Hyperglycaemia, adverse outcomes and impact of intravenous insulin therapy in patients presenting with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction in a socioeconomically disadvantaged urban setting: The Montefiore STEMI Registry

Stress hyperglycemia and poor outcomes in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

Hyperglycemia, characterized by elevated blood glucose levels, is frequently observed in patients with acute coronary syndrome, including ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). There are conflicting sources regarding the relationship between hyperglycemia and outcomes in STEMI patients. We aimed to compile evidence to assess the association between hyperglycemia and adverse outcomes.

Methods

We conducted a comprehensive search for articles on PubMed and Embase using search strategies which yielded 4,061 articles. After full-text screening, 66 articles were included for systematic review, and 62 articles were further selected for meta-analysis.

Results

The 66 included articles spanned the years 2005-2023. Of these, 45 articles reported admission blood glucose, 13 articles used HbA1c, and 7 articles studied fasting blood glucose. Most studies defined STEMI with primary PCI as their inclusion criteria. Mortality was the most often outcome reported related to hyperglycemia. Overall, 55 (83.3%) studies were at low risk of bias. Both admission and fasting blood glucose were significantly related to short- and long-term mortality after STEMI, with a pooled risk ratio (RR) of 3.02 (95%CI: 2.65-3.45) and 4.47 (95% CI: 2.54-7.87), respectively. HbA1c showed substantial association with long-term mortality (HR 1.69, 95% CI: 1.31-2.18)) with a pooled RR of 1.58 (95% CI 1.26-1.97). In subsequent analyses, admission hyperglycemia was associated with an increased risk of reinfarction (pooled RR 1.69, 95% CI 1.31-2.17), heart failure (pooled RR 1.56, 95% CI: 1.37-1.77), cardiogenic shock (pooled RR 3.68, 95% CI 2.65-5.11), repeat PCI or stent thrombosis (pooled RR 1.99, 95% CI 1.21-3.28), and composite major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) (pooled RR 1.99, 95% CI: 1.54-2.58).

Conclusions

Our study demonstrated that hyperglycemia has a strong association with poor outcomes after STEMI. Admission and fasting blood glucose are predictors for short-term outcomes, while HbA1c is more appropriate for predicting longer-term outcomes in STEMI patients.

Systematic Review Registration

PROSPERO 2021 (CRD42021292985).

Quantification of stress-induced hyperglycaemia associated with key diagnostic categories using the stress hyperglycaemia ratio

AIM

Stress-induced hyperglycaemia (SIH) is the acute increase from preadmission glycaemia and is associated with poor outcomes. Early recognition of SIH and subsequent blood glucose (BG) management improves outcomes, but the degree of SIH provoked by distinct diagnostic categories remains unknown. Quantification of SIH is now possible using the stress hyperglycaemia ratio (SHR), which measures the proportional change from preadmission glycaemia, based on haemoglobin A_1c (HbA_1c ).

METHODS

We identified eligible patients for eight medical (n = 892) and eight surgical (n = 347) categories. Maximum BG from the first 24 h of admission for medical, or postoperatively for surgical patients was used to calculate SHR.

RESULTS

Analysis of variance indicated differing SHR and BG within both the medical (p < 0.0001 for both) and surgical cohort (p < 0.0001 for both). Diagnostic categories were associated with signature levels of SHR that varied between groups. Medically, SHR was greatest for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (1.22 ± 0.33) and sepsis (1.37 ± 0.43). Surgically, SHR was greatest for colectomy (1.62 ± 0.48) and cardiac surgeries (coronary artery graft 1.56 ± 0.43, aortic valve replacement 1.71 ± 0.33, and mitral valve replacement 1.75 ± 0.34). SHR values remained independent of HbA_1c , with no difference for those with HbA_1c above or below 6.5% (p > 0.11 for each). BG however was highly dependent on HbA_1c , invariably elevated in those with HbA_1c  ≥ 6.5% (p < 0.001 for each), and unreliably reflected SIH.

