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Liu Y, Cao P, Xiao L, Tang N, Fei W, Li X. Hypomethylation-associated Sox11 upregulation promotes oncogenesis via the PI3K/AKT pathway in OLP-associated OSCC. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18556. [PMID: 39039706 PMCID: PMC11263134 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a particularly prevalent oral disorder with the potential to progress to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). SRY-box transcription factor 11 (Sox11) has been reported to serve as a prognostic marker for various cancers. However, the role and mechanism of Sox11 in OLP-related OSCC are unknown. Our results indicated that Sox11 was highly expressed, and that Sox11 promoter methylation was significantly reduced in OLP-associated OSCC tissues. High Sox11 expression and Sox11 promoter hypomethylation indicate a poor patient prognosis. According to in vivo and in vitro experiments, the knockdown of Sox11 inhibited proliferation, invasion, and migration while driving its apoptotic death in OSSC cells; Sox11 overexpression exerted the opposite effect as Sox11 knockdown. Mechanistically, knockdown of Sox11 inhibited PI3K/AKT and glycolysis pathway, and overexpression of Sox11 enhanced the PI3K/AKT and glycolysis pathways in OSCC cells. In addition, we demonstrated that Sox11 overexpression accelerated the progression of OSCC, at least in part by promoting PI3K/AKT pathway activation. In conclusion, our data indicated that the DNA hypomethylation-associated upregulation of Sox11 could promote oncogenic transformation via the PI3K/AKT pathway in OLP-associated OSCC. Therefore, Sox11 might be a reliable biomarker for predicting the progression of precancerous oral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Sichuan Provincial People's HospitalUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduSichuanChina
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of MedicineUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduSichuanChina
| | - Peilin Cao
- Department of Stomatology, Sichuan Provincial People's HospitalUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduSichuanChina
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of MedicineUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduSichuanChina
| | - Li Xiao
- Department of Stomatology, Sichuan Provincial People's HospitalUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduSichuanChina
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of MedicineUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduSichuanChina
| | - Na Tang
- Department of Stomatology, Sichuan Provincial People's HospitalUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduSichuanChina
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of MedicineUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduSichuanChina
| | - Wei Fei
- Department of Stomatology, Sichuan Provincial People's HospitalUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduSichuanChina
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of MedicineUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduSichuanChina
- Department of StomatologySichuan Provincial People's Hospital Wenjiang HospitalChengduChina
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Stomatology, Sichuan Provincial People's HospitalUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduSichuanChina
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of MedicineUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduSichuanChina
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Treccarichi S, Calì F, Vinci M, Ragalmuto A, Musumeci A, Federico C, Costanza C, Bottitta M, Greco D, Saccone S, Elia M. Implications of a De Novo Variant in the SOX12 Gene in a Patient with Generalized Epilepsy, Intellectual Disability, and Childhood Emotional Behavioral Disorders. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:6407-6422. [PMID: 39057025 PMCID: PMC11276073 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46070383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
SRY-box transcription factor (SOX) genes, a recently discovered gene family, play crucial roles in the regulation of neuronal stem cell proliferation and glial differentiation during nervous system development and neurogenesis. Whole exome sequencing (WES) in patients presenting with generalized epilepsy, intellectual disability, and childhood emotional behavioral disorder, uncovered a de novo variation within SOX12 gene. Notably, this gene has never been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. No variants in known genes linked with the patient's symptoms have been detected by the WES Trio analysis. To date, any MIM phenotype number associated with intellectual developmental disorder has not been assigned for SOX12. In contrast, both SOX4 and SOX11 genes within the same C group (SoxC) of the Sox gene family have been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. The variant identified in the patient here described was situated within the critical high-mobility group (HMG) functional site of the SOX12 protein. This domain, in the Sox protein family, is essential for DNA binding and bending, as well as being responsible for transcriptional activation or repression during the early stages of gene expression. Sequence alignment within SoxC (SOX12, SOX4 and SOX11) revealed a high conservation rate of the HMG region. The in silico predictive analysis described this novel variant as likely pathogenic. Furthermore, the mutated protein structure predictions unveiled notable changes with potential deleterious effects on the protein structure. The aim of this study is to establish a correlation between the SOX12 gene and the symptoms diagnosed in the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Treccarichi
- Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy; (S.T.); (F.C.); (M.V.); (A.R.); (A.M.); (M.B.); (D.G.); (M.E.)
| | - Francesco Calì
- Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy; (S.T.); (F.C.); (M.V.); (A.R.); (A.M.); (M.B.); (D.G.); (M.E.)
| | - Mirella Vinci
- Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy; (S.T.); (F.C.); (M.V.); (A.R.); (A.M.); (M.B.); (D.G.); (M.E.)
| | - Alda Ragalmuto
- Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy; (S.T.); (F.C.); (M.V.); (A.R.); (A.M.); (M.B.); (D.G.); (M.E.)
| | - Antonino Musumeci
- Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy; (S.T.); (F.C.); (M.V.); (A.R.); (A.M.); (M.B.); (D.G.); (M.E.)
| | - Concetta Federico
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Via Androne 81, 95124 Catania, Italy;
| | - Carola Costanza
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother and Child Care “G. D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Maria Bottitta
- Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy; (S.T.); (F.C.); (M.V.); (A.R.); (A.M.); (M.B.); (D.G.); (M.E.)
| | - Donatella Greco
- Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy; (S.T.); (F.C.); (M.V.); (A.R.); (A.M.); (M.B.); (D.G.); (M.E.)
| | - Salvatore Saccone
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Via Androne 81, 95124 Catania, Italy;
| | - Maurizio Elia
- Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy; (S.T.); (F.C.); (M.V.); (A.R.); (A.M.); (M.B.); (D.G.); (M.E.)
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3
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Ben-Tov Perry R, Tsoory M, Tolmasov M, Ulitsky I. Silc1 long noncoding RNA is an immediate-early gene promoting efficient memory formation. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113168. [PMID: 37742186 PMCID: PMC10636608 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are expressed in many brain circuits and types of neurons; nevertheless, their functional significance for normal brain functions remains elusive. Here, we study the functions in the central nervous system of Silc1, an lncRNA we have shown previously to be important for neuronal regeneration in the peripheral nervous system. We found that Silc1 is rapidly and strongly induced in the hippocampus upon exposure to novelty and is required for efficient spatial learning. Silc1 production is important for induction of Sox11 (its cis-regulated target gene) throughout the CA1-CA3 regions and proper expression of key Sox11 target genes. Consistent with its role in neuronal plasticity, Silc1 levels decline during aging and in models of Alzheimer's disease. Overall, we describe a plasticity pathway in which Silc1 acts as an immediate-early gene to activate Sox11 and induce a neuronal growth-associated transcriptional program important for learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rotem Ben-Tov Perry
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel; Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Michael Tsoory
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Michael Tolmasov
- Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Igor Ulitsky
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel; Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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4
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Reprogramming neurons for regeneration: The fountain of youth. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 214:102284. [PMID: 35533809 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) are terminally differentiated cells that gradually lose their ability to support regeneration during maturation due to changes in transcriptomic and chromatin landscape. Similar transcriptomic changes also occur during development when stem cells differentiate into different types of somatic cells. Importantly, differentiated cells can be reprogrammed back to induced pluripotent stems cells (iPSCs) via global epigenetic remodeling by combined overexpression of pluripotent reprogramming factors, including Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc, Nanog, and/or Lin28. Moreover, recent findings showed that many proneural transcription factors were able to convert non-neural somatic cells into neurons bypassing the pluripotent stage via direct reprogramming. Interestingly, many of these factors have recently been identified as key regulators of CNS neural regeneration. Recent studies indicated that these factors could rejuvenate mature CNS neurons back to a younger state through cellular state reprogramming, thus favoring regeneration. Here we will review some recent findings regarding the roles of genetic cellular state reprogramming in regulation of neural regeneration and explore the potential underlying molecular mechanisms. Moreover, by using newly emerging techniques, such as multiomics sequencing with big data analysis and Crispr-based gene editing, we will discuss future research directions focusing on better revealing cellular state reprogramming-induced remodeling of chromatin landscape and potential translational application.
