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Ding Y, Chen ZQ, Pan WF, Chen HJ, Wu M, Lyu YQ, Xie H, Huang YC, Chen ZZ, Chen F. The association and underlying mechanism of the digit ratio (2D:4D) in hypospadias. Asian J Androl 2024; 26:356-365. [PMID: 38563741 DOI: 10.4103/aja202377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The second-to-fourth digit (2D:4D) ratio is thought to be associated with prenatal androgen exposure. However, the relationship between the 2D:4D ratio and hypospadias is poorly understood, and its molecular mechanism is not clear. In this study, by analyzing the hand digit length of 142 boys with hypospadias (23 distal, 68 middle, and 51 proximal) and 196 controls enrolled in Shanghai Children's Hospital (Shanghai, China) from December 2020 to December 2021, we found that the 2D:4D ratio was significantly increased in boys with hypospadias ( P < 0.001) and it was positively correlated with the severity of the hypospadias. This was further verified by the comparison of control mice and prenatal low testosterone mice model obtained by knocking out the risk gene (dynein axonemal heavy chain 8 [ DNAH8 ]) associated with hypospadias. Furthermore, the discrepancy was mainly caused by a shift in 4D. Proteomic characterization of a mouse model validated that low testosterone levels during pregnancy can impair the growth and development of 4D. Comprehensive mechanistic explorations revealed that during the androgen-sensitive window, the downregulation of the androgen receptor (AR) caused by low testosterone levels, as well as the suppressed expression of chondrocyte proliferation-related genes such as Wnt family member 5a ( Wnt5a ), Wnt5b , Smad family member 2 ( Smad2 ), and Smad3 ; mitochondrial function-related genes in cartilage such as AMP-activated protein kinase ( AMPK ) and nuclear respiratory factor 1 ( Nrf-1 ); and vascular development-related genes such as myosin light chain ( MLC ), notch receptor 3 ( Notch3 ), and sphingosine kinase 1 ( Sphk1 ), are responsible for the limitation of 4D growth, which results in a higher 2D:4D ratio in boys with hypospadias via decreased endochondral ossification. This study indicates that the ratio of 2D:4D is a risk marker of hypospadias and provides a potential molecular mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ding
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Zu-Quan Chen
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Wen-Feng Pan
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Hao-Jie Chen
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yi-Qing Lyu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Hua Xie
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yi-Chen Huang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Zhong-Zhong Chen
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Urogenital Development Research Center, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Clinical Research Center for Hypospadias, Pediatric College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China
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2
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Smith S, Yohe LR, Solounias N. The bony cap and its distinction from the distal phalanx in humans, cats, and horses. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14352. [PMID: 36643632 PMCID: PMC9838202 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been recognized as early as the Victorian era that the apex of the distal phalanx has a distinct embryological development from the main shaft of the distal phalanx. Recent studies in regenerative medicine have placed an emphasis on the role of the apex of the distal phalanx in bone regrowth. Despite knowledge about the unique aspects of the distal phalanx, all phalanges are often treated as equivalent. Our morphological study reiterates and highlights the special anatomical and embryological properties of the apex of the distal phalanx, and names the apex "the bony cap" to distinguish it. We posit that the distal phalanx shaft is endochondral, while the bony cap is intramembranous and derived from the ectodermal wall. During development, the bony cap may be a separate structure that will fuse to the endochondral distal phalanx in the adult, as it ossifies well before the distal phalanges across taxa. Our study describes and revives the identity of the bony cap, and we identify it in three mammalian species: humans, cats, and horses (Homo sapiens, Felis catus domestica, and Equus caballus). During the embryonic period, we show the bony cap has a thimble-like shape that surrounds the proximal endochondral distal phalanx. The bony cap may thus play an inductive role in the differentiation of the corresponding nail, claw, or hoof (keratin structures) of the digit. When it is not present or develops erroneously, the corresponding keratin structures are affected, and regeneration is inhibited. By terming the bony cap, we hope to inspire more attention to its distinct identity and role in regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Smith
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, United States
| | - Laurel R. Yohe
- Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States,Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States,North Carolina Research Center, Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States,Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, United States
| | - Nikos Solounias
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, United States,Department of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, United States
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3
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Zhang Y, Wang J, Yu C, Xia K, Yang B, Zhang Y, Ying L, Wang C, Huang X, Chen Q, Shen L, Li F, Liang C. Advances in single-cell sequencing and its application to musculoskeletal system research. Cell Prolif 2022; 55:e13161. [PMID: 34888976 PMCID: PMC8780907 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, single-cell sequencing (SCS) technologies have continued to advance with improved operating procedures and reduced cost, leading to increasing practical adoption among researchers. These emerging technologies have superior abilities to analyse cell heterogeneity at a single-cell level, which have elevated multi-omics research to a higher level. In some fields of research, application of SCS has enabled many valuable discoveries, and musculoskeletal system offers typical examples. This article reviews some major scientific issues and recent advances in musculoskeletal system. In addition, combined with SCS technologies, the research of cell or tissue heterogeneity in limb development and various musculoskeletal system clinical diseases also provides new possibilities for treatment strategies. Finally, this article discusses the challenges and future development potential of SCS and recommends the direction of future applications of SCS to musculoskeletal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxiang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics SurgeryThe Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Precision and Department of OrthopedicsResearch Institute of Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Jingkai Wang
- Department of Orthopedics SurgeryThe Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Precision and Department of OrthopedicsResearch Institute of Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Chao Yu
- Department of Orthopedics SurgeryThe Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Precision and Department of OrthopedicsResearch Institute of Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Kaishun Xia
- Department of Orthopedics SurgeryThe Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Precision and Department of OrthopedicsResearch Institute of Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Biao Yang
- Department of Orthopedics SurgeryThe Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Precision and Department of OrthopedicsResearch Institute of Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Yuang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics SurgeryThe Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Precision and Department of OrthopedicsResearch Institute of Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Liwei Ying
- Department of Orthopedics SurgeryThe Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Precision and Department of OrthopedicsResearch Institute of Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Chenggui Wang
- Department of Orthopedics SurgeryThe Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Precision and Department of OrthopedicsResearch Institute of Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Xianpeng Huang
- Department of Orthopedics SurgeryThe Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Precision and Department of OrthopedicsResearch Institute of Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Qixin Chen
- Department of Orthopedics SurgeryThe Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Precision and Department of OrthopedicsResearch Institute of Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Orthopedics SurgeryThe Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiangChina
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell BiologyLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Hangzhou Innovation CenterZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Fangcai Li
- Department of Orthopedics SurgeryThe Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Precision and Department of OrthopedicsResearch Institute of Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Chengzhen Liang
- Department of Orthopedics SurgeryThe Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Precision and Department of OrthopedicsResearch Institute of Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
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4
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Towler OW, Shore EM. BMP signaling and skeletal development in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP). Dev Dyn 2022; 251:164-177. [PMID: 34133058 PMCID: PMC9068236 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is an ultra-rare genetic disease caused by increased BMP pathway signaling due to mutation of ACVR1, a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type 1 receptor. The primary clinical manifestation of FOP is extra-skeletal bone formation (heterotopic ossification) within soft connective tissues. However, the underlying ACVR1 mutation additionally alters skeletal bone development and nearly all people born with FOP have bilateral malformation of the great toes as well as other skeletal malformations at diverse anatomic sites. The specific mechanisms through which ACVR1 mutations and altered BMP pathway signaling in FOP influence skeletal bone formation during development remain to be elucidated; however, recent investigations are providing a clearer understanding of the molecular and developmental processes associated with ACVR1-regulated skeletal formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Will Towler
- The Center for Research in FOP & Related Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eileen M. Shore
