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Long ES, Tham EJ, Ferrer RP. Succession and climatic stochasticity induce long-term decline of a forest browser. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298231. [PMID: 38412173 PMCID: PMC10898743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Removal of predators and creation of early seral habitat have, in many systems, caused substantial population growth of herbivores. Hyperabundant herbivores, in turn, induce cascading ecosystem effects, but few studies have investigated long-term browser density trends in relation to succession and stochastic climate events. Here, we use annual, empirical population estimates of a forest browser to relate forest succession to long-term decline of an herbivore that prefers early seral habitat. From 2007-2021, concurrent with reduced timber harvest, we used line-transect distance sampling to document annual changes in Columbian black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) density on a mid-sized (17.3km2) predator-free island. We documented successional changes associated with forest aggradation and decreased forage quality for deer: early successional shrub/scrub habitat declined 3.8%/year; timber volume increased 4.5%/year; and canopy coverage increased 2.5%. In 2007-2008, deer densities were the greatest observed (~44/km2), but then an historic snowstorm reduced deer density by 39%. From 2010-2021, as forests continued to mature, deer density decreased 4.0%/year, declining to 20 deer/km2. Using a multivariate approach to combine habitat variables (i.e., early seral coverage, timber volume, and canopy closure) into a measure of forest maturation, we found a significant negative relationship between deer density and forest aggradation. Thus, consistent with predictions for bottom-up limited browsers, we observed significant annual declines in a deer population throughout an extended period of forest regrowth. Despite declines, deer density on the island exceeds mainland densities, and overbrowsing likely continues to disrupt ecosystem processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Long
- Department of Biology, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Enoch J. Tham
- Department of Biology, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ryan P. Ferrer
- Department of Biology, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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2
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Pumpitakkul V, Chetruengchai W, Srichomthong C, Phokaew C, Pootakham W, Sonthirod C, Nawae W, Tongsima S, Wangkumhang P, Wilantho A, Utara Y, Thongpakdee A, Sanannu S, Maikaew U, Khuntawee S, Changpetch W, Phromwat P, Raschasin K, Sarnkhaeveerakul P, Supapannachart P, Buthasane W, Pukazhenthi BS, Koepfli KP, Suriyaphol P, Tangphatsornruang S, Suriyaphol G, Shotelersuk V. Comparative genomics and genome-wide SNPs of endangered Eld's deer provide breeder selection for inbreeding avoidance. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19806. [PMID: 37957263 PMCID: PMC10643696 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Eld's deer, a conserved wildlife species of Thailand, is facing inbreeding depression, particularly in the captive Siamese Eld's deer (SED) subspecies. In this study, we constructed genomes of a male SED and a male Burmese Eld's deer (BED), and used genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms to evaluate the genetic purity and the inbreeding status of 35 SED and 49 BED with limited pedigree information. The results show that these subspecies diverged approximately 1.26 million years ago. All SED were found to be purebred. A low proportion of admixed SED genetic material was observed in some BED individuals. Six potential breeders from male SED with no genetic relation to any female SED and three purebred male BED with no relation to more than 10 purebred female BED were identified. This study provides valuable insights about Eld's deer populations and appropriate breeder selection in efforts to repopulate this endangered species while avoiding inbreeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vichayanee Pumpitakkul
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Wanna Chetruengchai
- Center of Excellence for Medical Genomics, Medical Genomics Cluster, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Excellence Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Chalurmpon Srichomthong
- Center of Excellence for Medical Genomics, Medical Genomics Cluster, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Excellence Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Chureerat Phokaew
- Center of Excellence for Medical Genomics, Medical Genomics Cluster, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Excellence Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Wirulda Pootakham
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Chutima Sonthirod
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Wanapinun Nawae
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Sissades Tongsima
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Pongsakorn Wangkumhang
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Alisa Wilantho
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Yongchai Utara
- Zoological Park Organization of Thailand, Animal Conservation and Research Institute, Bangkok, 10800, Thailand
| | - Ampika Thongpakdee
- Zoological Park Organization of Thailand, Animal Conservation and Research Institute, Bangkok, 10800, Thailand
| | - Saowaphang Sanannu
- Zoological Park Organization of Thailand, Animal Conservation and Research Institute, Bangkok, 10800, Thailand
| | - Umaporn Maikaew
- Khao Kheow Open Zoo, Zoological Park Organization of Thailand, Chonburi, 20110, Thailand
| | - Suphattharaphonnaphan Khuntawee
- Ubon Ratchathani Zoo, Zoological Park Organization of Thailand, Ubon Ratchathani District, Ubon Ratchathani, 34000, Thailand
| | - Wirongrong Changpetch
- Nakhon Ratchasima Zoo, Zoological Park Organization of Thailand, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Phairot Phromwat
- Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Breeding Center, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Uthai Thani, 61160, Thailand
| | - Kacharin Raschasin
- Chulabhorn Wildlife Breeding Center, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Sisaket, 33140, Thailand
| | - Phunyaphat Sarnkhaeveerakul
- Banglamung Wildlife Breeding Center, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Chonburi, 20150, Thailand
| | - Pannawat Supapannachart
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Wannapol Buthasane
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Budhan S Pukazhenthi
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
| | - Klaus-Peter Koepfli
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
- Smithsonian-Mason School of Conservation, George Mason University, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
| | - Prapat Suriyaphol
- Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Sithichoke Tangphatsornruang
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand.