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5
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Alburaiky S, Taylor J, O'Grady G, Thomson G, Perry D, England EM, Yap P. Cochlear nerve deficiency in SOX11-related Coffin-Siris syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2022; 188:2460-2465. [PMID: 35642566 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The phenotypic spectrum of SOX11-related Coffin-Siris syndrome (CSS) is expanding with reports of new associations. SOX11 is implicated in neurogenesis and inner ear development. Cochlear nerve deficiency, absence or hypoplasia, is commonly associated with cochlear canal stenosis or with CHARGE syndrome, a monogenic condition that affects inner ear development. SOX11 is a transcription factor essential for neuronal identity, highly correlated with the expression of CHD7, which regulates SOX11. We present two unrelated probands, each with novel de novo SOX11 likely pathogenic variants and phenotypic manifestations of CSS including global developmental delay, growth deficiency, and hypoplastic nails. They have unilateral sensorineural hearing loss due to cochlear nerve deficiency confirmed on MRI. SOX11 is implicated in sensory neuron survival and maturation. It is highly expressed in the developing inner ear. Homozygous ablation of SOX11 in a mouse model resulted in a reduction in sensory neuron survival and decreased axonal growth. A heterozygous knockout mice model had hearing impairment with grossly normal inner ear structures like the two probands reported. We propose cochlear nerve deficiency as a new phenotypic feature of SOX11-related CSS. Magnetic resonance imaging is useful in delineating the cochlear nerve deficiency and other CSS-related brain malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salam Alburaiky
- Genetic Health Service New Zealand-Northern Hub, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Juliet Taylor
- Genetic Health Service New Zealand-Northern Hub, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gina O'Grady
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Glen Thomson
- Department of Paediatric Radiology, Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David Perry
- Department of Paediatric Radiology, Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Eleina M England
- Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Patrick Yap
- Genetic Health Service New Zealand-Northern Hub, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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6
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Jansen C, Paraiso KD, Zhou JJ, Blitz IL, Fish MB, Charney RM, Cho JS, Yasuoka Y, Sudou N, Bright AR, Wlizla M, Veenstra GJC, Taira M, Zorn AM, Mortazavi A, Cho KWY. Uncovering the mesendoderm gene regulatory network through multi-omic data integration. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110364. [PMID: 35172134 PMCID: PMC8917868 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesendodermal specification is one of the earliest events in embryogenesis, where cells first acquire distinct identities. Cell differentiation is a highly regulated process that involves the function of numerous transcription factors (TFs) and signaling molecules, which can be described with gene regulatory networks (GRNs). Cell differentiation GRNs are difficult to build because existing mechanistic methods are low throughput, and high-throughput methods tend to be non-mechanistic. Additionally, integrating highly dimensional data composed of more than two data types is challenging. Here, we use linked self-organizing maps to combine chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq)/ATAC-seq with temporal, spatial, and perturbation RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data from Xenopus tropicalis mesendoderm development to build a high-resolution genome scale mechanistic GRN. We recover both known and previously unsuspected TF-DNA/TF-TF interactions validated through reporter assays. Our analysis provides insights into transcriptional regulation of early cell fate decisions and provides a general approach to building GRNs using highly dimensional multi-omic datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camden Jansen
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kitt D Paraiso
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jeff J Zhou
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ira L Blitz
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Margaret B Fish
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Rebekah M Charney
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jin Sun Cho
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Yuuri Yasuoka
- Laboratory for Comprehensive Genomic Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Norihiro Sudou
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ann Rose Bright
- Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marcin Wlizla
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Gert Jan C Veenstra
- Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Masanori Taira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aaron M Zorn
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ali Mortazavi
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Ken W Y Cho
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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7
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Barros Ribeiro da Silva V, Porcionatto M, Toledo Ribas V. The Rise of Molecules Able To Regenerate the Central Nervous System. J Med Chem 2019; 63:490-511. [PMID: 31518122 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Injury to the adult central nervous system (CNS) usually leads to permanent deficits of cognitive, sensory, and/or motor functions. The failure of axonal regeneration in the damaged CNS limits functional recovery. The lack of information concerning the biological mechanism of axonal regeneration and its complexity has delayed the process of drug discovery for many years compared to other drug classes. Starting in the early 2000s, the ability of many molecules to stimulate axonal regrowth was evaluated through automated screening techniques; many hits and some new mechanisms involved in axonal regeneration were identified. In this Perspective, we discuss the rise of the CNS regenerative drugs, the main biological techniques used to test these drug candidates, some of the most important screens performed so far, and the main challenges following the identification of a drug that is able to induce axonal regeneration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marimélia Porcionatto
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo , Escola Paulista de Medicina, Laboratório de Neurobiologia Molecular, Departmento de Bioquímica , Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669 - third floor, 04039-032 São Paulo , São Paolo , Brazil
| | - Vinicius Toledo Ribas
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Morfologia, Laboratório de Neurobiologia Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, room O3-245 , - Campus Pampulha, 31270-901 , Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil
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8
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Sah RK, Yang A, Bah FB, Adlat S, Bohio AA, Oo ZM, Wang C, Myint MZZ, Bahadar N, Zhang L, Feng X, Zheng Y. Transcriptome profiling of mouse brain and lung under Dip2a regulation using RNA-sequencing. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213702. [PMID: 31291246 PMCID: PMC6619597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Disconnected interacting protein 2 homolog A (DIP2A) is highly expressed in nervous system and respiratory system of developing embryos. However, genes regulated by Dip2a in developing brain and lung have not been systematically studied. Transcriptome of brain and lung in embryonic 19.5 day (E19.5) were compared between wild type and Dip2a-/- mice. An average of 50 million reads per sample was mapped to the reference sequence. A total of 214 DEGs were detected in brain (82 up and 132 down) and 1900 DEGs in lung (1259 up and 641 down). GO enrichment analysis indicated that DEGs in both Brain and Lung were mainly enriched in biological processes ‘DNA-templated transcription and Transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter’, ‘multicellular organism development’, ‘cell differentiation’ and ‘apoptotic process’. In addition, COG classification showed that both were mostly involved in ‘Replication, Recombination, and Repair’, ‘Signal transduction and mechanism’, ‘Translation, Ribosomal structure and Biogenesis’ and ‘Transcription’. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that brain was mainly enriched in ‘Thyroid cancer’ pathway whereas lung in ‘Complement and Coagulation Cascades’ pathway. Transcription factor (TF) annotation analysis identified Zinc finger domain containing (ZF) proteins were mostly regulated in lung and brain. Interestingly, study identified genes Skor2, Gpr3711, Runx1, Erbb3, Frmd7, Fut10, Sox11, Hapln1, Tfap2c and Plxnb3 from brain that play important roles in neuronal cell maturation, differentiation, and survival; genes Hoxa5, Eya1, Errfi1, Sox11, Shh, Igf1, Ccbe1, Crh, Fgf9, Lama5, Pdgfra, Ptn, Rbp4 and Wnt7a from lung are important in lung development. Expression levels of the candidate genes were validated by qRT-PCR. Genome wide transcriptional analysis using wild type and Dip2a knockout mice in brain and lung at embryonic day 19.5 (E19.5) provided a genetic basis of molecular function of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Kumar Sah
- Transgenic Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Analn Yang
- Transgenic Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Fatoumata Binta Bah
- Transgenic Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Salah Adlat
- Transgenic Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Ameer Ali Bohio
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Zin Mar Oo
- Transgenic Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Chenhao Wang
- Transgenic Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - May Zun Zaw Myint
- Transgenic Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Noor Bahadar
- Transgenic Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Luqing Zhang
- Transgenic Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- * E-mail: (LQZ); (XCF); (YWZ)
| | - Xuechao Feng
- Transgenic Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- * E-mail: (LQZ); (XCF); (YWZ)
| | - Yaowu Zheng
- Transgenic Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- * E-mail: (LQZ); (XCF); (YWZ)
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9
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Yang Z, Jiang S, Lu C, Ji T, Yang W, Li T, Lv J, Hu W, Yang Y, Jin Z. SOX11: friend or foe in tumor prevention and carcinogenesis? Ther Adv Med Oncol 2019; 11:1758835919853449. [PMID: 31210798 PMCID: PMC6547177 DOI: 10.1177/1758835919853449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex-determining region Y-related high-mobility-group box transcription factor 11
(SOX11) is an essential member of the SOX transcription factors and has been
highlighted as an important regulator in embryogenesis. SOX11 studies have only
recently shifted focus from its role in embryogenesis and development to its
function in disease. In particular, the role of SOX11 in carcinogenesis has
become of major interest in the field. SOX11 expression is elevated in a wide
variety of tumors. In many cancers, dysfunctional expression of SOX11 has been
correlated with increased cancer cell survival, inhibited cell differentiation,
and tumor progression through the induction of metastasis and angiogenesis.
