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Han YK, Lim HJ, Jang G, Jang SY, Park KM. Kidney ischemia/reperfusion injury causes cholangiocytes primary cilia disruption and abnormal bile secretion. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167225. [PMID: 38749218 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute kidney injury (AKI) causes distant liver injury, to date, which causes poor outcomes of patients with AKI. Many studies have been performed to overcome AKI-associated liver injury. However, those studies have mainly focused on hepatocytes, and AKI-induced liver injury still remains a clinical problem. Here, we investigated the implication of cholangiocytes and their primary cilia which are critical in final bile secretion. Cholangiocyte, a lining cell of bile ducts, are the only liver epithelial cell containing primary cilium (a microtubule-based cell surface signal-sensing organelle). METHODS Cystathione γ-lyase (CSE, a transsulfuration enzyme) deficient and wild-type mice were subjected to kidney ischemia followed by reperfusion (KIR). Some mice were administered with N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC). RESULTS KIR damaged hepatocytes and cholagiocytes, disrupted cholangiocytes primary cilia, released the disrupted ciliary fragments into the bile, and caused abnormal bile secretion. Glutathione (GSH) and H2S levels in the livers were significantly reduced by KIR, resulting in increased the ratio oxidized GSH to total GSH, and oxidation of tissue and bile. CSE and cystathione β-synthase (CBS) expression were lowered in the liver after KIR. NAC administration increased total GSH and H2S levels in the liver and attenuated KIR-induced liver injuries. In contrast, Cse deletion caused the reduction of total GSH levels and worsened KIR-induced liver injuries, including primary cilia damage and abnormal bile secretion. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that KIR causes cholangiocyte damage, cholangiocytes primary cilia disruption, and abnormal bile secretion through reduced antioxidative ability of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Kwon Han
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Junggu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Junggu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Hui Jae Lim
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Junggu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science and BK21 Plus, The Graduate School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Junggu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - GiBong Jang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Junggu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science and BK21 Plus, The Graduate School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Junggu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Young Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Junggu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon Moo Park
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Junggu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Junggu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science and BK21 Plus, The Graduate School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Junggu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Are VS, Gromski MA, Akisik F, Vilar-Gomez E, Lammert C, Ghabril M, Vuppalanchi R, Chalasani N. Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis Limited to Intrahepatic Bile Ducts Has Distinctly Better Prognosis. Dig Dis Sci 2024; 69:1421-1429. [PMID: 38347369 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-023-08260-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are two sub-phenotypes of large-duct primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC): isolated intrahepatic PSC (IIPSC) and extrahepatic disease with or without intrahepatic (extra/intrahepatic). AIMS This study examined the differences in outcomes in patients with IIPSC compared to extra/intrahepatic and small-duct PSC. METHODS Patients with PSC treated at our institution from 1998 to 2019 were investigated. Biochemistries, clinical events, and survival were assessed by chart review and National Death Index. Cox-proportional hazards were used to determine the risk of clinical outcomes based on biliary tract involvement. RESULTS Our cohort comprised 442 patients with large-duct PSC (57 had IIPSC, 385 had extra/intrahepatic PSC) and 23 with small-duct PSC. Median follow-up in the IIPSC group was not significantly different from the extra/intrahepatic group [7 vs. 6 years, P = 0.06]. Except for lower age (mean 37.9 vs. 43.0 years, P = 0.045), the IIPSC group was not different from the extra/intrahepatic. The IIPSC group had longer transplant-free survival (log-rank P = 0.001) with a significantly lower risk for liver transplantation (12% vs. 34%, P < 0.001). The IIPSC group had a lower risk of death or transplantation than the extra/intrahepatic PSC group [HR: 0.34, 95% CI: 0.17-0.67, P < 0.001]. No bile duct or gallbladder cancers developed in patients with IIPSC, compared to 24 in the extra/intrahepatic group. The clinical characteristics and outcomes of IIPSC were similar to 23 individuals with small-duct PSC. CONCLUSIONS Patients with IIPSC have a favorable prognosis similar to small-duct PSC. These data are important for counseling patients and designing therapeutic trials for PSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay S Are
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 702 Rotary Circle, Suite 225, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Mark A Gromski
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 702 Rotary Circle, Suite 225, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Fatih Akisik
- Department of Radiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Eduardo Vilar-Gomez
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 702 Rotary Circle, Suite 225, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Craig Lammert
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 702 Rotary Circle, Suite 225, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Marwan Ghabril
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 702 Rotary Circle, Suite 225, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Raj Vuppalanchi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 702 Rotary Circle, Suite 225, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Naga Chalasani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 702 Rotary Circle, Suite 225, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
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Mavila N, Siraganahalli Eshwaraiah M, Kennedy J. Ductular Reactions in Liver Injury, Regeneration, and Disease Progression-An Overview. Cells 2024; 13:579. [PMID: 38607018 PMCID: PMC11011399 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Ductular reaction (DR) is a complex cellular response that occurs in the liver during chronic injuries. DR mainly consists of hyper-proliferative or reactive cholangiocytes and, to a lesser extent, de-differentiated hepatocytes and liver progenitors presenting a close spatial interaction with periportal mesenchyme and immune cells. The underlying pathology of DRs leads to extensive tissue remodeling in chronic liver diseases. DR initiates as a tissue-regeneration mechanism in the liver; however, its close association with progressive fibrosis and inflammation in many chronic liver diseases makes it a more complicated pathological response than a simple regenerative process. An in-depth understanding of the cellular physiology of DRs and their contribution to tissue repair, inflammation, and progressive fibrosis can help scientists develop cell-type specific targeted therapies to manage liver fibrosis and chronic liver diseases effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmala Mavila
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (M.S.E.); (J.K.)
- Division of Applied Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Mallikarjuna Siraganahalli Eshwaraiah
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (M.S.E.); (J.K.)
| | - Jaquelene Kennedy
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (M.S.E.); (J.K.)
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4
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Hong R, Tan Y, Tian X, Huang Z, Wang J, Ni H, Yang J, Bu W, Yang S, Li T, Yu F, Zhong W, Sun T, Wang X, Li D, Liu M, Yang Y, Zhou J. XIAP-mediated degradation of IFT88 disrupts HSC cilia to stimulate HSC activation and liver fibrosis. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:1055-1074. [PMID: 38351372 PMCID: PMC10933415 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00092-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) plays a critical role in liver fibrosis. However, the molecular basis for HSC activation remains poorly understood. Herein, we demonstrate that primary cilia are present on quiescent HSCs but exhibit a significant loss upon HSC activation which correlates with decreased levels of the ciliary protein intraflagellar transport 88 (IFT88). Ift88-knockout mice are more susceptible to chronic carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis. Mechanistic studies show that the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase for IFT88. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), a profibrotic factor, enhances XIAP-mediated ubiquitination of IFT88, promoting its proteasomal degradation. Blocking XIAP-mediated IFT88 degradation ablates TGF-β-induced HSC activation and liver fibrosis. These findings reveal a previously unrecognized role for ciliary homeostasis in regulating HSC activation and identify the XIAP-IFT88 axis as a potential therapeutic target for liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjie Hong
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanjie Tan
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, 250014, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Tian
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, 250014, Jinan, China
| | - Zhenzhou Huang
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, 250014, Jinan, China
| | - Jiaying Wang
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, 250014, Jinan, China
| | - Hua Ni
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Jia Yang
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Weiwen Bu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Song Yang
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Te Li
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Fan Yu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Weilong Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, 300052, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, 300070, Tianjin, China
| | - Dengwen Li
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Yunfan Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, China.
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China.
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, 250014, Jinan, China.
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5
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Miao LW, Liu TZ, Sun YH, Cai N, Xuan YY, Wei Z, Cui BB, Jing LL, Ma HP, Xian CJ, Wang JF, Gao YH, Chen KM. Simulated microgravity-induced oxidative stress and loss of osteogenic potential of osteoblasts can be prevented by protection of primary cilia. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:2692-2709. [PMID: 37796139 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been considered to be closely related to spaceflight-induced bone loss; however, mechanism is elusive and there are no effective countermeasures. Using cultured rat calvarial osteoblasts exposed to microgravity simulated by a random positioning machine, this study addressed the hypotheses that microgravity-induced shortening of primary cilia leads to oxidative stress and that primary cilium protection prevents oxidative stress and osteogenesis loss. Microgravity was found to induce oxidative stress (as represented by increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde production, and decreased activities of antioxidant enzymes), which was perfectly replicated in osteoblasts growing in NG with abrogated primary cilia (created by transfection of an interfering RNA), suggesting the possibility that shortening of primary cilia leads to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress was accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction (represented by increased mitochondrial ROS and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential) and intracellular Ca2+ overload, and the latter was found to be caused by increased activity of Ca2+ channel transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4), as also evidenced by TRPV4 agonist GSK1016790A-elicited Ca2+ influx. Supplementation of HC-067047, a specific antagonist of TRPV4, attenuated microgravity-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and osteogenesis loss. Although TRPV4 was found localized in primary cilia and expressed at low levels in NG, microgravity-induced shortening of primary cilia led to increased TRPV4 levels and Ca2+ influx. When primary cilia were protected by miR-129-3p overexpression or supplementation with a natural flavonoid moslosooflavone, microgravity-induced increased TRPV4 expression, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and osteogenesis loss were all prevented. Our data revealed a new mechanism that primary cilia function as a controller for TRPV4 expression. Microgravity-induced injury on primary cilia leads to increased expression and overactive channel of TRPV4, causing intracellular Ca2+ overload and oxidative stress, and primary cilium protection could be an effective countermeasure against microgravity-induced oxidative stress and loss of osteogenic potential of osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Wei Miao
- Fundamental Medical Science Research Laboratories, Fundamental Medical Science Research Laboratories, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, People's Liberation Army of China, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tian-Zhen Liu
- Fundamental Medical Science Research Laboratories, Fundamental Medical Science Research Laboratories, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, People's Liberation Army of China, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yue-Hong Sun
- Fundamental Medical Science Research Laboratories, Fundamental Medical Science Research Laboratories, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, People's Liberation Army of China, Lanzhou, China
| | - Nan Cai
- Fundamental Medical Science Research Laboratories, Fundamental Medical Science Research Laboratories, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, People's Liberation Army of China, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ying-Ying Xuan
- Fundamental Medical Science Research Laboratories, Fundamental Medical Science Research Laboratories, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, People's Liberation Army of China, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhenlong Wei
- Fundamental Medical Science Research Laboratories, Fundamental Medical Science Research Laboratories, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, People's Liberation Army of China, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bing-Bing Cui
- Fundamental Medical Science Research Laboratories, Fundamental Medical Science Research Laboratories, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, People's Liberation Army of China, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lin-Lin Jing
- Department of Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, People's Liberation Army of China, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hui-Ping Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, People's Liberation Army of China, Lanzhou, China
| | - Cory J Xian
- UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ju-Fang Wang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Space Radiobiology, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yu-Hai Gao
- Fundamental Medical Science Research Laboratories, Fundamental Medical Science Research Laboratories, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, People's Liberation Army of China, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ke-Ming Chen
- Fundamental Medical Science Research Laboratories, Fundamental Medical Science Research Laboratories, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, People's Liberation Army of China, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Gene Drugs of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
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6
