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Yu Q, Yang FS, Chen YX, Wu H, Ickert-Bond SM, Wang XQ. Diploid species phylogeny and evolutionary reticulation indicate early radiation of Ephedra in the Tethys coast. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:2619-2630. [PMID: 37837251 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Reconstructing a robust species phylogeny and disentangling the evolutionary and biogeographic history of the gymnosperm genus Ephedra, which has a large genome and rich polyploids, remain a big challenge. Here we reconstructed a transcriptome-based phylogeny of 19 diploid Ephedra species, and explored evolutionary reticulations in this genus represented by 50 diploid and polyploid species, using four low-copy nuclear and nine plastid genes. The diploid species phylogeny indicates that the Mediterranean species diverged first, and the remaining species split into three clades, including the American species (Clade A), E. rhytidosperma, and all other Asian species (Clade B). The single-gene trees placed E. rhytidosperma sister to Clade A, Clade B, or Clades A + B in similar proportions, suggesting that radiation and gene flow likely occurred in the early evolution of Ephedra. In addition, reticulate evolution occurred not only among the deep nodes, but also in the recently evolved South American species, which further caused difficulty in phylogenetic reconstruction. Moreover, we found that allopolyploid speciation was pervasive in Ephedra. Our study also suggests that Ephedra very likely originated in the Tethys coast during the late Cretaceous, and the South American Ephedra species have a single origin by dispersal from Mexico or North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fu-Sheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ya-Xing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Hui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Stefanie M Ickert-Bond
- Department of Biology and Wildlife & UA Museum of the North, University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF), Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA
| | - Xiao-Quan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Herrando-Moraira S, Roquet C, Calleja JA, Chen YS, Fujikawa K, Galbany-Casals M, Garcia-Jacas N, Liu JQ, López-Alvarado J, López-Pujol J, Mandel JR, Mehregan I, Sáez L, Sennikov AN, Susanna A, Vilatersana R, Xu LS. Impact of the climatic changes in the Pliocene-Pleistocene transition on Irano-Turanian species. The radiation of genus Jurinea (Compositae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023; 189:107928. [PMID: 37714444 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
The Irano-Turanian region is one of the world's richest floristic regions and the centre of diversity for numerous xerophytic plant lineages. However, we still have limited knowledge on the timing of evolution and biogeographic history of its flora, and potential drivers of diversification remain underexplored. To fill this knowledge gap, we focus on the Eurasian genus Jurinea (ca. 200 species), one of the largest plant radiations that diversified in the region. We applied a macroevolutionary integrative approach to explicitly test diversification hypotheses and investigate the relative roles of geography vs. ecology and niche conservatism vs. niche lability in speciation processes. To do so, we gathered a sample comprising 77% of total genus richness and obtained data about (1) its phylogenetic history, recovering 502 nuclear loci sequences; (2) growth forms; (3) ecological niche, compiling data of 21 variables for more than 2500 occurrences; and (4) paleoclimatic conditions, to estimate climatic stability. Our results revealed that climate was a key factor in the evolutionary dynamics of Jurinea. The main diversification and biogeographic events that occurred during past climate changes, which led to colder and drier conditions, are the following: (1) the origin of the genus (10.7 Ma); (2) long-distance dispersals from the Iranian Plateau to adjacent regions (∼7-4 Ma); and (3) the diversification shift during Pliocene-Pleistocene Transition (ca. 3 Ma), when net diversification rate almost doubled. Our results supported the pre-adaptation hypothesis, i.e., the evolutionary success of Jurinea was linked to the retention of the ancestral niche adapted to aridity. Interestingly, the paleoclimatic analyses revealed that in the Iranian Plateau long-term climatic stability favoured old-lineage persistence, resulting in current high species richness of semi-arid and cold adapted clades; whereas moderate climate oscillations stimulated allopatric diversification in the lineages distributed in the Circumboreal region. In contrast, growth form lability and high niche disparity among closely related species in the Central Asian clade suggest adaptive radiation to mountain habitats. In sum, the radiation of Jurinea is the result of both adaptive and non-adaptive processes influenced by climatic, orogenic and ecological factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Herrando-Moraira
- Botanic Institute of Barcelona (IBB, CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona), Pg. del Migdia, s.n., 08038 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Roquet
- Systematics and Evolution of Vascular Plants (UAB) - Associated Unit to CSIC, Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Juan-Antonio Calleja
- Departament of Biology (Botany), Faculty of Sciences, Research Centre on Biodiversity and Global Change (CIBC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - You-Sheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Kazumi Fujikawa