Nevertheless, in a limited number of malignancies, SOX11 has also been
identified to function as a tumor suppressor. Herein, we review the correlation
between the expression of SOX11 and tumor behaviors. We also summarize the
mechanisms underlying the regulation of SOX11 expression and activity in
pathological conditions. In particular, we focus on the pathological processes
of cancer targeted by SOX11 and discuss whether SOX11 is protective or
detrimental during tumor progression. Moreover, SOX11 is highlighted as a
clinical biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of various human cancer. The
information reviewed here should assist in future experimental designs and
emphasize the potential of SOX11 as a therapeutic target for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Department of Aerospace Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chenxi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ting Ji
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenwen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tian Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianjun Lv
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhenxiao Jin
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
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10
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Xu S, Yu J, Wang Z, Ni C, Xia L, Tang T. SOX11 promotes osteoarthritis through induction of TNF-α. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 215:152442. [PMID: 31078342 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.152442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease and the molecular mechanism of OA remains unclear. Transcription factor SOX11 has been proved to be involved in the development progress of OA. The present study aimed to evaluate the potential function of SOX11 during the development of OA. METHODS SOX11 expression in patients with OA and health donator was determined with qRT-PCR. Subsequently, in vitro OA model was established by treating the chondrocyte cells CHON-001 with IL-1β. Next, we validated the function of SOX11 in in vitro OA model by using siRNAs. Finally, the relationship between SOX11 and TNF-α was explored. RESULTS SOX11 was upregulated in patients with OA and in IL-1β treated cells. IL-1β significantly increased both the mRNA and protein levels of MMP13 and cleaved caspase 3, while decreased collagen II and aggrecan in CHON-001 cells. In addition, knockdown of SOX11 could significantly decrease IL-1β-induced apoptosis in CHON-001 cells. Meanwhile, IL-1β induced OA like phenomenon was significantly reversed by siRNA interference. Moreover, inhibition of SOX11 decreased the level of TNF-α in patients with OA and in IL-1β treated cell supernatant. CONCLUSION Inhibition of SOX11 could improve IL-1β-induced OA like phenomenon in CHON-001 cells, which suggesting SOX11 played an important role during the pathogenesis of OA. Thus, we hypothesized that SOX11 could be a potential target for the treatment of patients with OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiping Xu
- Department of orthopedics, Zhangjiagang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu 215600, China
| | - Jingcheng Yu
- Department of orthopedics, Zhangjiagang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu 215600, China
| | - Zhirong Wang
- Department of orthopedics, Zhangjiagang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu 215600, China.
| | - Chunlin Ni
- Department of orthopedics, Zhangjiagang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu 215600, China
| | - Long Xia
- Department of orthopedics, Zhangjiagang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu 215600, China
| | - Tianyi Tang
- Department of orthopedics, Zhangjiagang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu 215600, China
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11
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Huang J, Ji EH, Zhao X, Cui L, Misuno K, Guo M, Huang Z, Chen X, Hu S. Sox11 promotes head and neck cancer progression via the regulation of SDCCAG8. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:138. [PMID: 30922366 PMCID: PMC6440126 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1146-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background SOX11 is a transcription factor that plays an important role in mantle cell lymphoma development. However, its functional role in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains unknown. Methods Protein expression was measured with Western blotting, immunohistochemistry or quantitative proteomics, and gene expression was measured with quantitative RT-PCR. Functional role of SOX11 in HNSCC was evaluated with MTS/apoptosis, migration, invasion assays and a xenograft model. A SOX11-targeting gene, SDCCAG8, was confirmed with chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), luciferase reporter and rescue assays. Results SOX11 was up-regulated in recurrent versus primary HNSCC and in highly invasive versus low invasive HNSCC cell lines. Silencing SOX11 in HNSCC cell lines significantly inhibited the cell proliferation, migration, invasion and resistance to Cisplatin, and vice versa. Quantitative proteomic analysis of SOX11-silencing HNSCC cells revealed a number of differentially expressed proteins, including a down-regulated tumor antigen SDCCAG8. Silencing of SDCCAG8 in HNSCC cells also significantly inhibited the cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and vice versa. ChIP assays demonstrated that endogenous SOX11 strongly bound to Sdccag8 gene promoter in highly invasive HNSCC cells. When over-expressed in low invasive HNSCC cells, wild type SOX11 but not mutant SOX11 induced the promoter activity of Sdccag8 and significantly induced the expression of SDCCAG8. However, exogenous mutant SOX11 abolished the expression of SDCCAG8 in highly invasive HNSCC cells. In addition, the inhibitory effects of SOX11 knockdown were partially rescued by over-expression of SDCCAG8 in HNSCC cells. Conclusion Collectively, our findings indicate SOX11 promotes HNSCC progression via the regulation of SDCCAG8. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-019-1146-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Huang
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Eoon Hye Ji
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Xinyuan Zhao
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Li Cui
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Kaori Misuno
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Mian Guo
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Zhigang Huang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Shen Hu
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. .,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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12
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Majer A, Medina SJ, Sorensen D, Martin MJ, Frost KL, Phillipson C, Manguiat K, Booth SA. The cell type resolved mouse transcriptome in neuron-enriched brain tissues from the hippocampus and cerebellum during prion disease. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1099. [PMID: 30705335 PMCID: PMC6355796 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37715-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple cell types and complex connection networks are an intrinsic feature of brain tissue. In this study we used expression profiling of specific microscopic regions of heterogeneous tissue sections isolated by laser capture microdissection (LCM) to determine insights into the molecular basis of brain pathology in prion disease. Temporal profiles in two mouse models of prion disease, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and a mouse-adapted strain of scrapie (RML) were performed in microdissected regions of the CA1 hippocampus and granular layer of the cerebellum which are both enriched in neuronal cell bodies. We noted that during clinical disease the number of activated microglia and astrocytes that occur in these areas are increased, thereby likely diluting the neuronal gene expression signature. We performed a comparative analysis with gene expression profiles determined from isolated populations of neurons, microglia and astrocytes to identify transcripts that are enriched in each of these cell types. Although the incubation periods of these two models are quite different, over 300 days for BSE and ~160 days for RML scrapie, these regional microdissections revealed broadly similar profiles. Microglial and astrocyte-enriched genes contributed a profound inflammatory profile consisting of inflammatory cytokines, genes related to phagocytosis, proteolysis and genes coding for extracellular matrix proteins. CA1 pyramidal neurons displayed a net upregulation of transcription factors and stress induced genes at pre-clinical stages of disease while all tissues showed profound decrease of overlapping genes related to neuronal function, in particular transcripts related to neuronal communication including glutamate receptors, phosphatase subunits and numerous synapse-related markers. Of note, we found a small number of genes expressed in neurons that were upregulated during clinical disease including, COX6A2, FZD9, RXRG and SOX11, that may be biomarkers of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Majer
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Viral Diseases, National Microbiology Laboratory, Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Sarah J Medina
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Debra Sorensen
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Matthew J Martin
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Kathy L Frost
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Clark Phillipson
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Kathy Manguiat
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Stephanie A Booth
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. .,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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13
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Xu L, Shunmei E, Lin S, Hou Y, Lin W, He W, Wang H, Li G. Sox11-modified mesenchymal stem cells accelerate cartilage defect repair in SD rats. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 376:247-255. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-02979-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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Balta EA, Schäffner I, Wittmann MT, Sock E, von Zweydorf F, von Wittgenstein J, Steib K, Heim B, Kremmer E, Häberle BM, Ueffing M, Lie DC, Gloeckner CJ. Phosphorylation of the neurogenic transcription factor SOX11 on serine 133 modulates neuronal morphogenesis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16196. [PMID: 30385877 PMCID: PMC6212486 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34480-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The intellectual disability gene, Sox11, encodes for a critical neurodevelopmental transcription factor with functions in precursor survival, neuronal fate determination, migration and morphogenesis. The mechanisms regulating SOX11’s activity remain largely unknown. Mass spectrometric analysis uncovered that SOX11 can be post-translationally modified by phosphorylation. Here, we report that phosphorylatable serines surrounding the high-mobility group box modulate SOX11’s transcriptional activity. Through Mass Spectrometry (MS), co-immunoprecipitation assays and in vitro phosphorylation assays followed by MS we verified that protein kinase A (PKA) interacts with SOX11 and phosphorylates it on S133. In vivo replacement of SoxC factors in developing adult-generated hippocampal neurons with SOX11 S133 phospho-mutants indicated that phosphorylation on S133 modulates dendrite development of adult-born dentate granule neurons, while reporter assays suggested that S133 phosphorylation fine-tunes the activation of select target genes. These data provide novel insight into the control of the critical neurodevelopmental regulator SOX11 and imply SOX11 as a mediator of PKA-regulated neuronal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elli-Anna Balta
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Iris Schäffner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marie-Theres Wittmann
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Sock
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Felix von Zweydorf
- DZNE-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julia von Wittgenstein
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Steib
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Birgit Heim
- University of Tübingen, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Center for Ophthalmology, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kremmer
- Monoclonal Antibody Core Facility, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Martin Häberle
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marius Ueffing
- University of Tübingen, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Center for Ophthalmology, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dieter Chichung Lie
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Christian Johannes Gloeckner
- DZNE-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 72076, Tübingen, Germany. .,University of Tübingen, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Center for Ophthalmology, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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15