- The Center for Research in FOP & Related Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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5
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Fernandez-Guerrero M, Zdral S, Castilla-Ibeas A, Lopez-Delisle L, Duboule D, Ros MA. Time-sequenced transcriptomes of developing distal mouse limb buds: A comparative tissue layer analysis. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:1550-1575. [PMID: 34254395 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of the amniote limb has been an important model system to study patterning mechanisms and morphogenesis. For proper growth and patterning, it requires the interaction between the distal sub-apical mesenchyme and the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) that involve the separate implementation of coordinated and tissue-specific genetic programs. RESULTS Here, we produce and analyze the transcriptomes of both distal limb mesenchymal progenitors and the overlying ectodermal cells, following time-coursed dissections that cover from limb bud initiation to fully patterned limbs. The comparison of transcriptomes within each layer as well as between layers over time, allowed the identification of specific transcriptional signatures for each of the developmental stages. Special attention was given to the identification of genes whose transcription dynamics suggest a previously unnoticed role in the context of limb development and also to signaling pathways enriched between layers. CONCLUSION We interpret the transcriptomic data in light of the known development pattern and we conclude that a major transcriptional transition occurs in distal limb buds between E9.5 and E10.5, coincident with the switch from an early phase continuation of the signature of trunk progenitors, related to the initial proximo distal specification, to a late intrinsic phase of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Fernandez-Guerrero
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, IBBTEC (CSIC-University of Cantabria-SODERCAN), Santander, Spain
| | - Sofia Zdral
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, IBBTEC (CSIC-University of Cantabria-SODERCAN), Santander, Spain
| | - Alejandro Castilla-Ibeas
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, IBBTEC (CSIC-University of Cantabria-SODERCAN), Santander, Spain
| | | | - Denis Duboule
- School of Life Sciences, Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Marian A Ros
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, IBBTEC (CSIC-University of Cantabria-SODERCAN), Santander, Spain.,Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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6
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Camaiti M, Evans AR, Hipsley CA, Chapple DG. A farewell to arms and legs: a review of limb reduction in squamates. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:1035-1050. [PMID: 33538028 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Elongated snake-like bodies associated with limb reduction have evolved multiple times throughout vertebrate history. Limb-reduced squamates (lizards and snakes) account for the vast majority of these morphological transformations, and thus have great potential for revealing macroevolutionary transitions and modes of body-shape transformation. Here we present a comprehensive review on limb reduction, in which we examine and discuss research on these dramatic morphological transitions. Historically, there have been several approaches to the study of squamate limb reduction: (i) definitions of general anatomical principles of snake-like body shapes, expressed as varying relationships between body parts and morphometric measurements; (ii) framing of limb reduction from an evolutionary perspective using morphological comparisons; (iii) defining developmental mechanisms involved in the ontogeny of limb-reduced forms, and their genetic basis; (iv) reconstructions of the evolutionary history of limb-reduced lineages using phylogenetic comparative methods; (v) studies of functional and biomechanical aspects of limb-reduced body shapes; and (vi) studies of ecological and biogeographical correlates of limb reduction. For each of these approaches, we highlight their importance in advancing our understanding, as well as their weaknesses and limitations. Lastly, we provide suggestions to stimulate further studies, in which we underscore the necessity of widening the scope of analyses, and of bringing together different perspectives in order to understand better these morphological transitions and their evolution. In particular, we emphasise the importance of investigating and comparing the internal morphology of limb-reduced lizards in contrast to external morphology, which will be the first step in gaining a deeper insight into body-shape variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Camaiti
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, 19 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Alistair R Evans
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, 19 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Christy A Hipsley
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Department of Sciences, Museums Victoria, 11 Nicholson St, Carlton, Melbourne, VIC, 3053, Australia
| | - David G Chapple
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, 19 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
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7
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Aznaourova M, Schmerer N, Schmeck B, Schulte LN. Disease-Causing Mutations and Rearrangements in Long Non-coding RNA Gene Loci. Front Genet 2020; 11:527484. [PMID: 33329688 PMCID: PMC7735109 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.527484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The classic understanding of molecular disease-mechanisms is largely based on protein-centric models. During the past decade however, genetic studies have identified numerous disease-loci in the human genome that do not encode proteins. Such non-coding DNA variants increasingly gain attention in diagnostics and personalized medicine. Of particular interest are long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) genes, which generate transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides that are not translated into proteins. While most of the estimated ~20,000 lncRNAs currently remain of unknown function, a growing number of genetic studies link lncRNA gene aberrations with the development of human diseases, including diabetes, AIDS, inflammatory bowel disease, or cancer. This suggests that the protein-centric view of human diseases does not capture the full complexity of molecular patho-mechanisms, with important consequences for molecular diagnostics and therapy. This review illustrates well-documented lncRNA gene aberrations causatively linked to human diseases and discusses potential lessons for molecular disease models, diagnostics, and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Aznaourova
- Institute for Lung Research, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nils Schmerer
- Institute for Lung Research, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Schmeck
- Institute for Lung Research, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Systems Biology Platform, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Leon N Schulte
- Institute for Lung Research, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Systems Biology Platform, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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8
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Towler OW, Peck SH, Kaplan FS, Shore EM. Dysregulated BMP signaling through ACVR1 impairs digit joint development in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP). Dev Biol 2020; 470:136-146. [PMID: 33217406 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of joints in the mammalian skeleton depends on the precise regulation of multiple interacting signaling pathways including the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway, a key regulator of joint development, digit patterning, skeletal growth, and chondrogenesis. Mutations in the BMP receptor ACVR1 cause the rare genetic disease fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) in which extensive and progressive extra-skeletal bone forms in soft connective tissues after birth. These mutations, which enhance BMP-pSmad1/5 pathway activity to induce ectopic bone, also affect skeletal development. FOP can be diagnosed at birth by symmetric, characteristic malformations of the great toes (first digits) that are associated with decreased joint mobility, shortened digit length, and absent, fused, and/or malformed phalanges. To elucidate the role of ACVR1-mediated BMP signaling in digit skeletal development, we used an Acvr1R206H/+;Prrx1-Cre knock-in mouse model that mimics the first digit phenotype of human FOP. We have determined that the effects of increased Acvr1-mediated signaling by the Acvr1R206H mutation are not limited to the first digit but alter BMP signaling, Gdf5+ joint progenitor cell localization, and joint development in a manner that differently affects individual digits during embryogenesis. The Acvr1R206H mutation leads to delayed and disrupted joint specification and cleavage in the digits and alters the development of cartilage and endochondral ossification at sites of joint morphogenesis. These findings demonstrate an important role for ACVR1-mediated BMP signaling in the regulation of joint and skeletal formation, show a direct link between failure to restrict BMP signaling in the digit joint interzone and failure of joint cleavage at the presumptive interzone, and implicate impaired, digit-specific joint development as the proximal cause of digit malformation in FOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Will Towler
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3450 Hamilton Walk, 309A Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Center for Research in FOP & Related Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3450 Hamilton Walk, 309A Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Sun H Peck
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3450 Hamilton Walk, 309A Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Center for Research in FOP & Related Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3450 Hamilton Walk, 309A Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Frederick S Kaplan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3450 Hamilton Walk, 309A Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Center for Research in FOP & Related Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3450 Hamilton Walk, 309A Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Eileen M Shore
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3450 Hamilton Walk, 309A Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 415 Curie Boulevard, Clinical Research Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Center for Research in FOP & Related Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3450 Hamilton Walk, 309A Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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9
