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de Jong LA, Li X, Emamipour S, van der Werf S, Postma MJ, van Dijk PR, Feenstra TL. Evaluating the Cost-Utility of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Individuals with Type 1 Diabetes: A Systematic Review of the Methods and Quality of Studies Using Decision Models or Empirical Data. PHARMACOECONOMICS 2024; 42:929-953. [PMID: 38904911 PMCID: PMC11343921 DOI: 10.1007/s40273-024-01388-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This review presents a critical appraisal of differences in the methodologies and quality of model-based and empirical data-based cost-utility studies on continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in type 1 diabetes (T1D) populations. It identifies key limitations and challenges in health economic evaluations on CGM and opportunities for their improvement. METHODS The review and its documentation adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines for systematic reviews. Searches for articles published between January 2000 and January 2023 were conducted using the MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Econlit databases. Published studies using models and empirical data to evaluate the cost utility of all CGM devices used by T1D patients were included in the search. Two authors independently extracted data on interventions, populations, model settings (e.g., perspectives and time horizons), model types and structures, clinical outcomes used to populate the model, validation, and uncertainty analyses. They subsequently met to confirm consensus. Quality was assessed using the Philips checklist for model-based studies and the Consensus Health Economic Criteria (CHEC) checklist for empirical studies. Model validation was assessed using the Assessment of the Validation Status of Health-Economic decision models (AdViSHE) checklist. The extracted data were used to generate summary tables and figures. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023391284). RESULTS In total, 34 studies satisfied the selection criteria, two of which only used empirical data. The remaining 32 studies applied 10 different models, with a substantial majority adopting the CORE Diabetes Model. Model-based studies often lacked transparency, as their assumptions regarding the extrapolation of treatment effects beyond available evidence from clinical studies and the selection and processing of the input data were not explicitly stated. Initial scores for disagreements concerning checklists were relatively high, especially for the Philips checklist. Following their resolution, overall quality scores were moderate at 56%, whereas model validation scores were mixed. Strikingly, costing approaches differed widely across studies, resulting in little consistency in the elements included in intervention costs. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The overall quality of studies evaluating CGM was moderate. Potential areas of improvement include developing systematic approaches for data selection, improving uncertainty analyses, clearer reporting, and explaining choices for particular modeling approaches. Few studies provided the assurance that all relevant and feasible options had been compared, which is required by decision makers, especially for rapidly evolving technologies such as CGM and insulin administration. High scores for disagreements indicated that several checklists contained questions that were difficult to interpret consistently for quality assessment. Therefore, simpler but comprehensive quality checklists may be needed for model-based health economic evaluation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A de Jong
- Department of Health Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xinyu Li
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sajad Emamipour
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoukje van der Werf
- Central Medical Library, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten J Postma
- Department of Health Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Economics, Econometrics and Finance, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Peter R van Dijk
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center, Isala, Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - Talitha L Feenstra
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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Tamsett Z, James S, Brown F, O'Neal DN, Ekinci EI. Modifiable factors to prevent severe hypoglycaemic and diabetic ketoacidosis presentations in people with type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med 2024; 41:e15384. [PMID: 38923618 DOI: 10.1111/dme.15384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
AIMS In tackling rising diabetes-related emergencies, the need to understand and address emergency service usage by people with type 1 diabetes is vital. This review aimed to quantify current trends in presentations for type 1 diabetes-related emergencies and identify public health strategies that reduce the frequency of diabetes-related emergencies and improve glycaemic management. METHODS Medline (OVID), Cochrane and CINAHL were searched for studies published between 2000 and 2023, focusing on people with type 1 diabetes, severe hypoglycaemia and/or diabetic ketoacidosis, and ambulance and/or emergency department usage. There were 1313 papers identified, with 37 publications meeting review criteria. RESULTS The incidence of type 1 diabetes-related emergencies varied from 2.4 to 14.6% over one year for hypoglycaemic episodes, and between 0.07 and 11.8 events per 100 person-years for hyperglycaemic episodes. Notably, our findings revealed that ongoing diabetes education and the integration of diabetes technology, such as continuous glucose monitoring and insulin pump therapy, significantly reduced the incidence of these emergencies. However, socio-economic disparities posed barriers to accessing these technologies, subsequently shifting the cost to emergency healthcare and highlighting the need for governments to consider subsidising these technologies as part of preventative measures. CONCLUSIONS Improving access to continuous glucose monitoring and insulin pump therapy, in combination with ongoing diabetes education focusing on symptom recognition and early management, will reduce the incidence of diabetes-related emergencies. Concurrent research assessing emergency healthcare usage patterns during the implementation of such measures is essential to ensure these are cost-effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zacchary Tamsett