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Mitamura Y, Nunomura S, Nanri Y, Arima K, Yoshihara T, Komiya K, Fukuda S, Takatori H, Nakajima H, Furue M, Izuhara K. Hierarchical control of interleukin 13 (IL-13) signals in lung fibroblasts by STAT6 and SOX11. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:14646-14658. [PMID: 30076218 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-13 is a signature cytokine of type 2 inflammation important for the pathogenesis of various diseases, including allergic diseases. Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 6 is a critical transcriptional factor for the IL-13 signals; however, it remains unknown how expression of the IL-13-induced genes is differentiated by the transcriptional machineries. In this study, we identified IL-13-induced transcriptional factors in lung fibroblasts using DNA microarrays in which SOX11 was included. Knockdown of SOX11 down-regulated expression of periostin and CCL26, both of which are known to be downstream molecules of IL-13, whereas enforced expression of SOX11 together with IL-13 stimulation enhanced expression of periostin. Moreover, we found that in DNA microarrays combining IL-13 induction and SOX11 knockdown there exist both SOX11-dependent and -independent molecules in IL-13-inducible molecules. In the former, many inflammation-related and fibrosis-related molecules, including periostin and CCL26, are involved. These results suggest that SOX11 acts as a trans-acting transcriptional factor downstream of STAT6 and that in lung fibroblasts the IL-13 signals are hierarchically controlled by STAT6 and SOX11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutaka Mitamura
- From the Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Saga Medical School, Saga 849-8501, Japan.,the Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nunomura
- From the Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Saga Medical School, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nanri
- From the Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Saga Medical School, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Arima
- From the Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Saga Medical School, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Tomohito Yoshihara
- From the Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Saga Medical School, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Kosaku Komiya
- From the Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Saga Medical School, Saga 849-8501, Japan.,the Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu 879-5593, Japan, and
| | - Shogo Fukuda
- From the Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Saga Medical School, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Takatori
- the Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakajima
- the Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Masutaka Furue
- the Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kenji Izuhara
- From the Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Saga Medical School, Saga 849-8501, Japan,
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16
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Balta EA, Wittmann MT, Jung M, Sock E, Haeberle BM, Heim B, von Zweydorf F, Heppt J, von Wittgenstein J, Gloeckner CJ, Lie DC. Phosphorylation Modulates the Subcellular Localization of SOX11. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:211. [PMID: 29973868 PMCID: PMC6020773 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
SOX11 is a key Transcription Factor (TF) in the regulation of embryonic and adult neurogenesis, whose mutation has recently been linked to an intellectual disability syndrome in humans. SOX11's transient activity during neurogenesis is critical to ensure the precise execution of the neurogenic program. Here, we report that SOX11 displays differential subcellular localizations during the course of neurogenesis. Western-Blot analysis of embryonic mouse brain lysates indicated that SOX11 is post-translationally modified by phosphorylation. Using Mass Spectrometry, we found 10 serine residues in the SOX11 protein that are putatively phosphorylated. Systematic analysis of phospho-mutant SOX11 resulted in the identification of the S30 residue, whose phosphorylation promotes nuclear over cytoplasmic localization of SOX11. Collectively, these findings uncover phosphorylation as a novel layer of regulation of the intellectual disability gene Sox11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elli-Anna Balta
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marie-Theres Wittmann
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Jung
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Sock
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Birgit Heim
- Center for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Jana Heppt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia von Wittgenstein
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Johannes Gloeckner
- Center for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,DZNE-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dieter Chichung Lie
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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17
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Ribas VT, Costa MR. Gene Manipulation Strategies to Identify Molecular Regulators of Axon Regeneration in the Central Nervous System. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:231. [PMID: 28824380 PMCID: PMC5545589 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Limited axon regeneration in the injured adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) usually results in irreversible functional deficits. Both the presence of extrinsic inhibitory molecules at the injury site and the intrinsically low capacity of adult neurons to grow axons are responsible for the diminished capacity of regeneration in the adult CNS. Conversely, in the embryonic CNS, neurons show a high regenerative capacity, mostly due to the expression of genes that positively control axon growth and downregulation of genes that inhibit axon growth. A better understanding of the role of these key genes controlling pro-regenerative mechanisms is pivotal to develop strategies to promote robust axon regeneration following adult CNS injury. Genetic manipulation techniques have been widely used to investigate the role of specific genes or a combination of different genes in axon regrowth. This review summarizes a myriad of studies that used genetic manipulations to promote axon growth in the injured CNS. We also review the roles of some of these genes during CNS development and suggest possible approaches to identify new candidate genes. Finally, we critically address the main advantages and pitfalls of gene-manipulation techniques, and discuss new strategies to promote robust axon regeneration in the mature CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius T Ribas
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas GeraisBelo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marcos R Costa
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do NorteNatal, Brazil
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18
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Norsworthy MW, Bei F, Kawaguchi R, Wang Q, Tran NM, Li Y, Brommer B, Zhang Y, Wang C, Sanes JR, Coppola G, He Z. Sox11 Expression Promotes Regeneration of Some Retinal Ganglion Cell Types but Kills Others. Neuron 2017. [PMID: 28641110 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
At least 30 types of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) send distinct messages through the optic nerve to the brain. Available strategies of promoting axon regeneration act on only some of these types. Here we tested the hypothesis that overexpressing developmentally important transcription factors in adult RGCs could reprogram them to a "youthful" growth-competent state and promote regeneration of other types. From a screen of transcription factors, we identified Sox11 as one that could induce substantial axon regeneration. Transcriptome profiling indicated that Sox11 activates genes involved in cytoskeletal remodeling and axon growth. Remarkably, α-RGCs, which preferentially regenerate following treatments such as Pten deletion, were killed by Sox11 overexpression. Thus, Sox11 promotes regeneration of non-α-RGCs, which are refractory to Pten deletion-induced regeneration. We conclude that Sox11 can reprogram adult RGCs to a growth-competent state, suggesting that different growth-promoting interventions promote regeneration in distinct neuronal types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Norsworthy
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; PhD Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Fengfeng Bei
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Riki Kawaguchi
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1761, USA
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1761, USA
| | - Nicholas M Tran
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Yi Li
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Benedikt Brommer
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yiming Zhang
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chen Wang
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joshua R Sanes
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1761, USA; Department of Neurology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1761, USA.
| | - Zhigang He
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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19
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Appel E, Weissmann S, Salzberg Y, Orlovsky K, Negreanu V, Tsoory M, Raanan C, Feldmesser E, Bernstein Y, Wolstein O, Levanon D, Groner Y. An ensemble of regulatory elements controls Runx3 spatiotemporal expression in subsets of dorsal root ganglia proprioceptive neurons. Genes Dev 2017; 30:2607-2622. [PMID: 28007784 PMCID: PMC5204353 DOI: 10.1101/gad.291484.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Appel et al. defined the genomic transcription unit encompassing regulatory elements (REs) that mediate the tissue-specific expression of Runx3. Then, using transgenic mice expressing BAC reporters spanning the Runx3 locus, they discovered three REs that cross-talk with promoter-2 (P2) to drive TrkC neuron-specific Runx3 transcription. The Runx3 transcription factor is essential for development and diversification of the dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) TrkC sensory neurons. In Runx3-deficient mice, developing TrkC neurons fail to extend central and peripheral afferents, leading to cell death and disruption of the stretch reflex circuit, resulting in severe limb ataxia. Despite its central role, the mechanisms underlying the spatiotemporal expression specificities of Runx3 in TrkC neurons were largely unknown. Here we first defined the genomic transcription unit encompassing regulatory elements (REs) that mediate the tissue-specific expression of Runx3. Using transgenic mice expressing BAC reporters spanning the Runx3 locus, we discovered three REs—dubbed R1, R2, and R3—that cross-talk with promoter-2 (P2) to drive TrkC neuron-specific Runx3 transcription. Deletion of single or multiple elements either in the BAC transgenics or by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated endogenous ablation established the REs’ ability to promote and/or repress Runx3 expression in developing sensory neurons. Our analysis reveals that an intricate combinatorial interplay among the three REs governs Runx3 expression in distinct subtypes of TrkC neurons while concomitantly extinguishing its expression in non-TrkC neurons. These findings provide insights into the mechanism regulating cell type-specific expression and subtype diversification of TrkC neurons in developing DRGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Appel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Sarit Weissmann
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Yehuda Salzberg
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.,Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Kira Orlovsky
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Varda Negreanu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Michael Tsoory
- Department of Veterinary Resources, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Calanit Raanan
- Department of Veterinary Resources, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Ester Feldmesser
- Life Science Core Facilities, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Yael Bernstein
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Orit Wolstein
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Ditsa Levanon
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Yoram Groner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
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Advances and Future Applications of Augmented Peripheral Nerve Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091494. [PMID: 27618010 PMCID: PMC5037771 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries remain a significant source of long lasting morbidity, disability, and economic costs. Much research continues to be performed in areas related to improving the surgical outcomes of peripheral nerve repair. In this review, the physiology of peripheral nerve regeneration and the multitude of efforts to improve surgical outcomes are discussed. Improvements in tissue engineering that have allowed for the use of synthetic conduits seeded with neurotrophic factors are highlighted. Selected pre-clinical and available clinical data using cell based methods such as Schwann cell, undifferentiated, and differentiated stem cell transplantation to guide and enhance peripheral nerve regeneration are presented. The limitations that still exist in the utility of neurotrophic factors and cell-based therapies are outlined. Strategies that are most promising for translation into the clinical arena are suggested.
