1
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Uribe RA. Genetic regulation of enteric nervous system development in zebrafish. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:177-190. [PMID: 38174765 PMCID: PMC10903509 DOI: 10.1042/bst20230343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a complex series of interconnected neurons and glia that reside within and along the entire length of the gastrointestinal tract. ENS functions are vital to gut homeostasis and digestion, including local control of peristalsis, water balance, and intestinal cell barrier function. How the ENS develops during embryological development is a topic of great concern, as defects in ENS development can result in various diseases, the most common being Hirschsprung disease, in which variable regions of the infant gut lack ENS, with the distal colon most affected. Deciphering how the ENS forms from its progenitor cells, enteric neural crest cells, is an active area of research across various animal models. The vertebrate animal model, zebrafish, has been increasingly leveraged to understand early ENS formation, and over the past 20 years has contributed to our knowledge of the genetic regulation that underlies enteric development. In this review, I summarize our knowledge regarding the genetic regulation of zebrafish enteric neuronal development, and based on the most current literature, present a gene regulatory network inferred to underlie its construction. I also provide perspectives on areas for future zebrafish ENS research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa A. Uribe
- Biosciences Department, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, U.S.A
- Laboratory of Neural Crest and Enteric Nervous System Development, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, U.S.A
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2
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Nguyen LTM, Hassan S, Pan H, Wu S, Wen Z. Interplay of Zeb2a, Id2a and Batf3 regulates microglia and dendritic cell development in the zebrafish brain. Development 2024; 151:dev201829. [PMID: 38240311 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
In vertebrates, the central nervous system (CNS) harbours various immune cells, including parenchymal microglia, perivascular macrophages and dendritic cells, which act in coordination to establish an immune network to regulate neurogenesis and neural function, and to maintain the homeostasis of the CNS. Recent single cell transcriptomic profiling has revealed that the adult zebrafish CNS contains microglia, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and two conventional dendritic cells (cDCs), ccl35+ cDCs and cnn3a+cDCs. However, how these distinct myeloid cells are established in the adult zebrafish CNS remains incompletely defined. Here, we show that the Inhibitor of DNA binding 2a (Id2a) is essential for the development of pDCs and cDCs but is dispensable for the formation of microglia, whereas the Basic leucine zipper transcription factor ATF-like 3 (Batf3) acts downstream of id2a and is required exclusively for the formation of the cnn3a+ cDC subset. In contrast, the Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 2a (Zeb2a) promotes the expansion of microglia and inhibits the DC specification, possibly through repressing id2a expression. Our study unravels the genetic networks that govern the development of microglia and brain-associated DCs in the zebrafish CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linh Thi My Nguyen
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shaoli Hassan
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongru Pan
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shuting Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zilong Wen
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Greater Bay Biomedical Innocenter, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Life Science, the Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, China
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3
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Cerrizuela S, Vega-Lopez GA, Méndez-Maldonado K, Velasco I, Aybar MJ. The crucial role of model systems in understanding the complexity of cell signaling in human neurocristopathies. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1537. [PMID: 35023327 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Animal models are useful to study the molecular, cellular, and morphogenetic mechanisms underlying normal and pathological development. Cell-based study models have emerged as an alternative approach to study many aspects of human embryonic development and disease. The neural crest (NC) is a transient, multipotent, and migratory embryonic cell population that generates a diverse group of cell types that arises during vertebrate development. The abnormal formation or development of the NC results in neurocristopathies (NCPs), which are characterized by a broad spectrum of functional and morphological alterations. The impaired molecular mechanisms that give rise to these multiphenotypic diseases are not entirely clear yet. This fact, added to the high incidence of these disorders in the newborn population, has led to the development of systematic approaches for their understanding. In this article, we have systematically reviewed the ways in which experimentation with different animal and cell model systems has improved our knowledge of NCPs, and how these advances might contribute to the development of better diagnostic and therapeutic tools for the treatment of these pathologies. This article is categorized under: Congenital Diseases > Genetics/Genomics/Epigenetics Congenital Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Congenital Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Neurological Diseases > Genetics/Genomics/Epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Cerrizuela
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Guillermo A Vega-Lopez
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), Tucumán, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Karla Méndez-Maldonado
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular - Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Iván Velasco
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular - Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular del Instituto de Fisiología Celular, UNAM en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Manuel J Aybar
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), Tucumán, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
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4
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ZEB2, the Mowat-Wilson Syndrome Transcription Factor: Confirmations, Novel Functions, and Continuing Surprises. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12071037. [PMID: 34356053 PMCID: PMC8304685 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
After its publication in 1999 as a DNA-binding and SMAD-binding transcription factor (TF) that co-determines cell fate in amphibian embryos, ZEB2 was from 2003 studied by embryologists mainly by documenting the consequences of conditional, cell-type specific Zeb2 knockout (cKO) in mice. In between, it was further identified as causal gene causing Mowat-Wilson Syndrome (MOWS) and novel regulator of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). ZEB2’s functions and action mechanisms in mouse embryos were first addressed in its main sites of expression, with focus on those that helped to explain neurodevelopmental and neural crest defects seen in MOWS patients. By doing so, ZEB2 was identified in the forebrain as the first TF that determined timing of neuro-/gliogenesis, and thereby also the extent of different layers of the cortex, in a cell non-autonomous fashion, i.e., by its cell-intrinsic control within neurons of neuron-to-progenitor paracrine signaling. Transcriptomics-based phenotyping of Zeb2 mutant mouse cells have identified large sets of intact-ZEB2 dependent genes, and the cKO approaches also moved to post-natal brain development and diverse other systems in adult mice, including hematopoiesis and various cell types of the immune system. These new studies start to highlight the important adult roles of ZEB2 in cell–cell communication, including after challenge, e.g., in the infarcted heart and fibrotic liver. Such studies may further evolve towards those documenting the roles of ZEB2 in cell-based repair of injured tissue and organs, downstream of actions of diverse growth factors, which recapitulate developmental signaling principles in the injured sites. Evident questions are about ZEB2’s direct target genes, its various partners, and ZEB2 as a candidate modifier gene, e.g., in other (neuro)developmental disorders, but also the accurate transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of its mRNA expression sites and levels. Other questions start to address ZEB2’s function as a niche-controlling regulatory TF of also other cell types, in part by its modulation of growth factor responses (e.g., TGFβ/BMP, Wnt, Notch). Furthermore, growing numbers of mapped missense as well as protein non-coding mutations in MOWS patients are becoming available and inspire the design of new animal model and pluripotent stem cell-based systems. This review attempts to summarize in detail, albeit without discussing ZEB2’s role in cancer, hematopoiesis, and its emerging roles in the immune system, how intense ZEB2 research has arrived at this exciting intersection.
