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Marbán-Castro E, Muhwava L, Kamau Y, Safary E, Rheeder P, Karsas M, Kemp T, Freitas J, Carrihill M, Dave J, Katambo D, Kimetto J, Allie R, Ndungu J, Sigwebela N, Akach D, Girdwood S, Erkosar B, Nichols BE, Haldane C, Vetter B, Shilton S. Implementation research: a protocol for two three-arm pragmatic randomised controlled trials on continuous glucose monitoring devices in people with type 1 diabetes in South Africa and Kenya. Trials 2024; 25:331. [PMID: 38773658 PMCID: PMC11107040 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-024-08132-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-monitoring of glucose is an essential component of type 1 diabetes (T1D) management. In recent years, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has provided an alternative to daily fingerstick testing for the optimisation of insulin dosing and general glucose management in people with T1D. While studies have been conducted to evaluate the impact of CGM on clinical outcomes in the US, Europe and Australia, there are limited data available for low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and further empirical evidence is needed to inform policy decision around their use in these countries. METHODS This trial was designed as a pragmatic, parallel-group, open-label, multicentre, three-arm, randomised (1:1:1) controlled trial of continuous or periodic CGM device use versus standard of care in people with T1D in South Africa and Kenya. The primary objective of this trial will be to assess the impact of continuous or periodic CGM device use on glycaemic control as measured by change from baseline glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c). Additional assessments will include clinical outcomes (glucose variation, time in/below/above range), safety (adverse events, hospitalisations), quality of life (EQ-5D, T1D distress score, Glucose Monitoring Satisfaction Survey for T1D), and health economic measures (incremental cost-effectiveness ratios, quality adjusted life years). DISCUSSION This trial aims to address the substantial evidence gap on the impact of CGM device use on clinical outcomes in LMICs, specifically South Africa and Kenya. The trial results will provide evidence to inform policy and treatment decisions in these countries. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT05944731 (Kenya), July 6, 2023; NCT05944718 (South Africa), July 13, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorrein Muhwava
- FIND, Campus Biotech, Chemin Des Mines 9, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yvonne Kamau
- FIND, Campus Biotech, Chemin Des Mines 9, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Elvis Safary
- FIND, Campus Biotech, Chemin Des Mines 9, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paul Rheeder
- University of Pretoria Diabetes Research Centre, Gezina, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Maria Karsas
- University of Pretoria Diabetes Research Centre, Gezina, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Tanja Kemp
- University of Pretoria Diabetes Research Centre, Gezina, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Johanè Freitas
- University of Pretoria Diabetes Research Centre, Gezina, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Michelle Carrihill
- Red Cross Childrens Hospital, Paediatric Clinic, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Joel Dave
- Division of Endocrinology, Groote Schuur Hospital and the University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Daniel Katambo
- Kenya Diabetes Management and Information Centre, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joan Kimetto
- Kenya Diabetes Management and Information Centre, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Razana Allie
- University of Pretoria Diabetes Research Centre, Gezina, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Joseph Ndungu
- FIND, Campus Biotech, Chemin Des Mines 9, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ntombi Sigwebela
- FIND, Campus Biotech, Chemin Des Mines 9, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dorcas Akach
- FIND, Campus Biotech, Chemin Des Mines 9, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Girdwood
- FIND, Campus Biotech, Chemin Des Mines 9, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Berra Erkosar
- FIND, Campus Biotech, Chemin Des Mines 9, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Brooke E Nichols
- FIND, Campus Biotech, Chemin Des Mines 9, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cathy Haldane
- FIND, Campus Biotech, Chemin Des Mines 9, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Vetter
- FIND, Campus Biotech, Chemin Des Mines 9, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sonjelle Shilton
- FIND, Campus Biotech, Chemin Des Mines 9, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