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21
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A developmental coordinate of pluripotency among mice, monkeys and humans. Nature 2016; 537:57-62. [DOI: 10.1038/nature19096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Chen C, Jin J, Lee GA, Silva E, Donoghue M. Cross-species functional analyses reveal shared and separate roles for Sox11 in frog primary neurogenesis and mouse cortical neuronal differentiation. Biol Open 2016; 5:409-17. [PMID: 26962049 PMCID: PMC4890661 DOI: 10.1242/bio.015404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A well-functioning brain requires production of the correct number and types of cells during development; cascades of transcription factors are essential for cellular coordination. Sox proteins are transcription factors that affect various processes in the development of the nervous system. Sox11, a member of the SoxC family, is expressed in differentiated neurons and supports neuronal differentiation in several systems. To understand how generalizable the actions of Sox11 are across phylogeny, its function in the development of the frog nervous system and the mouse cerebral cortex were compared. Expression of Sox11 is largely conserved between these species; in the developing frog, Sox11 is expressed in the neural plate, neural tube and throughout the segmented brain, while in the mouse cerebral cortex, Sox11 is expressed in differentiated zones, including the preplate, subplate, marginal zone and cortical plate. In both frog and mouse, data demonstrate that Sox11 supports a role in promoting neuronal differentiation, with Sox11-positive cells expressing pan-neural markers and becoming morphologically complex. However, frog and mouse Sox11 cannot substitute for one another; a functional difference likely reflected in sequence divergence. Thus, Sox11 appears to act similarly in subserving neuronal differentiation but is species-specific in frog neural development and mouse corticogenesis. Summary: Sox11 acts to designate neurons in both mouse and frog brains, but orthologs are not functionally redundant. These data show evolutionary conservation of Sox11 function with molecular divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chen
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, 37th and O Street NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Jing Jin
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, 37th and O Street NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Garrett A Lee
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, 37th and O Street NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Elena Silva
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, 37th and O Street NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Maria Donoghue
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, 37th and O Street NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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23
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Abstract
The SOXC group of transcription factors, composed of SOX4, SOX11, and SOX12, has evolved to fulfill key functions in cell fate determination. Expressed in many types of progenitor/stem cells, including skeletal progenitors, SOXC proteins potentiate pathways critical for cell survival and differentiation. As skeletogenesis unfolds, SOXC proteins ensure cartilage primordia delineation by amplifying canonical WNT signaling and antagonizing the chondrogenic action of SOX9 in perichondrium and presumptive articular joint cells. They then ensure skeletal elongation by inducing growth plate formation via enabling non-canonical WNT signaling. Human studies have associated SOX4 with bone mineral density and fracture risk in osteoporotic patients, and SOX11 with Coffin-Siris, a syndrome that includes skeletal dysmorphism. Meanwhile, in vitro and mouse studies have suggested important cell-autonomous roles for SOXC proteins in osteoblastogenesis. We here review current knowledge and gaps in understanding of SOXC protein functions, with an emphasis on the skeleton and possible links to osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Lefebvre
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Orthopaedic and Rheumatologic Research Center, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
| | - Pallavi Bhattaram
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Orthopaedic and Rheumatologic Research Center, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
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24
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She ZY, Yang WX. SOX family transcription factors involved in diverse cellular events during development. Eur J Cell Biol 2015; 94:547-63. [PMID: 26340821 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In metazoa, SOX family transcription factors play many diverse roles. In vertebrate, they are well-known regulators of numerous developmental processes. Wide-ranging studies have demonstrated the co-expression of SOX proteins in various developing tissues and that they occur in an overlapping manner and show functional redundancy. In particular, studies focusing on the HMG box of SOX proteins have revealed that the HMG box regulates DNA-binding properties, and mediates both the nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of SOX proteins and their physical interactions with partner proteins. Posttranslational modifications are further implicated in the regulation of the transcriptional activities of SOX proteins. In this review, we discuss the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in the SOX-partner factor interactions and the functional modes of SOX-partner complexes during development. We particularly emphasize the representative roles of the SOX group proteins in major tissues during developmental and physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Yu She
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wan-Xi Yang
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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25
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Overexpression of Sox11 promotes corticospinal tract regeneration after spinal injury while interfering with functional recovery. J Neurosci 2015; 35:3139-45. [PMID: 25698749 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2832-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic neurons, peripheral neurons, and CNS neurons in zebrafish respond to axon injury by initiating pro-regenerative transcriptional programs that enable axons to extend, locate appropriate targets, and ultimately contribute to behavioral recovery. In contrast, many long-distance projection neurons in the adult mammalian CNS, notably corticospinal tract (CST) neurons, display a much lower regenerative capacity. To promote CNS repair, a long-standing goal has been to activate pro-regenerative mechanisms that are normally missing from injured CNS neurons. Sox11 is a transcription factor whose expression is common to a many types of regenerating neurons, but it is unknown whether suboptimal Sox11 expression contributes to low regenerative capacity in the adult mammalian CNS. Here we show in adult mice that dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRGs) and CST neurons fail to upregulate Sox11 after spinal axon injury. Furthermore, forced viral expression of Sox11 reduces axonal dieback of DRG axons, and promotes CST sprouting and regenerative axon growth in both acute and chronic injury paradigms. In tests of forelimb dexterity, however, Sox11 overexpression in the cortex caused a modest but consistent behavioral impairment. These data identify Sox11 as a key transcription factor that can confer an elevated innate regenerative capacity to CNS neurons. The results also demonstrate an unexpected dissociation between axon growth and behavioral outcome, highlighting the need for additional strategies to optimize the functional output of stimulated neurons.