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5
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Howard AG, Baker PA, Ibarra-García-Padilla R, Moore JA, Rivas LJ, Tallman JJ, Singleton EW, Westheimer JL, Corteguera JA, Uribe RA. An atlas of neural crest lineages along the posterior developing zebrafish at single-cell resolution. eLife 2021; 10:60005. [PMID: 33591267 PMCID: PMC7886338 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural crest cells (NCCs) are vertebrate stem cells that give rise to various cell types throughout the developing body in early life. Here, we utilized single-cell transcriptomic analyses to delineate NCC-derivatives along the posterior developing vertebrate, zebrafish, during the late embryonic to early larval stage, a period when NCCs are actively differentiating into distinct cellular lineages. We identified several major NCC/NCC-derived cell-types including mesenchyme, neural crest, neural, neuronal, glial, and pigment, from which we resolved over three dozen cellular subtypes. We dissected gene expression signatures of pigment progenitors delineating into chromatophore lineages, mesenchyme cells, and enteric NCCs transforming into enteric neurons. Global analysis of NCC derivatives revealed they were demarcated by combinatorial hox gene codes, with distinct profiles within neuronal cells. From these analyses, we present a comprehensive cell-type atlas that can be utilized as a valuable resource for further mechanistic and evolutionary investigations of NCC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubrey Ga Howard
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, United States
| | - Phillip A Baker
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, United States
| | | | - Joshua A Moore
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, United States
| | - Lucia J Rivas
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, United States
| | - James J Tallman
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, United States
| | | | | | | | - Rosa A Uribe
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, United States
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6
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Weigele J, Bohnsack BL. Genetics Underlying the Interactions between Neural Crest Cells and Eye Development. J Dev Biol 2020; 8:jdb8040026. [PMID: 33182738 PMCID: PMC7712190 DOI: 10.3390/jdb8040026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural crest is a unique, transient stem cell population that is critical for craniofacial and ocular development. Understanding the genetics underlying the steps of neural crest development is essential for gaining insight into the pathogenesis of congenital eye diseases. The neural crest cells play an under-appreciated key role in patterning the neural epithelial-derived optic cup. These interactions between neural crest cells within the periocular mesenchyme and the optic cup, while not well-studied, are critical for optic cup morphogenesis and ocular fissure closure. As a result, microphthalmia and coloboma are common phenotypes in human disease and animal models in which neural crest cell specification and early migration are disrupted. In addition, neural crest cells directly contribute to numerous ocular structures including the cornea, iris, sclera, ciliary body, trabecular meshwork, and aqueous outflow tracts. Defects in later neural crest cell migration and differentiation cause a constellation of well-recognized ocular anterior segment anomalies such as Axenfeld–Rieger Syndrome and Peters Anomaly. This review will focus on the genetics of the neural crest cells within the context of how these complex processes specifically affect overall ocular development and can lead to congenital eye diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Weigele
- Division of Ophthalmology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, 225 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 645 N. Michigan Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Brenda L. Bohnsack
- Division of Ophthalmology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, 225 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 645 N. Michigan Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-312-227-6180; Fax: +1-312-227-9411
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7
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McCallum S, Obata Y, Fourli E, Boeing S, Peddie CJ, Xu Q, Horswell S, Kelsh RN, Collinson L, Wilkinson D, Pin C, Pachnis V, Heanue TA. Enteric glia as a source of neural progenitors in adult zebrafish. eLife 2020; 9:56086. [PMID: 32851974 PMCID: PMC7521928 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence and identity of neural progenitors in the enteric nervous system (ENS) of vertebrates is a matter of intense debate. Here, we demonstrate that the non-neuronal ENS cell compartment of teleosts shares molecular and morphological characteristics with mammalian enteric glia but cannot be identified by the expression of canonical glial markers. However, unlike their mammalian counterparts, which are generally quiescent and do not undergo neuronal differentiation during homeostasis, we show that a relatively high proportion of zebrafish enteric glia proliferate under physiological conditions giving rise to progeny that differentiate into enteric neurons. We also provide evidence that, similar to brain neural stem cells, the activation and neuronal differentiation of enteric glia are regulated by Notch signalling. Our experiments reveal remarkable similarities between enteric glia and brain neural stem cells in teleosts and open new possibilities for use of mammalian enteric glia as a potential source of neurons to restore the activity of intestinal neural circuits compromised by injury or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah McCallum
- Development and Homeostasis of the Nervous System Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yuuki Obata
- Development and Homeostasis of the Nervous System Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Evangelia Fourli
- Development and Homeostasis of the Nervous System Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Boeing
- Bionformatics & Biostatistics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Peddie
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Qiling Xu
- Neural Development Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Horswell
- Bionformatics & Biostatistics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert N Kelsh
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Collinson
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Wilkinson
- Neural Development Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carmen Pin
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Vassilis Pachnis
- Development and Homeostasis of the Nervous System Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tiffany A Heanue
- Development and Homeostasis of the Nervous System Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
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8
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Evans CA, Pinner J, Chan CY, Bowyer L, Mowat D, Buckley MF, Roscioli T. Fetal diagnosis of Mowat-Wilson syndrome by whole exome sequencing. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 179:2152-2157. [PMID: 31321886 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mowat-Wilson syndrome (MWS) is a complex genetic disorder associated with heterozygous variation in ZEB2. It is mainly characterized by moderate-to-severe intellectual disability, facial dysmorphism, epilepsy, and various malformations including Hirschsprung disease, corpus callosum anomalies, and congenital heart defects. It is rarely diagnosed prenatally and there is limited information available on the prenatal phenotype associated with MWS. Here we report the detection of a heterozygous de novo nonsense variant in ZEB2 by whole exome sequencing in a fetus with microphthalmia in addition to cardiac defects and typical MWS facial dysmorphism. As the prenatal phenotypic spectrum of MWS expands, the routine addition of fetal genomic testing particularly in the presence of multiple malformations will increase both the sensitivity and specificity of prenatal diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carey-Anne Evans