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Steven James
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Petrie, Queensland, Australia
| | - Fran Brown
- Melbourne Diabetes Education and Support, Heidelberg Heights, Victoria, Australia
| | - David N O'Neal
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Centre for Accelerating Diabetes Innovations, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elif I Ekinci
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Centre for Accelerating Diabetes Innovations, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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Kalita D, Sharma H, Mirza KB. Continuous Glucose, Insulin and Lifestyle Data Augmentation in Artificial Pancreas Using Adaptive Generative and Discriminative Models. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2024; 28:4963-4974. [PMID: 38709612 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2024.3396880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Artificial pancreas requires data from multiple sources for accurate insulin dose estimation. These include data from continuous glucose sensors, past insulin dosage information, meal quantity and time and physical activity data. The effectiveness of closed-loop diabetes management systems might be hampered by the absence of these data caused by device error or lack of compliance by patients. In this study, we demonstrate the effect of output sequence length-driven generative and discriminative model selection in high quality data generation and augmentation. This novel generative adversarial network (GAN) based architecture automatically selects the generator and discriminator architecture based on the desired output sequence length. The proposed model is able to generate glucose, physical activity, meal information data for individual patients. The discriminative scores for Ohio T1DM (2018) dataset were 0.17 ±0.03 (Inputs: CGM, CHO, Insulin) and 0.15 ±0.02 (Inputs: CGM, CHO, Insulin, Heart Rate, Steps) and for Ohio T1D (2020) dataset was 0.16 ±0.02 (Inputs: CGM, CHO, Insulin) and 0.15 ±0.02 (Inputs: CGM, CHO, Insulin, acceleration). A mixture of generated and real data was used to test predictive scores for glucose forecasting models. The best RMSE and MARD achieved for OhioT1DM patients were 17.19 ±3.22 and 7.14 ±1.76 for PH=30 min with CGM, CHO, Insulin, heartrate and steps as inputs. Similarly, the RMSE and MARD for real+synthetic data were 15.63 ±2.57 and 5.86 ±1.69 respectively. Compared to existing generative models, we demonstrate that sequence length based architecture selection leads to better synthetic data generation for multiple output sequences (CGM, CHO, Insulin) and forecasting accuracy.
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Diab YH, Saade G, Kawakita T. Continuous glucose monitoring vs. self-monitoring in pregnant individuals with type 1 diabetes: an economic analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM 2024; 6:101413. [PMID: 38908796 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajogmf.2024.101413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the United States, approximately 1% of pregnancies are complicated by pregestational diabetes. Individuals with type 1 diabetes have an increased risk of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. While continuous glucose monitoring has demonstrated benefits for patients with type 1 diabetes, its cost is higher than traditional intermittent fingerstick monitoring, particularly if used only during pregnancy. OBJECTIVE To develop an economic analysis model to compare in silico the cost of continuous glucose monitoring and self-monitoring of blood glucose in a cohort of pregnant individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus. STUDY DESIGN We developed an economic analysis model to compare two glucose monitoring strategies in pregnant individuals with type 1 diabetes: continuous glucose monitoring and self-monitoring. The model considered hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, large for gestational age, cesarean delivery, neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission, and neonatal hypoglycemia. The primary outcome was the total cost per strategy in 2022 USD from a health system perspective, with self-monitoring as the reference group. Probabilities, relative risks, and costs were extracted from the literature, and the costs were adjusted to 2022 US dollars. Sensitivity analyses were conducted by varying parameters based on the probability, relative risk, and cost distributions. The robustness of the results was tested through 1000 Monte Carlo simulations. RESULTS In the base-case analysis, the cost of pregnancy using continuous glucose monitoring was $26,837 compared to $29,039 for self-monitoring, resulting in a cost reduction of $2,202 per individual. The parameters with the greatest effect on the incremental cost included the relative risk of NICU admission, cost of NICU admission, continuous glucose monitoring costs, and usual care costs. Monte Carlo simulations indicated that continuous glucose monitoring was the optimal strategy 98.7% of the time. One-way sensitivity analysis showed that continuous glucose monitoring was more economical if the relative risk of NICU admission with continuous glucose monitoring vs. self-monitoring was below 1.15. CONCLUSION Compared to self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring is an economical strategy for pregnant individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Hage Diab
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA
| | - George Saade
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA
| | - Tetsuya Kawakita
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA.