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26
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Xu L, Huang S, Hou Y, Liu Y, Ni M, Meng F, Wang K, Rui Y, Jiang X, Li G. Sox11‐modified mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) accelerate bone fracture healing: Sox11 regulates differentiation and migration of MSCs. FASEB J 2015; 29:1143-1152. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-254169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics & TraumatologySchool of Biomedical Sciences and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongPrince of Wales HospitalShatinHong KongPeople's Republic of China
- Stem Cell and Regeneration ThemeSchool of Biomedical Sciences and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongPrince of Wales HospitalShatinHong KongPeople's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics & TraumatologySchool of Biomedical Sciences and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongPrince of Wales HospitalShatinHong KongPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yonghui Hou
- Stem Cell and Regeneration ThemeSchool of Biomedical Sciences and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongPrince of Wales HospitalShatinHong KongPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics & TraumatologySchool of Biomedical Sciences and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongPrince of Wales HospitalShatinHong KongPeople's Republic of China
| | - Ming Ni
- Department of Orthopaedics & TraumatologySchool of Biomedical Sciences and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongPrince of Wales HospitalShatinHong KongPeople's Republic of China
| | - Fanbiao Meng
- Department of Orthopaedics & TraumatologySchool of Biomedical Sciences and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongPrince of Wales HospitalShatinHong KongPeople's Republic of China
| | - Kuixing Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics & TraumatologySchool of Biomedical Sciences and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongPrince of Wales HospitalShatinHong KongPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yunfeng Rui
- Department of Orthopaedics & TraumatologySchool of Biomedical Sciences and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongPrince of Wales HospitalShatinHong KongPeople's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research CenterThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatinHong KongPeople's Republic of China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Regenerative MedicineSchool of Biomedical SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatinHong KongPeople's Republic of China
- CUHK‐ACC Space Medicine Centre on Health Maintenance of Musculoskeletal SystemShenzhen Research InstituteThe Chinese University of Hong KongShenzhenPeople's Republic of China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Orthopaedics & TraumatologySchool of Biomedical Sciences and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongPrince of Wales HospitalShatinHong KongPeople's Republic of China
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research CenterThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatinHong KongPeople's Republic of China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Regenerative MedicineSchool of Biomedical SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatinHong KongPeople's Republic of China
- CUHK‐ACC Space Medicine Centre on Health Maintenance of Musculoskeletal SystemShenzhen Research InstituteThe Chinese University of Hong KongShenzhenPeople's Republic of China
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Aberrant SOX11 promoter methylation is associated with poor prognosis in gastric cancer. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2015; 38:183-94. [PMID: 25801783 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-015-0219-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) is the second most common cause of cancer mortality world-wide. In recent years, aberrant SOX11 expression has been observed in various solid and hematopoietic malignancies, including GC. In addition, it has been reported that SOX11 expression may serve as an independent prognostic factor for the survival of GC patients. Here, we assessed the SOX11 gene promoter methylation status in various GC cell lines and primary GC tissues, and evaluated its clinical significance. METHODS Five GC cell lines were used to assess SOX11 expression by qRT-PCR. The effect of SOX11 expression restoration after 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-dC) treatment on GC growth was evaluated in GC cell line MKN45. Subsequently, 89 paired GC-normal gastric tissues were evaluated for their SOX11 gene promoter methylation status using methylation-specific PCR (MSP), and 20 paired GC-normal gastric tissues were evaluated for their SOX11 expression in relation to SOX11 gene promoter methylation. GC patient survival was assessed by Kaplan-Meier analyses and a Cox proportional hazard model was employed for multivariate analyses. RESULTS Down-regulation of SOX11 mRNA expression was observed in both GC cell lines and primary GC tissues. MSP revealed hyper-methylation of the SOX11 gene promoter in 55.1% (49/89) of the primary GC tissues tested and in 7.9% (7/89) of its corresponding non-malignant tissues. The SOX11 gene promoter methylation status was found to be related to the depth of GC tumor invasion, Borrmann classification and GC differentiation status. Upon 5-Aza-dC treatment, SOX11 expression was found to be up-regulated in MKN45 cells, in conjunction with proliferation inhibition. SOX11 gene promoter hyper-methylation was found to be significantly associated with a poor prognosis and to serve as an independent marker for survival using multivariate Cox regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that aberrant SOX11 gene promoter methylation may underlie its down-regulation in GC. SOX11 gene promoter hyper-methylation may serve as a biomarker to predict the clinical outcome of GC.
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Uy BR, Simoes-Costa M, Koo DES, Sauka-Spengler T, Bronner ME. Evolutionarily conserved role for SoxC genes in neural crest specification and neuronal differentiation. Dev Biol 2014; 397:282-92. [PMID: 25286121 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Sox family of transcription factors play a variety of critical developmental roles in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Whereas SoxBs and SoxEs are involved in neural and neural crest development, respectively, far less is known about members of the SoxC subfamily. To address this from an evolutionary perspective, we compare expression and function of SoxC genes in neural crest cells and their derivatives in lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), a basal vertebrate, to frog (Xenopus laevis). Analysis of transcript distribution reveals conservation of lamprey and X. laevis SoxC expression in premigratory neural crest, branchial arches, and cranial ganglia. Moreover, morpholino-mediated loss-of-function of selected SoxC family members demonstrates essential roles in aspects of neural crest development in both organisms. The results suggest important and conserved functions of SoxC genes during vertebrate evolution and a particularly critical, previously unrecognized role in early neural crest specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Uy
- California Institute of Technology Pasadena, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, 139-74, CA 91125, United States
| | - Marcos Simoes-Costa
- California Institute of Technology Pasadena, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, 139-74, CA 91125, United States
| | - Daniel E S Koo
- California Institute of Technology Pasadena, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, 139-74, CA 91125, United States
| | - Tatjana Sauka-Spengler
- California Institute of Technology Pasadena, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, 139-74, CA 91125, United States
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- California Institute of Technology Pasadena, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, 139-74, CA 91125, United States
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29
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SOX11 promotes tumor angiogenesis through transcriptional regulation of PDGFA in mantle cell lymphoma. Blood 2014; 124:2235-47. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-04-569566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Key Points
SOX11 mediates regulation of angiogenesis via the PDGFA signaling pathway in MCL. SOX11-dependent increased angiogenesis contributes to a more aggressive MCL phenotype.
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30
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Paul MH, Harvey RP, Wegner M, Sock E. Cardiac outflow tract development relies on the complex function of Sox4 and Sox11 in multiple cell types. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:2931-45. [PMID: 24310815 PMCID: PMC11113321 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1523-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart defects represent the most common human birth defects and are often life-threatening. Frequently, they are caused by abnormalities of the outflow tract whose formation results from coordinated development of cells from mesodermal and neural crest origin and depends on the activity of many different transcription factors. However, place, time, and mode of action have only been analyzed for a few of them. Here we assess the contribution of the closely related high-mobility-group transcription factors Sox4 and Sox11 to outflow tract development and determine their function. Using cell-type-specific deletion in the mouse, we show that Sox11 is required for proper development in both mesodermal cells and neural crest cells. Deletion in either mesoderm or neural crest, or both, leads to outflow tract defects ranging from double outlet right ventricle to common arterial trunk. Sox4 supports Sox11 in its function, but has additional roles with relevance for outflow tract formation in other cell types. The two Sox proteins are dispensable during early phases of cardiac neural crest development including neural tube emigration, proliferation, and migration through the pharyngeal arches. They become essential after arrival of the neural crest cells in the outflow tract for their proper differentiation and interaction with each other as well as with the environment through regulation of cytoskeletal, cell adhesion, and extracellular matrix molecules. Our results demonstrate that Sox4 and Sox11 have multiple functions in several cell types during outflow tract formation and may thus help to understand the basis of congenital heart defects in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy H. Paul
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Fahrstrasse 17, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Richard P. Harvey
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst and St. Vincent’s Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW Australia
| | - Michael Wegner
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Fahrstrasse 17, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Sock
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Fahrstrasse 17, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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31