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Zinck NW, Jeradi S, Franz-Odendaal TA. Elucidating the early signaling cues involved in zebrafish chondrogenesis and cartilage morphology. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2020; 336:18-31. [PMID: 33184938 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Across the teleost skeleton, cartilages are diverse in their composition suggesting subtle differences in their developmental mechanisms. This study aims to elucidate the regulatory role of bone morphogenetic protein (BMPs) during the morphogenesis of two cartilage elements in zebrafish: the scleral cartilage in the eye and the caudal fin endoskeleton. Zebrafish larvae were exposed to a BMP inhibitor (LDN193189) at a series of timepoints preceding the initial appearance of the scleral cartilage and caudal fin endoskeleton. Morphological assessments of the cartilages in later stages, revealed that BMP-inhibited fish harbored striking disruptions in caudal fin endoskeletal morphology, regardless of the age at which the inhibitor treatment was performed. In contrast, scleral cartilage morphology was unaffected in all age groups. Morphometric and principal component analysis, performed on the caudal fin endoskeleton, revealed differential clustering of principal components one and two in BMP-inhibited and control fish. Additionally, the expression of sox9a and sox9b were reduced in BMP-inhibited fish when compared to controls, indicating that LDN193189 acts via a Sox9-dependent pathway. Further examination of notochord flexion also revealed a disruptive effect of BMP inhibition on this process. This study provides a detailed characterization of the effects of BMP inhibition via LDN193189 on zebrafish cartilage morphogenesis and development. It highlights the specific, localized role of the BMP-signaling pathways during the development of different cartilage elements and sheds some light on the morphological characteristics of fossil teleosts that together suggest an uncoupling of the developmental processes between the upper and lower lobes of the caudal fin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W Zinck
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Biology, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Shirine Jeradi
- Department of Biology, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Tamara A Franz-Odendaal
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Biology, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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10
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Abstract
Polymetatarsia is an atavistic anomaly characterised by one or more additional metatarsals. Usually found with a supernumerary digit (polydactyly), polymetatarsia without polydactyly is a rare variant. We report a case of a 34-year-old male with polymetatarsia within the first intermetatarsal spaces of both feet without polydactyly. Clinically, moderate dorsal spur formation was visible, and compressive pain from ankylosed additional metatarsals within the first intermetatarsal spaces was exhibited. Treatment involved resection of his additional metatarsals with concomitant correction of his hallux valgus deformities and bilateral second brachymetatarsia. He reported a reduction in pressure and pain that was maintained until his discharge appointment at six weeks postoperatively. Resection of additional metatarsals may provide effective pain relief in symptomatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Edwards
- Surgery, Australasian College of Podiatric Surgeons, Melbourne, AUS.,Podiatry, La Trobe University, Bundoora, AUS
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11
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Frints SGM, Ozanturk A, Rodríguez Criado G, Grasshoff U, de Hoon B, Field M, Manouvrier-Hanu S, E Hickey S, Kammoun M, Gripp KW, Bauer C, Schroeder C, Toutain A, Mihalic Mosher T, Kelly BJ, White P, Dufke A, Rentmeester E, Moon S, Koboldt DC, van Roozendaal KEP, Hu H, Haas SA, Ropers HH, Murray L, Haan E, Shaw M, Carroll R, Friend K, Liebelt J, Hobson L, De Rademaeker M, Geraedts J, Fryns JP, Vermeesch J, Raynaud M, Riess O, Gribnau J, Katsanis N, Devriendt K, Bauer P, Gecz J, Golzio C, Gontan C, Kalscheuer VM. Pathogenic variants in E3 ubiquitin ligase RLIM/RNF12 lead to a syndromic X-linked intellectual disability and behavior disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:1748-1768. [PMID: 29728705 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0065-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
RLIM, also known as RNF12, is an X-linked E3 ubiquitin ligase acting as a negative regulator of LIM-domain containing transcription factors and participates in X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) in mice. We report the genetic and clinical findings of 84 individuals from nine unrelated families, eight of whom who have pathogenic variants in RLIM (RING finger LIM domain-interacting protein). A total of 40 affected males have X-linked intellectual disability (XLID) and variable behavioral anomalies with or without congenital malformations. In contrast, 44 heterozygous female carriers have normal cognition and behavior, but eight showed mild physical features. All RLIM variants identified are missense changes co-segregating with the phenotype and predicted to affect protein function. Eight of the nine altered amino acids are conserved and lie either within a domain essential for binding interacting proteins or in the C-terminal RING finger catalytic domain. In vitro experiments revealed that these amino acid changes in the RLIM RING finger impaired RLIM ubiquitin ligase activity. In vivo experiments in rlim mutant zebrafish showed that wild type RLIM rescued the zebrafish rlim phenotype, whereas the patient-specific missense RLIM variants failed to rescue the phenotype and thus represent likely severe loss-of-function mutations. In summary, we identified a spectrum of RLIM missense variants causing syndromic XLID and affecting the ubiquitin ligase activity of RLIM, suggesting that enzymatic activity of RLIM is required for normal development, cognition and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanna G M Frints
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center+, azM, Maastricht, 6202 AZ, The Netherlands. .,Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, GROW, FHML, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
| | - Aysegul Ozanturk
- Center for Human Disease Modeling and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | | | - Ute Grasshoff
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Bas de Hoon
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Field
- GOLD (Genetics of Learning and Disability) Service, Hunter Genetics, Waratah, NSW, 2298, Australia
| | - Sylvie Manouvrier-Hanu
- Clinique de Génétique médicale Guy Fontaine, Centre de référence maladies rares Anomalies du développement Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, Lille, 59000, France.,EA 7364 RADEME Maladies Rares du Développement et du Métabolisme, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lille, Lille, 59000, France
| | - Scott E Hickey
- Division of Molecular & Human Genetics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Molka Kammoun
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Karen W Gripp
- Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children Nemours, Wilmington, DE, 19803, USA
| | - Claudia Bauer
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Christopher Schroeder
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Annick Toutain
- Service de Génétique, Hôpital Bretonneau, CHU de Tours, Tours, 37044, France.,UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, 37032, France
| | - Theresa Mihalic Mosher
- Division of Molecular & Human Genetics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA.,The Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Benjamin J Kelly
- The Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Peter White
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA.,The Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Andreas Dufke
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Eveline Rentmeester
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sungjin Moon
- Center for Human Disease Modeling and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Daniel C Koboldt
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA.,The Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Kees E P van Roozendaal
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center+, azM, Maastricht, 6202 AZ, The Netherlands.,Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, GROW, FHML, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Hao Hu
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Stefan A Haas
- Department of Computational Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Hans-Hilger Ropers
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Lucinda Murray
- GOLD (Genetics of Learning and Disability) Service, Hunter Genetics, Waratah, NSW, 2298, Australia
| | - Eric Haan
- Adelaide Medical School and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.,South Australian Clinical Genetics Service, SA Pathology (at Women's and Children's Hospital), North Adelaide, SA, 5006, Australia
| | - Marie Shaw
- Adelaide Medical School and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Renee Carroll
- Adelaide Medical School and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Kathryn Friend
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, 5006, Australia
| | - Jan Liebelt
- South Australian Clinical Genetics Service, SA Pathology (at Women's and Children's Hospital), North Adelaide, SA, 5006, Australia
| | - Lynne Hobson
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, 5006, Australia
| | - Marjan De Rademaeker
- Centre for Medical Genetics, Reproduction and Genetics, Reproduction Genetics and Regenerative Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), UZ Brussel, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joep Geraedts
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center+, azM, Maastricht, 6202 AZ, The Netherlands.,Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, GROW, FHML, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Pierre Fryns
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Joris Vermeesch
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Martine Raynaud
- Service de Génétique, Hôpital Bretonneau, CHU de Tours, Tours, 37044, France.,UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, 37032, France
| | - Olaf Riess
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Joost Gribnau
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas Katsanis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Koen Devriendt
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Peter Bauer
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Jozef Gecz
- Adelaide Medical School and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Christelle Golzio
- Center for Human Disease Modeling and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Department of Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Université de Strasbourg, 67400, Illkirch, France
| | - Cristina Gontan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vera M Kalscheuer
- Research Group Development and Disease, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, 14195, Germany.