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Allaire JC, Dennis C, Masturzo A, Wittlin S. Exploring the Impact of Device Sourcing on Real-World Adherence and Cost Implications of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Patients With Diabetes: Retrospective Claims Analysis. JMIR Diabetes 2024; 9:e58832. [PMID: 38804821 PMCID: PMC11301113 DOI: 10.2196/58832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insurance benefit design influences whether individuals with diabetes who require a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) to provide real-time feedback on their blood glucose levels can obtain the CGM device from either a pharmacy or a durable medical equipment supplier. The impact of the acquisition channel on device adherence and health care costs has not been systematically evaluated. OBJECTIVE This study aims to compare the adherence rates for patients new to CGM therapy and the costs of care for individuals who obtained CGM devices from a pharmacy versus acquisition through a durable medical equipment supplier using retrospective claims analysis. METHODS Using the Mariner commercial claims database, individuals aged >18 years with documented diabetes and an initial CGM claim during the first quarter of 2021 (2021 Q1, index date) were identified. Patients had to maintain uninterrupted enrollment for a duration of 15 months but file no CGM claim during the 6 months preceding the index date. We used direct matching to establish comparable pharmacy and durable medical equipment cohorts. Outcomes included quarterly adherence, reinitiation, and costs for the period from 2021 Q1 to the third quarter of 2022 (2022 Q3). Between-cohort differences in adherence rates and reinitiation rates were analyzed using z tests, and cost differences were analyzed using 2-tailed t tests. RESULTS Direct matching was used to establish comparable pharmacy and durable medical equipment cohorts. A total of 2356 patients were identified, with 1178 in the pharmacy cohort and 1178 in the durable medical equipment cohorts. Although adherence declined over time in both cohorts, the durable medical equipment cohort exhibited significantly superior adherence compared to the pharmacy cohort at 6 months (pharmacy n=615, 52% and durable medical equipment n=761, 65%; P<.001), 9 months (pharmacy n=579, 49% and durable medical equipment cohorts n=714, 61%; P<.001), and 12 months (pharmacy 48% and durable medical equipment n=714, 59%; P<.001). Mean annual total medical costs for adherent patients in the pharmacy cohort were 53% higher than the durable medical equipment cohort (pharmacy US $10,635 and durable medical equipment US $6967; P<.001). In nonadherent patients, the durable medical equipment cohort exhibited a significantly higher rate of therapy reinitiation during the period compared to the pharmacy cohort (pharmacy 61/613, 10% and durable medical equipment 108/485, 22%; P<.001). CONCLUSIONS The results from this real-world claims analysis demonstrate that, in a matched set, individuals who received their CGM through a durable medical equipment supplier were more adherent to their device. For individuals who experienced a lapse in therapy, those whose supplies were provided through the durable medical equipment channel were more likely to resume use after an interruption than those who received their supplies from a pharmacy. In the matched cohort analysis, those who received their CGM equipment through a durable medical equipment supplier demonstrated a lower total cost of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Allaire
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Generativity Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | | | | | - Steven Wittlin
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
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Altamimi A, Moneer Alqeraf N. Effectiveness of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Glucose Control and Quality of Life Among Type 1 Diabetic Patients in Madina City: A Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus 2024; 16:e65100. [PMID: 39171011 PMCID: PMC11337973 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.65100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetes is a growing global health problem, affecting millions of people worldwide and in Saudi Arabia in particular. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) offers real-time glucose levels, alerts, and 24/7 coverage, making it an affordable treatment option. The study aimed to assess CGM's effect on diabetes control and quality of life among type 1 adult diabetic patients in Saudi Arabia. METHODS This cross-sectional study enrolled Saudi adults diagnosed with type I diabetes and was conducted from 1 April 2024 to 30 May 2024 in Madinah City, Saudi Arabia. Data was collected from patients' medical records and the diabetes quality of life questionnaire (DQoL). RESULTS This study enrolled 317 participants, mostly male (52.1%) and a mean age of 34.34±12.28 years. After three months, the HbA1c levels significantly decreased (p<0.001). Older participants reported lower overall quality of life and satisfaction with their level of well-being when using CGM. Univariate analysis found that age had a significant negative association with the total score (B=-0.062, P=0.049) and satisfaction (B=-0.109, P=0.011. Marital status significantly affected the impact score (B=0.567, P=0.024). Education level notably affected satisfaction (B=-0.906, P=0.008) and monthly income influenced satisfaction (B=-1.25, P=0.033). However, multivariate analysis showed that age, education level, and monthly income did not significantly (p>0.005) affect the CGM impact, quality of life, and satisfaction. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that CGM significantly improved diabetes control, while improved quality of life was not significant. The impact, quality of life, and satisfaction were influenced by age, marital status, education, and income level, though not statistically significant independent predictors. Therefore, we recommend longitudinal studies, controlling for confounders.