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jason Pinner
- Centre for Clinical Genetics, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cheng Y Chan
- New South Wales Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lucy Bowyer
- Maternal Fetal Medicine, Royal Hospital for Women, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Mowat
- Centre for Clinical Genetics, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael F Buckley
- New South Wales Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tony Roscioli
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Clinical Genetics, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,New South Wales Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
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9
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Migration and diversification of the vagal neural crest. Dev Biol 2018; 444 Suppl 1:S98-S109. [PMID: 29981692 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Arising within the neural tube between the cranial and trunk regions of the body axis, the vagal neural crest shares interesting similarities in its migratory routes and derivatives with other neural crest populations. However, the vagal neural crest is also unique in its ability to contribute to diverse organs including the heart and enteric nervous system. This review highlights the migratory routes of the vagal neural crest and compares them across multiple vertebrates. We also summarize recent advances in understanding vagal neural crest ontogeny and discuss the contribution of this important neural crest population to the cardiovascular system and endoderm-derived organs, including the thymus, lungs and pancreas.
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10
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Kashima R, Hata A. The role of TGF-β superfamily signaling in neurological disorders. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2018; 50:106-120. [PMID: 29190314 PMCID: PMC5846707 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmx124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The TGF-β superfamily signaling is involved in a variety of biological processes during embryogenesis and in adult tissue homeostasis. Faulty regulation of the signaling pathway that transduces the TGF-β superfamily signals accordingly leads to a number of ailments, such as cancer and cardiovascular, metabolic, urinary, intestinal, skeletal, and immune diseases. In recent years, a number of studies have elucidated the essential roles of TGF-βs and BMPs during neuronal development in the maintenance of appropriate innervation and neuronal activity. The new advancement implicates significant roles of the aberrant TGF-β superfamily signaling in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. In this review, we compile a number of reports implicating the deregulation of TGF-β/BMP signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of cognitive and neurodegenerative disorders in animal models and patients. We apologize in advance that the review falls short of providing details of the role of TGF-β/BMP signaling or mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. The goal of this article is to reveal a gap in our knowledge regarding the association between TGF-β/BMP signaling pathways and neuronal tissue homeostasis and development and facilitate the research with a potential to develop new therapies for neurological ailments by modulating the pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Kashima
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Akiko Hata
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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11
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Weng R, Lu C, Liu X, Li G, Lan Y, Qiao J, Bai M, Wang Z, Guo X, Ye D, Jiapaer Z, Yang Y, Xia C, Wang G, Kang J. Long Noncoding RNA-1604 Orchestrates Neural Differentiation through the miR-200c/ZEB Axis. Stem Cells 2017; 36:325-336. [PMID: 29205638 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Clarifying the regulatory mechanisms of embryonic stem cell (ESC) neural differentiation is helpful not only for understanding neural development but also for obtaining high-quality neural progenitor cells required by stem cell therapy of neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we found that long noncoding RNA 1604 (lncRNA-1604) was highly expressed in cytoplasm during neural differentiation, and knockdown of lncRNA-1604 significantly repressed neural differentiation of mouse ESCs both in vitro and in vivo. Bioinformatics prediction and mechanistic analysis revealed that lncRNA-1604 functioned as a novel competing endogenous RNA of miR-200c and regulated the core transcription factors ZEB1 and ZEB2 during neural differentiation. Furthermore, we also demonstrated the critical role of miR-200c and ZEB1/2 in mouse neural differentiation. Either introduction of miR-200c sponge or overexpression of ZEB1/2 significantly reversed the lncRNA-1604 knockdown-induced repression of mouse ESC neural differentiation. Collectively, these findings not only identified a previously unknown role of lncRNA-1604 and ZEB1/2 but also elucidated a new regulatory lncRNA-1604/miR-200c/ZEB axis in neural differentiation. Stem Cells 2018;36:325-336.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Weng
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenqi Lu
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqin Liu
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoping Li
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Lan
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Qiao
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingliang Bai
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaojie Wang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xudong Guo
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Ye
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeyidan Jiapaer
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiwei Yang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenliang Xia
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiying Wang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiuhong Kang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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12
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Wang XY, Li SN, Zhu HF, Hu ZY, Zhong Y, Gu CS, Chen SY, Liu TF, Li ZG. RGC32 induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition by activating the Smad/Sip1 signaling pathway in CRC. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46078. [PMID: 28470188 PMCID: PMC5415763 DOI: 10.1038/srep46078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Response gene to complement 32 (RGC32) is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of multiple genes involved in cell growth, viability and tissue-specific differentiation. However, the role of RGC32 in tumorigenesis and tumor progression in colorectal cancer (CRC) has not been fully elucidated. Here, we showed that the expression of RGC32 was significantly up-regulated in human CRC tissues versus adjacent normal tissues. RGC32 expression was significantly correlated with invasive and aggressive characteristics of tumor cells, as well as poor survival of CRC patients. We also demonstrated that RGC32 overexpression promoted proliferation, migration and tumorigenic growth of human CRC cells in vitro and in vivo. Functionally, RGC32 facilitated epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in CRC via the Smad/Sip1 signaling pathway, as shown by decreasing E-cadherin expression and increasing vimentin expression. In conclusion, our findings suggested that overexpression of RGC32 facilitates EMT of CRC cells by activating Smad/Sip1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Sheng-Nan Li