| | - Gunnaporn Suriyaphol
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Vorasuk Shotelersuk
- Center of Excellence for Medical Genomics, Medical Genomics Cluster, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Excellence Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
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Allen K, Bellingham PJ, Richardson SJ, Allen RB, Burrows LE, Carswell FE, Husheer SW, St John MG, Peltzer DA. Long-term exclusion of invasive ungulates alters tree recruitment and functional traits but not total forest carbon. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2023; 33:e2836. [PMID: 36890426 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Forests are major carbon (C) sinks, but their ability to sequester C and thus mitigate climate change, varies with the environment, disturbance regime, and biotic interactions. Herbivory by invasive, nonnative ungulates can have profound ecosystem effects, yet its consequences for forest C stocks remain poorly understood. We determined the impact of invasive ungulates on C pools, both above- and belowground (to 30 cm), and on forest structure and diversity using 26 paired long-term (>20 years) ungulate exclosures and adjacent unfenced control plots located in native temperate rainforests across New Zealand, spanning 36-41° S. Total ecosystem C was similar between ungulate exclosure (299.93 ± 25.94 Mg C ha-1 ) and unfenced control (324.60 ± 38.39 Mg C ha-1 ) plots. Most (60%) variation in total ecosystem C was explained by the biomass of the largest tree (mean diameter at breast height [dbh]: 88 cm) within each plot. Ungulate exclusion increased the abundance and diversity of saplings and small trees (dbh ≥2.5, <10 cm) compared with unfenced controls, but these accounted for ~5% of total ecosystem C, demonstrating that a few, large trees dominate the total forest ecosystem C but are unaffected by invasive ungulates at a timescale of 20-50 years. However, changes in understory C pools, species composition, and functional diversity did occur following long-term ungulate exclusion. Our findings suggest that, although the removal of invasive herbivores may not affect total forest C at the decadal scale, major shifts in the diversity and composition of regenerating species will have longer term consequences for ecosystem processes and forest C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara Allen
- Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Peter J Bellingham
- Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Robert B Allen
- Independent Researcher, 8 Roblyn Place, Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Larry E Burrows
- Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Fiona E Carswell
- Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Sean W Husheer
- New Zealand Forest Surveys Limited, Hastings Aerodrome, Hawkes Bay, New Zealand
| | - Mark G St John
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Duane A Peltzer
- Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand
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Ramirez JI, Poorter L, Jansen PA, den Ouden J, Siewert M, Olofsson J. Top-down and bottom-up forces explain patch utilization by two deer species and forest recruitment. Oecologia 2023; 201:229-240. [PMID: 36424509 PMCID: PMC9813088 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05292-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ungulates play an important role in temperate systems. Through their feeding behaviour, they can respond to vegetation by selecting patches or modify vegetation composition by herbivory. The degree in which they interact with vegetation can either reinforce landscape heterogeneity by creating disturbance or reduce heterogeneity in case of overbrowsing. This study evaluates how bottom-up (patch quality, structure), top-down forces (hunting, distance to village, forest edge) and deer features (feeding type, abundance) mediate patch utilization in a temperate forest and assess the implications of patch utilization and light on forest recruitment. Theory predicts that animals seek to maximize their energetic gains by food intake while minimizing the costs associated to foraging, such as the energy required for avoiding predators and exploiting resources. We focused on two deer species with contrasting feeding type: a browser (C. capreolus) and a mixed feeder (C. elaphus). We paired camera traps to vegetation sub-plots in ten forest sites in the Netherlands that widely ranged in deer abundance and landscape heterogeneity. Results showed that patch utilization is simultaneously explained by bottom-up, top-down forces and by deer abundance, as predicted by the safety-in-numbers hypothesis. Yet, forces best explaining patch utilization differed between deer species. Overall, higher patch utilization came with higher browsing, lower tree diversity and a large difference in forest composition: from a mix of broadleaves and conifers towards only conifers. We conclude that these two deer species, although living in the same area and belonging to the same guild, differentially perceive, interact with and shape their surrounding landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Ignacio Ramirez
