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Drobnitch ST, Kray JA, Gleason SM, Ocheltree TW. Comparative venation costs of monocotyledon and dicotyledon species in the eastern Colorado steppe. PLANTA 2024; 260:2. [PMID: 38761315 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04434-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Leaf vein network cost (total vein surface area per leaf volume) for major veins and vascular bundles did not differ between monocot and dicot species in 21 species from the eastern Colorado steppe. Dicots possessed significantly larger minor vein networks than monocots. Across the tree of life, there is evidence that dendritic vascular transport networks are optimized, balancing maximum speed and integrity of resource delivery with minimal resource investment in transport and infrastructure. Monocot venation, however, is not dendritic, and remains parallel down to the smallest vein orders with no space-filling capillary networks. Given this departure from the "optimized" dendritic network, one would assume that monocots are operating at a significant energetic disadvantage. In this study, we investigate whether monocot venation networks bear significantly greater carbon/construction costs per leaf volume than co-occurring dicots in the same ecosystem, and if so, what physiological or ecological advantage the monocot life form possesses to compensate for this deficit. Given that venation networks could also be optimized for leaf mechanical support or provide herbivory defense, we measured the vascular system of both monocot and dicots at three scales to distinguish between leaf investment in mechanical support (macroscopic vein), total transport and capacitance (vascular bundle), or exclusively water transport (xylem) for both parallel and dendritic venation networks. We observed that vein network cost (total vein surface area per leaf volume) for major veins and vascular bundles was not significantly different between monocot species and dicot species. Dicots, however, possess significantly larger minor vein networks than monocots. The 19 species subjected to gas-exchange measurement in the field displayed a broad range of Amax and but demonstrated no significant relationships with any metric of vascular network size in major or minor vein classes. Given that monocots do not seem to display any leaf hydraulic disadvantage relative to dicots, it remains an important research question why parallel venation (truly parallel, down to the smallest vessels) has not arisen more than once in the history of plant evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Tepler Drobnitch
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, 1472 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1472, USA.
| | - J A Kray
- Rangeland Resources and Systems Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Sean M Gleason
- Water Management and Systems Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Troy W Ocheltree
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, 1472 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1472, USA
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2
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Jin N, Yu X, Dong J, Duan M, Mo Y, Feng L, Bai R, Zhao J, Song J, Dossa GGO, Lu H. Vertical variation in leaf functional traits of Parashorea chinensis with different canopy layers. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1335524. [PMID: 38348271 PMCID: PMC10859428 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1335524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Canopy species need to shift their ecological adaptation to improve light and water resources utilization, and the study of intraspecific variations in plant leaf functional traits based at individual scale is of great significance for evaluating plant adaptability to climate change. Methods In this study, we evaluate how leaf functional traits of giant trees relate to spatial niche specialization along a vertical gradient. We sampled the tropical flagship species of Parashorea chinensis around 60 meters tall and divided their crowns into three vertical layers. Fourteen key leaf functional traits including leaf morphology, photosynthetic, hydraulic and chemical physiology were measured at each canopy layer to investigate the intraspecific variation of leaf traits and the interrelationships between different functional traits. Additionally, due to the potential impact of different measurement methods (in-situ and ex-situ branch) on photosynthetic physiological parameters, we also compared the effects of these two gas exchange measurements. Results and discussion In-situ measurements revealed that most leaf functional traits of individual-to-individual P. chinensis varied significantly at different canopy heights. Leaf hydraulic traits such as midday leaf water potential (MWP) and leaf osmotic potential (OP) were insignificantly correlated with leaf photosynthetic physiological traits such as maximal net assimilation rate per mass (A mass). In addition, great discrepancies were found between in-situ and ex-situ measurements of photosynthetic parameters. The ex-situ measurements caused a decrease by 53.63%, 27.86%, and 38.05% in A mass, and a decrease of 50.00%, 19.21%, and 27.90% in light saturation point compared to the in-situ measurements. These findings provided insights into our understanding of the response mechanisms of P. chinensis to micro-habitat in Xishuangbanna tropical seasonal rainforests and the fine scale adaption of different resultant of decoupled traits, which have implications for understanding ecological adaption strategies of P. chinensis under environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jin
- School of Ecology and Environment Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
- National Forest Ecosystem Research Station at Xishuangbanna, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