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hui-Fang Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhi-Yan Hu
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yan Zhong
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Chuan-Sha Gu
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shi-You Chen
- Department of Physiology &Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Teng-Fei Liu
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zu-Guo Li
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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13
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Fathi A, Eisa-Beygi S, Baharvand H. Signaling Molecules Governing Pluripotency and Early Lineage Commitments in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. CELL JOURNAL 2017; 19:194-203. [PMID: 28670512 PMCID: PMC5412778 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2016.3915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Signaling in pluripotent stem cells is a complex and dynamic process involving multiple mediators, finely tuned to balancing pluripotency and differentiation states. Characterizing and modifying the necessary signaling pathways to attain desired cell types is required for stem-cell applications in various fields of regenerative medicine. These signals may help enhance the differentiation potential of pluripotent cells towards each of the embryonic lineages and enable us to achieve pure in vitro cultures of various cell types. This review provides a timely synthesis of recent advances into how maintenance of pluripotency in hPSCs is regulated by extrinsic cues, such as the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and ACTIVIN signaling pathways, their interplay with other signaling pathways, namely, wingless- type MMTV integration site family (WNT) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and the pathways governing the determination of multiple lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Fathi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Eisa-Beygi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Spemann organizer gene Goosecoid promotes delamination of neuroblasts from the otic vesicle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E6840-E6848. [PMID: 27791112 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1609146113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons of the Statoacoustic Ganglion (SAG), which innervate the inner ear, originate as neuroblasts in the floor of the otic vesicle and subsequently delaminate and migrate toward the hindbrain before completing differentiation. In all vertebrates, locally expressed Fgf initiates SAG development by inducing expression of Neurogenin1 (Ngn1) in the floor of the otic vesicle. However, not all Ngn1-positive cells undergo delamination, nor has the mechanism controlling SAG delamination been elucidated. Here we report that Goosecoid (Gsc), best known for regulating cellular dynamics in the Spemann organizer, regulates delamination of neuroblasts in the otic vesicle. In zebrafish, Fgf coregulates expression of Gsc and Ngn1 in partially overlapping domains, with delamination occurring primarily in the zone of overlap. Loss of Gsc severely inhibits delamination, whereas overexpression of Gsc greatly increases delamination. Comisexpression of Ngn1 and Gsc induces ectopic delamination of some cells from the medial wall of the otic vesicle but with a low incidence, suggesting the action of a local inhibitor. The medial marker Pax2a is required to restrict the domain of gsc expression, and misexpression of Pax2a is sufficient to block delamination and fully suppress the effects of Gsc The opposing activities of Gsc and Pax2a correlate with repression or up-regulation, respectively, of E-cadherin (cdh1). These data resolve a genetic mechanism controlling delamination of otic neuroblasts. The data also elucidate a developmental role for Gsc consistent with a general function in promoting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT).
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15
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Hegarty SV, Sullivan AM, O'Keeffe GW. Zeb2: A multifunctional regulator of nervous system development. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 132:81-95. [PMID: 26193487 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Zinc finger E-box binding homeobox (Zeb) 2 is a transcription factor, identified due its ability to bind Smad proteins, and consists of multiple functional domains which interact with a variety of transcriptional co-effectors. The complex nature of the Zeb2, both at its genetic and protein levels, underlie its multifunctional properties, with Zeb2 capable of acting individually or as part of a transcriptional complex to repress, and occasionally activate, target gene expression. This review introduces Zeb2 as an essential regulator of nervous system development. Zeb2 is expressed in the nervous system throughout its development, indicating its importance in neurogenic and gliogenic processes. Indeed, mutation of Zeb2 has dramatic neurological consequences both in animal models, and in humans with Mowat-Wilson syndrome, which results from heterozygous ZEB2 mutations. The mechanisms by which Zeb2 regulates the induction of the neuroectoderm (CNS primordium) and the neural crest (PNS primordium) are reviewed herein. We then describe how Zeb2 acts to direct the formation, delamination, migration and specification of neural crest cells. Zeb2 regulation of the development of a number of cerebral regions, including the neocortex and hippocampus, are then described. The diverse molecular mechanisms mediating Zeb2-directed development of various neuronal and glial populations are reviewed. The role of Zeb2 in spinal cord and enteric nervous system development is outlined, while its essential function in CNS myelination is also described. Finally, this review discusses how the neurodevelopmental defects of Zeb2 mutant mice delineate the developmental dysfunctions underpinning the multiple neurological defects observed in Mowat-Wilson syndrome patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane V Hegarty
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Aideen M Sullivan
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard W O'Keeffe
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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16
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Rogers CD, Saxena A, Bronner ME. Sip1 mediates an E-cadherin-to-N-cadherin switch during cranial neural crest EMT. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 203:835-47. [PMID: 24297751 PMCID: PMC3857483 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201305050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Sip1 promotes the mesenchymalization stage of the neural crest epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition by inducing a transcriptional switch in cells from expression of E-cadherin to N-cadherin. The neural crest, an embryonic stem cell population, initially resides within the dorsal neural tube but subsequently undergoes an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to commence migration. Although neural crest and cancer EMTs are morphologically similar, little is known regarding conservation of their underlying molecular mechanisms. We report that Sip1, which is involved in cancer EMT, plays a critical role in promoting the neural crest cell transition to a mesenchymal state. Sip1 transcripts are expressed in premigratory/migrating crest cells. After Sip1 loss, the neural crest specifier gene FoxD3 was abnormally retained in the dorsal neuroepithelium, whereas Sox10, which is normally required for emigration, was diminished. Subsequently, clumps of adherent neural crest cells remained adjacent to the neural tube and aberrantly expressed E-cadherin while lacking N-cadherin. These findings demonstrate two distinct phases of neural crest EMT, detachment and mesenchymalization, with the latter involving a novel requirement for Sip1 in regulation of cadherin expression during completion of neural crest EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal D Rogers