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Ali RQ, Meyer-Miner A, David-Rachel M, Lee FJH, Wilkins BJ, Karpen SJ, Ciruna B, Ghanekar A, Kamath BM. Loss of zebrafish pkd1l1 causes biliary defects that have implications for biliary atresia splenic malformation. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:dmm049326. [PMID: 37675454 PMCID: PMC10581383 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Biliary atresia is a fibroinflammatory neonatal disease with no effective therapies. A subset of cases (10-20%) is associated with laterality defects - labeled biliary atresia splenic malformation (BASM) syndrome. Recently, whole-exome sequencing of patients with BASM identified deleterious variants in PKD1L1. PKD1L1 is involved in left-right axis determination; however, its role in cholangiocytes is unknown. We generated the pkd1l1hsc117 allele using CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis in zebrafish to determine the role of Pkd1l1 in biliary development and function. Wild-type and mutant larvae were assessed for laterality defects, biliary function and biliary tree architecture at 5 days post fertilization. pkd1l1hsc117 mutant larvae exhibited early left-right patterning defects. The gallbladder was positioned on the left in 47% of mutants compared to 4% of wild-type larvae. Accumulation of PED6 in the gallbladder, an indicator of hepatobiliary function, was significantly reduced in pkd1l1hsc117 mutants (46%) compared to wild-type larvae (4%). pkd1l1hsc117 larvae exhibited fewer biliary epithelial cells and reduced density of the intrahepatic biliary network compared to those in wild-type larvae. These data highlight the essential role of pkd1l1 in normal development and function of the zebrafish biliary system, supporting a role for this gene as a cause of BASM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouknuddin Q. Ali
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Anne Meyer-Miner
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Marie David-Rachel
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Fiona J. H. Lee
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Benjamin J. Wilkins
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Saul J. Karpen
- Department of Pediatrics Emory, University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Brian Ciruna
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Anand Ghanekar
- Division of General Surgery, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5C 2C4, Canada
- Department of Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1P5, Canada
| | - Binita M. Kamath
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
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7
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Sok P, Sabo A, Almli LM, Jenkins MM, Nembhard WN, Agopian AJ, Bamshad MJ, Blue EE, Brody LC, Brown AL, Browne ML, Canfield MA, Carmichael SL, Chong JX, Dugan-Perez S, Feldkamp ML, Finnell RH, Gibbs RA, Kay DM, Lei Y, Meng Q, Moore CA, Mullikin JC, Muzny D, Olshan AF, Pangilinan F, Reefhuis J, Romitti PA, Schraw JM, Shaw GM, Werler MM, Harpavat S, Lupo PJ. Exome-wide assessment of isolated biliary atresia: A report from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study using child-parent trios and a case-control design to identify novel rare variants. Am J Med Genet A 2023; 191:1546-1556. [PMID: 36942736 PMCID: PMC10947986 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
The etiology of biliary atresia (BA) is unknown, but recent studies suggest a role for rare protein-altering variants (PAVs). Exome sequencing data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study on 54 child-parent trios, one child-mother duo, and 1513 parents of children with other birth defects were analyzed. Most (91%) cases were isolated BA. We performed (1) a trio-based analysis to identify rare de novo, homozygous, and compound heterozygous PAVs and (2) a case-control analysis using a sequence kernel-based association test to identify genes enriched with rare PAVs. While we replicated previous findings on PKD1L1, our results do not suggest that recurrent de novo PAVs play important roles in BA susceptibility. In fact, our finding in NOTCH2, a disease gene associated with Alagille syndrome, highlights the difficulty in BA diagnosis. Notably, IFRD2 has been implicated in other gastrointestinal conditions and warrants additional study. Overall, our findings strengthen the hypothesis that the etiology of BA is complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pagna Sok
- Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas,
USA
| | - Aniko Sabo
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine,
Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lynn M. Almli
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental
Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia,
USA
| | - Mary M. Jenkins
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental
Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia,
USA
| | - Wendy N. Nembhard
- Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of
Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - A. J. Agopian
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and
Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas,
USA
| | - Michael J. Bamshad
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics,
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle,
Washington, USA
| | - Elizabeth E. Blue
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle,
Washington, USA
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine,
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lawrence C. Brody
- Genetics and Environment Interaction Section, National
Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland,
USA
| | | | - Marilyn L. Browne
- Birth Defects Registry, New York State Department of
Health, Albany, New York, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of
Public Health, University at Albany, Rensselaer, New York, USA
| | - Mark A. Canfield
- Birth Defects Epidemiology and Surveillance Branch, Texas
Department of State Health Services, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Suzan L. Carmichael
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of
Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jessica X. Chong
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics,
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle,
Washington, USA
| | - Shannon Dugan-Perez
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine,
Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Marcia L. Feldkamp
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics,
University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Richard H. Finnell
- Department of Medicine, Center for Precision
Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Richard A. Gibbs
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine,
Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Denise M. Kay
- Division of Genetics, Wadsworth Center, New York State
Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Yunping Lei
- Department of Medicine, Center for Precision
Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Qingchang Meng
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine,
Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Cynthia A. Moore
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental
Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia,
USA
| | - James C. Mullikin
- Genetics and Environment Interaction Section, National
Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland,
USA
| | - Donna Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine,
Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew F. Olshan
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global
Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Faith Pangilinan
- Genetics and Environment Interaction Section, National
Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland,
USA
| | - Jennita Reefhuis
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental
Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia,
USA
| | - Paul A. Romitti
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of
Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | | | - Gary M. Shaw
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of
Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Martha M. Werler
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sanjiv Harpavat
- Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas,
USA
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Texas
Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Philip J. Lupo
- Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas,
USA
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8
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Yanda MK, Zeidan A, Cebotaru L. Ameliorating liver disease in an autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease mouse model. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2023; 324:G404-G414. [PMID: 36880660 PMCID: PMC10085553 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00255.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Systemic and portal hypertension, liver fibrosis, and hepatomegaly are manifestations associated with autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD), which is caused by malfunctions of fibrocystin/polyductin (FPC). The goal is to understand how liver pathology occurs and to devise therapeutic strategies to treat it. We injected 5-day-old Pkhd1del3-4/del3-4 mice for 1 mo with the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulator VX-809 designed to rescue processing and trafficking of CFTR folding mutants. We used immunostaining and immunofluorescence techniques to evaluate liver pathology. We assessed protein expression via Western blotting. We detected abnormal biliary ducts consistent with ductal plate abnormalities, as well as a greatly increased proliferation of cholangiocytes in the Pkhd1del3-4/del3-4 mice. CFTR was present in the apical membrane of cholangiocytes and increased in the Pkhd1del3-4/del3-4 mice, consistent with a role for apically located CFTR in enlarged bile ducts. Interestingly, we also found CFTR in the primary cilium, in association with polycystin (PC2). Localization of CFTR and PC2 and overall length of the cilia were increased in the Pkhd1del3-4/del3-4 mice. In addition, several of the heat shock proteins; 27, 70, and 90 were upregulated, suggesting that global changes in protein processing and trafficking had occurred. We found that a deficit of FPC leads to bile duct abnormalities, enhanced cholangiocyte proliferation, and misregulation of heat shock proteins, which all returned toward wild type (WT) values following VX-809 treatment. These data suggest that CFTR correctors can be useful as therapeutics for ARPKD. Given that these drugs are already approved for use in humans, they can be fast-tracked for clinical use.NEW & NOTEWORTHY ARPKD is a multiorgan genetic disorder resulting in newborn morbidity and mortality. There is a critical need for new therapies to treat this disease. We show that persistent cholangiocytes proliferation occurs in a mouse model of ARPKD along with mislocalized CFTR and misregulated heat shock proteins. We found that VX-809, a CFTR modulator, inhibits proliferation and limits bile duct malformation. The data provide a therapeutic pathway for strategies to treat ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali K Yanda
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Adi Zeidan
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Liudmila Cebotaru
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
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9
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Aseem SO, Hylemon PB, Zhou H. Bile Acids and Biliary Fibrosis. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050792. [PMID: 36899928 PMCID: PMC10001305 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Biliary fibrosis is the driving pathological process in cholangiopathies such as primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Cholangiopathies are also associated with cholestasis, which is the retention of biliary components, including bile acids, in the liver and blood. Cholestasis may worsen with biliary fibrosis. Furthermore, bile acid levels, composition and homeostasis are dysregulated in PBC and PSC. In fact, mounting data from animal models and human cholangiopathies suggest that bile acids play a crucial role in the pathogenesis and progression of biliary fibrosis. The identification of bile acid receptors has advanced our understanding of various signaling pathways involved in regulating cholangiocyte functions and the potential impact on biliary fibrosis. We will also briefly review recent findings linking these receptors with epigenetic regulatory mechanisms. Further detailed understanding of bile acid signaling in the pathogenesis of biliary fibrosis will uncover additional therapeutic avenues for cholangiopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed Obaidullah Aseem
- Stravitz-Sanyal Institute for Liver Disease & Metabolic Health, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Phillip B. Hylemon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- Central Virginia Veterans Healthcare System, Richmond, VA 23249, USA
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- Central Virginia Veterans Healthcare System, Richmond, VA 23249, USA
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10
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Norcia LF, Watanabe EM, Hamamoto Filho PT, Hasimoto CN, Pelafsky L, de Oliveira WK, Sassaki LY. Polycystic Liver Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Treatment. Hepat Med 2022; 14:135-161. [PMID: 36200122 PMCID: PMC9528914 DOI: 10.2147/hmer.s377530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic liver disease (PLD) is a clinical condition characterized by the presence of more than 10 cysts in the liver. It is a rare disease Of genetic etiology that presents as an isolated disease or assoc\iated with polycystic kidney disease. Ductal plate malformation, ciliary dysfunction, and changes in cell signaling are the main factors involved in its pathogenesis. Most patients with PLD are asymptomatic, but in 2–5% of cases the disease has disabling symptoms and a significant reduction in quality of life. The diagnosis is based on family history of hepatic and/or renal polycystic disease, clinical manifestations, patient age, and polycystic liver phenotype shown on imaging examinations. PLD treatment has evolved considerably in the last decades. Somatostatin analogues hold promise in controlling disease progression, but liver transplantation remains a unique curative treatment modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Fernando Norcia
- Department of Surgery, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Medical School, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- Correspondence: Luiz Fernando Norcia, Department of Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Medical School, 783 Pedro Delmanto Street, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18610-303, Brazil, Tel +55 19982840542, Email
| | - Erika Mayumi Watanabe
- Department of Radiology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Medical School, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro Tadao Hamamoto Filho
- Department of Neurology, Psychology and Psychiatry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Medical School, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia Nishida Hasimoto
- Department of Surgery, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Medical School, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Pelafsky
- Department of Surgery, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Medical School, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Walmar Kerche de Oliveira
- Department of Surgery, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Medical School, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ligia Yukie Sassaki
- Department of Internal Medicine, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Medical School, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Sharbidre K, Zahid M, Venkatesh SK, Bhati C, Lalwani N. Imaging of fibropolycystic liver disease. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2022; 47:2356-2370. [PMID: 35670875 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-022-03565-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Fibropolycystic liver diseases (FLDs) make up a rare spectrum of heritable hepatobiliary diseases resulting from congenital ductal plate malformations (DPMs) due to the dysfunction of proteins expressed on the primary cilia of cholangiocytes. The embryonic development of the ductal plate is key to understanding this spectrum of diseases. In particular, DPMs can result in various degrees of intrahepatic duct involvement and a wide spectrum of cholangiopathies, including congenital hepatic fibrosis, Caroli disease, polycystic liver disease, and Von Meyenberg complexes. The most common clinical manifestations of FLDs are portal hypertension, cholestasis, cholangitis, and (in rare cases) cholangiocarcinoma. This article reviews recent updates in the pathophysiology, imaging, and clinical management of FLDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kedar Sharbidre
- Department of Abdominal Imaging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AB, USA.