- Xishuangbanna Forest Ecosystem Yunnan Field Scientific Observation Research Station, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
| | - Xiaocheng Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
- National Forest Ecosystem Research Station at Xishuangbanna, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
- Xishuangbanna Forest Ecosystem Yunnan Field Scientific Observation Research Station, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
| | - Jinlong Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
- National Forest Ecosystem Research Station at Xishuangbanna, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
- Xishuangbanna Forest Ecosystem Yunnan Field Scientific Observation Research Station, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
| | - Mengcheng Duan
- Qianyanzhou Ecological Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxuan Mo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
| | - Leiyun Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
- National Forest Ecosystem Research Station at Xishuangbanna, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
- Xishuangbanna Forest Ecosystem Yunnan Field Scientific Observation Research Station, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
| | - Rong Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
- National Forest Ecosystem Research Station at Xishuangbanna, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
- Xishuangbanna Forest Ecosystem Yunnan Field Scientific Observation Research Station, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
| | - Jianli Zhao
- School of Ecology and Environment Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Jia Song
- School of Environmental and Geographical Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gbadamassi Gouvide Olawole Dossa
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
| | - Huazheng Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
- National Forest Ecosystem Research Station at Xishuangbanna, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
- Xishuangbanna Forest Ecosystem Yunnan Field Scientific Observation Research Station, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
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Blackman CJ, Halliwell B, Hartill GE, Brodribb TJ. Petiole XLA (xylem to leaf area ratio) integrates hydraulic safety and efficiency across a diverse group of eucalypt leaves. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:49-58. [PMID: 37680088 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
A theoretical trade-off between the efficiency and safety of water transport systems in plants is used to explain diverse ecological patterns, from tree size to community structure. Despite its pervasive influence, this theory has marginal empirical support. This may be partially due to obfuscation of associations by wide phylogenetic sampling or non-standard sampling between studies. To address this, we examine the coordination of structural and anatomical traits linked to hydraulic safety and efficiency in the leaves of an ecologically diverse group of eucalypts. We introduce a new trait for characterising leaf water transport function measured as the cross-sectional XA at the petiole divided by the downstream leaf area (XLApetiole ). Variation in XLApetiole revealed support for a safety-efficiency trade-off in eucalypt leaves. XLApetiole was negatively correlated with theoretical petiole xylem conductivity (Ks_petiole ) and strongly negatively correlated with leaf cavitation vulnerability (Ψ50leaf ). Species with lower Ψ50leaf exhibited petiole xylem with narrower vessels and greater fibre wall area fractions. Our findings highlight XLApetiole as a novel integrative trait that provides insights into the evolution of leaf form and function in eucalypts and holds promise for wider use among diverse species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Blackman
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Ben Halliwell
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Gabrielle E Hartill
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Timothy J Brodribb
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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4
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Jiang GF, Li SY, Dinnage R, Cao KF, Simonin KA, Roddy AB. Diverse mangroves deviate from other angiosperms in their genome size, leaf cell size and cell packing density relationships. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 131:347-360. [PMID: 36516425 PMCID: PMC9992938 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS While genome size limits the minimum sizes and maximum numbers of cells that can be packed into a given leaf volume, mature cell sizes can be substantially larger than their meristematic precursors and vary in response to abiotic conditions. Mangroves are iconic examples of how abiotic conditions can influence the evolution of plant phenotypes. METHODS Here, we examined the coordination between genome size, leaf cell sizes, cell packing densities and leaf size in 13 mangrove species across four sites in China. Four of these species occurred at more than one site, allowing us to test the effect of climate on leaf anatomy. RESULTS We found that genome sizes of mangroves were very small compared to other angiosperms, but, like other angiosperms, mangrove cells were always larger than the minimum size defined by genome size. Increasing mean annual temperature of a growth site led to higher packing densities of veins (Dv) and stomata (Ds) and smaller epidermal cells but had no effect on stomatal size. In contrast to other angiosperms, mangroves exhibited (1) a negative relationship between guard cell size and genome size; (2) epidermal cells that were smaller than stomata; and (3) coordination between Dv and Ds that was not mediated by epidermal cell size. Furthermore, mangrove epidermal cell sizes and packing densities covaried with leaf size. CONCLUSIONS While mangroves exhibited coordination between veins and stomata and attained a maximum theoretical stomatal conductance similar to that of other angiosperms, the tissue-level tradeoffs underlying these similar relationships across species and environments were markedly different, perhaps indicative of the unique structural and physiological adaptations of mangroves to their stressful environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Su-Yuan Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, and State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China