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Smokovski I, Steinle N, Behnke A, Bhaskar SMM, Grech G, Richter K, Niklewski G, Birkenbihl C, Parini P, Andrews RJ, Bauchner H, Golubnitschaja O. Digital biomarkers: 3PM approach revolutionizing chronic disease management - EPMA 2024 position. EPMA J 2024; 15:149-162. [PMID: 38841615 PMCID: PMC11147994 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-024-00364-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs) have become a major global health concern. They constitute the leading cause of disabilities, increased morbidity, mortality, and socio-economic disasters worldwide. Medical condition-specific digital biomarker (DB) panels have emerged as valuable tools to manage NCDs. DBs refer to the measurable and quantifiable physiological, behavioral, and environmental parameters collected for an individual through innovative digital health technologies, including wearables, smart devices, and medical sensors. By leveraging digital technologies, healthcare providers can gather real-time data and insights, enabling them to deliver more proactive and tailored interventions to individuals at risk and patients diagnosed with NCDs. Continuous monitoring of relevant health parameters through wearable devices or smartphone applications allows patients and clinicians to track the progression of NCDs in real time. With the introduction of digital biomarker monitoring (DBM), a new quality of primary and secondary healthcare is being offered with promising opportunities for health risk assessment and protection against health-to-disease transitions in vulnerable sub-populations. DBM enables healthcare providers to take the most cost-effective targeted preventive measures, to detect disease developments early, and to introduce personalized interventions. Consequently, they benefit the quality of life (QoL) of affected individuals, healthcare economy, and society at large. DBM is instrumental for the paradigm shift from reactive medical services to 3PM approach promoted by the European Association for Predictive, Preventive, and Personalized Medicine (EPMA) involving 3PM experts from 55 countries worldwide. This position manuscript consolidates multi-professional expertise in the area, demonstrating clinically relevant examples and providing the roadmap for implementing 3PM concepts facilitated through DBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivica Smokovski
- University Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Skopje, North Macedonia
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University Goce Delcev, Stip, North Macedonia
| | - Nanette Steinle
- Veteran Affairs Capitol Health Care Network, Linthicum, MD USA
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Andrew Behnke
- Endocrinology Section, Carilion Clinic, Roanoke, VA USA
- Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA USA
| | - Sonu M. M. Bhaskar
- Department of Neurology, Division of Cerebrovascular Medicine and Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre (NCVC), Suita, Osaka Japan
- Department of Neurology & Neurophysiology, Liverpool Hospital, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research and South Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW Australia
- NSW Brain Clot Bank, Global Health Neurology Lab & NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Godfrey Grech
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Kneginja Richter
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University Goce Delcev, Stip, North Macedonia
- CuraMed Tagesklinik Nürnberg GmbH, Nuremberg, Germany
- Technische Hochschule Nürnberg GSO, Nuremberg, Germany
- University Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Günter Niklewski
- University Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Colin Birkenbihl
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Paolo Parini
- Cardio Metabolic Unit, Department of Medicine Huddinge, and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, and Medicine Unit of Endocrinology, Theme Inflammation and Ageing, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Russell J. Andrews
- Nanotechnology & Smart Systems Groups, NASA Ames Research Center, Aerospace Medical Association, Silicon Valley, CA USA
| | - Howard Bauchner
- Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA
| | - Olga Golubnitschaja
- Predictive, Preventive and Personalized (3P) Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Gutiérrez-Pastor A, Quesada JA, Soler-Martínez MM, Carratalá Munuera C, Pomares-Gómez FJ. Effect of switch from flash glucose monitoring to flash glucose monitoring with real-time alarms on hypoglycaemia in people with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Prim Care Diabetes 2024; 18:333-339. [PMID: 38677966 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcd.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the utility of the FreeStyle Libre 2 device for reducing time below range level 1 and level 2 compared with the Freestyle Libre device (without alarms) in people with type 1 diabetes mellitus. We conducted longitudinal observational follow-up study of a cohort of 100 people with type 1 diabetes mellitus who had switched from FreeStyle Libre to FreeStyle Libre 2 as part of routine clinical practice. Three months after switching to FreeStyle Libre 2, compared with results with FreeStyle Libre, there were a significant improvements in time below range level 1 (p = 0.02) and level 2 (p <0.001), time in range (p <0.001), time above range level 1 (p = 0.002), glucose management indicator (p= 0.04) and mean glucose (p= 0.04) during follow-up. Furthermore there was a significant direct association between age and change in TIR with a coefficient of 0.23, and a significant inverse association between age and change in TAR-1 with a coefficient of 0.11. Switching to a flash glucose monitoring system with alarms improves time below range, time in range and coefficient of variation in people with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gutiérrez-Pastor