- Division of Biology 139-74, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
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17
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Hegarty SV, O'Keeffe GW, Sullivan AM. BMP-Smad 1/5/8 signalling in the development of the nervous system. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 109:28-41. [PMID: 23891815 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factors, Smad1, Smad5 and Smad8, are the pivotal intracellular effectors of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family of proteins. BMPs and their receptors are expressed in the nervous system (NS) throughout its development. This review focuses on the actions of Smad 1/5/8 in the developing NS. The mechanisms by which these Smad proteins regulate the induction of the neuroectoderm, the central nervous system (CNS) primordium, and finally the neural crest, which gives rise to the peripheral nervous system (PNS), are reviewed herein. We describe how, following neural tube closure, the most dorsal aspect of the tube becomes a signalling centre for BMPs, which directs the pattern of the development of the dorsal spinal cord (SC), through the action of Smad1, Smad5 and Smad8. The direct effects of Smad 1/5/8 signalling on the development of neuronal and non-neuronal cells from various neural progenitor cell populations are then described. Finally, this review discusses the neurodevelopmental abnormalities associated with the knockdown of Smad 1/5/8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane V Hegarty
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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18
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Allais-Bonnet A, Grohs C, Medugorac I, Krebs S, Djari A, Graf A, Fritz S, Seichter D, Baur A, Russ I, Bouet S, Rothammer S, Wahlberg P, Esquerré D, Hoze C, Boussaha M, Weiss B, Thépot D, Fouilloux MN, Rossignol MN, van Marle-Köster E, Hreiðarsdóttir GE, Barbey S, Dozias D, Cobo E, Reversé P, Catros O, Marchand JL, Soulas P, Roy P, Marquant-Leguienne B, Le Bourhis D, Clément L, Salas-Cortes L, Venot E, Pannetier M, Phocas F, Klopp C, Rocha D, Fouchet M, Journaux L, Bernard-Capel C, Ponsart C, Eggen A, Blum H, Gallard Y, Boichard D, Pailhoux E, Capitan A. Novel insights into the bovine polled phenotype and horn ontogenesis in Bovidae. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63512. [PMID: 23717440 PMCID: PMC3661542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite massive research efforts, the molecular etiology of bovine polledness and the developmental pathways involved in horn ontogenesis are still poorly understood. In a recent article, we provided evidence for the existence of at least two different alleles at the Polled locus and identified candidate mutations for each of them. None of these mutations was located in known coding or regulatory regions, thus adding to the complexity of understanding the molecular basis of polledness. We confirm previous results here and exhaustively identify the causative mutation for the Celtic allele (PC) and four candidate mutations for the Friesian allele (PF). We describe a previously unreported eyelash-and-eyelid phenotype associated with regular polledness, and present unique histological and gene expression data on bovine horn bud differentiation in fetuses affected by three different horn defect syndromes, as well as in wild-type controls. We propose the ectopic expression of a lincRNA in PC/p horn buds as a probable cause of horn bud agenesis. In addition, we provide evidence for an involvement of OLIG2, FOXL2 and RXFP2 in horn bud differentiation, and draw a first link between bovine, ovine and caprine Polled loci. Our results represent a first and important step in understanding the genetic pathways and key process involved in horn bud differentiation in Bovidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Allais-Bonnet
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Cécile Grohs
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Ivica Medugorac
- Chair of Animal Genetics and Husbandry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Krebs
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anis Djari
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Plateforme bioinformatique Genotoul, UR875 Biométrie et Intelligence Artificielle, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Alexander Graf
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sébastien Fritz
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- National Association of Livestock & Artificial Insemination Cooperatives, Paris, France
| | | | - Aurélia Baur
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- National Association of Livestock & Artificial Insemination Cooperatives, Paris, France
| | - Ingolf Russ
- Tierzuchtforschung e.V. München, Grub, Germany
| | - Stéphan Bouet
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sophie Rothammer
- Chair of Animal Genetics and Husbandry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Per Wahlberg
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Diane Esquerré
- GeT-PlaGe, Genotoul, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR444 Génétique Cellulaire, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Chris Hoze
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- National Association of Livestock & Artificial Insemination Cooperatives, Paris, France
| | - Mekki Boussaha
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Bernard Weiss
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Dominique Thépot
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | | | - Este van Marle-Köster
- Department of Animal & Wildlife Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Sarah Barbey
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UE0326 Domaine expérimental du Pin-au-Haras, Exmes, France
| | - Dominique Dozias
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UE0326 Domaine expérimental du Pin-au-Haras, Exmes, France
| | - Emilie Cobo
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UE0326 Domaine expérimental du Pin-au-Haras, Exmes, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Daniel Le Bourhis
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- National Association of Livestock & Artificial Insemination Cooperatives, Paris, France
| | - Laetitia Clément
- National Association of Livestock & Artificial Insemination Cooperatives, Paris, France
| | - Laura Salas-Cortes
- National Association of Livestock & Artificial Insemination Cooperatives, Paris, France
| | - Eric Venot
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Maëlle Pannetier
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Florence Phocas
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Christophe Klopp
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Plateforme bioinformatique Genotoul, UR875 Biométrie et Intelligence Artificielle, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Dominique Rocha
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Laurent Journaux
- National Association of Livestock & Artificial Insemination Cooperatives, Paris, France
| | | | - Claire Ponsart
- National Association of Livestock & Artificial Insemination Cooperatives, Paris, France
| | - André Eggen
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Helmut Blum
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yves Gallard
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UE0326 Domaine expérimental du Pin-au-Haras, Exmes, France
| | - Didier Boichard