| | - Mohd Zahid
- Department of Abdominal Imaging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AB, USA
| | | | - Chandra Bhati
- Department of Transplant Surgery, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, ML, USA
| | - Neeraj Lalwani
- Department of Abdominal Imaging, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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12
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Masyuk AI, Masyuk TV, Trussoni CE, Pirius NE, LaRusso NF. Autophagy promotes hepatic cystogenesis in polycystic liver disease by depletion of cholangiocyte ciliogenic proteins. Hepatology 2022; 75:1110-1122. [PMID: 34942041 PMCID: PMC9035076 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS AND AIMS Polycystic liver disease (PLD) is characterized by defective cholangiocyte cilia that regulate progressive growth of hepatic cysts. Because formation of primary cilia is influenced by autophagy through degradation of proteins involved in ciliogenesis, we hypothesized that ciliary defects in PLD cholangiocytes (PLDCs) originate from autophagy-mediated depletion of ciliogenic proteins ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 3 (ARL3) and ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 13B (ARL13B) and ARL-dependent mislocation of a ciliary-localized bile acid receptor, Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5), the activation of which enhances hepatic cystogenesis (HCG). The aims here were to determine whether: (1) ciliogenesis is impaired in PLDC, is associated with increased autophagy, and involves autophagy-mediated depletion of ARL3 and ARL13B; (2) depletion of ARL3 and ARL13B in PLDC cilia impacts ciliary localization of TGR5; and (3) pharmacological inhibition of autophagy re-establishes cholangiocyte cilia and ciliary localization of ARL3, ARL3B, and TGR5 and reduces HCG. APPROACH AND RESULTS By using liver tissue from healthy persons and patients with PLD, in vitro and in vivo models of PLD, and in vitro models of ciliogenesis, we demonstrated that, in PLDCs: ciliogenesis is impaired; autophagy is enhanced; ARL3 and ARL13B are ubiquitinated by HDAC6, depleted in cilia, and present in autophagosomes; depletion of ARL3 and ARL13B impacts ciliary localization of TGR5; and pharmacological inhibition of autophagy with mefloquine and verteporfin re-establishes cholangiocyte cilia and ciliary localization of ARL3, ARL13B, and TGR5 and reduces HCG. CONCLUSIONS The intersection between autophagy, defective cholangiocyte cilia, and enhanced HCG contributes to PLD progression and can be considered a target for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoliy I. Masyuk
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, 200 First Street, SW Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Tatyana V. Masyuk
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, 200 First Street, SW Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Christy E. Trussoni
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, 200 First Street, SW Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Nicholas E. Pirius
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, 200 First Street, SW Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Nicholas F. LaRusso
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, 200 First Street, SW Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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13
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Chen J, Cheng NC, Boland JA, Liu K, Kench JG, Watkins DN, Ferreira-Gonzalez S, Forbes SJ, McCaughan GW. Deletion of kif3a in CK19 positive cells leads to primary cilia loss, biliary cell proliferation and cystic liver lesions in TAA-treated mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1868:166335. [PMID: 34973373 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Loss of primary cilia in epithelial cells is known to cause cystic diseases of the liver and kidney. We have previously shown that during experimental and human cirrhosis that primary cilia were predominantly expressed on biliary cells in the ductular reaction. However, the role of primary cilia in the pathogenesis of the ductular reaction is not fully understood. METHODS Primary cilia were specifically removed in biliary epithelial cells (BECs) by the administration of tamoxifen to Kif3af/f;CK19CreERT mice at week 2 of a 20-week course of TAA treatment. Biliary progenitor cells were isolated and grown as organoids from gallbladders. Cells and tissue were analysed using histology, immunohistochemistry and Western blot assays. RESULTS At the end of 20 weeks TAA administration, primary cilia loss in liver BECs resulted in multiple microscopic cystic lesions within an unaltered ductular reaction. These were not seen in control mice who did not receive TAA. There was no effect of biliary primary cilia loss on the development of cirrhosis. Increased cellular proliferation was seen within the cystic structures associated with a decrease in hepatocyte lobular proliferation. Loss of primary cilia within biliary organoids was initially associated with reduced cell passage survival but this inhibitory effect was diminished in later passages. ERK but not WNT signalling was enhanced in primary cilia loss-induced cystic lesions in vivo and its inhibition reduced the expansion of primary cilia deficient biliary progenitor cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS TAA-treated kif3a BEC-specific knockout mice had an unaltered progression to cirrhosis, but developed cystic lesions that showed increased proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbiao Chen
- Liver Injury and Cancer Program, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Ngan Ching Cheng
- Liver Injury and Cancer Program, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Jade A Boland
- Liver Injury and Cancer Program, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Ken Liu
- Liver Injury and Cancer Program, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; A.W. Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Australian Liver Transplant Unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - James G Kench
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; Department of Tissue Pathology & Diagnostic Oncology, NSW Health Pathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - D Neil Watkins
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Sofia Ferreira-Gonzalez
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, EH16 4UU Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart J Forbes
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, EH16 4UU Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Geoffrey W McCaughan
- Liver Injury and Cancer Program, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; A.W. Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Australian Liver Transplant Unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.
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14
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Desplat A, Penalba V, Gros E, Parpaite T, Coste B, Delmas P. Piezo1-Pannexin1 complex couples force detection to ATP secretion in cholangiocytes. J Gen Physiol 2021; 153:212722. [PMID: 34694360 PMCID: PMC8548913 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202112871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocytes actively contribute to the final composition of secreted bile. These cells are exposed to abnormal mechanical stimuli during obstructive cholestasis, which has a deep impact on their function. However, the effects of mechanical insults on cholangiocyte function are not understood. Combining gene silencing and pharmacological assays with live calcium imaging, we probed molecular candidates essential for coupling mechanical force to ATP secretion in mouse cholangiocytes. We show that Piezo1 and Pannexin1 are necessary for eliciting the downstream effects of mechanical stress. By mediating a rise in intracellular Ca2+, Piezo1 acts as a mechanosensor responsible for translating cell swelling into activation of Panx1, which triggers ATP release and subsequent signal amplification through P2X4R. Co-immunoprecipitation and pull-down assays indicated physical interaction between Piezo1 and Panx1, which leads to stable plasma membrane complexes. Piezo1–Panx1–P2X4R ATP release pathway could be reconstituted in HEK Piezo1 KO cells. Thus, our data suggest that Piezo1 and Panx1 can form a functional signaling complex that controls force-induced ATP secretion in cholangiocytes. These findings may foster the development of novel therapeutic strategies for biliary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélique Desplat
- Aix-Marseille-Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, UMR 7291, CS80011, Marseille, France
| | - Virginie Penalba
- Aix-Marseille-Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, UMR 7291, CS80011, Marseille, France
| | - Emeline Gros
- Aix-Marseille-Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, UMR 7291, CS80011, Marseille, France
| | - Thibaud Parpaite
- Aix-Marseille-Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, UMR 7291, CS80011, Marseille, France
| | - Bertrand Coste
- Aix-Marseille-Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, UMR 7291, CS80011, Marseille, France
| | - Patrick Delmas
- Aix-Marseille-Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, UMR 7291, CS80011, Marseille, France
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15
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Ogawa M, Jiang JX, Xia S, Yang D, Ding A, Laselva O, Hernandez M, Cui C, Higuchi Y, Suemizu H, Dorrell C, Grompe M, Bear CE, Ogawa S. Generation of functional ciliated cholangiocytes from human pluripotent stem cells. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6504. [PMID: 34764255 PMCID: PMC8586142 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26764-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The derivation of mature functional cholangiocytes from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) provides a model for studying the pathogenesis of cholangiopathies and for developing therapies to treat them. Current differentiation protocols are not efficient and give rise to cholangiocytes that are not fully mature, limiting their therapeutic applications. Here, we generate functional hPSC-derived cholangiocytes that display many characteristics of mature bile duct cells including high levels of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and the presence of primary cilia capable of sensing flow. With this level of maturation, these cholangiocytes are amenable for testing the efficacy of cystic fibrosis drugs and for studying the role of cilia in cholangiocyte development and function. Transplantation studies show that the mature cholangiocytes generate ductal structures in the liver of immunocompromised mice indicating that it may be possible to develop cell-based therapies to restore bile duct function in patients with biliary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Ogawa
- grid.231844.80000 0004 0474 0428McEwen Stem Cell Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Jia-Xin Jiang
- grid.42327.300000 0004 0473 9646Programme in Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Sunny Xia
- grid.42327.300000 0004 0473 9646Programme in Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Donghe Yang
- grid.231844.80000 0004 0474 0428McEwen Stem Cell Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Avrilynn Ding
- grid.231844.80000 0004 0474 0428McEwen Stem Cell Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Onofrio Laselva
- grid.42327.300000 0004 0473 9646Programme in Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Marcela Hernandez
- grid.231844.80000 0004 0474 0428McEwen Stem Cell Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Changyi Cui
- grid.231844.80000 0004 0474 0428McEwen Stem Cell Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Yuichiro Higuchi
- grid.452212.20000 0004 0376 978XCentral Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Kanagawa Japan
| | - Hiroshi Suemizu
- grid.452212.20000 0004 0376 978XCentral Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Kanagawa Japan
| | - Craig Dorrell
- grid.5288.70000 0000 9758 5690Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR USA
| | - Markus Grompe
- grid.5288.70000 0000 9758 5690Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR USA
| | - Christine E. Bear
- grid.42327.300000 0004 0473 9646Programme in Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Shinichiro Ogawa
- McEwen Stem Cell Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Ajmera Transplant Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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16
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Masyuk TV, Masyuk AI, LaRusso NF. Polycystic Liver Disease: Advances in Understanding and Treatment. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2021; 17:251-269. [PMID: 34724412 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-042320-121247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic liver disease (PLD) is a group of genetic disorders characterized by progressive development of cholangiocyte-derived fluid-filled hepatic cysts. PLD is the most common manifestation of autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney diseases and rarely occurs as autosomal dominant PLD. The mechanisms of PLD are a sequence of the primary (mutations in PLD-causative genes), secondary (initiation of cyst formation), and tertiary (progression of hepatic cystogenesis) interconnected molecular and cellular events in cholangiocytes. Nonsurgical, surgical, and limited pharmacological treatment options are currently available for clinical management of PLD. Substantial evidence suggests that pharmacological targeting of the signaling pathways and intracellular processes involved in the progression of hepatic cystogenesis is beneficial for PLD. Many of these targets have been evaluated in preclinical and clinical trials. In this review, we discuss the genetic, molecular, and cellular mechanisms of PLD and clinical and preclinical treatment strategies. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease, Volume 17 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana V Masyuk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA;
| | - Anatoliy I Masyuk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA;
| | - Nicholas F LaRusso
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA;
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17
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Seibert LM, Center SA, Randolph JF, Miller ML, Miller AD, Choi E, Flanders JA, Harvey HJ. Relationships between congenital peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia or congenital central diaphragmatic hernia and ductal plate malformations in dogs and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 259:1009-1024. [PMID: 34647474 DOI: 10.2460/javma.259.9.1009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the association between peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia (PPDH) or congenital central diaphragmatic hernia (CCDH) and ductal plate malformations (DPMs) in dogs and cats. ANIMALS 18 dogs and 18 cats with PPDH or CCDH and 19 dogs and 18 cats without PPDH or CCDH. PROCEDURES Evaluation of clinical details verified PPDH or CCDH and survival times. Histologic features of nonherniated liver samples were used to categorize DPM. Immunohistochemical staining for cytokeratin-19 distinguished bile duct profiles per portal tract and for Ki-67-assessed cholangiocyte proliferation. Histologic features of herniated liver samples from PPDH or CCDH were compared with those of pathological controls (traumatic diaphragmatic hernia, n = 6; liver lobe torsion, 6; ischemic hepatopathy, 2). RESULTS DPM occurred in 13 of 18 dogs with the proliferative-like phenotype predominating and in 15 of 18 cats with evenly distributed proliferative-like and Caroli phenotypes. Congenital hepatic fibrosis DPM was noted in 3 dogs and 2 cats and renal DPM in 3 dogs and 3 cats. No signalment, clinical signs, or clinicopathologic features discriminated DPM. Kaplan Meier survival curves were similar in dogs and cats. Bile duct profiles per portal tract in dogs (median, 5.0; range, 1.4 to 100.8) and cats (6.6; 1.9 to 11.0) with congenital diaphragmatic hernias significantly exceeded those in healthy dogs (1.4; 1.2 to 1.6) and cats (2.3; 1.7 to 2.6). Animals with DPM lacked active cholangiocyte proliferation. Histologic features characterizing malformative bile duct profiles yet without biliary proliferation were preserved in herniated liver lobes in animals with DPM. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE DPM was strongly associated with PPDH and CCDH. Because DPM can impact health, awareness of its coexistence with PPDH or CCDH should prompt biopsy of nonherniated liver tissue during surgical correction of PPDH and CCDH.