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12
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Feregrino C, Sacher F, Parnas O, Tschopp P. A single-cell transcriptomic atlas of the developing chicken limb. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:401. [PMID: 31117954 PMCID: PMC6530069 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5802-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Through precise implementation of distinct cell type specification programs, differentially regulated in both space and time, complex patterns emerge during organogenesis. Thanks to its easy experimental accessibility, the developing chicken limb has long served as a paradigm to study vertebrate pattern formation. Through decades' worth of research, we now have a firm grasp on the molecular mechanisms driving limb formation at the tissue-level. However, to elucidate the dynamic interplay between transcriptional cell type specification programs and pattern formation at its relevant cellular scale, we lack appropriately resolved molecular data at the genome-wide level. Here, making use of droplet-based single-cell RNA-sequencing, we catalogue the developmental emergence of distinct tissue types and their transcriptome dynamics in the distal chicken limb, the so-called autopod, at cellular resolution. RESULTS Using single-cell RNA-sequencing technology, we sequenced a total of 17,628 cells coming from three key developmental stages of chicken autopod patterning. Overall, we identified 23 cell populations with distinct transcriptional profiles. Amongst them were small, albeit essential populations like the apical ectodermal ridge, demonstrating the ability to detect even rare cell types. Moreover, we uncovered the existence of molecularly distinct sub-populations within previously defined compartments of the developing limb, some of which have important signaling functions during autopod pattern formation. Finally, we inferred gene co-expression modules that coincide with distinct tissue types across developmental time, and used them to track patterning-relevant cell populations of the forming digits. CONCLUSIONS We provide a comprehensive functional genomics resource to study the molecular effectors of chicken limb patterning at cellular resolution. Our single-cell transcriptomic atlas captures all major cell populations of the developing autopod, and highlights the transcriptional complexity in many of its components. Finally, integrating our data-set with other single-cell transcriptomics resources will enable researchers to assess molecular similarities in orthologous cell types across the major tetrapod clades, and provide an extensive candidate gene list to functionally test cell-type-specific drivers of limb morphological diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabio Sacher
- DUW Zoology, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oren Parnas
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA
- Present address: The Concern Foundation Laboratories at the Lautenberg Centre for Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Patrick Tschopp
- DUW Zoology, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland
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13
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Hildebrand L, Schmidt-von Kegler M, Walther M, Seemann P, Stange K. Limb specific Acvr1-knockout during embryogenesis in mice exhibits great toe malformation as seen in Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP). Dev Dyn 2019; 248:396-403. [PMID: 30854720 PMCID: PMC6593811 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study analyzes Prx1‐specific conditional knockout of Acvr1 aiming to elucidate the endogenous role of Acvr1 during limb formation in early embryonic development. ACVR1 can exhibit activating and inhibiting function in BMP signaling. ACVR1 gain‐of‐function mutations can cause the rare disease fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), where patients develop ectopic bone replacing soft tissue, tendons and ligaments. Methods Whole‐mount in situ hybridization and skeletal preparations revealed that following limb‐specific conditional knockout of Acvr1, metacarpals and proximal phalanges were shortened and additional cartilage and bone elements were formed. Results The analysis of a set of marker genes including ligands and receptors of BMP signaling as well as genes involved in patterning and tendon and cartilage formation, revealed temporal disturbances with distinct spatial patterns. The most striking result was that in the absence of Acvr1 in mesoderm precursor cells, first digits were drastically malformed. Conclusion In FOP, malformation of big toes can serve as a first soft marker in diagnostics. The surprising similarities in phenotype between the described conditional knockout of Acvr1 and the FOP mouse model, indicates a natural inhibitory function of ACVR1. This represents a further step towards better understanding the role of Acvr1 and developing treatment options for FOP. Limb specific conditional KO of Acvr1 leads to shortened extremities and to heterotopic cartilage and bone formation. Acvr1 is particularly involved in the development of the first digit. Phenotypic similarities between the limb specific cKO of Acvr1 and the FOP mouse model, carrying the gain of function mutation p.R206H in Acvr1, indicates a natural inhibitory function of Acvr1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hildebrand
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT) / Charité Virchow Campus, Berlin, Germany.,Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies (BSRT), Berlin, Germany
| | - Mareen Schmidt-von Kegler
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT) / Charité Virchow Campus, Berlin, Germany.,Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Walther
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT) / Charité Virchow Campus, Berlin, Germany.,Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Seemann
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT) / Charité Virchow Campus, Berlin, Germany.,Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies (BSRT), Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja Stange
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT) / Charité Virchow Campus, Berlin, Germany.,Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies (BSRT), Berlin, Germany
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14
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Cooperation of BMP and IHH signaling in interdigital cell fate determination. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197535. [PMID: 29771958 PMCID: PMC5957397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The elaborate anatomy of hands and feet is shaped by coordinated formation of digits and regression of the interdigital mesenchyme (IM). A failure of this process causes persistence of interdigital webbing and consequently cutaneous syndactyly. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are key inductive factors for interdigital cell death (ICD) in vivo. NOGGIN (NOG) is a major BMP antagonist that can interfere with BMP-induced ICD when applied exogenously, but its in vivo role in this process is unknown. We investigated the physiological role of NOG in ICD and found that Noggin null mice display cutaneous syndactyly and impaired interdigital mesenchyme specification. Failure of webbing regression was caused by lack of cell cycle exit and interdigital apoptosis. Unexpectedly, Noggin null mutants also exhibit increased Indian hedgehog (Ihh) expression within cartilage condensations that leads to aberrant extension of IHH downstream signaling into the interdigital mesenchyme. A converse phenotype with increased apoptosis and reduced cell proliferation was found in the interdigital mesenchyme of Ihh mutant embryos. Our data point towards a novel role for NOG in balancing Ihh expression in the digits impinging on digit-interdigit cross talk. This suggests a so far unrecognized physiological role for IHH in interdigital webbing biology.
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15
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MacFarlane EG, Haupt J, Dietz HC, Shore EM. TGF-β Family Signaling in Connective Tissue and Skeletal Diseases. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a022269. [PMID: 28246187 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family of signaling molecules, which includes TGF-βs, activins, inhibins, and numerous bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and growth and differentiation factors (GDFs), has important functions in all cells and tissues, including soft connective tissues and the skeleton. Specific TGF-β family members play different roles in these tissues, and their activities are often balanced with those of other TGF-β family members and by interactions with other signaling pathways. Perturbations in TGF-β family pathways are associated with numerous human diseases with prominent involvement of the skeletal and cardiovascular systems. This review focuses on the role of this family of signaling molecules in the pathologies of connective tissues that manifest in rare genetic syndromes (e.g., syndromic presentations of thoracic aortic aneurysm), as well as in more common disorders (e.g., osteoarthritis and osteoporosis). Many of these diseases are caused by or result in pathological alterations of the complex relationship between the TGF-β family of signaling mediators and the extracellular matrix in connective tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gallo MacFarlane
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Julia Haupt
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.,Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Harry C Dietz
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 21205
| | - Eileen M Shore
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.,Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.,Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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16
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Bernatik O, Radaszkiewicz T, Behal M, Dave Z, Witte F, Mahl A, Cernohorsky NH, Krejci P, Stricker S, Bryja V. A Novel Role for the BMP Antagonist Noggin in Sensitizing Cells to Non-canonical Wnt-5a/Ror2/Disheveled Pathway Activation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:47. [PMID: 28523267 PMCID: PMC5415574 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian limb development is driven by the integrative input from several signaling pathways; a failure to receive or a misinterpretation of these signals results in skeletal defects. The brachydactylies, a group of overlapping inherited human hand malformation syndromes, are mainly caused by mutations in BMP signaling pathway components. Two closely related forms, Brachydactyly type B2 (BDB2) and BDB1 are caused by mutations in the BMP antagonist Noggin (NOG) and the atypical receptor tyrosine kinase ROR2 that acts as a receptor in the non-canonical Wnt pathway. Genetic analysis of Nog and Ror2 functional interaction via crossing Noggin and Ror2 mutant mice revealed a widening of skeletal elements in compound but not in any of the single mutants, thus indicating genetic interaction. Since ROR2 is a non-canonical Wnt co-receptor specific for Wnt-5a we speculated that this phenotype might be a result of deregulated Wnt-5a signaling activation, which is known to be essential for limb skeletal elements growth and patterning. We show that Noggin potentiates activation of the Wnt-5a-Ror2-Disheveled (Dvl) pathway in mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells in a Ror2-dependent fashion. Rat chondrosarcoma chondrocytes (RCS), however, are not able to respond to Noggin in this fashion unless growth arrest is induced by FGF2. In summary, our data demonstrate genetic interaction between Noggin and Ror2 and show that Noggin can sensitize cells to Wnt-5a/Ror2-mediated non-canonical Wnt signaling, a feature that in cartilage may depend on the presence of active FGF signaling. These findings indicate an unappreciated function of Noggin that will help to understand BMP and Wnt/PCP signaling pathway interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Bernatik
- Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Biology, Masaryk UniversityBrno, Czechia
| | - Tomasz Radaszkiewicz
- Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Biology, Masaryk UniversityBrno, Czechia
| | - Martin Behal
- Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Biology, Masaryk UniversityBrno, Czechia
| | - Zankruti Dave
- Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Biology, Masaryk UniversityBrno, Czechia
| | - Florian Witte
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Annika Mahl
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | | | - Pavel Krejci
- Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Biology, Masaryk UniversityBrno, Czechia.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk UniversityBrno, Czechia
| | - Sigmar Stricker
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Vitezslav Bryja
- Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Biology, Masaryk UniversityBrno, Czechia.,Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics AS CR, v.v.i.Brno, Czechia
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17
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The congenital great toe malformation of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva? - A close call. Eur J Med Genet 2017; 60:399-402. [PMID: 28473268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital bilateral hallux valgus with associated absence or fusion of the interphalangeal joint is a classic diagnostic feature of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), a human genetic disease of extra-skeletal bone formation caused in nearly all cases by a gain-of-function mutation in Activin A Receptor I/Activin-like Kinase 2 (ACVR1/ALK2), which encodes a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) Type 1 receptor. This toe malformation prompts the suspicion of FOP even before the appearance of extra-skeletal bone. Here we report the case of a four-month-old child who was suspected of having FOP on the basis of a great toe malformation identical to that seen in children with the disease. METHODS The patient's genomic DNA of the coding region of ACVR1 was sequenced and analyzed for mutations known to cause FOP and novel mutations. Subsequent comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analyses were performed to detect mutations elsewhere in the genome. RESULTS Genetic testing exonerated ACVR1 as culpable for the patient's toe malformation. CGH and SNP analyses identified a large intragenic deletion in a different BMP Type 1 receptor gene, BMP Receptor 1B/Activin-like kinase 6 (BMPR1B/ALK6), a gene associated with a variable spectrum of autosomal dominant brachydactyly phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS This report illustrates that while toe morphology remains the earliest indicator of FOP, toe morphology alone is not an unequivocal clinical diagnostic feature of FOP, and supports that embryonic development of the great toe is highly sensitive to dysregulated signaling from at least two BMP type I receptors.