| | - Russell Dinnage
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199USA
| | - Kun-Fang Cao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, and State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China
| | - Kevin A Simonin
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132USA
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Gebauer R, Urban J, Volařík D, Matoušková M, Vitásek R, Houšková K, Hurt V, Pantová P, Polívková T, Plichta R. Does leaf gas exchange correlate with petiole xylem structural traits in Ulmus laevis seedlings under well-watered and drought stress conditions? TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:2534-2545. [PMID: 35866300 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have shown that petiole xylem structure could be an important predictor of leaf gas exchange capacity, but the question of how petiole xylem structure relates to leaf gas exchange under different environment conditions remains unresolved. Moreover, knowledge of the amount of leaf gas exchange and structural variation that exists within a single species is also limited. In this study, we investigated the intraspecies coordination of leaf gas exchange and petiole xylem traits in 2-year-old seedlings of Ulmus laevis Pall. under well-watered and drought conditions. It was found that all studied petiole xylem traits of the elm seedlings were positively correlated with each other. This shows that the development of petiole xylem structure is internally well-coordinated. Nevertheless, the lower correlation coefficients between some petiole xylem traits indicate that the coordination is also individually driven. Drought stress reduced all studied leaf gas exchange traits and significantly increased intraspecies variation. In addition, drought stress also shifted the relationships between physiological traits and exhibited more structure-function relationships. This indicates the importance of petiole xylem structure in dictating water loss during drought stress and could partly explain the inconsistencies between leaf structure-function relationships studied under optimal conditions. Although several structure-function traits were related, the wide ranges of correlation coefficients indicate that the internal coordination of these traits substantially differs between individual elm seedlings. These findings are very important in the context of expected climatic change, as some degree of intraspecies variation in structure-function relationships could ensure the survival of some individuals under different environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Gebauer
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocoenology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Urban
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocoenology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Study, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, 79 Svobodny prospect, 66004, Russia
| | - Daniel Volařík
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocoenology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Matoušková
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocoenology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Vitásek
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocoenology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Houšková
- Department of Silviculture, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Hurt
- The Czech Republic Nursery Association, z.s., Wolkerova 37/17, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Pantová
- Department of Silviculture, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Terezie Polívková
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocoenology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Plichta
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocoenology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
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6
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Liu H, Ye Q, Gleason SM, He P, Yin D. Weak tradeoff between xylem hydraulic efficiency and safety: climatic seasonality matters. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:1440-1452. [PMID: 33058227 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A classic theory proposes that plant xylem cannot be both highly efficient in water transport and resistant to embolism, and therefore a hydraulic efficiency-safety trade-off should exist. However, the trade-off is weak, and many species exhibit both low efficiency and low safety, falling outside of the expected trade-off space. It remains unclear under what climatic conditions these species could maintain competitive fitness. We compiled hydraulic efficiency and safety traits for 682 observations of 499 woody species from 178 sites world-wide and measured the position of each observation within the proposed trade-off space. For both angiosperms and gymnosperms, observations from sites with high climatic seasonality, especially precipitation seasonality, tended to have higher hydraulic safety and efficiency than observations from sites with low seasonality. Specifically, high vapour pressure deficit, high solar radiation, and low precipitation during the wet season were driving factors. Strong climatic seasonality and drought in both dry and wet seasons appear to be ecological filters that select for species with co-optimized safety and efficiency, whereas the opposite environmental conditions may allow the existence of plants with low efficiency and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Qing Ye