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18
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Wicher D, Obrycki Ł, Jankowska I. Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease-The Clinical Aspects and Diagnostic Challenges. J Pediatr Genet 2021; 10:1-8. [PMID: 33552631 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1714701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) is one of the most common ciliopathies with kidney (nephromegaly, hypertension, renal dysfunction) and liver involvement (congenital hepatic fibrosis, dilated bile ducts). Clinical features also include growth failure and neurocognitive impairment. Plurality of clinical aspects requires multidisciplinary approach to treatment and care of patients. Until recently, diagnosis was based on clinical criteria. Results of genetic testing show the molecular basis of polycystic kidneys disease is heterogeneous, and differential diagnosis is essential. The aim of the article is to discuss the role of genetic testing and its difficulties in diagnostics of ARPKD in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Wicher
- Department of Medical Genetics, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Obrycki
- Department of Nephrology, Kidney Transplantation and Hypertension, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Irena Jankowska
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Feeding Disorders and Pediatrics, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
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19
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Mariotti V, Fiorotto R, Cadamuro M, Fabris L, Strazzabosco M. New insights on the role of vascular endothelial growth factor in biliary pathophysiology. JHEP Rep 2021; 3:100251. [PMID: 34151244 PMCID: PMC8189933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The family of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) includes 5 members (VEGF-A to -D, and placenta growth factor), which regulate several critical biological processes. VEGF-A exerts a variety of biological effects through high-affinity binding to tyrosine kinase receptors (VEGFR-1, -2 and -3), co-receptors and accessory proteins. In addition to its fundamental function in angiogenesis and endothelial cell biology, VEGF/VEGFR signalling also plays a role in other cell types including epithelial cells. This review provides an overview of VEGF signalling in biliary epithelial cell biology in both normal and pathologic conditions. VEGF/VEGFR-2 signalling stimulates bile duct proliferation in an autocrine and paracrine fashion. VEGF/VEGFR-1/VEGFR-2 and angiopoietins are involved at different stages of biliary development. In certain conditions, cholangiocytes maintain the ability to secrete VEGF-A, and to express a functional VEGFR-2 receptor. For example, in polycystic liver disease, VEGF secreted by cystic cells stimulates cyst growth and vascular remodelling through a PKA/RAS/ERK/HIF1α-dependent mechanism, unveiling a new level of complexity in VEFG/VEGFR-2 regulation in epithelial cells. VEGF/VEGFR-2 signalling is also reactivated during the liver repair process. In this context, pro-angiogenic factors mediate the interactions between epithelial, mesenchymal and inflammatory cells. This process takes place during the wound healing response, however, in chronic biliary diseases, it may lead to pathological neo-angiogenesis, a condition strictly linked with fibrosis progression, the development of cirrhosis and related complications, and cholangiocarcinoma. Novel observations indicate that in cholangiocarcinoma, VEGF is a determinant of lymphangiogenesis and of the immune response to the tumour. Better insights into the role of VEGF signalling in biliary pathophysiology might help in the search for effective therapeutic strategies.
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Key Words
- ADPKD, adult dominant polycystic kidney disease
- Anti-Angiogenic therapy
- BA, biliary atresia
- BDL, bile duct ligation
- CCA, cholangiocarcinoma
- CCl4, carbon tetrachloride
- CLDs, chronic liver diseases
- Cholangiocytes
- Cholangiopathies
- DP, ductal plate
- DPM, ductal plate malformation
- DRCs, ductular reactive cells
- Development
- HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor type 1α
- HSCs, hepatic stellate cells
- IHBD, intrahepatic bile ducts
- IL-, interleukin-
- LECs, lymphatic endothelial cells
- LSECs, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells
- Liver repair
- MMPs, matrix metalloproteinases
- PBP, peribiliary plexus
- PC, polycystin
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PIGF, placental growth factor
- PLD, polycystic liver diseases
- Polycystic liver diseases
- SASP, senescence-associated secretory phenotype
- TGF, transforming growth factor
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factors
- VEGF-A
- VEGF/VEGFR-2 signalling
- VEGFR-1/2, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1/2
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Mariotti
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Liver Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Romina Fiorotto
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Liver Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Massimiliano Cadamuro
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Luca Fabris
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Liver Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Mario Strazzabosco
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Liver Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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20
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Tanaka K, Joshi D, Timalsina S, Schwartz MA. Early events in endothelial flow sensing. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2021; 78:217-231. [PMID: 33543538 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Responses of vascular and lymphatic endothelial cells (ECs) to fluid shear stress (FSS) from blood or lymphatic fluid flow govern the development, physiology, and diseases of these structures. Extensive research has characterized the signaling, gene expression and cytoskeletal pathways that mediate effects on EC phenotype and vascular morphogenesis. But the primary mechanisms by which ECs transduce the weak forces from flow into biochemical signals are less well understood. This review covers recent advances in our understanding of the immediate mechanisms of FSS mechanotransduction, integrating results from different disciplines, addressing their roles in development, physiology and disease, and suggesting important questions for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichiro Tanaka
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Divyesh Joshi
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sushma Timalsina
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Martin A Schwartz
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Biomedical engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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21
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Xu WP, Cui YL, Chen LL, Ding K, Ding CH, Chen F, Zhang X, Xie WF. Deletion of Sox9 in the liver leads to hepatic cystogenesis in mice by transcriptionally downregulating Sec63. J Pathol 2021; 254:57-69. [PMID: 33512716 DOI: 10.1002/path.5636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic cysts are found in heterogeneous disorders with different pathogeneses, of which simple hepatic cysts and polycystic liver diseases are two major types. The process of hepatic cytogenesis for these two diseases is caused by defects in remodelling of the ductal plate during biliary tract development, which is called ductal plate malformation. SOX9 is a transcription factor participating in the process of bile duct development, and thus, its dysregulation may play important roles in hepatic cystogenesis. SEC63 encodes an endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein that is mutated in human autosomal dominant polycystic liver disease. However, the transcriptional regulation of SEC63 is largely unknown. In the present study, a liver-specific Sox9 knockout (Sox9LKO ) mouse was generated to investigate the roles and underlying mechanism of SOX9 in hepatic cystogenesis. We found that hepatic cysts began to be observed in Sox9LKO mice at 6 months of age. The number and size of cysts increased with age in Sox9LKO mice. In addition, the characteristics of hepatic cytogenesis, including the activation of proliferation, absence of primary cilium, and disorder of polarity in biliary epithelial cells, were detected in the livers of Sox9LKO mice. RNAi silencing of SOX9 in human intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells (HIBEpic) resulted in increased proliferation and reduced formation of the primary cilium. Moreover, Sec63 was downregulated in primary biliary epithelial cells from Sox9LKO mice and SEC63 in HIBEpic transfected with siSOX9. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays and luciferase reporter assays further demonstrated that SOX9 transcriptionally regulated the expression of SEC63 in biliary epithelial cells. Importantly, the overexpression of SEC63 in HIBEpic partially reversed the effects of SOX9 depletion on the formation of primary cilia and cell proliferation. These findings highlight the biological significance of SOX9 in hepatic cytogenesis and elucidate a novel molecular mechanism underlying hepatic cytogenesis. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ping Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ya-Lu Cui
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Li-Lin Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Kai Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Chen-Hong Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Wei-Fen Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
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22
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Luan W, Hao CZ, Li JQ, Wei Q, Gong JY, Qiu YL, Lu Y, Shen CH, Xia Q, Xie XB, Zhang MH, Abuduxikuer K, Li ZD, Wang L, Xing QH, Knisely AS, Wang JS. Biallelic loss-of-function ZFYVE19 mutations are associated with congenital hepatic fibrosis, sclerosing cholangiopathy and high-GGT cholestasis. J Med Genet 2020; 58:514-525. [PMID: 32737136 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2019-106706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For many children with intrahepatic cholestasis and high-serum gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activity, a genetic aetiology of hepatobiliary disease remains undefined. We sought to identify novel genes mutated in children with idiopathic high-GGT intrahepatic cholestasis, with clinical, histopathological and functional correlations. METHODS We assembled a cohort of 25 children with undiagnosed high-GGT cholestasis and without clinical features of biliary-tract infection or radiological features of choledochal malformation, sclerosing cholangitis or cholelithiasis. Mutations were identified through whole-exome sequencing and targeted Sanger sequencing. We reviewed histopathological findings and assessed phenotypical effects of ZFYVE19 deficiency in cultured cells by immunofluorescence microscopy. RESULTS Nine Han Chinese children harboured biallelic, predictedly complete loss-of-function pathogenic mutations in ZFYVE19 (c.314C>G, p.S105X; c.379C>T, p.Q127X; c.514C>T, p.R172X; c.547C>T, p.R183X; c.226A>G, p.M76V). All had portal hypertension and, at liver biopsy, histopathological features of the ductal plate malformation (DPM)/congenital hepatic fibrosis (CHF). Four children required liver transplantation for recurrent gastrointestinal haemorrhage. DPM/CHF was confirmed at hepatectomy, with sclerosing small-duct cholangitis. Immunostaining for two primary-cilium axonemal proteins found expression that was deficient intraluminally and ectopic within cholangiocyte cytoplasm. ZFYVE19 depletion in cultured cells yielded abnormalities of centriole and axoneme. CONCLUSION Biallelic ZFYVE19 mutations can lead to high-GGT cholestasis and DPM/CHF in vivo. In vitro, they can lead to centriolar and axonemal abnormalities. These observations indicate that mutation in ZFYVE19 results, through as yet undefined mechanisms, in a ciliopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weisha Luan
- Department of Pediatrics, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,The Center for Pediatric Liver Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen-Zhi Hao
- The Center for Pediatric Liver Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Qi Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,The Center for Pediatric Liver Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Wei
- Laboratory for Reproductive Health, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing-Yu Gong
- Department of Pediatrics, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Ling Qiu
- Department of Pediatrics, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,The Center for Pediatric Liver Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Lu
- The Center for Pediatric Liver Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong-Huan Shen
- Department of Surgery, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Xia
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Bao Xie
- The Center for Pediatric Liver Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei-Hong Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kuerbanjiang Abuduxikuer
- The Center for Pediatric Liver Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong-Die Li
- The Center for Pediatric Liver Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Wang
- The Center for Pediatric Liver Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-He Xing
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - A S Knisely
- Institut für Pathologie, Medizinische Universität Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jian-She Wang
- The Center for Pediatric Liver Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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23
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Gilloteaux J. Primary cilia in the Syrian hamster biliary tract: Bile flow antennae and outlooks about signaling on the hepato-biliary-pancreatic stem cells. TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH IN ANATOMY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2020.100063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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24
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Shaheen R, Alsahli S, Ewida N, Alzahrani F, Shamseldin HE, Patel N, Al Qahtani A, Alhebbi H, Alhashem A, Al-Sheddi T, Alomar R, Alobeid E, Abouelhoda M, Monies D, Al-Hussaini A, Alzouman MA, Shagrani M, Faqeih E, Alkuraya FS. Biallelic Mutations in Tetratricopeptide Repeat Domain 26 (Intraflagellar Transport 56) Cause Severe Biliary Ciliopathy in Humans. Hepatology 2020; 71:2067-2079. [PMID: 31595528 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The clinical consequences of defective primary cilium (ciliopathies) are characterized by marked phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity. Although fibrocystic liver disease is an established ciliopathy phenotype, severe neonatal cholestasis is rarely recognized as such. APPROACH AND RESULTS We describe seven individuals from seven families with syndromic ciliopathy clinical features, including severe neonatal cholestasis (lethal in one and necessitating liver transplant in two). Positional mapping revealed a single critical locus on chromosome 7. Whole-exome sequencing revealed three different homozygous variants in Tetratricopeptide Repeat Domain 26 (TTC26) that fully segregated with the phenotype. TTC26 (intraflagellar transport [IFT] 56/DYF13) is an atypical component of IFT-B complex, and deficiency of its highly conserved orthologs has been consistently shown to cause defective ciliary function in several model organisms. We show that cilia in TTC26-mutated patient cells display variable length and impaired function, as indicated by dysregulated sonic hedgehog signaling, abnormal staining for IFT-B components, and transcriptomic clustering with cells derived from individuals with closely related ciliopathies. We also demonstrate a strong expression of Ttc26 in the embryonic mouse liver in a pattern consistent with its proposed role in the normal development of the intrahepatic biliary system. CONCLUSIONS In addition to establishing a TTC26-related ciliopathy phenotype in humans, our results highlight the importance of considering ciliopathies in the differential diagnosis of severe neonatal cholestasis even in the absence of more typical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranad Shaheen
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saud Alsahli
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nour Ewida
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatema Alzahrani
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan E Shamseldin
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nisha Patel
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awad Al Qahtani
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Hepatologist, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Homoud Alhebbi
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Hepatologist, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Alhashem
- Department of Pediatric, Prince Sultan Medical Military City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tarfa Al-Sheddi
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rana Alomar
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Alobeid