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Gomber A, Valeta F, Coates MM, Trujillo C, Ferrari G, Boti M, Kumwenda K, Mailosi B, Nakotwa D, Drown L, Wroe EB, Thapa A, Mithi V, Matanje B, Msekandiana A, Park PH, Kachimanga C, Bukhman G, Ruderman T, Adler AJ. Feasibility of continuous glucose monitoring in patients with type 1 diabetes at two district hospitals in Neno, Malawi: a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e075554. [PMID: 38719319 PMCID: PMC11086545 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-075554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the feasibility and change in clinical outcomes associated with continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) use among a rural population in Malawi living with type 1 diabetes. DESIGN A 2:1 open randomised controlled feasibility trial. SETTING Two Partners In Health-supported Ministry of Health-run first-level district hospitals in Neno, Malawi. PARTICIPANTS 45 people living with type 1 diabetes (PLWT1D). INTERVENTIONS Participants were randomly assigned to Dexcom G6 CGM (n=30) use or usual care (UC) (n=15) consisting of Safe-Accu glucose monitors and strips. Both arms received diabetes education. OUTCOMES Primary outcomes included fidelity, appropriateness and severe adverse events. Secondary outcomes included change in haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), acceptability, time in range (CGM arm only) SD of HbA1c and quality of life. RESULTS Participants tolerated CGM well but were unable to change their own sensors which resulted in increased clinic visits in the CGM arm. Despite the hot climate, skin rashes were uncommon but cut-out tape overpatches were needed to secure the sensors in place. Participants in the CGM arm had greater numbers of dose adjustments and lifestyle change suggestions than those in the UC arm. Participants in the CGM arm wore their CGM on average 63.8% of the time. Participants in the UC arm brought logbooks to clinic 75% of the time. There were three hospitalisations all in the CGM arm, but none were related to the intervention. CONCLUSIONS This is the first randomised controlled trial conducted on CGM in a rural region of a low-income country. CGM was feasible and appropriate among PLWT1D and providers, but inability of participants to change their own sensors is a challenge. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER PACTR202102832069874.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apoorva Gomber
- Center for Integration Science, Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Matthew M Coates
- Center for Integration Science, Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Celina Trujillo
- Center for Integration Science, Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Partners In Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gina Ferrari
- Center for Integration Science, Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Partners In Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Laura Drown
- Center for Integration Science, Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emily B Wroe
- Center for Integration Science, Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Partners In Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Global Noncommunicable Disease and Social Change, Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ada Thapa
- Center for Integration Science, Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | - Paul H Park
- Center for Integration Science, Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Gene Bukhman
- Center for Integration Science, Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Partners In Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Global Noncommunicable Disease and Social Change, Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Alma J Adler
- Center for Integration Science, Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Global Noncommunicable Disease and Social Change, Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Thapa A, Chibvunde S, Schwartz L, Trujillo C, Ferrari G, Drown L, Gomber A, Park PH, Matanje B, Msekandiana A, Kachimanga C, Bukhman G, Ruderman T, Adler AJ. Appropriateness and acceptability of continuous glucose monitoring in people with type 1 diabetes at rural first-level hospitals in Malawi: a qualitative study. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e075559. [PMID: 38719287 PMCID: PMC11086409 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-075559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this qualitative study is to describe the acceptability and appropriateness of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in people living with type 1 diabetes (PLWT1D) at first-level (district) hospitals in Malawi. DESIGN We conducted semistructured qualitative interviews among PLWT1D and healthcare providers participating in the study. Standardised interview guides elicited perspectives on the appropriateness and acceptability of CGM use for PLWT1D and their providers, and provider perspectives on the effectiveness of CGM use in Malawi. Data were coded using Dedoose software and analysed using a thematic approach. SETTING First-level hospitals in Neno district, Malawi. PARTICIPANTS Participants were part of a randomised controlled trial focused on CGM at first-level hospitals in Neno district, Malawi. Pretrial and post-trial interviews were conducted for participants in the CGM and usual care arms, and one set of interviews was conducted with providers. RESULTS Eleven PLWT1D recruited for the CGM randomised controlled trial and five healthcare providers who provided care to participants with T1D were included. Nine PLWT1D were interviewed twice, two were interviewed once. Of the 11 participants with T1D, six were from the CGM arm and five were in usual care arm. Key themes emerged regarding the appropriateness and effectiveness of CGM use in lower resource setting. The four main themes were (a) patient provider relationship, (b) stigma and psychosocial support, (c) device usage and (d) clinical management. CONCLUSIONS Participants and healthcare providers reported that CGM use was appropriate and acceptable in the study setting, although the need to support it with health education sessions was highlighted. This research supports the use of CGM as a component of personalised diabetes treatment for PLWT1D in resource constraint settings. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER PACTR202102832069874; Post-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Thapa