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Haibin Road 1119, Nansha, Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Sean M Gleason
- Water Management and Systems Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Pengcheng He
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Deyi Yin
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Guangzhou, 510650, China
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7
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Blonder B, Both S, Jodra M, Xu H, Fricker M, Matos IS, Majalap N, Burslem DFRP, Teh YA, Malhi Y. Linking functional traits to multiscale statistics of leaf venation networks. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:1796-1810. [PMID: 32712991 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Leaf venation networks evolved along several functional axes, including resource transport, damage resistance, mechanical strength, and construction cost. Because functions may depend on architectural features at different scales, network architecture may vary across spatial scales to satisfy functional tradeoffs. We develop a framework for quantifying network architecture with multiscale statistics describing elongation ratios, circularity ratios, vein density, and minimum spanning tree ratios. We quantify vein networks for leaves of 260 southeast Asian tree species in samples of up to 2 cm2 , pairing multiscale statistics with traits representing axes of resource transport, damage resistance, mechanical strength, and cost. We show that these multiscale statistics clearly differentiate species' architecture and delineate a phenotype space that shifts at larger scales; functional linkages vary with scale and are weak, with vein density, minimum spanning tree ratio, and circularity ratio linked to mechanical strength (measured by force to punch) and elongation ratio and circularity ratio linked to damage resistance (measured by tannins); and phylogenetic conservatism of network architecture is low but scale-dependent. This work provides tools to quantify the function and evolution of venation networks. Future studies including primary and secondary veins may uncover additional insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Blonder
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Sabine Both
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, UK
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Miguel Jodra
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Hao Xu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Mark Fricker
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Ilaíne S Matos
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Noreen Majalap
- Forest Research Centre, Sabah Forestry Department, Sandakan, Sabah, 90175, Malaysia
| | - David F R P Burslem
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, UK
| | - Yit Arn Teh
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
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8
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Liu X, Liu H, Gleason SM, Goldstein G, Zhu S, He P, Hou H, Li R, Ye Q. Water transport from stem to stomata: the coordination of hydraulic and gas exchange traits across 33 subtropical woody species. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:1665-1674. [PMID: 31314105 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Coordination between sapwood-specific hydraulic conductivity (Ks) and stomatal conductance (gs) has been identified in previous studies; however, coordination between leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf) and gs, as well as between Kleaf and Ks is not always consistent. This suggests that there is a need to improve our understanding of the coordination among hydraulic and gas exchange traits. In this study, hydraulic traits (e.g., Ks and Kleaf) and gas exchange traits, including gs, transpiration (E) and net CO2 assimilation (Aarea), were measured across 33 co-occurring subtropical woody species. Kleaf was divided into two components: leaf hydraulic conductance inside the xylem (Kleaf-x) and outside the xylem (Kleaf-ox). We found that both Kleaf-x and Kleaf-ox were coordinated with gs and E, but the correlations between Kleaf-ox and gs (or E) were substantially weaker, and that Ks was coordinated with Kleaf-x, but not with Kleaf-ox. In addition, we found that Ks, Kleaf-x and Kleaf-ox together explained 63% of the variation in gs and 42% of the variation in Aarea across species, with Ks contributing the largest proportion of explanatory power, whereas Kleaf-ox contributed the least explanatory power. Our results demonstrate that the coordination between leaf water transport and gas exchange, as well as the hydraulic linkage between leaf and stem, were weakened by Kleaf-ox. This highlights the possibility that water transport efficiencies of stem and leaf xylem, rather than that of leaf tissues outside the xylem, are important determinants of stomatal conductance and photosynthetic capacity across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sean M Gleason
- Water Management and Systems Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Guillermo Goldstein
- Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecologia Genetica y Evolucion, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Shidan Zhu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Pengcheng He
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Hou
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ronghua Li
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Ecology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Ye
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
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9
