 2007; 310:23-34. [PMID: 17707365 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2007] [Revised: 06/22/2007] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The spatial and temporal coordination of patterning and morphogenesis is often achieved by paracrine morphogen signals or by the direct coupling of cells via gap junctions. How paracrine signals and gap junction communication cooperate to control the coordinated behavior of cells and tissues is mostly unknown. We found that hedgehog signaling is required for the expression of wingless and of Delta/Notch target genes in a single row of boundary cells in the foregut-associated proventriculus organ of the Drosophila embryo. These cells coordinate the movement and folding of proventricular cells to generate a multilayered organ. hedgehog and wingless regulate gap junction communication by transcriptionally activating the innexin2 gene, which encodes a member of the innexin family of gap junction proteins. In innexin2 mutants, gap junction-mediated cell-to-cell communication is strongly reduced and the proventricular cell layers fail to fold and invaginate, similarly as in hedgehog or wingless mutants. We further found that innexin2 is required in a feedback loop for the transcriptional activation of the hedgehog and wingless morphogens and of Delta in the proventriculus primordium. We propose that the transcriptional cross regulation of paracrine and gap junction-mediated signaling is essential for organogenesis in Drosophila.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hildegard Lechner
- LIMES Institute, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 169, Poppelsdorfer Schloss, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kopinke D, Sasine J, Swift J, Stephens WZ, Piotrowski T. Retinoic acid is required for endodermal pouch morphogenesis and not for pharyngeal endoderm specification. Dev Dyn 2007; 235:2695-709. [PMID: 16871626 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Because tissues from all three germ layers contribute to the pharyngeal arches, it is not surprising that all major signaling pathways are involved in their development. We focus on the role of retinoic acid (RA) signaling because it has been recognized for quite some time that alterations in this pathway lead to craniofacial malformations. Several studies exist that describe phenotypes observed upon RA perturbations in pharyngeal arch development; however, these studies did not address whether RA plays multiple roles at distinct time points during development. Here, we report the resulting phenotypes in the hindbrain, the neural crest-derived tissues, and the pharyngeal endoderm when RA synthesis is disrupted during zebrafish gastrulation and pharyngeal arch morphogenesis. Our results demonstrate that RA is required for the post-gastrulation morphogenesis and segmentation of endodermal pouches, and that loss of RA does not affect the length of the pharyngeal ectoderm or medial endoderm along the anterior-posterior axis. We also provide evidence that RA is not required for the specification of pharyngeal pouch endoderm and that the pharyngeal endoderm consists of at least two different cell populations, of which the pouch endoderm is sensitive to RA and the more medial pharyngeal endoderm is not. These results demonstrate that the developmental processes underlying pharyngeal arch defects differ depending on when RA signaling is disturbed during development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kopinke
- University of Utah, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chen J, Ruan H, Ng SM, Gao C, Soo HM, Wu W, Zhang Z, Wen Z, Lane DP, Peng J. Loss of function of def selectively up-regulates Delta113p53 expression to arrest expansion growth of digestive organs in zebrafish. Genes Dev 2006; 19:2900-11. [PMID: 16322560 PMCID: PMC1315396 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1366405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factor p53 forms a network with associated factors to regulate the cell cycle and apoptosis in response to environmental stresses. However, there is currently no direct genetic evidence to show if or how the p53 pathway functions during organogenesis. Here we present evidence to show that the zebrafish def (digestive-organ expansion factor) gene encodes a novel pan-endoderm-specific factor. A loss-of-function mutation in def confers hypoplastic digestive organs and selectively up-regulates the expression of Delta113p53, counterpart to a newly identified isoform of p53 produced by an alternative internal promoter in intron 4 of the p53 gene in human. The increased Delta113p53 expression is limited to within the mutant digestive organs, and this increase selectively induces the expression of p53-responsive genes to trigger the arrest of the cell cycle but not apoptosis, resulting in compromised organ growth in the mutant. Our data demonstrate that, while induction of expression of p53 and/or its isoforms is crucial to suppress abnormal cell growth, Delta113p53 is tightly regulated by an organ/tissue-specific factor Def, especially during organogenesis, to prevent adverse inhibition of organ/tissue growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Immunology, Laboratory of Control of p53 Pathway, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, Singapore 138673
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wilm B, Ipenberg A, Hastie ND, Burch JBE, Bader DM. The serosal mesothelium is a major source of smooth muscle cells of the gut vasculature. Development 2005; 132:5317-28. [PMID: 16284122 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Most internal organs are situated in a coelomic cavity and are covered by a mesothelium. During heart development, epicardial cells (a mesothelium) move to and over the heart, undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and subsequently differentiate into endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. This is thought to be a unique process in blood vessel formation. Still,structural and developmental similarities between the heart and gut led us to test the hypothesis that a conserved or related mechanism may regulate blood vessel development to the gut, which, similar to the heart, is housed in a coelomic cavity. By using a combination of molecular genetics, vital dye fate mapping, organ culture and immunohistochemistry, we demonstrate that the serosal mesothelium is the major source of vasculogenic cells in developing mouse gut. Our studies show that the gut is initially devoid of a mesothelium but that serosal mesothelial cells expressing the Wilm's tumor protein (Wt1)move to and over the gut. Subsequently, a subset of these cells undergoes EMT and migrates throughout the gut. Using Wt1-Cre genetic lineage marking of serosal cells and their progeny, we demonstrate that these cells differentiate to smooth muscle of all major blood vessels in the mesenteries and gut. Our data reveal a conserved mechanism in blood vessel formation to coelomic organs, and have major implications for our understanding of vertebrate organogenesis and vascular deficiencies of the gut.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Wilm
- Stahlman Cardiovascular Laboratories, Department of Medicine and Program for Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
The function of an organ is dependent on its cellular constituents as well as on their assembly into a cohesive unit. The developing gut faces unique challenges as one of the longest and largest organs in the body and also because it is constantly interfacing with external factors through the diet. Its location deep within the body has until recently hampered investigation into its formation. The patterning of the gut along its longitudinal, dorsoventral, left-right, and radial axes is one of the fascinating issues that pertain to the development, function, and homeostasis of this understudied organ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Didier Y R Stainier
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Programs in Developmental Biology, Genetics and Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-2711, USA.
| |
Collapse
|