- Center for Integration Science, Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Leah Schwartz
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Celina Trujillo
- Center for Integration Science, Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Partners In Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gina Ferrari
- Center for Integration Science, Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Partners In Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laura Drown
- Center for Integration Science, Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Apoorva Gomber
- Center for Integration Science, Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul H Park
- Center for Integration Science, Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | - Gene Bukhman
- Center for Integration Science, Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Partners In Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Global Noncommunicable Disease and Social Change, Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Alma J Adler
- Center for Integration Science, Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Global Noncommunicable Disease and Social Change, Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Piloya-Were T, Mungai LW, Moran A, Yauch LM, Christakis N, Zhang L, McCarter R, Chalew S. Can HbA1c Alone Be Safely Used to Guide Insulin Therapy in African Youth with Type 1 Diabetes? Pediatr Diabetes 2023; 2023:1179830. [PMID: 38706529 PMCID: PMC11068332 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1179830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The relationship of HbA1c versus the mean blood glucose (MBG) is an important guide for diabetes management but may differ between ethnic groups. In Africa, the patient's glucose information is limited or unavailable and the management is largely guided by HbA1c. We sought to determine if the reference data derived from the non-African populations led to an appropriate estimation of MBG from HbA1c for the East African patients. Methods We examined the relationship of HbA1c versus MBG obtained by the continuous glucose monitoring in a group of East African youth having type 1 diabetes in Kenya and Uganda (n = 54) compared with the data obtained from A1c-derived average glucose (ADAG) and glucose management indicator (GMI) studies. A self-identified White (European heritage) population of youth (n = 89) with type 1 diabetes, 3-18 years old, living in New Orleans, LA, USA metropolitan area (NOLA), was studied using CGM as an additional reference. Results The regression equation for the African cohort was MBG (mg/dL) = 32.0 + 16.73 × HbA1c (%), r = 0.55, p < 0.0001. In general, the use of the non-African references considerably overestimated MBG from HbA1c for the East African population. For example, an HbA1c = 9% (74.9 mmol/mol) corresponded to an MBG = 183 mg/dL (10.1 mmol/L) in the East African group, but 212 mg/dL (11.7 mmol/L) using ADAG, 237 mg/dL (13.1 mmol/L) using GMI and 249 mg/dL (13.8 mmol/L) using NOLA reference. The reported occurrence of serious hypoglycemia among the African patients in the year prior to the study was 21%. A reference table of HbA1c versus MBG from the East African patients was generated. Conclusions The use of non-African-derived reference data to estimate MBG from HbA1c generally led to the overestimation of MBG in the East African patients. This may put the East African and other African patients at higher risk for hypoglycemia when the management is primarily based on achieving target HbA1c in the absence of the corresponding glucose data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thereza Piloya-Were
- Department of Pediatrics, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lucy W. Mungai
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Antoinette Moran
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Lauren M. Yauch
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Nicholas Christakis
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Lin Zhang
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Heath, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Robert McCarter
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology (retired), Children’s National Medical Center and the George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Stuart Chalew