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Eric Pailhoux
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Aurélien Capitan
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- National Association of Livestock & Artificial Insemination Cooperatives, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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19
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Taibi A, Mandavawala KP, Noel J, Okoye EV, Milano CR, Martin BL, Sirotkin HI. Zebrafish churchill regulates developmental gene expression and cell migration. Dev Dyn 2013; 242:614-21. [PMID: 23443939 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulation of developmental signaling pathways is essential for embryogenesis. The small putative zinc finger protein, Churchill (ChCh) has been implicated in modulation of both TGF-β and FGF signaling. RESULTS We used zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) mediated gene targeting to disrupt the zebrafish chch locus and generate the first chch mutations. Three induced lesions produce frameshift mutations that truncate the protein in the third of five β-strands that comprise the protein. Surprisingly, zygotic and maternal zygotic chch mutants are viable. Mutants have elevated expression of mesodermal markers, but progress normally through early development. chch mutants are sensitive to exogenous Nodal. However, neither misregulation of FGF targets nor sensitivity to exogenous FGF was detected. Finally, chch mutant cells were found to undergo inappropriate migration in cell transplant assays. CONCLUSIONS Together, these results suggest that chch is not essential for survival, but functions to modulate early mesendodermal gene expression and limit cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Taibi
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
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20
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Ghoumid J, Drevillon L, Alavi-Naini SM, Bondurand N, Rio M, Briand-Suleau A, Nasser M, Goodwin L, Raymond P, Yanicostas C, Goossens M, Lyonnet S, Mowat D, Amiel J, Soussi-Yanicostas N, Giurgea I. ZEB2 zinc-finger missense mutations lead to hypomorphic alleles and a mild Mowat–Wilson syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:2652-61. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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21
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Dang LTH, Wong L, Tropepe V. Zfhx1b induces a definitive neural stem cell fate in mouse embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:2838-51. [PMID: 22594450 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inducing a stable and predictable program of neural cell fate in pluripotent cells in vitro is an important goal for utilizing these cells for modeling human disease mechanisms. However, the extent to which in vitro neural specification recapitulates in vivo neural specification remains to be fully established. We previously demonstrated that in the mouse embryo, activation of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling promotes definitive neural stem cell (NSC) development through the upregulation of the transcription factor Zfhx1b. Here, we asked whether Zfhx1b is similarly required during neural lineage development of embryonic stem (ES) cells. Zfhx1b gene expression is rapidly upregulated in mouse ES cells cultured in a permissive neural-inducing environment, compared to ES cells in a standard pluripotency maintenance environment, and is potentiated by FGF signalling. However, overexpression of Zfhx1b in ES cells in maintenance conditions, containing serum and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), is sufficient to induce Sox1 expression, a marker found in neural precursors and to promote definitive NSC colony formation. Knockdown of Zfhx1b in ES cells using siRNA did not affect the initial transition of ES cells to a neural cell fate, but did diminish the ability of these neural cells to develop further into definitive NSCs. Thus, our findings using ES cells are congruent with evidence from mouse embryos and support a model, whereby intercellular FGF signaling induces Zfhx1b, which promotes the development of definitive NSCs subsequent to an initial neural specification event that is independent of this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan T H Dang
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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22
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Ariss M, Natan K, Friedman N, Traboulsi EI. Ophthalmologic abnormalities in Mowat-Wilson syndrome and a mutation in ZEB2. Ophthalmic Genet 2012; 33:159-60. [PMID: 22486326 DOI: 10.3109/13816810.2011.610860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Mowat-Wilson syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by a distinct facial appearance, moderate-to-severe mental retardation, microcephaly, agenesis of the corpus callosum, Hirschsprung disease, congenital heart disease, and genital anomalies. Ophthalmological abnormalities have been rarely described in patients with this condition which is caused by mutations in the ZEB2 gene. We report a 9-year-old female with this syndrome who has severe ocular abnormalities including bilateral microphthalmia, cataract, and retinal aplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Ariss
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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23
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Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is composed of neurons and glia that modulate many aspects of intestinal function. The ability to use both forward and reverse genetic approaches and to visualize development in living embryos and larvae has made zebrafish an attractive model in which to study mechanisms underlying ENS development. In this chapter, we review the recent work describing the development and organization of the zebrafish ENS and how this relates to intestinal motility. We also discuss the cellular, molecular, and genetic mechanisms that have been revealed by these studies and how they are providing new insights into human ENS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain Shepherd
- Department of Biology, Emory University Rollins Research Building, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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24
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Intrahepatic biliary anomalies in a patient with Mowat-Wilson syndrome uncover a role for the zinc finger homeobox gene zfhx1b in vertebrate biliary development. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2011; 52:339-44. [PMID: 21336163 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0b013e3181ff2e5b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND zfhz1b is the causative gene for Mowat-Wilson syndrome, in which patients demonstrate developmental delay and Hirschsprung disease, as well as other anomalies. MATERIALS AND METHODS We identified a patient with Mowat-Wilson syndrome who also developed cholestasis and histopathologic features consistent with biliary atresia, suggesting that mutations involving zfhz1b may lead to biliary developmental anomalies or injury to the biliary tract. We used the zebrafish model system to determine whether zfhx1b has a role in vertebrate biliary development. RESULTS Using zebrafish we determined that zfhx1b was expressed in the developing liver during biliary growth and remodeling, and that morpholino antisense oligonucleotide-mediated knockdown of zfhx1b led to defects in biliary development. These findings were associated with decreased expression of vhnf1, a transcription factor known to be important in biliary development in zebrafish and in mammals. CONCLUSIONS Our studies underscore the importance of genetic contributions in the etiology of infantile hepatobiliary disorders, including biliary atresia.