- Department of Health of San Juan de Alicante, Provincial-Pla Hospital, Spain
| | - J A Quesada
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain; Network for Research on Chronicity, Primary Care, and Health Promotion (RICAPPS), Spain
| | - M M Soler-Martínez
- Department of Health of San Juan de Alicante, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Spain
| | - C Carratalá Munuera
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain; Network for Research on Chronicity, Primary Care, and Health Promotion (RICAPPS), Spain.
| | - F J Pomares-Gómez
- Department of Health of San Juan de Alicante, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Spain
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Kalyani RR, Allende-Vigo MZ, Antinori-Lent KJ, Close KL, Das SR, Deroze P, Edelman SV, El Sayed NA, Kerr D, Neumiller JJ, Norton A. Prioritizing Patient Experiences in the Management of Diabetes and Its Complications: An Endocrine Society Position Statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024; 109:1155-1178. [PMID: 38381587 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes can be an arduous journey both for people with diabetes (PWD) and their caregivers. While the journey of every person with diabetes is unique, common themes emerge in managing this disease. To date, the experiences of PWD have not been fully considered to successfully implement the recommended standards of diabetes care in practice. It is critical for health-care providers (HCPs) to recognize perspectives of PWD to achieve optimal health outcomes. Further, existing tools are available to facilitate patient-centered care but are often underused. This statement summarizes findings from multistakeholder expert roundtable discussions hosted by the Endocrine Society that aimed to identify existing gaps in the management of diabetes and its complications and to identify tools needed to empower HCPs and PWD to address their many challenges. The roundtables included delegates from professional societies, governmental organizations, patient advocacy organizations, and social enterprises committed to making life better for PWD. Each section begins with a clinical scenario that serves as a framework to achieve desired health outcomes and includes a discussion of resources for HCPs to deliver patient-centered care in clinical practice. As diabetes management evolves, achieving this goal will also require the development of new tools to help guide HCPs in supporting PWD, as well as concrete strategies for the efficient uptake of these tools in clinical practice to minimize provider burden. Importantly, coordination among various stakeholders including PWD, HCPs, caregivers, policymakers, and payers is critical at all stages of the patient journey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita R Kalyani
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sandeep R Das
- Division of Cardiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Phyllisa Deroze
- dQ&A, The Diabetes Research Company, San Francisco, CA 94117, USA
| | - Steven V Edelman
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism at the University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA 92103, USA
| | - Nuha A El Sayed
- American Diabetes Association, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - David Kerr
- Director of Digital Health, Diabetes Technology Society, Santa Barbara, CA 94010, USA
| | - Joshua J Neumiller
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Anna Norton
- DiabetesSisters, #180, 1112 W Boughton Road, Bolingbrook, IL 60440, USA
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Kanbour S, Everett E. Addressing disparities in technology use among patients with type 1 diabetes: a review. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2024; 31:14-21. [PMID: 37882585 PMCID: PMC10841459 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The benefits of continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) and insulin pumps in the management of type 1 diabetes (T1D) are widely recognized. However, glaring disparities in access exist, particularly in marginalized and economically disadvantaged groups that stand to benefit significantly from diabetes technology use. We will review recent data describing drivers of these disparities and approaches to address the disparities. RECENT FINDINGS Several qualitative studies were published in recent years that have investigated the drivers of disparities reported over the past decades. These studies report that in addition to typical barriers seen in the diabetes technology, marginalized patients have unique challenges that make insulin pumps and CGMs less accessible. SUMMARY Barriers to technology use in these groups include stigmatization, lack of support, financial constraints, provider biases, stringent insurance policies, and clinic infrastructure. To address inequities, multifaceted strategies across community, healthcare, and provider sectors are essential. Key initiatives include enhancing public awareness, refining health policies, ensuring access to high-quality care, and emphasizing patient-centered approaches. The equitable use of technology can narrow the gap in T1D outcomes. The social and economic implications of suboptimal T1D management further underscore the urgency of these efforts for both improved health outcomes and cost-efficient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kanbour
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, AMAN Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Estelle Everett
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles. California, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine & Health Services Research, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles. California, USA
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles. California, USA
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de Jong LA, Li X, Emamipour S, van der Werf S, Postma MJ, van Dijk PR, Feenstra TL. Model and Empirical Data-Based Cost-Utility Studies of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Individuals with Type 1 Diabetes: A Protocol of a Systematic Review on Methodology and Quality. PHARMACOECONOMICS - OPEN 2023; 7:1007-1013. [PMID: 37608071 PMCID: PMC10721749 DOI: 10.1007/s41669-023-00428-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This review aims to critically appraise differences in methodology and quality of model-based and empirical-data-based cost-utility studies to address key limitations, opportunities, and challenges to inform future cost-utility analyses of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in type 1 diabetes. This protocol is registered at PROSPERO (CRD42023391284). METHODS The review will be conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guideline for systematic reviews. Searches will be conducted in MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Econlit from 2000 to January 2023. Model and empirical data-based studies evaluating the cost-utility of any CGM system in type 1 diabetes will be considered for inclusion. Studies that only report on cost per life year or any other clinical outcome, or reporting only costs or only clinical outcomes studies in type 2 diabetes populations, and studies on bi-hormonal closed loops and do-it-yourself hybrid closed loop devices will be excluded. Two reviewers will independently screen each study for inclusion. Data on the intervention, population, model settings (such as perspective, time horizon), model type and structure, clinical outcomes used to populate the model, validation, and uncertainty will be extracted and qualitatively synthesised. Quality will be assessed using the Philips et al. 2006 (model-based studies) or Consensus Health Economic Criteria (empirical data-based studies) checklists. Model validation will be assessed using the AdViSHE checklist. DISCUSSION Now that CGM is being used more broadly in practice, critical appraisal of existing cost-utility methodology and quality is important to inform future cost-utility analyses of CGM in type 1 diabetes in various settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A de Jong
- Department of Health Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - X Li
- Unit of PharmacoTherapy, -Epidemiology and -Economics, University of Groningen, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - S Emamipour
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - S van der Werf
- Central Medical Library, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M J Postma
- Department of Health Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Economics, Econometrics and Finance, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - P R van Dijk
- Department of Endocrinology. University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - T L Feenstra
- Unit of PharmacoTherapy, -Epidemiology and -Economics, University of Groningen, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), Groningen, The Netherlands