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18
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Abstract
ROR-family receptor tyrosine kinases form a small subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), characterized by a conserved, unique domain architecture. ROR RTKs are evolutionary conserved throughout the animal kingdom and act as alternative receptors and coreceptors of WNT ligands. The intracellular signaling cascades activated downstream of ROR receptors are diverse, including but not limited to ROR-Frizzled-mediated activation of planar cell polarity signaling, RTK-like signaling, and antagonistic regulation of WNT/β-Catenin signaling. In line with their diverse repertoire of signaling functions, ROR receptors are involved in the regulation of multiple processes in embryonic development such as development of the axial and paraxial mesoderm, the nervous system and the neural crest, the axial and appendicular skeleton, and the kidney. In humans, mutations in the ROR2 gene cause two distinct developmental syndromes, recessive Robinow syndrome (RRS; MIM 268310) and dominant brachydactyly type B1 (BDB1; MIM 113000). In Robinow syndrome patients and animal models, the development of multiple organs is affected, whereas BDB1 results only in shortening of the distal phalanges of fingers and toes, reflecting the diversity of functions and signaling activities of ROR-family RTKs. In this chapter, we give an overview on ROR receptor structure and function. We discuss their signaling functions and role in vertebrate embryonic development with a focus on those developmental processes that are affected by mutations in the ROR2 gene in human patients.
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19
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Amano K, Densmore M, Fan Y, Lanske B. Ihh and PTH1R signaling in limb mesenchyme is required for proper segmentation and subsequent formation and growth of digit bones. Bone 2016; 83:256-266. [PMID: 26620087 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Digit formation is a process, which requires the proper segmentation, formation and growth of phalangeal bones and is precisely regulated by several important factors. One such factor is Ihh, a gene linked to BDA1 and distal symphalangism in humans. In existing mouse models, mutations in Ihh have been shown to cause multiple synostosis in the digits but lead to perinatal lethality. To better study the exact biological and pathological events which occur in these fused digits, we used a more viable Prx1-Cre;Ihh(fl/fl) model in which Cre recombinase is expressed during mesenchymal condensation in the earliest limb buds at E9.5 dpc and found that mutant digits continuously fuse postnatally until phalanges are finally replaced by an unsegmented "one-stick bone". Mutant mice displayed osteocalcin-positive mature osteoblasts, but had reduced proliferation and abnormal osteogenesis. Because of the close interaction between Ihh and PTHrP during endochondral ossification, we also examined the digits of Prx1-Cre;PTH1R(fl/fl) mice, where the receptor for PTHrP was conditionally deleted. Surprisingly, we found PTH1R deletion caused symphalangism, demonstrating another novel function of PTH1R signaling in digit formation. We characterized the symphalangism process whereby initial cartilaginous fusion prevented epiphyseal growth plate formation, resulting in resorption and replacement of the remaining cartilage by bony tissue. Chondrocyte differentiation displayed abnormal directionality in both mutants. Lastly, Prx1-Cre;Ihh(fl/fl);Jansen Tg mice, in which a constitutively active PTH1R allele was introduced into Ihh mutants, were established to address the possible involvement of PTH1R signaling in Ihh mutant digits. These rescue mice failed to show significantly improved phenotype, suggesting that PTH1R signaling in chondrocytes is not sufficient to restore digit formation. Our results demonstrate that Ihh and PTH1R signaling in limb mesenchyme are both essential to regulate proper development of digit structures, although they appear to use different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Amano
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael Densmore
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yi Fan
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Beate Lanske
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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20
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The Rho guanine exchange factor RHGF-2 acts through the Rho-binding kinase LET-502 to mediate embryonic elongation in C. elegans. Dev Biol 2015; 405:250-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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21
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Morales-Piga A, Bachiller-Corral J, González-Herranz P, Medrano-SanIldelfonso M, Olmedo-Garzón J, Sánchez-Duffhues G. Osteochondromas in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva: a widespread trait with a streaking but overlooked appearance when arising at femoral bone end. Rheumatol Int 2015; 35:1759-67. [PMID: 26049728 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-015-3301-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Metaphyseal bony outgrowths are a well-recognized feature of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) phenotype, but its genuine frequency, topographic distribution, morphological aspect, and potential implications are not fully established. To better ascertain the frequency and characteristics of osteocartilaginous exostoses in FOP disease, we conducted a cross-sectional radiological study based on all the traceable cases identified in a previous comprehensive national research. Metaphyseal exostoses were present in all the 17 cases of FOP studied. Although most often arising from the distal femoral (where metaphyseal exostoses adopt a peculiar not yet reported appearance) and proximal tibial bones, we have found that they are not restricted to these areas, but rather can be seen scattered at a variety of other skeletal sites. Using nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, we show that these exophytic outgrowths are true osteochondromas. As a whole, these results are in agreement with data coming from the literature review. Our study confirms the presence of metaphyseal osteochondromas as a very frequent trait of FOP phenotype and an outstanding feature of its anomalous skeletal developmental component. In line with recent evidences, this might imply that dysregulation of BMP signaling, in addition to promoting exuberant heterotopic ossification, could induce aberrant chondrogenesis and osteochondroma formation. Unveiling the molecular links between these physiopathological pathways could help to illuminate the mechanisms that govern bone morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Morales-Piga
- Rare Disease Research Institute (Instituto de Investigación de Enfermedades Raras - IIER), Carlos III Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III - ISCIII), Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain. .,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras - CIBERER), Madrid, Spain.
| | - J Bachiller-Corral
- Rheumatology Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
| | - P González-Herranz
- Orthopedic Surgery Children's Unit, "Teresa Herrera" Mother and Child Hospital, A Coruña, Spain.
| | | | - J Olmedo-Garzón
- Rheumatology Department, San Carlos University Clinic Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
| | - G Sánchez-Duffhues
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands.
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22
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Abstract
Congenital limb deficiency disorders (LDDs) are birth defects characterized by the aplasia or hypoplasia of bones of the limbs. Limb deficiencies are classified as transverse, those due to intrauterine disruptions of previously normal limbs, or longitudinal, those that are isolated or associated with certain syndromes as well as chromosomal anomalies. Consultation with a medical geneticist is advisable. Long-term care should occur in a specialized limb deficiency center with expertise in orthopedics, prosthetics, and occupational and physical therapy and provide emotional support and contact with other families. With appropriate care, most children with LDDs can lead productive lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Wilcox
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, 615 Michael Street, Whitehead 305H, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Colleen P Coulter
- Orthotics and Prosthetics Department, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 5445 Meridian Mark Road, Suite 200, Atlanta, GA 30342, USA
| | - Michael L Schmitz
- Children's Orthopaedics of Atlanta, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 5445 Meridian Mark Road, Suite 250, Atlanta, GA 30342, USA
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23
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Two novel disease-causing variants in BMPR1B are associated with brachydactyly type A1. Eur J Hum Genet 2015; 23:1640-5. [PMID: 25758993 PMCID: PMC4795202 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2015.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Brachydactyly type A1 is an autosomal dominant disorder primarily characterized by hypoplasia/aplasia of the middle phalanges of digits 2–5. Human and mouse genetic perturbations in the BMP-SMAD signaling pathway have been associated with many brachymesophalangies, including BDA1, as causative mutations in IHH and GDF5 have been previously identified. GDF5 interacts directly as the preferred ligand for the BMP type-1 receptor BMPR1B and is important for both chondrogenesis and digit formation. We report pathogenic variants in BMPR1B that are associated with complex BDA1. A c.975A>C (p.(Lys325Asn)) was identified in the first patient displaying absent middle phalanges and shortened distal phalanges of the toes in addition to the significant shortening of middle phalanges in digits 2, 3 and 5 of the hands. The second patient displayed a combination of brachydactyly and arachnodactyly. The sequencing of BMPR1B in this individual revealed a novel c.447-1G>A at a canonical acceptor splice site of exon 8, which is predicted to create a novel acceptor site, thus leading to a translational reading frameshift. Both mutations are most likely to act in a dominant-negative manner, similar to the effects observed in BMPR1B mutations that cause BDA2. These findings demonstrate that BMPR1B is another gene involved with the pathogenesis of BDA1 and illustrates the continuum of phenotypes between BDA1 and BDA2.