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Abouelhoda
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Saudi Human Genome Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dorota Monies
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Saudi Human Genome Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Al-Hussaini
- Department of Pediatric Subspecialties, Children's Hospital, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Prince Abdullah Bin Khaled Celiac Disease Research Chair, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muneerah A Alzouman
- Histopathology Division, Central Military Laboratory and Blood Bank, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Shagrani
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Organ Transplant Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eissa Faqeih
- Department of Pediatric Subspecialties, Children's Hospital, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fowzan S Alkuraya
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Saudi Human Genome Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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25
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Peixoto E, Richard S, Pant K, Biswas A, Gradilone SA. The primary cilium: Its role as a tumor suppressor organelle. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 175:113906. [PMID: 32169416 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The primary cilium is an organelle that nearly all cells within the body contain. Its function is to sense the extracellular environment through its abundance of receptors and linked signaling pathways, working as an antenna. Ciliary defects lead to different pathologies. In particular, many tumors lose primary cilia, and this is linked with negative implications for the cell such as an increase in malignancy. In this work we will go through the knowledge of the role of primary cilia in normal conditions, how it is involved in diverse signaling pathways, and in disease, particularly in cancer, highlighting its tumor suppressor properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estanislao Peixoto
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Seth Richard
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
| | - Kishor Pant
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
| | - Aalekhya Biswas
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
| | - Sergio A Gradilone
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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26
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Luo ZL, Cheng L, Wang T, Tang LJ, Tian FZ, Xiang K, Cui L. Bile Acid Transporters Are Expressed and Heterogeneously Distributed in Rat Bile Ducts. Gut Liver 2020; 13:569-575. [PMID: 30919600 PMCID: PMC6743800 DOI: 10.5009/gnl18265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Cholangiocytes are capable of reabsorbing bile salts from bile, but the pathophysiological significance of this process is unclear. To this end, we detected the expression and distribution of bile acid transport proteins in cholangiocytes from normal rat liver and analyzed the possible pathophysiological significance. Methods Bile duct tissues of Sprague-Dawley rats were isolated by enzymatic digestion and mechanical isolation, and then divided into large and small bile duct tissues. Immunohistochemistry, real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting were used to determine the expression of the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT), ileal bile acid binding protein (IBABP), and basolateral organic solute transporter α (Ostα) in the biliary tract system of rats. Differences in the expression and distribution of these proteins were analyzed. Results In cholangiocytes, ASBT and IBABP were mainly expressed in cholangiocytes of the large bile ducts, in which the expression of both was significantly higher than that in the small ducts (p<0.05). Ostα was simultaneously expressed in cholangiocytes of both the large and small bile ducts, showing no significant difference in expression between the two groups of bile ducts (p>0.05). Conclusions Bile acid transporters are expressed and heterogeneously distributed in rat bile ducts, indicating that bile acid reabsorption by cholangiocytes might mainly occur in the large bile ducts. These findings may help explore the physiology of bile ducts and the pathogenesis of various cholangiopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu-Lin Luo
- Departments of General Surgery, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Long Cheng
- Departments of General Surgery, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Departments of General Surgery, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Li-Jun Tang
- Departments of General Surgery, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Fu-Zhou Tian
- Departments of General Surgery, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Ke Xiang
- Departments of General Surgery, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Cui
- Departments of Orthopedics, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, China
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27
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Devlin LA, Ramsbottom SA, Overman LM, Lisgo SN, Clowry G, Molinari E, Powell L, Miles CG, Sayer JA. Embryonic and foetal expression patterns of the ciliopathy gene CEP164. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0221914. [PMID: 31990917 PMCID: PMC6986751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Nephronophthisis-related ciliopathies (NPHP-RC) are a group of inherited genetic disorders that share a defect in the formation, maintenance or functioning of the primary cilium complex, causing progressive cystic kidney disease and other clinical manifestations. Mutations in centrosomal protein 164 kDa (CEP164), also known as NPHP15, have been identified as a cause of NPHP-RC. Here we have utilised the MRC-Wellcome Trust Human Developmental Biology Resource (HDBR) to perform immunohistochemistry studies on human embryonic and foetal tissues to determine the expression patterns of CEP164 during development. Notably expression is widespread, yet defined, in multiple organs including the kidney, retina and cerebellum. Murine studies demonstrated an almost identical Cep164 expression pattern. Taken together, these data support a conserved role for CEP164 throughout the development of numerous organs, which, we suggest, accounts for the multi-system disease phenotype of CEP164-mediated NPHP-RC.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. A. Devlin
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - S. A. Ramsbottom
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - L. M. Overman
- MRC-Wellcome Trust Human Developmental Biology Resource, Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - S. N. Lisgo
- MRC-Wellcome Trust Human Developmental Biology Resource, Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - G. Clowry
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - E. Molinari
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - L. Powell
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - C. G. Miles
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - J. A. Sayer
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
- The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Freeman Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Berauer JP, Mezina AI, Okou DT, Sabo A, Muzny DM, Gibbs RA, Hegde MR, Chopra P, Cutler DJ, Perlmutter DH, Bull LN, Thompson RJ, Loomes KM, Spinner NB, Rajagopalan R, Guthery SL, Moore B, Yandell M, Harpavat S, Magee JC, Kamath BM, Molleston JP, Bezerra JA, Murray KF, Alonso EM, Rosenthal P, Squires RH, Wang KS, Finegold MJ, Russo P, Sherker AH, Sokol RJ, Karpen SJ. Identification of Polycystic Kidney Disease 1 Like 1 Gene Variants in Children With Biliary Atresia Splenic Malformation Syndrome. Hepatology 2019; 70:899-910. [PMID: 30664273 PMCID: PMC6642859 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Biliary atresia (BA) is the most common cause of end-stage liver disease in children and the primary indication for pediatric liver transplantation, yet underlying etiologies remain unknown. Approximately 10% of infants affected by BA exhibit various laterality defects (heterotaxy) including splenic abnormalities and complex cardiac malformations-a distinctive subgroup commonly referred to as the biliary atresia splenic malformation (BASM) syndrome. We hypothesized that genetic factors linking laterality features with the etiopathogenesis of BA in BASM patients could be identified through whole-exome sequencing (WES) of an affected cohort. DNA specimens from 67 BASM subjects, including 58 patient-parent trios, from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases-supported Childhood Liver Disease Research Network (ChiLDReN) underwent WES. Candidate gene variants derived from a prespecified set of 2,016 genes associated with ciliary dysgenesis and/or dysfunction or cholestasis were prioritized according to pathogenicity, population frequency, and mode of inheritance. Five BASM subjects harbored rare and potentially deleterious biallelic variants in polycystic kidney disease 1 like 1 (PKD1L1), a gene associated with ciliary calcium signaling and embryonic laterality determination in fish, mice, and humans. Heterozygous PKD1L1 variants were found in 3 additional subjects. Immunohistochemical analysis of liver from the one BASM subject available revealed decreased PKD1L1 expression in bile duct epithelium when compared to normal livers and livers affected by other noncholestatic diseases. Conclusion: WES identified biallelic and heterozygous PKD1L1 variants of interest in 8 BASM subjects from the ChiLDReN data set; the dual roles for PKD1L1 in laterality determination and ciliary function suggest that PKD1L1 is a biologically plausible, cholangiocyte-expressed candidate gene for the BASM syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- John-Paul Berauer
- Department of Pediatrics; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition; Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta; Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Anya I. Mezina
- Department of Pediatrics; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition; Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta; Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - David T. Okou
- Department of Pediatrics; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition; Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta; Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Aniko Sabo
- Human Genome Sequencing Center; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Donna M. Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Richard A. Gibbs
- Human Genome Sequencing Center; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Madhuri R. Hegde
- Department of Human Genetics; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Pankaj Chopra
- Department of Human Genetics; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - David J. Cutler
- Department of Human Genetics; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - David H. Perlmutter
- Department of Pediatrics; Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Laura N. Bull
- Department of Medicine; Institute for Human Genetics, and Liver Center Laboratory, University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | | | - Kathleen M. Loomes
- Department of Pediatrics; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition; Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania and Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nancy B. Spinner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Division of Genomic Diagnostics; Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ramakrishnan Rajagopalan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Division of Genomic Diagnostics; Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics; Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia PA, 19104, USA
| | - Stephen L. Guthery
- Department of Pediatrics; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition; University of Utah; and Intermountain Primary Children’s Hospital Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Barry Moore
- Department of Human Genetics; University of Utah; Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Mark Yandell
- Department of Human Genetics; University of Utah; Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Sanjiv Harpavat
- Department of Pediatrics; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - John C. Magee
- University of Michigan Medical School; Ann Arbor, MI, 48103, USA
| | - Binita M. Kamath
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition; Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto; Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Jean P. Molleston
- Department of Pediatrics; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition; Indiana University School of Medicine and Riley Hospital for Children; Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Jorge A. Bezerra
- Department of Pediatrics; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition; Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Karen F. Murray
- Department of Pediatrics; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; University of Washington School of Medicine and Seattle Children’s Hospital; Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Estella M. Alonso
- Department of Pediatrics; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition; Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago; Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Philip Rosenthal
- Department of Pediatrics; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition; University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Robert H. Squires
- Department of Pediatrics; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition; Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC; Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Kasper S. Wang
- Department of Surgery; Division of Pediatric Surgery; Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles; University of Southern California; Los Angeles, CO, 90027, USA
| | - Milton J. Finegold
- Department of Pediatrics; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Pierre Russo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia PA, 19104, USA
| | - Averell H. Sherker
- Liver Diseases Research Branch; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ronald J. Sokol
- Department of Pediatrics; Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition; Children’s Hospital Colorado and University of Colorado School of Medicine; Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Saul J. Karpen
- Department of Pediatrics; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition; Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta; Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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Cui J, Liu Y, Fu BM. Numerical study on the dynamics of primary cilium in pulsatile flows by the immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2019; 19:21-35. [PMID: 31256275 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-019-01192-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
An explicit immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method is applied to numerically investigate the dynamics of primary cilium in pulsatile blood flows with two-way fluid-structure interaction considered. To well characterize the effect of cilium basal body on cilium dynamics, the cilium base is modeled as a nonlinear rotational spring attached to the cilium's basal end as proposed by Resnick (Biophys J 109:18-25, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2015.05.031). After several careful validations, the fluid-cilium interaction system is investigated in detail at various pulsatile flow conditions that are characterized by peak Reynolds numbers ([Formula: see text]) and Womersley numbers ([Formula: see text]). The periodic flapping of primary cilium observed in our simulations is very similar to the in vivo ciliary oscillation captured by O'Connor et al. (Cilia 2:8, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1186/2046-2530-2-8). The cilium's dynamics is found to be closely related to the [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. Increase the [Formula: see text] or decrease the [Formula: see text] bring to an increase in the cilium's flapping amplitude, tip angular speed, basal rotation, and maximum tensile stress. It is also demonstrated that by reducing the [Formula: see text] or enhancing the [Formula: see text] to a certain level, one can shift the flapping pattern of cilium from its original two-side one to a one-side one, making the stretch only happen on one particular side. During the flapping process, the location of the maximum tensile stress is not always found at the basal region; instead, it is able to propagate from time to time within a certain distance to the base. Due to the obstruction of the primary cilium, the distribution of wall shear stress no longer remains uniform as in the absence of cilia. It oscillates in space with the minimum magnitude which is always found near where the cilium is located. The presence of cilium also reduces the overall level of wall shear stress, especially at the region near the cilium's anchor point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Cui
- Research Centre for Fluid-Structure Interactions, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Yang Liu
- Research Centre for Fluid-Structure Interactions, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong.