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Mueller RL, Huang C, Ho RK. Spatio-temporal regulation of Wnt and retinoic acid signaling by tbx16/spadetail during zebrafish mesoderm differentiation. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:492. [PMID: 20828405 PMCID: PMC2996988 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A complex network of signaling pathways and transcription factors regulates vertebrate mesoderm development. Zebrafish mutants provide a powerful tool for examining the roles of individual genes in such a network. spadetail (spt) is a mutant with a lesion in tbx16, a T-box transcription factor involved in mesoderm development; the mutant phenotype includes disrupted primitive red blood cell formation as well as disrupted somitogenesis. Despite much recent progress, the downstream targets of tbx16 remain incompletely understood. The current study was carried out to test whether any of the five major signaling pathways are regulated by tbx16 during two specific stages of mesoderm development: primitive red blood cell formation in the intermediate mesoderm and somite formation in the tail paraxial mesoderm. This test was performed using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis, which identifies coordinated changes in expression among a priori sets of genes associated with biological features or processes. Results Our Gene Set Enrichment Analysis results identify Wnt and retinoic acid signaling as likely downstream targets of tbx16 in the developing zebrafish intermediate mesoderm, the site of primitive red blood cell formation. In addition, such results identify retinoic acid signaling as a downstream target of tbx16 in the developing zebrafish posterior somites. Finally, using candidate gene identification and in situ hybridization, we provide expression domain information for 25 additional genes downstream of tbx16 that are outside of both pathways; 23 were previously unknown downstream targets of tbx16, and seven had previously uncharacterized expression in zebrafish. Conclusions Our results suggest that (1) tbx16 regulates Wnt signaling in the developing zebrafish intermediate mesoderm, the site of primitive red blood cell formation, and (2) tbx16 regulates retinoic acid signaling at two distinct embryonic locations and developmental stages, which may imply ongoing spatio-temporal regulation throughout mesoderm development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Lockridge Mueller
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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26
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Duband JL. Diversity in the molecular and cellular strategies of epithelium-to-mesenchyme transitions: Insights from the neural crest. Cell Adh Migr 2010; 4:458-82. [PMID: 20559020 DOI: 10.4161/cam.4.3.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although epithelial to mesenchymal transitions (EMT) are often viewed as a unique event, they are characterized by a great diversity of cellular processes resulting in strikingly different outcomes. They may be complete or partial, massive or progressive, and lead to the complete disruption of the epithelium or leave it intact. Although the molecular and cellular mechanisms of EMT are being elucidated owing chiefly from studies on transformed epithelial cell lines cultured in vitro or from cancer cells, the basis of the diversity of EMT processes remains poorly understood. Clues can be collected from EMT occuring during embryonic development and which affect equally tissues of ectodermal, endodermal or mesodermal origins. Here, based on our current knowledge of the diversity of processes underlying EMT of neural crest cells in the vertebrate embryo, we propose that the time course and extent of EMT do not depend merely on the identity of the EMT transcriptional regulators and their cellular effectors but rather on the combination of molecular players recruited and on the possible coordination of EMT with other cellular processes.
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FGF dependent regulation of Zfhx1b gene expression promotes the formation of definitive neural stem cells in the mouse anterior neurectoderm. Neural Dev 2010; 5:13. [PMID: 20459606 PMCID: PMC2883982 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8104-5-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mouse definitive neural stem cells (NSCs) are derived from a population of LIF-responsive primitive neural stem cells (pNSCs) within the neurectoderm, yet details on the early signaling and transcriptional mechanisms that control this lineage transition are lacking. Here we tested whether FGF and Wnt signaling pathways can regulate Zfhx1b expression to control early neural stem cell development. Results By microinjecting FGF8b into the pro-amniotic cavity ex vivo at 7.0 days post-coitum (dpc) and culturing whole embryos, we demonstrate that neurectoderm-specific gene expression (for example, Sox2, Nestin, Zfhx1b) is increased, whereas Wnt3a represses neurectoderm gene expression. To determine whether FGF signaling also mediates the lineage transition from a pNSC to a NSC, 7.0-dpc embryos were microinjected with either FGF8b or inhibitors of the FGF receptor-MAP kinase signaling pathway ex vivo, cultured as whole embryos to approximately 8.5 dpc and assayed for clonal NSC colony formation. We show that pre-activation of FGF signaling in the anterior neurectoderm causes an increase in the number of colony forming NSCs derived later from the anterior neural plate, whereas inhibition of FGF signaling significantly reduces the number of NSC colonies. Interestingly, inhibition of FGF signaling causes the persistence of LIF-responsive pNSCs within the anterior neural plate and over-expression of Zfhx1b in these cells is sufficient to rescue the transition from a LIF-responsive pNSC to an FGF-responsive NSC. Conclusion Our data suggest that definitive NSC fate specification in the mouse neurectoderm is facilitated by FGF activation of Zfhx1b.