- Kochi Prefectural Makino Botanical Garden, 4200-6, Godaisan, Kochi 781-8125, Japan
| | - Mercè Galbany-Casals
- Systematics and Evolution of Vascular Plants (UAB) - Associated Unit to CSIC, Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Núria Garcia-Jacas
- Botanic Institute of Barcelona (IBB, CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona), Pg. del Migdia, s.n., 08038 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jian-Quan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Javier López-Alvarado
- Systematics and Evolution of Vascular Plants (UAB) - Associated Unit to CSIC, Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jordi López-Pujol
- Botanic Institute of Barcelona (IBB, CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona), Pg. del Migdia, s.n., 08038 Barcelona, Spain; Escuela de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Espíritu Santo (UEES), Samborondón 091650, Ecuador
| | - Jennifer R Mandel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Biodiversity, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Iraj Mehregan
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Llorenç Sáez
- Systematics and Evolution of Vascular Plants (UAB) - Associated Unit to CSIC, Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Alexander N Sennikov
- Botanical Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 7, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alfonso Susanna
- Botanic Institute of Barcelona (IBB, CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona), Pg. del Migdia, s.n., 08038 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Vilatersana
- Botanic Institute of Barcelona (IBB, CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona), Pg. del Migdia, s.n., 08038 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lian-Sheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
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Bozkurt M, Calleja Alarcón JA, Uysal T, Garcia-Jacas N, Ertuğrul K, Susanna A. Biogeography of Rhaponticoides, an Irano-Turanian element in the Mediterranean flora. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22019. [PMID: 36539442 PMCID: PMC9768164 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24947-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Floristic relationships between the Irano-Turanian and Mediterranean regions have been known from old. However, only a few biogeographical analyses based on molecular data have evaluated the history of steppe plants within the Mediterranean basin. Our study aims to contribute to a better understanding of the migratory and diversification processes by reconstructing the biogeography of Rhaponticoides (Cardueae), distributed in the Mediterranean and Irano-Turanian regions. We generated nuclear and plastid sequences that were analyzed by Bayesian inference. We used the resulting phylogeny for dating the diversification of the genus and examining the dispersal pathways. Two clades were recovered, an Irano-Turanian clade and a Mediterranean clade. The origin of the genus was placed in the Anatolian plateau in the Middle Miocene. The genus experienced several diversifications and expansions correlated to the Messinian salinity crisis and the environmental changes in the Pliocene and the Quaternary. Rhaponticoides migrated following two routes reflecting the two souls of the genus: Irano-Turanian taxa colonized the steppes of Eurasia whilst Mediterranean species migrated via eastern and central Mediterranean and North Africa, leaving a trail of species; both pathways ended in the Iberian Peninsula. Our study also confirms that more work is needed to unravel phylogenetic relationships in Rhaponticoides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryem Bozkurt
- grid.17242.320000 0001 2308 7215Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selçuk University, 42130 Konya, Turkey
| | - Juan Antonio Calleja Alarcón
- Departament of Biology (Botany), Faculty of Sciences, Research Centre on Biodiversity and Global Change (CIBC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tuna Uysal
- grid.17242.320000 0001 2308 7215Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selçuk University, 42130 Konya, Turkey
| | - Nuria Garcia-Jacas
- grid.423841.80000 0004 1775 8010Botanic Institute of Barcelona (IBB, CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona), Pg. del Migdia, S.N., 08038 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kuddisi Ertuğrul
- grid.17242.320000 0001 2308 7215Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selçuk University, 42130 Konya, Turkey
| | - Alfonso Susanna
- grid.423841.80000 0004 1775 8010Botanic Institute of Barcelona (IBB, CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona), Pg. del Migdia, S.N., 08038 Barcelona, Spain