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24
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Luo ZX, Meng QJ, Ji Q, Liu D, Zhang YG, Neander AI. Evolutionary development in basal mammaliaforms as revealed by a docodontan. Science 2015; 347:760-4. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1260880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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25
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See EYS, Kulkarni M, Pandit A. Regeneration of the limb: opinions on the reality. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2013; 24:2627-2633. [PMID: 24077993 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-013-5044-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Whenever the topic of re-growing human limbs is posed for discussion, it is often argued that ‘if a newt can do it, then so can we’. This notion, albeit promising, is somewhat like watching a science-fiction film; the individual components are currently available but we are far from realizing the complete picture. Today’s reality is that if we are faced with a limb-severing injury, any regenerative attempt would endeavour to accelerate the pace at which the tissue heals to a clinically relevant/functional state. The science of limb regeneration can be approached from three different angles, developmental biology; regenerative medicine; and tissue engineering. This opinion piece describes how each approach can be used to understand the concepts behind regeneration, how far each approach has advanced and the hurdles faced by each of the approaches.
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26
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Degenkolbe E, König J, Zimmer J, Walther M, Reißner C, Nickel J, Plöger F, Raspopovic J, Sharpe J, Dathe K, Hecht JT, Mundlos S, Doelken SC, Seemann P. A GDF5 point mutation strikes twice--causing BDA1 and SYNS2. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003846. [PMID: 24098149 PMCID: PMC3789827 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth and Differentiation Factor 5 (GDF5) is a secreted growth factor that belongs to the Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) family and plays a pivotal role during limb development. GDF5 is a susceptibility gene for osteoarthritis (OA) and mutations in GDF5 are associated with a wide variety of skeletal malformations ranging from complex syndromes such as acromesomelic chondrodysplasias to isolated forms of brachydactylies or multiple synostoses syndrome 2 (SYNS2). Here, we report on a family with an autosomal dominant inherited combination of SYNS2 and additional brachydactyly type A1 (BDA1) caused by a single point mutation in GDF5 (p.W414R). Functional studies, including chondrogenesis assays with primary mesenchymal cells, luciferase reporter gene assays and Surface Plasmon Resonance analysis, of the GDF5W414R variant in comparison to other GDF5 mutations associated with isolated BDA1 (p.R399C) or SYNS2 (p.E491K) revealed a dual pathomechanism characterized by a gain- and loss-of-function at the same time. On the one hand insensitivity to the main GDF5 antagonist NOGGIN (NOG) leads to a GDF5 gain of function and subsequent SYNS2 phenotype. Whereas on the other hand, a reduced signaling activity, specifically via the BMP receptor type IA (BMPR1A), is likely responsible for the BDA1 phenotype. These results demonstrate that one mutation in the overlapping interface of antagonist and receptor binding site in GDF5 can lead to a GDF5 variant with pathophysiological relevance for both, BDA1 and SYNS2 development. Consequently, our study assembles another part of the molecular puzzle of how loss and gain of function mutations in GDF5 affect bone development in hands and feet resulting in specific types of brachydactyly and SYNS2. These novel insights into the biology of GDF5 might also provide further clues on the pathophysiology of OA. Mutations can be generally classified in loss- or gain-of-function mutations depending on their specific pathomechanism. Here we report on a GDF5 mutation, p.W414R, which is associated with brachydactyly type A1 (BDA1) and Multiple Synostoses Syndrome 2 (SYNS2). Interestingly, whereas shortening of phalangeal elements (brachydactyly) is thought to be caused by a loss of function, bony fusions of joints (synostoses) are due to a gain of function mechanism. Therefore, the question arises as to how p.W414R in GDF5 leads to this combination of phenotypes. In our functional studies, we included two reported GDF5 mutations, which are associated with isolated forms of SYNS2 (GDF5E491K) or BDA1 (GDF5R399C), respectively. We demonstrate that an impaired interaction between the extracellular antagonist NOGGIN (NOG) and GDF5 is likely to cause a joint fusion phenotype such as SYNS2. In contrast, GDF5 mutations associated with BDA1 rather exhibit an altered signaling activity through BMPR1A. Consequently, the GDF5W414R mutation negatively affects both interactions in parallel, which causes the combined phenotype of SYNS2 and BDA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Degenkolbe
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies (BSRT), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana König
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies (BSRT), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Zimmer
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies (BSRT), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Walther
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Reißner
- Institute of Anatomy, Dept. Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Joachim Nickel
- Lehrstuhl für Physiologische Chemie II, Theodor-Boveri-Institut für Biowissenschaften (Biozentrum) der Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Jelena Raspopovic
- EMBL-CRG Systems Biology Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - James Sharpe
- EMBL-CRG Systems Biology Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Katarina Dathe
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jacqueline T. Hecht
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Stefan Mundlos
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Research Group Development and Disease, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandra C. Doelken
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Seemann
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies (BSRT), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Research Group Development and Disease, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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27
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Pereda A, Garin I, Garcia-Barcina M, Gener B, Beristain E, Ibañez AM, Perez de Nanclares G. Brachydactyly E: isolated or as a feature of a syndrome. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2013; 8:141. [PMID: 24028571 PMCID: PMC3848564 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-8-141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brachydactyly (BD) refers to the shortening of the hands, feet or both. There are different types of BD; among them, type E (BDE) is a rare type that can present as an isolated feature or as part of more complex syndromes, such as: pseudohypopthyroidism (PHP), hypertension with BD or Bilginturan BD (HTNB), BD with mental retardation (BDMR) or BDE with short stature, PTHLH type. Each syndrome has characteristic patterns of skeletal involvement. However, brachydactyly is not a constant feature and shows a high degree of phenotypic variability. In addition, there are other syndromes that can be misdiagnosed as brachydactyly type E, some of which will also be discussed. The objective of this review is to describe some of the syndromes in which BDE is present, focusing on clinical, biochemical and genetic characteristics as features of differential diagnoses, with the aim of establishing an algorithm for their differential diagnosis. As in our experience many of these patients are recruited at Endocrinology and/or Pediatric Endocrinology Services due to their short stature, we have focused the algorithm in those steps that could mainly help these professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arrate Pereda
- Molecular (Epi)Genetics Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Araba-Txagorritxu, BioAraba, Vitoria-Gasteiz 01009, Spain.
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28
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Jamsheer A, Zemojtel T, Kolanczyk M, Stricker S, Hecht J, Krawitz P, Doelken SC, Glazar R, Socha M, Mundlos S. Whole exome sequencing identifiesFGF16nonsense mutations as the cause of X-linked recessive metacarpal 4/5 fusion. J Med Genet 2013; 50:579-84. [DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2013-101659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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29
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Casanova JC, Badia-Careaga C, Uribe V, Sanz-Ezquerro JJ. Bambi and Sp8 expression mark digit tips and their absence shows that chick wing digits 2 and 3 are truncated. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52781. [PMID: 23285181 PMCID: PMC3532063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An often overlooked aspect of digit development is the special nature of the terminal phalanx, a specialized structure with characteristics distinct from other phalanges, for example the presence of ectodermal derivatives such as nails and claws. Here, we describe the unique ossification pattern of distal phalanges and characteristic gene expression in the digit tips of chick and duck embryos. Our results show that the distal phalanx of chick wing digit 1 is a genuine tip with a characteristic ossification pattern and expression of Bambi and Sp8; however, the terminal phalanx of digits 2* and 3 is not a genuine tip, and these are therefore truncated digits. Bambi and Sp8 expression in the chick wing provides a direct molecular assessment of digit identity changes after experimental manipulations of digit primordia. In contrast, digits 1 and 2 of the duck wing both possess true tips. Although chick wing-tip development was not rescued by application of Fgf8, this treatment induced the development of extra phalanges. Grafting experiments show that competence for tip formation, including nails, is latent in the interdigital tissue. Our results deepen understanding of the mechanisms of digit tip formation, highlighting its developmental autonomy and modular nature, with implications for digit reduction or loss during evolution. * Numbering of wing digits is 1, 2, 3 from anterior to posterior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús C. Casanova
- Department of Cardiovascular Development and Repair, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CNIC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudio Badia-Careaga
- Department of Cardiovascular Development and Repair, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CNIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Uribe
- Department of Cardiovascular Development and Repair, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CNIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan José Sanz-Ezquerro
- Department of Cardiovascular Development and Repair, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CNIC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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30
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Genetic association suggests that SMOC1 mediates between prenatal sex hormones and digit ratio. Hum Genet 2012; 132:415-21. [PMID: 23263445 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-012-1259-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Men and women differ statistically in the relative lengths of their index and ring fingers; and the ratio of these lengths has been used as a biomarker for prenatal testosterone. The ratio has been correlated with a wide range of traits and conditions including prostate cancer, obesity, autism, ADHD, and sexual orientation. In a genome-wide association study of 979 healthy adults, we find that digit ratio is strongly associated with variation upstream of SMOC1 (rs4902759: P = 1.41 × 10(-8)) and a meta-analysis of this and an independent study shows a probability of P = 1.5 × 10(-11). The protein encoded by SMOC1 has recently been shown to play a critical role in limb development; its expression in prostate tissue is dependent on sex hormones, and it has been implicated in the sexually dimorphic development of the gonads. We put forward the hypothesis that SMOC1 provides a link between prenatal hormone exposure and digit ratio.