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Jian J, Guoying W, Jing Z. Increased expression of sex determining region Y-box 11 (SOX11) in cutaneous malignant melanoma. J Int Med Res 2013; 41:1221-7. [PMID: 23867449 DOI: 10.1177/0300060513476592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To observe sex determining region Y-box 11 (SOX11) gene expression in cutaneous malignant melanoma and its effect on tumour cell proliferation. METHODS Clinicopathological data and tissue samples from patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma, together with tissue samples from healthy volunteers (controls), were retrospectively reviewed. Protein levels of SOX11 and the antigen identified by monoclonal antibody Ki-67 (Ki-67) in skin lesions were analysed using immunohistochemistry. The correlation between protein levels and clinipathological parameters was investigated. RESULTS Out of 40 patient samples, 25 (62.5%) were positive for SOX11 protein in malignant melanoma tissue. This was significantly higher than in 40 control tissue samples, in which no SOX11 protein was detected. Presence of SOX11 protein was positively related to the proliferation index of cutaneous malignant melanoma tumour cells. Presence of SOX11 protein in cutaneous malignant melanoma was related to tumour type, tumour location, lymph node metastasis and 5-year survival rate. CONCLUSION Human cutaneous malignant melanoma tissues expressed high levels of SOX11 compared with healthy controls, suggesting that SOX11 may be a new prognostic marker for malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Jian
- Department of Dermatology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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Jiang Y, Ding Q, Xie X, Libby RT, Lefebvre V, Gan L. Transcription factors SOX4 and SOX11 function redundantly to regulate the development of mouse retinal ganglion cells. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:18429-38. [PMID: 23649630 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.478503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
SOX family proteins belong to the high-mobility-group (HMG) domain-containing transcription factors, and function as key players to regulate embryonic development and cell fate determination. The highly related group C Sox genes Sox4 and Sox11 are widely expressed in the development of mouse retina and share a similar expression pattern with each other in this process. Here, to investigate the roles of Sox4 and Sox11 in the retinal development, Sox4, Sox11, and Sox4/Sox11 conditional knock-out (CKO) mice with deletion of Sox4, Sox11, and Sox4/Sox11 in retinas were generated. Our studies demonstrated that targeted disruption of Sox4 or Sox11 in retinas caused a moderate reduction of generation of RGCs. However, a complete loss of RGCs was observed in Sox4/Sox11-null retinas, suggesting the two genes play similar roles in the development of RGCs. Our further analysis confirms that Sox4 and Sox11 function redundantly to regulate the generation of RGCs at early embryonic stages as well as the survival of RGCs at late embryonic stages. In addition, we demonstrated that loss of Math5 impairs the expression of Sox4 and Sox11 in the ganglion cell layer while deletion of Brn3b has no effect on the expression of Sox4 and Sox11. Taken together, these findings elucidate SoxC genes as essential contributors to maintain the survival of RGCs, and imply their intermediate position between Math5 and Brn3b in the genetic hierarchy of RGC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jiang
- Flaum Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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33
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Wang Y, Lin L, Lai H, Parada LF, Lei L. Transcription factor Sox11 is essential for both embryonic and adult neurogenesis. Dev Dyn 2013; 242:638-53. [PMID: 23483698 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurogenesis requires neural progenitor cell (NPC) proliferation, neuronal migration, and differentiation. During embryonic development, neurons are generated in specific areas of the developing neuroepithelium and migrate to their appropriate positions. In the adult brain, neurogenesis continues in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle. Although neurogenesis is fundamental to brain development and function, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate neurogenesis is still limited. RESULTS In this study, we generated a Sox11 floxed allele and a Sox11 null allele in mice using the Cre-loxP technology. We first analyzed the role of the transcription factor Sox11 in embryonic neurogenesis using Sox11 null embryos. We also examined the role of Sox11 in adult hippocampal neurogenesis using Sox11 conditional knockout mice in which Sox11 is specifically deleted in adult NPCs. Sox11 null embryos developed small and disorganized brains, accompanied by transient proliferation deficits in NPCs. Deletion of Sox11 in adult NPCs blunted proliferation in the SGZ. Using functional genomics, we identified potential downstream target genes of Sox11. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our work provides evidence that Sox11 is required for both embryonic and adult neurogenesis, and identifies potential downstream target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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Sterner KN, Mcgowen MR, Chugani HT, Tarca AL, Sherwood CC, Hof PR, Kuzawa CW, Boddy AM, Raaum RL, Weckle A, Lipovich L, Grossman LI, Uddin M, Goodman M, Wildman DE. Characterization of human cortical gene expression in relation to glucose utilization. Am J Hum Biol 2013; 25:418-30. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin N. Sterner
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics; Wayne State University School of Medicine; Detroit; Michigan; 48201
| | - Michael R. Mcgowen
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics; Wayne State University School of Medicine; Detroit; Michigan; 48201
| | | | - Adi L. Tarca
- Department of Computer Science; Wayne State University; Detroit; Michigan; 48202
| | - Chet C. Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology; The George Washington University; Washington; DC; 20052
| | - Patrick R. Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brian Institute; Mount Sinai School of Medicine; New York; New York; 10029
| | | | - Amy M. Boddy
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics; Wayne State University School of Medicine; Detroit; Michigan; 48201
| | - Ryan L. Raaum
- Department of Anthropology, Lehman College and The Graduate Center; City University of New York; Bronx; New York; 10468
| | - Amy Weckle
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics; Wayne State University School of Medicine; Detroit; Michigan; 48201
| | - Leonard Lipovich
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics; Wayne State University School of Medicine; Detroit; Michigan; 48201
| | - Lawrence I. Grossman
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics; Wayne State University School of Medicine; Detroit; Michigan; 48201
| | - Monica Uddin
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics; Wayne State University School of Medicine; Detroit; Michigan; 48201
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35
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Salerno KM, Jing X, Diges CM, Davis BM, Albers KM. TRAF family member-associated NF-kappa B activator (TANK) expression increases in injured sensory neurons and is transcriptionally regulated by Sox11. Neuroscience 2013; 231:28-37. [PMID: 23201825 PMCID: PMC3558548 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury evokes rapid and complex changes in gene transcription and cellular signaling pathways. Understanding how these changes are functionally related is essential for developing new approaches that accelerate and improve nerve regeneration. Toward this goal we found that nerve injury induces a rapid and significant up-regulation of the transcription factor Sox11 in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons. Gain and loss of function studies have shown this increase is essential for normal axon regeneration. To determine how Sox11 impacts neuronal gene expression, DRG neurons were treated with Sox11 siRNA to identify potential transcriptional targets. One gene significantly reduced by Sox11 knockdown was TRAF (tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factor)-associated NF-κB activator (TANK). Here we show that TANK is expressed in DRG neurons, that TANK expression is increased in response to peripheral nerve injury and that Sox11 overexpression in vitro increases TANK expression. Injury and in vitro overexpression were also found to preferentially increase TANK transcript variant 3 and a larger TANK protein isoform. To determine if Sox11 regulates TANK transcription bioinformatic analysis was used to identify potential Sox-binding motifs within 5kbp of the TANK 5' untranslated region (UTR) across several mammalian genomes. Two sites in the mouse TANK gene were examined. Luciferase expression assays coupled with site-directed mutagenesis showed each site contributes to enhanced TANK promoter activity. In addition, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed direct Sox11 binding in regions containing the two identified Sox motifs in the mouse TANK 5'-UTR. These studies are the first to show that TANK is expressed in DRG neurons, that TANK is increased by peripheral nerve injury and that the regulation of TANK expression is, at least in part, controlled by the injury-associated transcription factor Sox11.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Salerno
- Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
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The role of SRY-related HMG box transcription factor 4 (SOX4) in tumorigenesis and metastasis: friend or foe? Oncogene 2012; 32:3397-409. [PMID: 23246969 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Development and progression of cancer are mediated by alterations in transcriptional networks, resulting in a disturbed balance between the activity of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Transcription factors have the capacity to regulate global transcriptional profiles, and are consequently often found to be deregulated in their expression and function during tumorigenesis. Sex-determining region Y-related high-mobility-group box transcription factor 4 (SOX4) is a member of the group C subfamily of the SOX transcription factors and has a critical role during embryogenesis, where its expression is widespread and controls the development of numerous tissues. SOX4 expression is elevated in a wide variety of tumors, including leukemia, colorectal cancer, lung cancer and breast cancer, suggesting a fundamental role in the development of these malignancies. In many cancers, deregulated expression of this developmental factor has been correlated with increased cancer cell proliferation, cell survival, inhibition of apoptosis and tumor progression through the induction of an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and metastasis. However, in a limited subset of tumors, SOX4 has also been reported to act as a tumor suppressor. These opposing roles suggest that the outcome of SOX4 activation depends on the cellular context and the tumor origin. Indeed, SOX4 expression, transcriptional activity and target gene specificity can be controlled by signaling pathways, including the transforming growth factor-β and the WNT pathway, as well as at the post-translational level through regulation of protein stability and interaction with specific cofactors, such as TCF, syntenin-1 and p53. Here, we provide an overview of our current knowledge concerning the role of SOX4 in tumor development and progression.