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Chen YP, Turdimatovich TO, Nuraliev MS, Lazarević P, Drew BT, Xiang CL. Phylogeny and biogeography of the northern temperate genus Dracocephalum s.l. (Lamiaceae). Cladistics 2022; 38:429-451. [PMID: 35358338 DOI: 10.1111/cla.12502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The northern temperate genus Dracocephalum consists of approximately 70 species mainly distributed in the steppe-desert biomes of Central and West Asia and the alpine region of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP). Previous work has shown that Dracocephalum is not monophyletic and might include Hyssopus and Lallemantia. This study attempts to clarify the phylogenetic relationships, diversification patterns, and the biogeographical history of the three genera (defined as Dracocephalum s.l.). Based on a sampling of 66 taxa comprising more than 80% from extant species of Dracocephalum s.l., morphological, phylogenetic (maximum parsimony, likelihood, and Bayesian inference based on nuclear ITS and ETS, plastid rpl32-trnL, trnL-trnF, ycf1, and ycf1-rps15, and two low-copy nuclear markers AT3G09060 and AT1G09680), molecular dating, diversification, and ancestral range estimation analyses were carried out. Our results demonstrate that both Hyssopus and Lallemantia are embedded within Dracocephalum and nine well-supported clades can be recognized within Dracocephalum s.l. Analyses of divergence times suggest that the genus experienced an early rapid radiation during the middle to late Miocene with major lineages diversifying within a relatively narrow timescale. Ancestral area reconstruction analyses indicate that Dracocephalum s.l. originated in Central and West Asia and southern Siberia, and dispersed from Central and West Asia into the QTP and adjacent areas twice independently during the Pliocene. The aridification of the Asian interior possibly promoted the rapid radiation of Dracocephalum within this region, and the uplift of the QTP appears to have triggered the dispersal and recent rapid diversification of the genus in the QTP and adjacent regions. Combining molecular phylogenetic and morphological evidence, a revised infrageneric classification of Dracocephalum s.l. is proposed, which recognizes nine sections within the genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ping Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | | | - Maxim S Nuraliev
- Department of Higher Plants, Biological Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Predrag Lazarević
- Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Bryan T Drew
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska-Kearney, Kearney, 68849, USA
| | - Chun-Lei Xiang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
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Walas Ł, Taib A. Environmental regionalization and endemic plant distribution in the Maghreb. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:100. [PMID: 35032243 PMCID: PMC8761123 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09707-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Clustering methods based on environmental variables are useful in the planning of conservation strategies for species and ecosystems. However, there is a lack of work on the regionalization of the vast space of North Africa and the distribution of plant species. The current lists of endemic plants are focused mostly on an occurrence at the country level and not on regions with different conditions. The aim of this work was to lay out an environmental scheme for northwest Africa and to collect data about the occurrence of endemic plants in this area. Clustering with 12 of 33 tested environmental rasters was performed to divide the Maghreb into environmental clusters. Then, a list of 1618 endemic plant taxa (1243 species and 375 subspecies) was prepared and their distribution in estimated environmental clusters was examined. Eleven clusters with different conditions were estimated. The main drivers of regionalization were temperature amplitude, precipitation seasonality, and precipitation of the warmest quarter. According to the occurrence of endemic plants, northwest Africa may be divided into three zones: Atlas, Mediterranean (two environmental clusters), and southern zone (eight environmental clusters). The presented results provide a good basis for understanding the spatial patterns of the Maghreb, including its environment and species diversity. A designed list of endemic plant species together with environmental data may facilitate the planning of future research in north Africa and arranging methods of biodiversity protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Walas
- Institute of Dendrology Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland
| | - Asma Taib
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique, El Harrach, Algeria
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Žerdoner Čalasan A, Hurka H, German DA, Pfanzelt S, Blattner FR, Seidl A, Neuffer B. Pleistocene dynamics of the Eurasian steppe as a driving force of evolution: Phylogenetic history of the genus Capsella (Brassicaceae). Ecol Evol 2021; 11:12697-12713. [PMID: 34594532 PMCID: PMC8462161 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Capsella is a model plant genus of the Brassicaceae closely related to Arabidopsis. To disentangle its biogeographical history and intrageneric phylogenetic relationships, 282 individuals of all five currently recognized Capsella species were genotyped using a restriction digest-based next-generation sequencing method. Our analysis retrieved two main lineages within Capsella that split c. one million years ago, with western C. grandiflora and C. rubella forming a sister lineage to the eastern lineage consisting of C. orientalis. The split was attributed to continuous latitudinal displacements of the Eurasian steppe belt to the south during Early Pleistocene glacial cycles. During the interglacial cycles of the Late Pleistocene, hybridization of the two lineages took place in the southwestern East European Plain, leading to the allotetraploid C. bursa-pastoris. Extant genetic variation within C. orientalis postdated any extensive glacial events. Ecological niche modeling showed that suitable habitat for C. orientalis existed during the Last Glacial Maximum around the north coast of the Black Sea and in southern Kazakhstan. Such a scenario is also supported by population genomic data that uncovered the highest genetic diversity in the south Kazakhstan cluster, suggesting that C. orientalis originated in continental Asia and migrated north- and possibly eastwards after the last ice age. Post-glacial hybridization events between C. bursa-pastoris and C. grandiflora/rubella in the southwestern East European Plain and the Mediterranean gave rise to C. thracica. Introgression of C. grandiflora/rubella into C. bursa-pastoris resulted in a new Mediterranean cluster within the already existing Eurasian C. bursa-pastoris cluster. This study shows that the continuous displacement and disruption of the Eurasian steppe belt during the Pleistocene was the driving force in the evolution of Capsella.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Herbert Hurka