| | - Bingmei M Fu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York City, USA
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Abstract
Cholangiocytes, the epithelial cells lining the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts, are highly specialized cells residing in a complex anatomic niche where they participate in bile production and homeostasis. Cholangiocytes are damaged in a variety of human diseases termed cholangiopathies, often causing advanced liver failure. The regulation of cholangiocyte transport properties is increasingly understood, as is their anatomical and functional heterogeneity along the biliary tract. Furthermore, cholangiocytes are pivotal in liver regeneration, especially when hepatocyte regeneration is compromised. The role of cholangiocytes in innate and adaptive immune responses, a critical subject relevant to immune-mediated cholangiopathies, is also emerging. Finally, reactive ductular cells are present in many cholestatic and other liver diseases. In chronic disease states, this repair response contributes to liver inflammation, fibrosis and carcinogenesis and is a subject of intense investigation. This Review highlights advances in cholangiocyte research, especially their role in development and liver regeneration, their functional and biochemical heterogeneity, their activation and involvement in inflammation and fibrosis and their engagement with the immune system. We aim to focus further attention on cholangiocyte pathobiology and the search for new disease-modifying therapies targeting the cholangiopathies.
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Rodrigues MA, Gomes DA, Nathanson MH. Calcium Signaling in Cholangiocytes: Methods, Mechanisms, and Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123913. [PMID: 30563259 PMCID: PMC6321159 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) is a versatile second messenger that regulates a number of cellular processes in virtually every type of cell. The inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (ITPR) is the only intracellular Ca2+ release channel in cholangiocytes, and is therefore responsible for Ca2+-mediated processes in these cells. This review will discuss the machinery responsible for Ca2+ signals in these cells, as well as experimental models used to investigate cholangiocyte Ca2+ signaling. We will also discuss the role of Ca2+ in the normal and abnormal regulation of secretion and apoptosis in cholangiocytes, two of the best characterized processes mediated by Ca2+ in this cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Angela Rodrigues
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8019, USA.
| | - Dawidson Assis Gomes
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8019, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais. Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte-MG 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Michael Harris Nathanson
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8019, USA.
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Zimmerman KA, Song CJ, Gonzalez-Mize N, Li Z, Yoder BK. Primary cilia disruption differentially affects the infiltrating and resident macrophage compartment in the liver. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 314. [PMID: 29543508 PMCID: PMC6048441 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00381.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Hepatorenal fibrocystic disease (HRFCD) is characterized by cysts in the kidney and liver with associated fibrosis and is the result of defects in proteins required for cilia function or assembly. Previous reports indicate that macrophages, mainly M2-like macrophages, contribute to HRFCD, although the origin of these cells (yolk sac-derived resident macrophages vs. bone marrow-derived infiltrating macrophages) and their contribution to the observed phenotypes are unknown. We utilize a congenital model of cilia dysfunction (IFT88Orpk) to study the importance of macrophages in HRFCD. Our data show a rapid expansion of the bile duct region and development of fibrosis between 2 and 4 wk of age. Immunofluorescence microscopy analysis reveals an accumulation of F4/80+ macrophages in regions exhibiting biliary hyperplasia in IFT88Orpk mice. Flow cytometry data show that cilia dysfunction leads to an accumulation of infiltrating macrophages (CD11bhi, F4/80lo) and a reduction of resident macrophage (CD11blo, F4/80hi) number. A majority of the infiltrating macrophages are Ly6chi profibrogenic macrophages. Along with the accumulation of immune cells, expression of proinflammatory and profibrotic transcripts, including TGF-β, TNF-α, IL-1β, and chemokine (C-C) motif ligand 2, is increased. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of flow-sorted cells shows enhanced expression of CCL2 in cholangiocytes and enhanced expression of VEGF-A and IL-6 in Ly6chi macrophages. Genetic inhibition of Ly6chi macrophage accumulation in IFT88Orpk FVB CCR2-/- mice reduced biliary fibrosis but did not affect epithelial expansion. Collectively, these studies suggest that biliary epithelium with defects in primary cilia preferentially recruits Ly6chi infiltrating macrophages, which promote fibrotic progression in HRFCD pathogenesis. NEW & NOTEWORTHY These studies are the first to address the contribution of the infiltrating and resident macrophage niche during progression of hepatorenal fibrocystic disease (HRFCD). We show that the number of infiltrating macrophages is significantly upregulated in HRFCD mouse models. Finally, we show that prevention of Ly6chi infiltrating macrophage accumulation significantly reduces biliary fibrosis, but not biliary hyperplasia, suggesting that this population may be responsible for the fibrotic progression of the disease in HRFCD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A. Zimmerman
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Cheng Jack Song
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Nancy Gonzalez-Mize
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Zhang Li
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Bradley K. Yoder
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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33
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Masyuk TV, Masyuk AI, LaRusso NF. Therapeutic Targets in Polycystic Liver Disease. Curr Drug Targets 2018; 18:950-957. [PMID: 25915482 DOI: 10.2174/1389450116666150427161743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic liver diseases (PLD) are a group of genetic disorders initiated by mutations in several PLD-related genes and characterized by the presence of multiple cholangiocyte-derived hepatic cysts that progressively replace liver tissue. PLD co-exists with Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) and Autosomal Recessive PKD as well as occurs alone (i.e., Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Liver Disease [ADPLD]). PLD associated with ADPKD and ARPKD belong to a group of disorders known as cholangiociliopathies since many disease-causative and disease-related proteins are expressed in primary cilia of cholangiocytes. Aberrant expression of these proteins in primary cilia affects their structures and functions promoting cystogenesis. Current medical therapies for PLD include symptomatic management and surgical interventions. To date, the only available drug treatment for PLD patients that halt disease progression and improve quality of life are somatostatin analogs. However, the modest clinical benefits, need for long-term maintenance therapy, and the high cost of treatment justify the necessity for more effective treatment options. Substantial evidence suggests that experimental manipulations with components of the signaling pathways that influence cyst development (e.g., cAMP, intracellular calcium, receptor tyrosine kinase, transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 4 (TRPV4) channel, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), histone deacetylase (HDAC6), Cdc25A phosphatase, miRNAs and metalloproteinases) attenuate growth of hepatic cysts. Many of these targets have been evaluated in pre-clinical trials suggesting their value as potential new therapies. This review outlines the current clinical and preclinical treatment strategies for PLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana V Masyuk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Anatoliy I Masyuk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Nicholas F LaRusso
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street, SW Rochester, Minnesota, MN 55905, United States
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Gradilone SA, Pisarello MJL, LaRusso NF. Primary Cilia in Tumor Biology: The Primary Cilium as a Therapeutic Target in Cholangiocarcinoma. Curr Drug Targets 2018; 18:958-963. [PMID: 25706257 DOI: 10.2174/1389450116666150223162737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cilia are microtubule-based organelles, which are ubiquitously expressed in epithelial cells. Cholangiocytes, the epithelial cells lining the biliary tree, have primary cilia extending from their apical plasma membrane into the ductal lumen, where the cilia function as multisensory organelles transducing environmental cues into the cell interior. The decrease or loss of primary cilia has been described in several malignancies, including cholangiocarcinoma, suggesting that the loss of cilia is a common occurrence in neoplastic transformation. In this short review, we describe the expression of cilia in several cancers, explore the mechanisms and consequences of ciliary loss, and discuss the potential use of the primary cilia as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio A Gradilone
- Cancer Cell Biology and Translational Research. The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota. 801 16th Avenue NE. Austin, MN 55912, United States
| | - Maria J Lorenzo Pisarello
- Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Nicholas F LaRusso
- Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, United States
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35
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Sato K, Meng F, Giang T, Glaser S, Alpini G. Mechanisms of cholangiocyte responses to injury. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:1262-1269. [PMID: 28648950 PMCID: PMC5742086 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cholangiocytes, epithelial cells that line the biliary epithelium, are the primary target cells for cholangiopathies including primary sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cholangitis. Quiescent cholangiocytes respond to biliary damage and acquire an activated neuroendocrine phenotype to maintain the homeostasis of the liver. The typical response of cholangiocytes is proliferation leading to bile duct hyperplasia, which is a characteristic of cholestatic liver diseases. Current studies have identified various signaling pathways that are associated with cholangiocyte proliferation/loss and liver fibrosis in cholangiopathies using human samples and rodent models. Although recent studies have demonstrated that extracellular vesicles and microRNAs could be mediators that regulate these messenger/receptor axes, further studies are required to confirm their roles. This review summarizes current studies of biliary response and cholangiocyte proliferation during cholestatic liver injury with particular emphasis on the secretin/secretin receptor axis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cholangiocytes in Health and Diseaseedited by Jesus Banales, Marco Marzioni, Nicholas LaRusso and Peter Jansen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisaku Sato
- Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, United States; Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX, United States; Academic Research Integration, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX, United States; Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Thao Giang
- Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, United States; Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX, United States; Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, United States; Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX, United States; Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, United States.