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lourens Poorter
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick A. Jansen
- Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands ,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
| | - Jan den Ouden
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Siewert
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Johan Olofsson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Abstract
Ungulate populations are increasing across Europe with important implications for forest plant communities. Concurrently, atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition continues to eutrophicate forests, threatening many rare, often more nutrient-efficient, plant species. These pressures may critically interact to shape biodiversity as in grassland and tundra systems, yet any potential interactions in forests remain poorly understood. Here, we combined vegetation resurveys from 52 sites across 13 European countries to test how changes in ungulate herbivory and eutrophication drive long-term changes in forest understorey communities. Increases in herbivory were associated with elevated temporal species turnover, however, identities of winner and loser species depended on N levels. Under low levels of N-deposition, herbivory favored threatened and small-ranged species while reducing the proportion of non-native and nutrient-demanding species. Yet all these trends were reversed under high levels of N-deposition. Herbivores also reduced shrub cover, likely exacerbating N effects by increasing light levels in the understorey. Eutrophication levels may therefore determine whether herbivory acts as a catalyst for the "N time bomb" or as a conservation tool in temperate forests.
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Ohira M, Gomi T, Iwai A, Hiraoka M, Uchiyama Y. Ecological resilience of physical plant-soil feedback to chronic deer herbivory: Slow, partial, but functional recovery. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2656. [PMID: 35567501 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ecological resilience to ungulate overbrowsing is an important issue in forest ecosystems. After chronic herbivory, the recovery rate of understory vegetation and its related functions can be slow even with decreasing grazing intensity; thus, detecting elasticity during alternative successional trajectories is fundamental to understanding state perturbations. In this context, we focused on physical plant-soil feedback (functional interactions between plant growth and soil physical conditions) and evaluated elasticity and recovery processes according to deer density. The effects of 40 years of chronic herbivory by sika deer (average density 14.7 individuals km-2 ) on the recovery of understory plant communities and associated changes in soil physical properties in headwater catchments were assessed. Using 8 years of catchment-wide exclusion (fenced) and reduction (only culled; average 4.3 individuals km-2 ) treatments, plot sampling was conducted in 2010 (before treatment) and 2018 (after treatment). The recovery of vegetation and soil physical properties were evaluated, and functional plant-soil relationships and spatial variability were assessed to detect recovery processes during alternative successional trajectory. Woody species increased only under the exclusion treatment and the average soil bulk density was lower than that under reduction treatments. Soil bulk density was negatively correlated with root biomass in the fenced catchment, and root biomass was positively associated with woody species richness. Reduced soil bulk density (~0.5 g cm-3 ) was observed with greater root biomass and woody species richness on upper hillslopes in the deer-excluded catchment where plant coverage was minimal. Successional failure under the reduction treatment suggested slow recovery with a depressed threshold according to deer density, indicating a clockwise hysteretic response to deer density. Unlike plant coverage during the earlier period of overbrowsing, woody species root development led the recovery of functional physical plant-soil feedback; however, this was probably limited by the higher soil erosion rate in riparian areas and an under-developed herb layer. Our results highlight an alternative recovery trajectory of physical plant-soil feedback driven by an alternative plant element (woody roots) to recovery trajectory with increasing plant cover. However, riparian erosion and herb layer would still suppress recovery. Therefore, recovery might be slower at the landscape scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Ohira
- Department of International Environmental and Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Takashi Gomi
- Department of International Environmental and Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Ayana Iwai
- Department of International Environmental and Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Marino Hiraoka
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Erosion and Sediment Control Research Group, Public Works Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Uchiyama