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Children’s Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Adler AJ, Ruderman T, Valeta F, Drown L, Trujillo C, Ferrari G, Msekandiana A, Wroe E, Kachimanga C, Bukhman G, Park PH. Protocol for a feasibility randomised control trial for continuous glucose monitoring in patients with type 1 diabetes at first-level hospitals in rural Malawi. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e052134. [PMID: 35197337 PMCID: PMC8867310 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The majority of people living with type 1 diabetes (PLWT1D) struggle to access high-quality care in low-income countries (LICs), and lack access to technologies, including continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), that are considered standard of care in high resource settings. To our knowledge, there are no studies in the literature describing the feasibility or effectiveness of CGM at rural first-level hospitals in LICs. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This is a 3-month, 2:1 open-randomised trial to assess the feasibility and clinical outcomes of introducing CGM to the entire population of 50 PLWT1D in two hospitals in rural Neno, Malawi. Participants in both arms will receive 2 days of training on diabetes management. One day of training will be the same for both arms, and one will be specific to the diabetes technology. Participants in the intervention arm will receive Dexcom G6 CGM devices with sensors and solar chargers, and patients in the control arm will receive Safe-Accu home glucose metres and logbooks. All patients will have their haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) measured and take WHO Quality of Life assessments at study baseline and endline. We will conduct qualitative interviews with a selection of participants from both arms at the beginning and end of study and will interview providers at the end of the study. Our primary outcomes of interest are fidelity to protocols, appropriateness of technology, HbA1c and severe adverse events. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study is approved by National Health Sciences Research Committee of Malawi (IRB Number IR800003905) and the Mass General Brigham (IRB number 2019P003554). Findings will be disseminated to PLWT1D through health education sessions. We will disseminate any relevant findings to clinicians and leadership within our study catchment area and networks. We will publish our findings in an open-access peer-reviewed journal. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER PACTR202102832069874.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma J Adler
- Division of Global Health Equity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Laura Drown
- Division of Global Health Equity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Celina Trujillo
- Division of Global Health Equity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Partners In Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gina Ferrari
- Division of Global Health Equity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Partners In Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Emily Wroe
- Division of Global Health Equity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Partners In Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Gene Bukhman
- Division of Global Health Equity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Partners In Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Global Noncommunicable Disease and Social Change, Harvard Medical School Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul H Park
- Division of Global Health Equity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Moosaie F, Mouodi M, Sheikhy A, Fallahzadeh A, Deravi N, Rabizadeh S, Fatemi Abhari SM, Meysamie A, Dehghani Firouzabadi F, Nakhjavani M, Esteghamati A. Association between visit-to-visit variability of glycemic indices and lipid profile and the incidence of coronary heart disease in adults with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2021; 20:1715-1723. [PMID: 34900821 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-021-00930-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is one of the major causes of mortality and morbidity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this study, we aimed to assess the association between visit-to-visit variability of fasting blood sugar (FBS), HbA1c, blood sugar 2 h post-prandial (BS2hpp), lipid indices, creatinine, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP) and incident CHD in patients with type 2 diabetes during a median follow-up of ten years. The current case-cohort study consisted of 1500 individuals with type 2 diabetes, followed up for the occurrence of CHD from 2002 to 2019. The patients had at least four annual follow-ups during which glycemic and lipid profile were measured. Co-efficient of variance (CV) for each parameter was calculated by 10-21 measurements. Cox regression analysis was performed to assess the association between CV of glycemic indices, lipid profile, blood pressure, creatinine, weight and incident CHD during the follow-up period. Hazard ratios (HR) were adjusted for the confounding variables. Glycemic indices variability (i.e., CV-HbA1c, CV-FBS, and CV-BS2hpp), were significantly higher in the group with incident CHD (P=0.034, P=0.042, and P=0.044, respectively). Hazard ratios were 1.42 (95 % CI=1.13-2.09) for CV-HbA1c, 1.37 (95 % CI=1.02-2.10) for CV-FBS, and 1.16 (95 % CI=1.01-1.63) for CV-BS2hpp (P=0.012, P=0.046, P=0.038, respectively). Creatinine was significantly higher in the group with incident CHD (P=0.036) and it was significantly associated with higher incidence of CHD (HR=1.14, 95 % CI=1.02-2.17, P=0.048). Visit to visit variability of glycemic indices of the patients with type 2 diabetes is associated with incident CHD independent of their baseline and mean values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Moosaie