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31
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Badugu A, Kraemer C, Germann P, Menshykau D, Iber D. Digit patterning during limb development as a result of the BMP-receptor interaction. Sci Rep 2012; 2:991. [PMID: 23251777 PMCID: PMC3524521 DOI: 10.1038/srep00991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Turing models have been proposed to explain the emergence of digits during limb development. However, so far the molecular components that would give rise to Turing patterns are elusive. We have recently shown that a particular type of receptor-ligand interaction can give rise to Schnakenberg-type Turing patterns, which reproduce patterning during lung and kidney branching morphogenesis. Recent knockout experiments have identified Smad4 as a key protein in digit patterning. We show here that the BMP-receptor interaction meets the conditions for a Schnakenberg-type Turing pattern, and that the resulting model reproduces available wildtype and mutant data on the expression patterns of BMP, its receptor, and Fgfs in the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) when solved on a realistic 2D domain that we extracted from limb bud images of E11.5 mouse embryos. We propose that receptor-ligand-based mechanisms serve as a molecular basis for the emergence of Turing patterns in many developing tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarendra Badugu
- Department for Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE) , ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
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32
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Maass PG, Rump A, Schulz H, Stricker S, Schulze L, Platzer K, Aydin A, Tinschert S, Goldring MB, Luft FC, Bähring S. A misplaced lncRNA causes brachydactyly in humans. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:3990-4002. [PMID: 23093776 PMCID: PMC3485082 DOI: 10.1172/jci65508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Translocations are chromosomal rearrangements that are frequently associated with a variety of disease states and developmental disorders. We identified 2 families with brachydactyly type E (BDE) resulting from different translocations affecting chromosome 12p. Both translocations caused downregulation of the parathyroid hormone-like hormone (PTHLH) gene by disrupting the cis-regulatory landscape. Using chromosome conformation capturing, we identified a regulator on chromosome 12q that interacts in cis with PTHLH over a 24.4-megabase distance and in trans with the sex-determining region Y-box 9 (SOX9) gene on chromosome 17q. The element also harbored a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA). Silencing of the lncRNA, PTHLH, or SOX9 revealed a feedback mechanism involving an expression-dependent network in humans. In the BDE patients, the human lncRNA was upregulated by the disrupted chromosomal association. Moreover, the lncRNA occupancy at the PTHLH locus was reduced. Our results document what we believe to be a novel in cis- and in trans-acting DNA and lncRNA regulatory feedback element that is reciprocally regulated by coding genes. Furthermore, our findings provide a systematic and combinatorial view of how enhancers encoding lncRNAs may affect gene expression in normal development.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Brachydactyly/diagnostic imaging
- Brachydactyly/genetics
- Brachydactyly/metabolism
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12/metabolism
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Gene Silencing
- Genetic Loci
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein/biosynthesis
- Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein/genetics
- RNA, Long Noncoding/biosynthesis
- RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics
- Radiography
- SOX9 Transcription Factor/biosynthesis
- SOX9 Transcription Factor/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp G. Maass
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany.
MDC, Berlin, Germany.
Institute of Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University, Dresden, Germany.
Development and Disease Group, Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany.
Hospital for Special Surgery, Laboratory for Cartilage Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andreas Rump
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany.
MDC, Berlin, Germany.
Institute of Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University, Dresden, Germany.
Development and Disease Group, Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany.
Hospital for Special Surgery, Laboratory for Cartilage Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Herbert Schulz
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany.
MDC, Berlin, Germany.
Institute of Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University, Dresden, Germany.
Development and Disease Group, Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany.
Hospital for Special Surgery, Laboratory for Cartilage Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sigmar Stricker
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany.
MDC, Berlin, Germany.
Institute of Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University, Dresden, Germany.
Development and Disease Group, Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany.
Hospital for Special Surgery, Laboratory for Cartilage Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lisanne Schulze
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany.
MDC, Berlin, Germany.
Institute of Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University, Dresden, Germany.
Development and Disease Group, Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany.
Hospital for Special Surgery, Laboratory for Cartilage Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Konrad Platzer
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany.
MDC, Berlin, Germany.
Institute of Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University, Dresden, Germany.
Development and Disease Group, Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany.
Hospital for Special Surgery, Laboratory for Cartilage Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Atakan Aydin
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany.
MDC, Berlin, Germany.
Institute of Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University, Dresden, Germany.
Development and Disease Group, Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany.
Hospital for Special Surgery, Laboratory for Cartilage Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sigrid Tinschert
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany.
MDC, Berlin, Germany.
Institute of Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University, Dresden, Germany.
Development and Disease Group, Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany.
Hospital for Special Surgery, Laboratory for Cartilage Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mary B. Goldring
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany.
MDC, Berlin, Germany.
Institute of Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University, Dresden, Germany.
Development and Disease Group, Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany.
Hospital for Special Surgery, Laboratory for Cartilage Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Friedrich C. Luft
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany.
MDC, Berlin, Germany.
Institute of Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University, Dresden, Germany.
Development and Disease Group, Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany.
Hospital for Special Surgery, Laboratory for Cartilage Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sylvia Bähring
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany.
MDC, Berlin, Germany.
Institute of Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University, Dresden, Germany.
Development and Disease Group, Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany.
Hospital for Special Surgery, Laboratory for Cartilage Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
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33
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Abbott AD, Colman RJ, Tiefenthaler R, Dumesic DA, Abbott DH. Early-to-mid gestation fetal testosterone increases right hand 2D:4D finger length ratio in polycystic ovary syndrome-like monkeys. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42372. [PMID: 22927929 PMCID: PMC3425513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A smaller length ratio for the second relative to the fourth finger (2D:4D) is repeatedly associated with fetal male-typical testosterone (T) and is implicated as a biomarker for a variety of traits and susceptibility to a number of diseases, but no experimental human studies have been performed. The present study utilizes the rhesus monkey, a close relative of humans, and employs discrete gestational exposure of female monkeys to fetal male-typical T levels for 15-35 days during early-to-mid (40-76 days; n = 7) or late (94-139 days; n = 7) gestation (term: 165 days) by daily subcutaneous injection of their dams with 10 mg T propionate. Such gestational exposures are known to enhance male-typical behavior. In this study, compared to control females (n = 19), only early-to-mid gestation T exposure virilizes female external genitalia while increasing 2D:4D ratio in the right hand (RH) by male-like elongation of RH2D. RH2D length and 2D:4D positively correlate with androgen-dependent anogenital distance (AG), and RH2D and AG positively correlate with duration of early-to-mid gestation T exposure. Male monkeys (n = 9) exhibit a sexually dimorphic 2D:4D in the right foot, but this trait is not emulated by early-to-mid or late gestation T exposed females. X-ray determined phalanx measurements indicate elongated finger and toe phalanx length in males, but no other phalanx-related differences. Discrete T exposure during early-to-mid gestation in female rhesus monkeys thus appears to increase RH2D:4D through right-side biased, non-skeletal tissue growth. As variation in timing and duration of gestational T exposure alter male-like dimensions of RH2D independently of RH4D, postnatal RH2D:4D provides a complex biomarker for fetal T exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Abbott
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America.