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Hui L, Slonim DK, Wick HC, Johnson KL, Koide K, Bianchi DW. Novel neurodevelopmental information revealed in amniotic fluid supernatant transcripts from fetuses with trisomies 18 and 21. Hum Genet 2012; 131:1751-9. [PMID: 22752091 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-012-1195-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Trisomies 18 and 21 are the two most common live born autosomal aneuploidies in humans. While the anatomic abnormalities in affected fetuses are well documented, the dysregulated biological pathways associated with the development of the aneuploid phenotype are less clear. Amniotic fluid (AF) cell-free RNA is a valuable source of biological information obtainable from live fetuses. In this study, we mined gene expression data previously produced by our group from mid-trimester AF supernatant samples. We identified the euploid, trisomy 18 and trisomy 21 AF transcriptomes, and analyzed them with a particular focus on the nervous system. We used multiple bioinformatics resources, including DAVID, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, and the BioGPS Gene Expression Atlas. Our analyses confirmed that AF supernatant from aneuploid fetuses is enriched for nervous system gene expression and neurological disease pathways. Tissue analysis showed that fetal brain cortex and Cajal-Retzius cells were significantly enriched for genes contained in the AF transcriptomes. We also examined AF transcripts known to be dysregulated in aneuploid fetuses compared with euploid controls and identified several brain-specific transcripts among them. Many of these genes play critical roles in nervous system development. NEUROD2, which was downregulated in trisomy 18, induces neurogenic differentiation. SOX11, downregulated in trisomy 21, is a transcription factor that is essential for pan-neuronal protein expression and axonal growth of sensory neurons. Our results show that whole transcriptome analysis of cell-free RNA in AF from live pregnancies permits discovery of biomarkers of abnormal human neurodevelopment and advances our understanding of the pathophysiology of aneuploidy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Hui
- Mother Infant Research Institute and the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Floating Hospital for Children at Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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Henson BJ, Zhu W, Hardaway K, Wetzel JL, Stefan M, Albers KM, Nicholls RD. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of SPAST, the gene most frequently mutated in hereditary spastic paraplegia. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36505. [PMID: 22574173 PMCID: PMC3344893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) comprise a group of neurodegenerative disorders that are characterized by progressive spasticity of the lower extremities, due to axonal degeneration in the corticospinal motor tracts. HSPs are genetically heterogeneous and show autosomal dominant inheritance in ∼70–80% of cases, with additional cases being recessive or X-linked. The most common type of HSP is SPG4 with mutations in the SPAST gene, encoding spastin, which occurs in 40% of dominantly inherited cases and in ∼10% of sporadic cases. Both loss-of-function and dominant-negative mutation mechanisms have been described for SPG4, suggesting that precise or stoichiometric levels of spastin are necessary for biological function. Therefore, we hypothesized that regulatory mechanisms controlling expression of SPAST are important determinants of spastin biology, and if altered, could contribute to the development and progression of the disease. To examine the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of SPAST, we used molecular phylogenetic methods to identify conserved sequences for putative transcription factor binding sites and miRNA targeting motifs in the SPAST promoter and 3′-UTR, respectively. By a variety of molecular methods, we demonstrate that SPAST transcription is positively regulated by NRF1 and SOX11. Furthermore, we show that miR-96 and miR-182 negatively regulate SPAST by effects on mRNA stability and protein level. These transcriptional and miRNA regulatory mechanisms provide new functional targets for mutation screening and therapeutic targeting in HSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Henson
- Birth Defects Laboratories, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Wan Zhu
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kelsey Hardaway
- Birth Defects Laboratories, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jaime L. Wetzel
- Birth Defects Laboratories, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mihaela Stefan
- Birth Defects Laboratories, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kathryn M. Albers
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robert D. Nicholls
- Birth Defects Laboratories, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Salerno KM, Jing X, Diges CM, Cornuet PK, Glorioso JC, Albers KM. Sox11 modulates brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in an exon promoter-specific manner. J Neurosci Res 2012; 90:1011-9. [PMID: 22331573 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sox11 is a high-mobility group (HMG)-containing transcription factor that is significantly elevated in peripheral neurons in response to nerve injury. In vitro and in vivo studies support a central role for Sox11 in adult neuron growth and survival following injury. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a pleiotropic growth factor that has effects on neuronal survival, differentiation, synaptic plasticity, and regeneration. BDNF transcription is elevated in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) following nerve injury in parallel with Sox11, allowing for the possible regulation by Sox11. To begin to assess the possible influence of Sox11, we used reverse transcriptase PCR assays to determine the relative expression of the nine (I-IXa) noncoding exons and one coding exon (exon IX) of the BDNF gene after sciatic nerve axotomy in the mouse. Exons with upstream promoter regions containing the Sox binding motif 5'-AACAAAG-3' (I, IV, VII, and VIII) were increased at 1 or 3 days following axotomy. Exons 1 and IV showed the greatest increase, and only exon 1 remained elevated at 3 days. Luciferase assays showed that Sox11 could activate the most highly regulated exons, I and IV, and that this activation was reduced by mutation of putative Sox binding sites. Exon expression in injured DRG neurons had some overlap with Neuro2a cells that overexpress Sox11, showing elevation in exon IV and VII transcripts. These findings indicate cell type and contextual specificity of Sox11 in modulation of BDNF transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Salerno
- Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Liu CM, Hur EM, Zhou FQ. Coordinating Gene Expression and Axon Assembly to Control Axon Growth: Potential Role of GSK3 Signaling. Front Mol Neurosci 2012; 5:3. [PMID: 22347166 PMCID: PMC3272657 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2012.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Axon growth requires the coordinated regulation of gene expression in the neuronal soma, local protein translation in the axon, anterograde transport of synthesized raw materials along the axon, and assembly of cytoskeleton and membranes in the nerve growth cone. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) signaling has recently been shown to play key roles in the regulation of axonal transport and cytoskeletal assembly during axon growth. GSK3 signaling is also known to regulate gene expression via controlling the functions of many transcription factors, suggesting that GSK3 may be an important regulator of gene transcription supporting axon growth. We review signaling pathways that control local axon assembly at the growth cone and gene expression in the soma during developmental or regenerative axon growth and discuss the potential involvement of GSK3 signaling in these processes, with a particular focus on how GSK3 signaling modulates the function of axon growth-associated transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Mei Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
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Cantuti-Castelvetri L, Zhu H, Givogri MI, Chidavaenzi RL, Lopez-Rosas A, Bongarzone ER. Psychosine induces the dephosphorylation of neurofilaments by deregulation of PP1 and PP2A phosphatases. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 46:325-35. [PMID: 22326830 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with Krabbe disease, a genetic demyelinating syndrome caused by deficiency of galactosyl-ceramidase and the resulting accumulation of galactosyl-sphingolipids, develop signs of a dying-back axonopathy compounded by a deficiency of large-caliber axons. Here, we show that axonal caliber in Twitcher mice, an animal model for Krabbe disease, is impaired in peripheral axons and is accompanied by a progressive reduction in the abundance and phosphorylation of the three neurofilament (NF) subunits. These changes correlate with an increase in the density of NFs per cross-sectional area in numerous mutant peripheral axons and abnormal increases in the activity of two serine/threonine phosphatases (PP1 and PP2A) in mutant tissue. Similarly, acutely isolated mutant cortical neurons show abnormal phosphorylation of NFs. Psychosine, the neurotoxin accumulated in Krabbe disease, was sufficient to induce abnormal dephosphorylation of NF subunits in a normal motor neuron cell line as well as in acutely isolated normal cortical neurons. This in vitro effect was mediated by PP1 and PP2A, which specifically dephosphorylated NFs. These results demonstrate that the reduced caliber observed in some axons in Krabbe disease involves abnormal dephosphorylation of NFs. We propose that a psychosine-driven pathogenic mechanism through deregulated phosphotransferase activities may be involved in this process.
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Blackmore MG. Molecular control of axon growth: insights from comparative gene profiling and high-throughput screening. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2012. [PMID: 23206595 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398309-1.00004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Axon regeneration in the mammalian adult central nervous system (CNS) is limited by an intrinsically low capacity for axon growth in many CNS neurons. In contrast, embryonic, peripheral, and many nonmammalian neurons are capable of successful regeneration. Numerous studies have compared mammalian CNS neurons to their counterparts in regenerating systems in an effort to identify candidate genes that control regenerative ability. This review summarizes work using this comparative strategy and examines our current understanding of gene function in axon growth, highlighting the emergence of genome-wide expression profiling and high-throughput screening strategies to identify novel regulators of axon growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murray G Blackmore
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
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Jing X, Wang T, Huang S, Glorioso JC, Albers KM. The transcription factor Sox11 promotes nerve regeneration through activation of the regeneration-associated gene Sprr1a. Exp Neurol 2011; 233:221-32. [PMID: 22024412 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Factors that enhance the intrinsic growth potential of adult neurons are key players in the successful repair and regeneration of neurons following injury. Injury-induced activation of transcription factors has a central role in this process because they regulate expression of regeneration-associated genes. Sox11 is a developmentally expressed transcription factor that is significantly induced in adult neurons in response to injury. Its function in injured neurons is however undefined. Here, we report studies that use herpes simplex virus (HSV)-vector-mediated expression of Sox11 in adult sensory neurons to assess the effect of Sox11 overexpression on neuron regeneration. Cultured mouse dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons transfected with HSV-Sox11 exhibited increased neurite elongation and branching relative to naïve and HSV-vector control treated neurons. Neurons from mice injected in foot skin with HSV-Sox11 exhibited accelerated regeneration of crushed saphenous nerves as indicated by faster regrowth of axons and nerve fibers to the skin, increased myelin thickness and faster return of nerve and skin sensitivity. Downstream targets of HSV-Sox11 were examined by analyzing changes in gene expression of known regeneration-associated genes. This analysis in combination with mutational and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays indicates that the ability of Sox11 to accelerate in vivo nerve regeneration is dependent on its transcriptional activation of the regeneration-associated gene, small proline rich protein 1a (Sprr1a). This finding reveals a new functional linkage between Sox11 and Sprr1a in adult peripheral neuron regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotang Jing
- Department of Medicine, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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