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marjan Mouodi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Sheikhy
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aida Fallahzadeh
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloofar Deravi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soghra Rabizadeh
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Alipasha Meysamie
- Department of Community Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Dehghani Firouzabadi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
| | - Manouchehr Nakhjavani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Esteghamati
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
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McLarty RP, Alloyce JP, Chitema GG, Msuya LJ. Glycemic control, associated factors, acute complications of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in children, adolescents and young adults in Tanzania. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2021; 4:e00200. [PMID: 33855206 PMCID: PMC8029575 DOI: 10.1002/edm2.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine the factors associated with poor glycemic control in children (1-10 years), adolescents (11-18 years) and young adults (19-40 years) with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) in Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center (KCMC) in Moshi, Mount Meru Regional Referral Hospital (MMRRH) and Meru District Hospital (MDH) in Arusha, Tanzania. Methods Cross sectional study of 150 participants conducted from January to June 2019, data was collected by structured questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version 23. Results The mean HbA1c was 12.3 ± 2.2%, 146 had poor glycemic control (HbA1c > 7.5%). BMI, insulin regime and caretaker education were associated with poor glycemic control. There were 16 participants diagnosed in DKA and the most frequently reported complications in the prior 3 months were hyperglycemia (n = 25), DKA (n = 18) and hypoglycemia (n = 4). Conclusions Glycemic control is still very poor particularly in adolescents. Significant associations with glycemic control were higher BMI, insulin regime and guardian education. The study revealed lower prevalence of DKA at diagnosis compared to previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald P. McLarty
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University CollegeMoshiTanzania
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical CentreMoshiTanzania
| | | | | | - Levina J. Msuya
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University CollegeMoshiTanzania
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical CentreMoshiTanzania
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Rodrigues R, Rossi ICB, Rossi BF, Gomes DC, Penha-Silva N. New glycemic metrics and traditional clinical and laboratory profiles of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus in an outpatient follow-up. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2021; 173:108680. [PMID: 33516782 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2021.108680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study evaluated the demographic, clinical, and laboratory data - including traditional (as glycated hemoglobin, HbA1c) and new glycemic metrics (as time in range, TiR) - and the complications present in children and adolescents (CA) in outpatient follow-up, as well as their possible associations. METHODS This retrospective observational study's data were compiled from the CA's medical records with T1DM (n = 78) being followed up at the Pediatric Endocrinology Service of the Federal University of Uberlândia. RESULTS The average participants' age was 10.2 years (1-16), most of them (55%) being male, with a diagnosis time of 4.5 years (1-13), and a body mass index of 18 kg/m2. The group had HbA1c levels of 9.6% and an estimated average glycemia of 229.5 ± 103 mg/dL. TiR was 25% (7-54%); the short- (CV%) and medium-term (ΔHbA1c) glycemic variability was 45.7% and 1.5%, respectively. Approximately 10% had diabetes ketoacidosis in the last year of follow-up, about 6% had chronic complications, such as nephropathy or retinopathy, and 20% had some other associated autoimmune disease. 49% of the participants reported regular physical activity. CONCLUSION The high values of HbA1c and glycemic variability amplitude, short TiR, and the early presence of chronic complications reveal that the treatment did not reach its goal in this population. Better education of patients and their families about the disease and greater adherence to intensive insulin treatment can optimize the control of diabetes in pediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Rodrigues
- Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
| | - Isabela Cristina Borges Rossi
- Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Nilson Penha-Silva
- Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
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