- Department 5: Biology/Chemistry, BotanyUniversity of OsnabrückOsnabrückGermany
| | - Dmitry A. German
- South‐Siberian Botanical GardenAltai State UniversityBarnaulRussia
| | - Simon Pfanzelt
- Experimental TaxonomyLeibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)Seeland‐GaterslebenGermany
- Munich Botanical GardenMünchenGermany
| | - Frank R. Blattner
- Experimental TaxonomyLeibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)Seeland‐GaterslebenGermany
| | - Anna Seidl
- Institute of BotanyDepartment of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity ResearchUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna (BOKU)Austria
| | - Barbara Neuffer
- Department 5: Biology/Chemistry, BotanyUniversity of OsnabrückOsnabrückGermany
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Barbolini N, Woutersen A, Dupont-Nivet G, Silvestro D, Tardif D, Coster PMC, Meijer N, Chang C, Zhang HX, Licht A, Rydin C, Koutsodendris A, Han F, Rohrmann A, Liu XJ, Zhang Y, Donnadieu Y, Fluteau F, Ladant JB, Le Hir G, Hoorn C. Cenozoic evolution of the steppe-desert biome in Central Asia. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabb8227. [PMID: 33036969 PMCID: PMC7546705 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb8227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The origins and development of the arid and highly seasonal steppe-desert biome in Central Asia, the largest of its kind in the world, remain largely unconstrained by existing records. It is unclear how Cenozoic climatic, geological, and biological forces, acting at diverse spatial and temporal scales, shaped Central Asian ecosystems through time. Our synthesis shows that the Central Asian steppe-desert has existed since at least Eocene times but experienced no less than two regime shifts, one at the Eocene-Oligocene Transition and one in the mid-Miocene. These shifts separated three successive "stable states," each characterized by unique floral and faunal structures. Past responses to disturbance in the Asian steppe-desert imply that modern ecosystems are unlikely to recover their present structures and diversity if forced into a new regime. This is of concern for Asian steppes today, which are being modified for human use and lost to desertification at unprecedented rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Barbolini
- Department of Ecosystem and Landscape Dynamics, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Woutersen
- Department of Ecosystem and Landscape Dynamics, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - G Dupont-Nivet
- Universität Potsdam, Institute of Geosciences, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, Géosciences Rennes-UMR 6118, F-35000 Rennes, France
- Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - D Silvestro
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Ch. De Musée 10, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - D Tardif
- Institut de Physique du Globe, Paris 75005, France
| | - P M C Coster
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - N Meijer
- Universität Potsdam, Institute of Geosciences, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - C Chang
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - H-X Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - A Licht
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - C Rydin
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Bergius Foundation, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Box 50005, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Koutsodendris
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - F Han
- School of Earth Sciences, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, Jiangxi, China
| | - A Rohrmann
- Universität Potsdam, Institute of Geosciences, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - X-J Liu
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Y Zhang
- The First Monitoring and Application Center, China Earthquake Administration, Tianjin 300180, China
| | - Y Donnadieu
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE)/Institute Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Commissariat á l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA)-CNRS-Université de Versailles Saint Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut pour la Recherche et le Développement (IRD), Collège de France, Centre de Recherche et d'Enseignement de Géosciences de l'Environnement (CEREGE), Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - F Fluteau
- Institut de Physique du Globe, Paris 75005, France
| | - J-B Ladant
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - G Le Hir
- Institut de Physique du Globe, Paris 75005, France
| | - C Hoorn
- Department of Ecosystem and Landscape Dynamics, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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