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28
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Kok FO, Shepherd IT, Sirotkin HI. Churchill and Sip1a repress fibroblast growth factor signaling during zebrafish somitogenesis. Dev Dyn 2010; 239:548-58. [PMID: 20034103 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-type specific regulation of a small number of growth factor signal transduction pathways generates diverse developmental outcomes. The zinc finger protein Churchill (ChCh) is a key effector of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling during gastrulation. ChCh is largely thought to act by inducing expression of the multifunctional Sip1 (Smad Interacting Protein 1). We investigated the function of ChCh and Sip1a during zebrafish somitogenesis. Knockdown of ChCh or Sip1a results in misshapen somites that are short and narrow. As in wild-type embryos, cycling gene expression occurs in the developing somites in ChCh and Sip1a compromised embryos, but expression of her1 and her7 is maintained in formed somites. In addition, tail bud fgf8 expression is expanded anteriorly in these embryos. Finally, we found that blocking FGF8 restores somite morphology in ChCh and Sip1a compromised embryos. These results demonstrate a novel role for ChCh and Sip1a in repression of FGF activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma O Kok
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
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29
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Stanchina L, Van de Putte T, Goossens M, Huylebroeck D, Bondurand N. Genetic interaction between Sox10 and Zfhx1b during enteric nervous system development. Dev Biol 2010; 341:416-28. [PMID: 20206619 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Revised: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The involvement of SOX10 and ZFHX1B in Waardenburg-Hirschsprung disease (hypopigmentation, deafness, and absence of enteric ganglia) and Mowat-Wilson syndrome (mental retardation, facial dysmorphy and variable congenital malformations including Hirschsprung disease) respectively, highlighted the importance of both transcription factors during enteric nervous system (ENS) development. The expression and function of SOX10 are now well established, but those of ZFHX1B remain elusive. Here we describe the expression profile of Zfhx1b and its genetic interactions with Sox10 during mouse ENS development. Through phenotype analysis of Sox10;Zfhx1b double mutants, we show that a coordinated and balanced interaction between these two genes is required for normal ENS development. Double mutants present with more severe ENS defects due to decreased proliferation of enteric progenitors and increased neuronal differentiation from E11.5 onwards. Thus, joint activity between these two transcription factors is crucial for proper ENS development and our results contribute to the understanding of the molecular basis of ENS defects observed both in mutant mouse models and in patients carrying SOX10 and ZFHX1B mutations.
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30
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Chng Z, Teo A, Pedersen RA, Vallier L. SIP1 mediates cell-fate decisions between neuroectoderm and mesendoderm in human pluripotent stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2010; 6:59-70. [PMID: 20074535 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2009.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Revised: 10/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) rely on fibroblast growth factor and Activin-Nodal signaling to maintain their pluripotency. However, Activin-Nodal signaling is also known to induce mesendoderm differentiation. The mechanisms by which Activin-Nodal signaling can achieve these contradictory functions remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that Smad-interacting protein 1 (SIP1) limits the mesendoderm-inducing effects of Activin-Nodal signaling without inhibiting the pluripotency-maintaining effects exerted by SMAD2/3. In turn, Activin-Nodal signaling cooperates with NANOG, OCT4, and SOX2 to control the expression of SIP1 in hESCs, thereby limiting the neuroectoderm-promoting effects of SIP1. Similar results were obtained with mouse epiblast stem cells, implying that these mechanisms are evolutionarily conserved and may operate in vivo during mammalian development. Overall, our results reveal the mechanisms by which Activin-Nodal signaling acts through SIP1 to regulate the cell-fate decision between neuroectoderm and mesendoderm in the progression from pluripotency to primary germ layer differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhi Chng
- Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, West Forvie Building, Robinson Way, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
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31
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Blitz IL, Cho KWY. Finding partners: how BMPs select their targets. Dev Dyn 2009; 238:1321-31. [PMID: 19441058 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway is a conserved and evolutionarily ancient regulatory module affecting a large variety of cellular behaviors. The evolutionary flexibility in using BMP responses presumably arose by co-option of a canonical BMP signaling cascade to regulate the transcription of diverse batteries of target genes. This begs the question of how seemingly interchangeable BMP signaling components elicit widely different outputs in different cell types, an important issue in the context of understanding how BMP signaling integrates with gene regulatory networks to control development. Because a molecular understanding of how BMP signaling activates different batteries of target genes is an essential prerequisite to comprehending the roles of BMPs in regulating cellular responses, here we review the current knowledge of how BMP-regulated target genes are selected by the signal transduction machinery. We highlight recent studies suggesting the evolutionary conservation of BMP target gene regulation signaling by Schnurri family zinc finger proteins. Developmental Dynamics 238:1321-1331, 2009. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira L Blitz
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology and the Developmental Biology Center, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.
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32
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Burzynski G, Shepherd IT, Enomoto H. Genetic model system studies of the development of the enteric nervous system, gut motility and Hirschsprung's disease. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2009; 21:113-27. [PMID: 19215589 PMCID: PMC4041618 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2008.01256.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is the largest and most complicated subdivision of the peripheral nervous system. Its action is necessary to regulate many of the functions of the gastrointestinal tract including its motility. Whilst the ENS has been studied extensively by developmental biologists, neuroscientists and physiologists for several decades it has only been since the early 1990s that the molecular and genetic basis of ENS development has begun to emerge. Central to this understanding has been the use of genetic model organisms. In this article, we will discuss recent advances that have been achieved using both mouse and zebrafish model genetic systems that have led to new insights into ENS development and the genetic basis of Hirschsprung's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Burzynski
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Recent Papers on Zebrafish and Other Aquarium Fish Models. Zebrafish 2008. [DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2008.9989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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