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34
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Mayhew TM. Cross-sectional data on soft tissue morphometry of the growing hand and fingers of dextral individuals 5-65 years old. J Anat 2012; 221:373-81. [PMID: 22881364 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01553.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examines both hands of right-handed (dextral) subjects 5-65 years old in order to define the separate growth trajectories of digit lengths (2D-5D) and hand widths; to assess how 2D : 4D and other digit ratios also vary with age; and to test whether lengths are influenced by gender dimorphism and lateral (right/left) asymmetry. Calliper measurements were made from hand photocopies. Growth patterns were analysed by linear regression and correlation, main and interaction effects of age and gender were resolved by analysis of variance, and lateral asymmetries were identified by paired tests. All digits, and hand width, grew in a biphasic pattern in both hands, and inflection points between phases showed gender dimorphism. In the early fast-growing phase, male digits grew over a longer period than those in females, before switching to a slower growth phase during which gender dimorphism became more exaggerated. In right hands, age differences in digit ratios were confined to 2D : 4D and, except for 4D : 5D, females tended to show larger ratios than males. In left hands, all ratios (except 3D : 5D) varied with age and gender influenced only 2D : 4D, 2D : 5D and 3D : 5D. Again, ratios were greater in females. In females, 2D was longer in the right hand of older subjects, whilst 3D, 4D and 5D tended to be shorter in the right hand of younger subjects. No asymmetries were seen in 2D, 3D or 4D in males, but 5D tended to be shorter on the right in the group 9-12 years old. Finally, hand width tended to be greater in females on the right at 9-65 years old, and in males on the right at 18-23 years old. A further novel finding was that certain relationships (inflection points, correlation coefficients and gender differences in digit lengths) seemed to follow gradients running from 2D to 5D. It is tempting to speculate that these are manifestations of the antero-posterior gradients established by signalling events that control digit development and patterning in utero.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Mayhew
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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35
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Chakkalakal SA, Zhang D, Culbert AL, Convente MR, Caron RJ, Wright AC, Maidment ADA, Kaplan FS, Shore EM. An Acvr1 R206H knock-in mouse has fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. J Bone Miner Res 2012; 27:1746-56. [PMID: 22508565 PMCID: PMC3556640 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP; MIM #135100) is a debilitating genetic disorder of dysregulated cellular differentiation characterized by malformation of the great toes during embryonic skeletal development and by progressive heterotopic endochondral ossification postnatally. Patients with these classic clinical features of FOP have the identical heterozygous single nucleotide substitution (c.617G > A; R206H) in the gene encoding ACVR1/ALK2, a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type I receptor. Gene targeting was used to develop an Acvr1 knock-in model for FOP (Acvr1(R206H/+)). Radiographic analysis of Acvr1(R206H/+) chimeric mice revealed that this mutation induced malformed first digits in the hind limbs and postnatal extraskeletal bone formation, recapitulating the human disease. Histological analysis of murine lesions showed inflammatory infiltration and apoptosis of skeletal muscle followed by robust formation of heterotopic bone through an endochondral pathway, identical to that seen in patients. Progenitor cells of a Tie2(+) lineage participated in each stage of endochondral osteogenesis. We further determined that both wild-type (WT) and mutant cells are present within the ectopic bone tissue, an unexpected finding that indicates that although the mutation is necessary to induce the bone formation process, the mutation is not required for progenitor cell contribution to bone and cartilage. This unique knock-in mouse model provides novel insight into the genetic regulation of heterotopic ossification and establishes the first direct in vivo evidence that the R206H mutation in ACVR1 causes FOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salin A Chakkalakal
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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36
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Klopocki E, Kähler C, Foulds N, Shah H, Joseph B, Vogel H, Lüttgen S, Bald R, Besoke R, Held K, Mundlos S, Kurth I. Deletions in PITX1 cause a spectrum of lower-limb malformations including mirror-image polydactyly. Eur J Hum Genet 2012; 20:705-8. [PMID: 22258522 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2011.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PITX1 is a bicoid-related homeodomain transcription factor implicated in vertebrate hindlimb development. Recently, mutations in PITX1 have been associated with autosomal-dominant clubfoot. In addition, one affected individual showed a polydactyly and right-sided tibial hemimelia. We now report on PITX1 deletions in two fetuses with a high-degree polydactyly, that is, mirror-image polydactyly. Analysis of DNA from additional individuals with isolated lower-limb malformations and higher-degree polydactyly identified a third individual with long-bone deficiency and preaxial polydactyly harboring a heterozygous 35 bp deletion in PITX1. The findings demonstrate that mutations in PITX1 can cause a broad spectrum of isolated lower-limb malformations including clubfoot, deficiency of long bones, and mirror-image polydactyly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Klopocki
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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37
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Wilson DG, Phamluong K, Lin WY, Barck K, Carano RAD, Diehl L, Peterson AS, Martin F, Solloway MJ. Chondroitin sulfate synthase 1 (Chsy1) is required for bone development and digit patterning. Dev Biol 2012; 363:413-25. [PMID: 22280990 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Joint and skeletal development is highly regulated by extracellular matrix (ECM) proteoglycans, of which chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are a major class. Despite the requirement of joint CSPGs for skeletal flexibility and structure, relatively little is understood regarding their role in establishing joint positioning or in modulating signaling and cell behavior during joint formation. Chondroitin sulfate synthase 1 (Chsy1) is one of a family of enzymes that catalyze the extension of chondroitin and dermatan sulfate glycosaminoglycans. Recently, human syndromic brachydactylies have been described to have loss-of-function mutations at the CHSY1 locus. In concordance with these observations, we demonstrate that mice lacking Chsy1, though viable, display chondrodysplasia and decreased bone density. Notably, Chsy1(-/-) mice show a profound limb patterning defect in which orthogonally shifted ectopic joints form in the distal digits. Associated with the digit-patterning defect is a shift in cell orientation and an imbalance in chondroitin sulfation. Our results place Chsy1 as an essential regulator of joint patterning and provide a mouse model of human brachydactylies caused by mutations in CHSY1.
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Southgate L, Machado R, Snape K, Primeau M, Dafou D, Ruddy D, Branney P, Fisher M, Lee G, Simpson M, He Y, Bradshaw T, Blaumeiser B, Winship W, Reardon W, Maher E, FitzPatrick D, Wuyts W, Zenker M, Lamarche-Vane N, Trembath R. Gain-of-function mutations of ARHGAP31, a Cdc42/Rac1 GTPase regulator, cause syndromic cutis aplasia and limb anomalies. Am J Hum Genet 2011; 88:574-85. [PMID: 21565291 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of cell proliferation and motility is essential for normal development. The Rho family of GTPases plays a critical role in the control of cell polarity and migration by effecting the cytoskeleton, membrane trafficking, and cell adhesion. We investigated a recognized developmental disorder, Adams-Oliver syndrome (AOS), characterized by the combination of aplasia cutis congenita (ACC) and terminal transverse limb defects (TTLD). Through a genome-wide linkage analysis, we detected a locus for autosomal-dominant ACC-TTLD on 3q generating a maximum LOD score of 4.93 at marker rs1464311. Candidate-gene- and exome-based sequencing led to the identification of independent premature truncating mutations in the terminal exon of the Rho GTPase-activating protein 31 gene, ARHGAP31, which encodes a Cdc42/Rac1 regulatory protein. Mutant transcripts are stable and increase ARHGAP31 activity in vitro through a gain-of-function mechanism. Constitutively active ARHGAP31 mutations result in a loss of available active Cdc42 and consequently disrupt actin cytoskeletal structures. Arhgap31 expression in the mouse is substantially restricted to the terminal limb buds and craniofacial processes during early development; these locations closely mirror the sites of impaired organogenesis that characterize this syndrome. These data identify the requirement for regulated Cdc42 and/or Rac1 signaling processes during early human development.
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Stricker S, Mundlos S. FGF and ROR2 receptor tyrosine kinase signaling in human skeletal development. Curr Top Dev Biol 2011; 97:179-206. [PMID: 22074606 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385975-4.00013-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal malformations are among the most frequent developmental disturbances in humans. In the past years, progress has been made in unraveling the molecular mechanisms that govern skeletal development by the use of animal models as well as by the identification of numerous mutations that cause human skeletal syndromes. Receptor tyrosine kinases have critical roles in embryonic development. During formation of the skeletal system, the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) family plays major roles in the formation of cranial, axial, and appendicular bones. Another player of relevance to skeletal development is the unusual receptor tyrosine kinase ROR2, the function of which is as interesting as it is complex. In this chapter, we review the involvement of FGFR signaling in human skeletal disease and provide an update on the growing knowledge of ROR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigmar Stricker
- Development and Disease Group, Max Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
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