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36
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Cheung AC, Lorenzo Pisarello MJ, LaRusso NF. Pathobiology of biliary epithelia. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:1220-1231. [PMID: 28716705 PMCID: PMC5777905 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cholangiocytes are epithelial cells that line the intra- and extrahepatic biliary tree. They serve predominantly to mediate the content of luminal biliary fluid, which is controlled via numerous signaling pathways influenced by endogenous (e.g., bile acids, nucleotides, hormones, neurotransmitters) and exogenous (e.g., microbes/microbial products, drugs etc.) molecules. When injured, cholangiocytes undergo apoptosis/lysis, repair and proliferation. They also become senescent, a form of cell cycle arrest, which may prevent propagation of injury and/or malignant transformation. Senescent cholangiocytes can undergo further transformation to a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), where they begin secreting pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic signals that may contribute to disease initiation and progression. These and other concepts related to cholangiocyte pathobiology will be reviewed herein. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cholangiocytes in Health and Disease edited by Jesus Banales, Marco Marzioni, Nicholas LaRusso and Peter Jansen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela C Cheung
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Maria J Lorenzo Pisarello
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Nicholas F LaRusso
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.
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37
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Mansini AP, Peixoto E, Thelen KM, Gaspari C, Jin S, Gradilone SA. The cholangiocyte primary cilium in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:1245-1253. [PMID: 28625917 PMCID: PMC5732091 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cholangiocytes, like most cells, express primary cilia extending from their membranes. These organelles function as antennae which detect stimuli from bile and transmit the information into cells regulating several signaling pathways involved in secretion, proliferation and apoptosis. The ability of primary cilia to detect different signals is provided by ciliary associated proteins which are expressed in its membrane. Defects in the structure and/or function of these organelles lead to cholangiociliopathies that result in cholangiocyte hyperproliferation, altered fluid secretion and absorption. Since primary cilia dysfunction has been observed in several epithelial tumors, including cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), primary cilia have been proposed as tumor suppressor organelles. In addition, the loss of cilia is associated with dysregulation of several molecular pathways resulting in CCA development and progression. Thus, restoration of the primary cilia may be a potential therapeutic approach for several ciliopathies and CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cesar Gaspari
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
| | - Sujeong Jin
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
| | - Sergio A Gradilone
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Huang W, Rainbow DB, Wu Y, Adams D, Shivakumar P, Kottyan L, Karns R, Aronow B, Bezerra J, Gershwin ME, Peterson LB, Wicker LS, Ridgway WM. A Novel Pkhd1 Mutation Interacts with the Nonobese Diabetic Genetic Background To Cause Autoimmune Cholangitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 200:147-162. [PMID: 29158418 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that NOD.c3c4 mice develop spontaneous autoimmune biliary disease (ABD) with anti-mitochondrial Abs, histopathological lesions, and autoimmune T lymphocytes similar to human primary biliary cholangitis. In this article, we demonstrate that ABD in NOD.c3c4 and related NOD ABD strains is caused by a chromosome 1 region that includes a novel mutation in polycystic kidney and hepatic disease 1 (Pkhd1). We show that a long terminal repeat element inserted into intron 35 exposes an alternative polyadenylation site, resulting in a truncated Pkhd1 transcript. A novel NOD congenic mouse expressing aberrant Pkhd1, but lacking the c3 and c4 chromosomal regions (NOD.Abd3), reproduces the immunopathological features of NOD ABD. RNA sequencing of NOD.Abd3 common bile duct early in disease demonstrates upregulation of genes involved in cholangiocyte injury/morphology and downregulation of immunoregulatory genes. Consistent with this, bone marrow chimera studies show that aberrant Pkhd1 must be expressed in the target tissue (cholangiocytes) and the immune system (bone marrow). Mutations of Pkhd1 produce biliary abnormalities in mice but have not been previously associated with autoimmunity. In this study, we eliminate clinical biliary disease by backcrossing this Pkhd1 mutation onto the C57BL/6 genetic background; thus, the NOD genetic background (which promotes autoimmunity) is essential for disease. We propose that loss of functional Pkhd1 on the NOD background produces early bile duct abnormalities, initiating a break in tolerance that leads to autoimmune cholangitis in NOD.Abd3 congenic mice. This model is important for understanding loss of tolerance to cholangiocytes and is relevant to the pathogenesis of several human cholangiopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Huang
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Daniel B Rainbow
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Center for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Yuehong Wu
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - David Adams
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Pranavkumar Shivakumar
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Leah Kottyan
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Rebekah Karns
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Bruce Aronow
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Jorge Bezerra
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616; and
| | | | - Linda S Wicker
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Center for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - William M Ridgway
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267;
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39
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Bernabé-Rubio M, Alonso MA. Routes and machinery of primary cilium biogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:4077-4095. [PMID: 28624967 PMCID: PMC11107551 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2570-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia are solitary, microtubule-based protrusions of the cell surface that play fundamental roles as photosensors, mechanosensors and biochemical sensors. Primary cilia dysfunction results in a long list of developmental and degenerative disorders that combine to give rise to a large spectrum of human diseases affecting almost any major body organ. Depending on the cell type, primary ciliogenesis is initiated intracellularly, as in fibroblasts, or at the cell surface, as in renal polarized epithelial cells. In this review, we have focused on the routes of primary ciliogenesis placing particular emphasis on the recently described pathway in renal polarized epithelial cells by which the midbody remnant resulting from a previous cell division event enables the centrosome for initiation of primary cilium assembly. The protein machinery implicated in primary cilium formation in epithelial cells, including the machinery best known for its involvement in establishing cell polarity and polarized membrane trafficking, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Bernabé-Rubio
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Alonso
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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40
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Spasic M, Jacobs CR. Primary cilia: Cell and molecular mechanosensors directing whole tissue function. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 71:42-52. [PMID: 28843978 PMCID: PMC5922257 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia are immotile, microtubule-based organelles extending from the surface of nearly every mammalian cell. Mechanical stimulation causes deflection of the primary cilium, initiating downstream signaling cascades to the rest of the cell. The cilium forms a unique subcellular microdomain, and defects in ciliary protein composition or physical structure have been associated with a myriad of human pathologies. In this review, we discuss the importance of ciliary mechanotransduction at the cell and tissue level, and how furthering our molecular understanding of primary cilia mechanobiology may lead to therapeutic strategies to treat human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Spasic
- Columbia University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, United States.
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41
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Sato K, Meng F, Venter J, Giang T, Glaser S, Alpini G. The role of the secretin/secretin receptor axis in inflammatory cholangiocyte communication via extracellular vesicles. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11183. [PMID: 28894209 PMCID: PMC5593902 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10694-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Small and large intrahepatic bile ducts consist of small and large cholangiocytes, respectively, and these cholangiocytes have different morphology and functions. The gastrointestinal peptide hormone, secretin (SCT) that binds to secretin receptor (SR), is a key mediator in cholangiocyte pathophysiology. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound vesicles and cell-cell EV communication is recognized as an important factor in liver pathology, although EV communication between cholangiocytes is not identified to date. Cholangiocytes secrete proinflammatory cytokines during bacterial infection leading to biliary inflammation and hyperplasia. We demonstrate that cholangiocytes stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is a membrane component of gram-negative bacteria, secrete more EVs than cholangiocytes incubated with vehicle. These LPS-derived EVs induce inflammatory responses in other cholangiocytes including elevated cytokine production and cell proliferation. Large but not small cholangiocytes show inflammatory responses against large but not small cholangiocyte-derived EVs. Large cholangiocytes with knocked down either SCT or SR by short hairpin RNAs show reduced EV secretion during LPS stimulation, and EVs isolated from SCT or SR knocked down cholangiocytes fail to induce inflammatory reactions in control large cholangiocytes. This study identifies cholangiocyte EV communication during LPS stimulation, and demonstrates that the SCT/SR axis may be important for this event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisaku Sato
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, 76504, USA.,Department of Medicine, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Temple, TX, 76504, USA.,Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Healthcare, Temple, TX, 76504, USA
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, 76504, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Temple, TX, 76504, USA. .,Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Healthcare, Temple, TX, 76504, USA. .,Academic Research Integration, Baylor Scott & White Healthcare, Temple, TX, 76504, USA.
| | - Julie Venter
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, 76504, USA.,Department of Medicine, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Temple, TX, 76504, USA.,Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Healthcare, Temple, TX, 76504, USA
| | - Thao Giang
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, 76504, USA.,Department of Medicine, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Temple, TX, 76504, USA.,Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Healthcare, Temple, TX, 76504, USA
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, 76504, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Temple, TX, 76504, USA. .,Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Healthcare, Temple, TX, 76504, USA.
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, 76504, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Temple, TX, 76504, USA. .,Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Healthcare, Temple, TX, 76504, USA.
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42
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Mykytyn K, Askwith C. G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Signaling in Cilia. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a028183. [PMID: 28159877 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest and most versatile family of signaling receptors in humans. They respond to diverse external signals, such as photons, proteins, peptides, chemicals, hormones, lipids, and sugars, and mediate a myriad of functions in the human body. Signaling through GPCRs can be optimized by enriching receptors and downstream effectors in discrete cellular domains. Many GPCRs have been found to be selectively targeted to cilia on numerous mammalian cell types. Moreover, investigations into the pathophysiology of human ciliopathies have implicated GPCR ciliary signaling in a number of developmental and cellular pathways. Thus, cilia are now appreciated as an increasingly important nexus for GPCR signaling. Yet, we are just beginning to understand the precise signaling pathways mediated by most ciliary GPCRs and how they impact cellular function and mammalian physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk Mykytyn
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Ohio 43210.,Neuroscience Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Ohio 43210
| | - Candice Askwith
- Neuroscience Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Ohio 43210.,Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Ohio 43210
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43
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Chung BK, Karlsen TH, Folseraas T. Cholangiocytes in the pathogenesis of primary sclerosing cholangitis and development of cholangiocarcinoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1864:1390-1400. [PMID: 28844951 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is an idiopathic cholangiopathy strongly associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and characterized by cholestasis, chronic immune infiltration and progressive fibrosis of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts. PSC confers a high risk of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) with PSC-CCA representing the leading cause of PSC-associated mortality. PSC-CCA is derived from cholangiocytes and associated progenitor cells - a heterogeneous group of dynamic epithelial cells lining the biliary tree that modulate the composition and volume of bile production by the liver. Infection, inflammation and cholestasis can trigger cholangiocyte activation leading to an increased expression of adhesion and antigen-presenting molecules as well as the release of various inflammatory and fibrogenic mediators. As a result, activated cholangiocytes engage in a myriad of cellular processes, including hepatocellular proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis and fibrosis. Cholangiocytes can also regulate the recruitment of immune cells, mesenchymal cells, and endothelial cells that participate in tissue repair and destruction in settings of persistent inflammation. In PSC, the role of cholangiocytes and the mechanisms governing their transformation to PSC-CCA are unclear however localization of disease suggests that cholangiocytes are a key target and potential regulator of hepatobiliary immunity, fibrogenesis and tumorigenesis. Herein, we summarize mechanisms of cholangiocyte activation in PSC and highlight new insights into disease pathways that may contribute to the development of PSC-CCA. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cholangiocytes in Health and Disease edited by Jesus Banales, Marco Marzioni, Nicholas LaRusso and Peter Jansen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian K Chung
- Centre for Liver Research and NIHR Birmingham Inflammation Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Medicine and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Medicine and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Tom Hemming Karlsen
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Medicine and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Medicine and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trine Folseraas
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Medicine and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Medicine and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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44
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Wills ES, te Morsche RHM, van Reeuwijk J, Horn N, Geomini I, van de Laarschot LFM, Mans DA, Ueffing M, Boldt K, Drenth JPH, Roepman R. Liver cyst gene knockout in cholangiocytes inhibits cilium formation and Wnt signaling. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:4190-4202. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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45
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de Jong IEM, van Leeuwen OB, Lisman T, Gouw ASH, Porte RJ. Repopulating the biliary tree from the peribiliary glands. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1864:1524-1531. [PMID: 28778591 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The larger ducts of the biliary tree contain numerous tubulo-alveolar adnexal glands that are lined with biliary epithelial cells and connected to the bile duct lumen via small glandular canals. Although these peribiliary glands (PBG) were already described in the 19th century, their exact function and role in the pathophysiology and development of cholangiopathies have not become evident until recently. While secretion of serous and mucinous components into the bile was long considered as the main function of PBG, recent studies have identified PBG as an important source for biliary epithelial cell proliferation and renewal. Activation, dilatation, and proliferation of PBG (or the lack thereof) have been associated with various cholangiopathies. Moreover, PBG have been identified as niches of multipotent stem/progenitor cells with endodermal lineage traits. This has sparked research interest in the role of PBG in the pathogenesis of various cholangiopathies as well as bile duct malignancies. Deeper understanding of the regenerative capacity of the PBG may contribute to the development of novel regenerative therapeutics for previously untreatable hepatobiliary diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cholangiocytes in Health and Disease edited by Jesus Banales, Marco Marzioni, Nicholas LaRusso and Peter Jansen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris E M de Jong
- Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands; Section of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Otto B van Leeuwen
- Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands; Section of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ton Lisman
- Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annette S H Gouw
- Department of Pathology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert J Porte
- Section of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands.