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Pulungan AB, de Beaufort C, Ratnasari AF, Puteri HA, Lewis-Watts L, Bhutta ZA. Availability and access to pediatric diabetes care: a global descriptive study. Clin Pediatr Endocrinol 2023; 32:137-146. [PMID: 37362165 PMCID: PMC10288289 DOI: 10.1297/cpe.2023-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A decade since the discovery of insulin, the increasing prevalence of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) has underscored the prevailing inequalities in the provision of essential care for T1DM worldwide. However, the details on the availability of insulin types and associated medical devices remain unclear. A cross-sectional electronic survey was distributed across a global network of pediatric societies under the umbrella of the International Pediatric Association (IPA). Access to and availability of pediatric diabetes care were investigated using standardized questions. Responses from 25 of 132 pediatric societies across six regions were included. Pediatric endocrinologists typically manage T1DM together with pediatricians or adult endocrinologists. Nonetheless, 24% of the respondents reported pediatricians to be the sole healthcare professionals. According to the respondents, the patients were either partially or completely responsible for payments of insulin (40%), A1C (24%), C-peptide (28%), and antibody testing for diagnosis (28%). Government support is generally available for insulin, but this was merely 20% for insulin pumps and 12% for continuous glucose monitors. There are considerable disparities in the access, availability, and affordability of diabetes testing, medications, and support between countries with significant out-of-pocket payments for care. Country- and region-specific improvements to national programs are necessary to achieve optimal pediatric diabetes care globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman B Pulungan
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia - Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
- International Pediatric Association (IPA)
- NCD Child
- International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD)
| | - Carine de Beaufort
- International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD)
- Diabetes & Endocrine Care Clinique Pe ´diatrique (DECCP), Clinique Pédiatrique/Centre Hospitalier (CH) de Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
| | | | - Helena A Puteri
- Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Laura Lewis-Watts
- Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zulfiqar A Bhutta
- International Pediatric Association (IPA)
- NCD Child
- Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Jiao Y, Lin R, Hua X, Churilov L, Gaca MJ, James S, Clarke PM, O'Neal D, Ekinci EI. A systematic review: Cost-effectiveness of continuous glucose monitoring compared to self-monitoring of blood glucose in type 1 diabetes. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2022; 5:e369. [PMID: 36112608 PMCID: PMC9659662 DOI: 10.1002/edm2.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is rapidly becoming a vital tool in the management of type 1 diabetes. Its use has been shown to improve glycaemic management and reduce the risk of hypoglycaemic events. The cost of CGM remains a barrier to its widespread application. We aimed to identify and synthesize evidence about the cost-effectiveness of utilizing CGM in patients with type 1 diabetes. Studies were identified from MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane Library from January 2010 to February 2022. Those that assessed the cost-effectiveness of CGM compared to self-monitored blood glucose (SMBG) in patients with type 1 diabetes and reported lifetime incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) were included. Studies on critically ill or pregnant patients were excluded. Nineteen studies were identified. Most studies compared continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and SMBG to a sensor-augmented pump (SAP). The estimated ICER range was [$18,734-$99,941] and the quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gain range was [0.76-2.99]. Use in patients with suboptimal management or greater hypoglycaemic risk revealed more homogenous results and lower ICERs. Limited studies assessed CGM in the context of multiple daily injections (MDI) (n = 4), MDI and SMBG versus SAP (n = 2) and three studies included hybrid closed-loop systems. Most studies (n = 17) concluded that CGM is a cost-effective tool. This systematic review suggests that CGM appears to be a cost-effective tool for individuals with type 1 diabetes. Cost-effectiveness is driven by reducing short- and long-term complications. Use in patients with suboptimal management or at risk of severe hypoglycaemia is most cost-effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Jiao
- Austin HealthHeidelbergVictoriaAustralia
| | - Rose Lin
- Austin HealthHeidelbergVictoriaAustralia
| | - Xinyang Hua
- Centre for Health PolicyMelbourne School of Population and Global HealthUniversity of MelbourneCarltonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Leonid Churilov
- Melbourne Medical SchoolThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Michele J. Gaca
- Health Sciences LibraryAustin HealthHeidelbergVictoriaAustralia
| | - Steven James
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and ParamedicineUniversity of the Sunshine CoastPetrieQueenslandAustralia
| | - Philip M. Clarke
- Health Economics Research CentreNuffield Department of Population HealthUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - David O'Neal
- Department of MedicineSt Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne Medical School, The University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Elif I. Ekinci
- Department of Medicine, Austin HealthMelbourne Medical School, The University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia,Department of EndocrinologyAustin HealthHeidelbergVictoriaAustralia
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