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Bucci SJ, Carbonell Silletta LM, Garré A, Cavallaro A, Efron ST, Arias NS, Goldstein G, Scholz FG. Functional relationships between hydraulic traits and the timing of diurnal depression of photosynthesis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:1603-1614. [PMID: 30613989 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The hydraulic coordination along the water transport pathway helps trees provide adequate water supply to the canopy, ensuring that water deficits are minimized and that stomata remain open for CO2 uptake. We evaluated the stem and leaf hydraulic coordination and the linkages between hydraulic traits and the timing of diurnal depression of photosynthesis across seven evergreen tree species in the southern Andes. There was a positive correlation between stem hydraulic conductivity (ks ) and leaf hydraulic conductance (KLeaf ) across species. All species had similar maximum photosynthetic rates (Amax ). The species with higher ks and KLeaf attained Amax in the morning, whereas the species with lower ks and KLeaf exhibited their Amax in the early afternoon concurrently with turgor loss. These latter species had very negative leaf water potentials, but far from the pressure at which the 88% of leaf hydraulic conductance is lost. Our results suggest that diurnal gas exchange dynamics may be determined by leaf hydraulic vulnerability such that a species more vulnerable to drought restrict water loss and carbon assimilation earlier than species less vulnerable. However, under stronger drought, species with earlier CO2 uptake depression may increase the risk of hydraulic failure, as their safety margins are relatively narrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra J Bucci
- Grupo de Estudios Biofísicos y Ecofisiológicos (GEBEF), Instituto de Biociencias de la Patagonia (INBIOP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco (UNPSJB), (9000), Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina
| | - Luisina M Carbonell Silletta
- Grupo de Estudios Biofísicos y Ecofisiológicos (GEBEF), Instituto de Biociencias de la Patagonia (INBIOP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco (UNPSJB), (9000), Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina
| | - Analía Garré
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco (UNPSJB), (9000), Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina
| | - Agustín Cavallaro
- Grupo de Estudios Biofísicos y Ecofisiológicos (GEBEF), Instituto de Biociencias de la Patagonia (INBIOP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco (UNPSJB), (9000), Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina
| | - Samanta Thais Efron
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires, UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nadia S Arias
- Grupo de Estudios Biofísicos y Ecofisiológicos (GEBEF), Instituto de Biociencias de la Patagonia (INBIOP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco (UNPSJB), (9000), Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Goldstein
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires, UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
| | - Fabían G Scholz
- Grupo de Estudios Biofísicos y Ecofisiológicos (GEBEF), Instituto de Biociencias de la Patagonia (INBIOP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco (UNPSJB), (9000), Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina
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10
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Medeiros CD, Scoffoni C, John GP, Bartlett MK, Inman‐Narahari F, Ostertag R, Cordell S, Giardina C, Sack L. An extensive suite of functional traits distinguishes Hawaiian wet and dry forests and enables prediction of species vital rates. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Camila D. Medeiros
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles California
| | - Christine Scoffoni
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles California
- Department of Biological Sciences California State University Los Angeles California
| | - Grace P. John
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles California
| | - Megan K. Bartlett
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles California
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Princeton University Princeton New Jersey
| | - Faith Inman‐Narahari
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management University of Hawai'i at Manoa Honolulu Hawai'i
| | - Rebecca Ostertag
- Department of Biology University of Hawai'i at Hilo Hilo Hawai'i
| | - Susan Cordell
- Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry Pacific Southwest Research Station USDA Forest Service Hilo Hawai'i
| | - Christian Giardina
- Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry Pacific Southwest Research Station USDA Forest Service Hilo Hawai'i
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles California
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11
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Blackman CJ, Gleason SM, Cook AM, Chang Y, Laws CA, Westoby M. The links between leaf hydraulic vulnerability to drought and key aspects of leaf venation and xylem anatomy among 26 Australian woody angiosperms from contrasting climates. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:59-67. [PMID: 29668853 PMCID: PMC6025239 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims The structural properties of leaf venation and xylem anatomy strongly influence leaf hydraulics, including the ability of leaves to maintain hydraulic function during drought. Here we examined the strength of the links between different leaf venation traits and leaf hydraulic vulnerability to drought (expressed as P50leaf by rehydration kinetics) in a diverse group of 26 woody angiosperm species, representing a wide range of leaf vulnerabilities, from four low-nutrient sites with contrasting rainfall across eastern Australia. Methods For each species we measured key aspects of leaf venation design, xylem anatomy and leaf morphology. We also assessed for the first time the scaling relationships between hydraulically weighted vessel wall thickness (th) and lumen breadth (bh) across vein orders and habitats. Key Results Across species, variation in P50leaf was strongly correlated with the ratio of vessel wall thickness (th) to lumen breadth (bh) [(t/b)h; an index of conduit reinforcement] at each leaf vein order. Concomitantly, the scaling relationship between th and bh was similar across vein orders, with a log-log slope less than 1 indicating greater xylem reinforcement in smaller vessels. In contrast, P50leaf was not related to th and bh individually, to major vein density (Dvmajor) or to leaf size. Principal components analysis revealed two largely orthogonal trait groupings linked to variation in leaf size and drought tolerance. Conclusions Our results indicate that xylem conduit reinforcement occurs throughout leaf venation, and remains closely linked to leaf drought tolerance irrespective of leaf size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Blackman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Sean M Gleason
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- USDA-ARS, Water Management and Systems Research Unit, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Alicia M Cook
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yvonne Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Claire A Laws
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark Westoby
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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12
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Gleason SM, Blackman CJ, Gleason ST, McCulloh KA, Ocheltree TW, Westoby M. Vessel scaling in evergreen angiosperm leaves conforms with Murray's law and area-filling assumptions: implications for plant size, leaf size and cold tolerance. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:1360-1370. [PMID: 29603233 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Water transport in leaf vasculature is a fundamental process affecting plant growth, ecological interactions and ecosystem productivity, yet the architecture of leaf vascular networks is poorly understood. Although Murray's law and the West-Brown-Enquist (WBE) theories predict convergent scaling of conduit width and number, it is not known how conduit scaling is affected by habitat aridity or temperature. We measured the scaling of leaf size, conduit width and conduit number within the leaves of 36 evergreen Angiosperms spanning a large range in aridity and temperature in eastern Australia. Scaling of conduit width and number in midribs and 2° veins did not differ across species and habitats (P > 0.786), and did not differ from that predicted by Murray's law (P = 0.151). Leaf size was strongly correlated with the hydraulic radius of petiole conduits (r2 = 0.83, P < 0.001) and did not differ among habitats (P > 0.064), nor did the scaling exponent differ significantly from that predicted by hydraulic theory (P = 0.086). The maximum radius of conduits in petioles was positively correlated with the temperature of the coldest quarter (r2 = 0.67; P < 0.001), suggesting that habitat temperature restricts the occurrence of wide-conduit species in cold habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Gleason
- Water Management and Systems Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Chris J Blackman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Scott T Gleason
- University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR), 3300 Mitchell Lane, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA
| | - Katherine A McCulloh
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Troy W Ocheltree
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Mark Westoby
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
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13
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Ray DM, Jones CS. Scaling relationships and vessel packing in petioles. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:667-676. [PMID: 29664993 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY While tradeoffs among mechanical and conductive functions have been well investigated in woody stems, these tradeoffs are relatively unexplored in petioles, the structural link between stems and laminas. We investigated size-independent scaling relationships between cross-sectional areas of structural and vascular tissues, relationships between tissue areas of xylem and phloem, vessel packing within xylem, and scaling of vascular and structural tissues with lamina traits. METHODS We examined allometric relationships among petiole tissues and as a function of lamina and petiole size variation on eleven species of Pelargonium. From transverse sections of methacrylate-embedded tissue, we measured the cross-sectional areas of all tissues within the petiole and vessel lumen, and cell wall areas of each vessel. Allometric scaling relationships were analyzed using standardized major axis regressions. KEY RESULTS Pelargonium petiole vessels were packed as predicted by Sperry's packing rule for woody stems. In contrast to woody stems, there was no evidence of a tradeoff between vessel area and fiber area. Within cross-sections, more xylem was produced than phloem. Among bundles, xylem and phloem scaling relationships varied with bundle position. Except for lamina dry mass and petiole fiber cross-sectional area, petiole and lamina traits were independent. CONCLUSIONS Petioles share vascular tissue traits with stems despite derivation from leaf primordia. We did not find evidence for a tradeoff between structural and vascular tissues, in part because fibers occur outside the xylem. We propose this separation of conduction and support underlies observed developmental and evolutionary plasticity in petioles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin M Ray