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46
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Sampaziotis F, Justin AW, Tysoe OC, Sawiak S, Godfrey EM, Upponi SS, Gieseck RL, de Brito MC, Berntsen NL, Gómez-Vázquez MJ, Ortmann D, Yiangou L, Ross A, Bargehr J, Bertero A, Zonneveld MCF, Pedersen MT, Pawlowski M, Valestrand L, Madrigal P, Georgakopoulos N, Pirmadjid N, Skeldon GM, Casey J, Shu W, Materek PM, Snijders KE, Brown SE, Rimland CA, Simonic I, Davies SE, Jensen KB, Zilbauer M, Gelson WTH, Alexander GJ, Sinha S, Hannan NRF, Wynn TA, Karlsen TH, Melum E, Markaki AE, Saeb-Parsy K, Vallier L. Reconstruction of the mouse extrahepatic biliary tree using primary human extrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids. Nat Med 2017; 23:954-963. [PMID: 28671689 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of common bile duct (CBD) disorders, such as biliary atresia or ischemic strictures, is restricted by the lack of biliary tissue from healthy donors suitable for surgical reconstruction. Here we report a new method for the isolation and propagation of human cholangiocytes from the extrahepatic biliary tree in the form of extrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids (ECOs) for regenerative medicine applications. The resulting ECOs closely resemble primary cholangiocytes in terms of their transcriptomic profile and functional properties. We explore the regenerative potential of these organoids in vivo and demonstrate that ECOs self-organize into bile duct-like tubes expressing biliary markers following transplantation under the kidney capsule of immunocompromised mice. In addition, when seeded on biodegradable scaffolds, ECOs form tissue-like structures retaining biliary characteristics. The resulting bioengineered tissue can reconstruct the gallbladder wall and repair the biliary epithelium following transplantation into a mouse model of injury. Furthermore, bioengineered artificial ducts can replace the native CBD, with no evidence of cholestasis or occlusion of the lumen. In conclusion, ECOs can successfully reconstruct the biliary tree, providing proof of principle for organ regeneration using human primary cholangiocytes expanded in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotios Sampaziotis
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Hepatology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Olivia C Tysoe
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen Sawiak
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Edmund M Godfrey
- Department of Radiology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sara S Upponi
- Department of Radiology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Richard L Gieseck
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Miguel Cardoso de Brito
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Natalie Lie Berntsen
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - María J Gómez-Vázquez
- Cambridge Genomic Services, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel Ortmann
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Loukia Yiangou
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alexander Ross
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,University Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Johannes Bargehr
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alessandro Bertero
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mariëlle C F Zonneveld
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marianne T Pedersen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthias Pawlowski
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Laura Valestrand
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pedro Madrigal
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Nikitas Georgakopoulos
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Negar Pirmadjid
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gregor M Skeldon
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - John Casey
- Department of Surgery, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Wenmiao Shu
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Paulina M Materek
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Centre (BRC) hIPSCs Core Facility, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kirsten E Snijders
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephanie E Brown
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Casey A Rimland
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK.,Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ingrid Simonic
- Medical Genetics Laboratories, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Susan E Davies
- Department of Histopathology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kim B Jensen
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthias Zilbauer
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - William T H Gelson
- Department of Hepatology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Graeme J Alexander
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sanjay Sinha
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,University Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicholas R F Hannan
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre at the Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Thomas A Wynn
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tom H Karlsen
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Melum
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Athina E Markaki
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kourosh Saeb-Parsy
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ludovic Vallier
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK.,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
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47
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Wong MY, McCaughan GW, Strasser SI. An update on the pathophysiology and management of polycystic liver disease. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 11:569-581. [PMID: 28317394 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2017.1309280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic liver disease (PLD) is characterized by the presence of multiple cholangiocyte-derived hepatic cysts that progressively replace liver tissue. They are classified as an inherited ciliopathy /cholangiopathy as pathology exists at the level of the primary cilia of cholangiocytes. Aberrant expression of the proteins in primary cilia can impair their structures and functions, thereby promoting cystogenesis. Areas covered: This review begins by looking at the epidemiology of PLD and its natural history. It then describes the pathophysiology and corresponding potential treatment strategies for PLD. Expert commentary: Traditionally, therapies for symptomatic PLD have been limited to symptomatic management and surgical interventions. Such techniques are not completely effective, do not alter the natural history of the disease, and are linked with high rate of re-accumulation of cysts. As a result, there has been a push for drugs targeted at abnormal cellular signaling cascades to address deregulated proliferation, cell dedifferentiation, apoptosis and fluid secretion. Currently, the only available drug treatments that halt disease progression and improve quality of life in PLD patients are somatostatin analogues. Numerous preclinical studies suggest that targeting components of the signaling pathways that influence cyst development can ameliorate growth of hepatic cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Yw Wong
- a AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre , Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
| | - Geoffrey W McCaughan
- a AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre , Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
| | - Simone I Strasser
- a AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre , Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
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Mitchison HM, Valente EM. Motile and non-motile cilia in human pathology: from function to phenotypes. J Pathol 2017; 241:294-309. [PMID: 27859258 DOI: 10.1002/path.4843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ciliopathies are inherited human disorders caused by both motile and non-motile cilia dysfunction that form an important and rapidly expanding disease category. Ciliopathies are complex conditions to diagnose, being multisystem disorders characterized by extensive genetic heterogeneity and clinical variability with high levels of lethality. There is marked phenotypic overlap among distinct ciliopathy syndromes that presents a major challenge for their recognition, diagnosis, and clinical management, in addition to posing an on-going task to develop the most appropriate family counselling. The impact of next-generation sequencing and high-throughput technologies in the last decade has significantly improved our understanding of the biological basis of ciliopathy disorders, enhancing our ability to determine the possible reasons for the extensive overlap in their symptoms and genetic aetiologies. Here, we review the diverse functions of cilia in human health and disease and discuss a growing shift away from the classical clinical definitions of ciliopathy syndromes to a more functional categorization. This approach arises from our improved understanding of this unique organelle, revealed through new genetic and cell biological insights into the discrete functioning of subcompartments of the cilium (basal body, transition zone, intraflagellar transport, motility). Mutations affecting these distinct ciliary protein modules can confer different genetic diseases and new clinical classifications are possible to define, according to the nature and extent of organ involvement. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Mitchison
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, University College London, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Enza Maria Valente
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy.,Neurogenetics Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 00143, Rome, Italy
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Grzelak CA, Sigglekow ND, Tirnitz-Parker JEE, Hamson EJ, Warren A, Maneck B, Chen J, Patkunanathan B, Boland J, Cheng R, Shackel NA, Seth D, Bowen DG, Martelotto LG, Watkins DN, McCaughan GW. Widespread GLI expression but limited canonical hedgehog signaling restricted to the ductular reaction in human chronic liver disease. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171480. [PMID: 28187190 PMCID: PMC5302813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Canonical Hedgehog (Hh) signaling in vertebrate cells occurs following Smoothened activation/translocation into the primary cilia (Pc), followed by a GLI transcriptional response. Nonetheless, GLI activation can occur independently of the canonical Hh pathway. Using a murine model of liver injury, we previously identified the importance of canonical Hh signaling within the Pc+ liver progenitor cell (LPC) population and noted that SMO-independent, GLI-mediated signals were important in multiple Pc-ve GLI2+ intrahepatic populations. This study extends these observations to human liver tissue, and analyses the effect of GLI inhibition on LPC viability/gene expression. Human donor and cirrhotic liver tissue specimens were evaluated for SHH, GLI2 and Pc expression using immunofluorescence and qRT-PCR. Changes to viability and gene expression in LPCs in vitro were assessed following GLI inhibition. Identification of Pc (as a marker of canonical Hh signaling) in human cirrhosis was predominantly confined to the ductular reaction and LPCs. In contrast, GLI2 was expressed in multiple cell populations including Pc-ve endothelium, hepatocytes, and leukocytes. HSCs/myofibroblasts (>99%) expressed GLI2, with only 1.92% displaying Pc. In vitro GLI signals maintained proliferation/viability within LPCs and GLI inhibition affected the expression of genes related to stemness, hepatocyte/biliary differentiation and Hh/Wnt signaling. At least two mechanisms of GLI signaling (Pc/SMO-dependent and Pc/SMO-independent) mediate chronic liver disease pathogenesis. This may have significant ramifications for the choice of Hh inhibitor (anti-SMO or anti-GLI) suitable for clinical trials. We also postulate GLI delivers a pro-survival signal to LPCs whilst maintaining stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Elizabeth Jane Hamson
- Liver Injury and Cancer, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alessandra Warren
- Ageing and Alzheimers Institute, Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, University of Sydney, Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bharvi Maneck
- Liver Injury and Cancer, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- A.W. Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, R.P.A.H., Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jinbiao Chen
- Liver Injury and Cancer, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Jade Boland
- Liver Injury and Cancer, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robert Cheng
- Liver Injury and Cancer, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicholas Adam Shackel
- Liver Injury and Cancer, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- A.W. Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, R.P.A.H., Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Devanshi Seth
- Liver Injury and Cancer, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Geoffrey Bowen
- Liver Injury and Cancer, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- A.W. Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, R.P.A.H., Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Luciano Gastón Martelotto
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - D. Neil Watkins
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Geoffrey William McCaughan
- Liver Injury and Cancer, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- A.W. Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, R.P.A.H., Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Primary cilia are small, antenna-like structures that detect mechanical and chemical cues and transduce extracellular signals. While mammalian primary cilia were first reported in the late 1800s, scientific interest in these sensory organelles has burgeoned since the beginning of the twenty-first century with recognition that primary cilia are essential to human health. Among the most common clinical manifestations of ciliary dysfunction are renal cysts. The molecular mechanisms underlying renal cystogenesis are complex, involving multiple aberrant cellular processes and signaling pathways, while initiating molecular events remain undefined. Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease is the most common renal cystic disease, caused by disruption of polycystin-1 and polycystin-2 transmembrane proteins, which evidence suggests must localize to primary cilia for proper function. To understand how the absence of these proteins in primary cilia may be remediated, we review intracellular trafficking of polycystins to the primary cilium. We also examine the controversial mechanisms by which primary cilia transduce flow-mediated mechanical stress into intracellular calcium. Further, to better understand ciliary function in the kidney, we highlight the LKB1/AMPK, Wnt, and Hedgehog developmental signaling pathways mediated by primary cilia and misregulated in renal cystic disease.
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