- Natural Environment Conservation Centre, Kanagawa Prefecture, Atsugi, Japan
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Anujan K, Ratnam J, Sankaran M. Chronic browsing by an introduced mammalian herbivore in a tropical island alters species composition and functional traits of forest understory plant communities. Biotropica 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.13149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Anujan
- Department of Biology Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune India
- Ecology & Evolution Group, National Centre for Biological Sciences Tata Institute for Fundamental Research, GKVK Bangalore India
- Department of Ecology Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University in the City of New York New York New York USA
| | - Jayashree Ratnam
- Wildlife Biology and Conservation Group, National Centre for Biological Sciences Tata Institute for Fundamental Research, GKVK Bangalore India
| | - Mahesh Sankaran
- Ecology & Evolution Group, National Centre for Biological Sciences Tata Institute for Fundamental Research, GKVK Bangalore India
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Mols B, Lambers E, Cromsigt JPGM, Kuijper DPJ, Smit C. Recreation and hunting differentially affect deer behaviour and sapling performance. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bjorn Mols
- Conservation Ecology Group, Groningen Inst. for Evolutionary Life Sciences, Univ. of Groningen Groningen the Netherlands
| | - Evert Lambers
- Conservation Ecology Group, Groningen Inst. for Evolutionary Life Sciences, Univ. of Groningen Groningen the Netherlands
| | - Joris P. G. M. Cromsigt
- Dept of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences Umeå Sweden
- Dept of Zoology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Univ. Port Elizabeth South Africa
| | | | - Christian Smit
- Conservation Ecology Group, Groningen Inst. for Evolutionary Life Sciences, Univ. of Groningen Groningen the Netherlands
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Ramirez JI, Zwerts JA, van Kuijk M, Iacobelli P, Li X, Herdoiza N, Jansen PA. Density dependence of daily activity in three ungulate species. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:7390-7398. [PMID: 34188821 PMCID: PMC8216898 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Daily activity in herbivores reflects a balance between finding food and safety. The safety-in-numbers theory predicts that living in higher population densities increases safety, which should affect this balance. High-density populations are thus expected to show a more even distribution of activity-that is, spread-and higher activity levels across the day. We tested these predictions for three ungulate species; red deer (Cervus elaphus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), and wild boar (Sus scrofa). We used camera traps to measure the level and spread of activity across ten forest sites at the Veluwe, the Netherlands, that widely range in ungulate density. Food availability and hunting levels were included as covariates. Daily activity was more evenly distributed when population density was higher for all three species. Both deer species showed relatively more feeding activity in broad daylight and wild boar during dusk. Activity level increased with population density only for wild boar. Food availability and hunting showed no correlation with activity patterns. These findings indicate that ungulate activity is to some degree density dependent. However, while these patterns might result from larger populations feeling safer as the safety-in-numbers theory states, we cannot rule out that they are the outcome of greater intraspecific competition for food, forcing animals to forage during suboptimal times of the day. Overall, this study demonstrates that wild ungulates adjust their activity spread and level based on their population size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ignacio Ramirez
- Department of Ecology and Environmental SciencesUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
- Department of Environmental SciencesWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
- Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y AmbientalesUniversidad San Francisco de Quito USFQQuitoEcuador
| | - Joeri A. Zwerts
- Department of Environmental SciencesWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
- Institute of Environmental BiologyUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Marijke van Kuijk
- Institute of Environmental BiologyUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Palma Iacobelli
- Department of Environmental SciencesWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Xuqing Li
- Department of Environmental SciencesWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Natalie Herdoiza
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable DevelopmentUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Patrick A. Jansen
- Department of Environmental SciencesWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanamaPanama
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