- University of Connecticut, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, 75 N. Eagleville Road, Unit 3043, Storrs, ConnecticutT, 06269, U.S.A
| | - Cynthia S Jones
- University of Connecticut, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, 75 N. Eagleville Road, Unit 3043, Storrs, ConnecticutT, 06269, U.S.A
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14
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Rockwell FE, Holbrook NM. Leaf Hydraulic Architecture and Stomatal Conductance: A Functional Perspective. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 174:1996-2007. [PMID: 28615346 PMCID: PMC5543976 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Mechanistic modeling of water transport from petiole to stomata provides new perspectives on optimality in vascular and mesophyll transport properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulton E Rockwell
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - N Michele Holbrook
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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15
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Tabassum MA, Zhu G, Hafeez A, Wahid MA, Shaban M, Li Y. Influence of leaf vein density and thickness on hydraulic conductance and photosynthesis in rice (Oryza sativa L.) during water stress. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36894. [PMID: 27848980 PMCID: PMC5111110 DOI: 10.1038/srep36894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The leaf venation architecture is an ideal, highly structured and efficient irrigation system in plant leaves. Leaf vein density (LVD) and vein thickness are the two major properties of this system. Leaf laminae carry out photosynthesis to harvest the maximum biological yield. It is still unknown whether the LVD and/or leaf vein thickness determines the plant hydraulic conductance (Kplant) and leaf photosynthetic rate (A). To investigate this topic, the current study was conducted with two varieties under three PEG-induced water deficit stress (PEG-IWDS) levels. The results showed that PEG-IWDS significantly decreased A, stomatal conductance (gs), and Kplant in both cultivars, though the IR-64 strain showed more severe decreases than the Hanyou-3 strain. PEG-IWDS significantly decreased the major vein thickness, while it had no significant effect on LVD. A, gs and Kplant were positively correlated with each other, and they were negatively correlated with LVD. A, gs and Kplant were positively correlated with the inter-vein distance and major vein thickness. Therefore, the decreased photosynthesis and hydraulic conductance in rice plants under water deficit conditions are related to the decrease in the major vein thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Adnan Tabassum
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guanglong Zhu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Abdul Hafeez
- Cotton Physiology Lab for Efficient Production, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Muhammad Atif Wahid
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Muhammad Shaban
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yong Li
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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16
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Brocious CA, Hacke UG. Stomatal conductance scales with petiole xylem traits in Populus genotypes. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2016; 43:553-562. [PMID: 32480485 DOI: 10.1071/fp15336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Progress has been made in linking water transport in leaves with anatomical traits. However, most of our current knowledge about these links is based on studies that sampled phylogenetically distant species and covered a wide range of leaf size and morphology. Here we studied covariation of leaf anatomical traits and hydraulic capacity in five closely related hybrid poplar genotypes. Variation in stomatal conductance and leaf hydraulic conductance was not linked to vein density or other anatomical lamina properties. A strong correlation was found between stomatal conductance and the transport capacity of the petiole, estimated from the diameter and number of xylem vessels. An inverse relationship existed between leaf size and major vein density. The role of bundle sheath extensions is discussed. Our data suggests that petiole xylem is an important predictor of gas exchange capacity in poplar leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Brocious
- University of Alberta, Department of Renewable Resources, 442 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Uwe G Hacke
- University of Alberta, Department of Renewable Resources, 442 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada
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17
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Blackman CJ, Aspinwall MJ, Resco de Dios V, Smith RA, Tissue DT. Leaf photosynthetic, economics and hydraulic traits are decoupled among genotypes of a widespread species of eucalypt grown under ambient and elevated
CO
2. Funct Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chris J. Blackman
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Locked Bag 1797 Penrith New South Wales2751 Australia
| | - Michael J. Aspinwall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Locked Bag 1797 Penrith New South Wales2751 Australia
| | - Víctor Resco de Dios
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Locked Bag 1797 Penrith New South Wales2751 Australia
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences‐AGROTECNIO Center Universitat de Lleida Rovira Roure 191 Lleida 25198 Spain
| | - Renee A. Smith
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Locked Bag 1797 Penrith New South Wales2751 Australia
| | - David T. Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Locked Bag 1797 Penrith New South Wales2751 Australia
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