CONCLUSION

The acute stress response associated with various medical and surgical categories is associated with signature levels of SIH. Those with higher expected SHR are more likely to benefit from early SIH management, especially major surgery, which induced SIH typically 40% greater than medical cohorts. SHR equally recognised the acute change in BG from baseline across the full HbA_1c spectrum while BG did not and poorly reflected SIH.

Residual SYNTAX II Score and long-term outcomes post-ST-elevation myocardial infarction in an urban US cohort: the Montefiore STEMI Registry

BACKGROUND

Higher residual anatomic disease was associated with increased mortality in a recent randomized controlled trial of revascularization after ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Less is known about the impact of residual disease post-STEMI in race-ethnic minorities.

METHODS

Synergy Between Percutaneous Coronary Intervention With Taxus and Cardiac Surgery (SYNTAX)- II (SS-II) score is an established scoring method for anatomic disease and prevalent co-morbidities to describe patient complexity. We evaluated residual (r) SS-II in 165 patients from a single center urban US registry (n = 1208) presenting for primary percutaneous coronary intervention of STEMI and treated for 3-vessel or left main and any combination of 0, 1, 2 or 3-vessel disease.

RESULTS

The median age was 62 years (IQR 52-70), 29.1% women, 44.9% Hispanic/Latino and 19.4% non-Hispanic Black. Over median of 4.9 years (IQR 2.9-6.3), higher rSS-II was associated with increased death [hazard ratio 2.46 per SD increment in log rSS-II (~five-fold increment on the original scale) 95% CI 1.51, 3.99], death or all-cause readmission (hazard ratio 1.37 per SD increment in log rSS-II 95% CI, 1.11-1.70) and death or cardiovascular disease readmission (hazard ratio 1.46 per SD increment in log rSS-II 95% CI, 1.14-1.88). rSS-II was higher in older women with more co-morbidities, but not different by race-ethnicity.

CONCLUSIONS

In summary, higher rSS-II was associated with long-term outcomes post-STEMI in a prospective urban, minority cohort, suggesting a potential role for risk stratification with this measure in a non-trial setting.

Reperfusion Cardiac Injury: Receptors and the Signaling Mechanisms

It has been documented that Ca2+ overload and increased production of reactive oxygen species play a significant role in reperfusion injury (RI) of cardiomyocytes. Ischemia/reperfusion induces cell death as a result of necrosis, necroptosis, apoptosis, and possibly autophagy, pyroptosis and ferroptosis. It has also been demonstrated that the NLRP3 inflammasome is involved in RI of the heart. An increase in adrenergic system activity during the restoration of coronary perfusion negatively affected cardiac resistance to RI. Toll-like receptors are involved in RI of the heart. Angiotensin II and endothelin-1 aggravated ischemic/reperfusion injury of the heart. Activation of neutrophils, monocytes, CD4+ T-cells and platelets contributes to cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury. Our review outlines the role of these factors in reperfusion cardiac injury.

Outcomes of ST-elevation myocardial infarction by age and sex in a low-income urban community: The Montefiore STEMI Registry

OBJECTIVES

To compare outcomes by age and sex in race/ethnic minorities presenting with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), as studies are limited.

METHODS

We studied sociodemographics, management, and outcomes in 1208 STEMI patients evaluated for primary percutaneous coronary intervention between 2008 and 2014 at Montefiore Health System (Bronx, NY). A majority of patients self-identified as nonwhite, and nearly two-thirds were young (<45 years) or middle-aged (45-64 years).

RESULTS

Risk factors varied significantly across age groups; with more women and non-Hispanic whites, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, prior cardiovascular disease, non-sinus rhythm, and collagen vascular disease in the older age group (≥65 years); and higher body mass index, smoking, cocaine use, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and family history of heart disease in the young. Younger women had lower summary socioeconomic scores than younger men. Middle-aged women had more obesity and dysmetabolism, while men had more heavy alcohol use. There was greater disease severity with increasing age; with higher cardiac biomarkers, 3-vessel disease, cardiogenic shock, and coronary artery bypass grafting. Older patients had higher rates of death and death or readmission over 4.3 (interquartile range 2.4, 6.0) years of follow-up. Middle-aged women had higher rates of death or any readmission than men, but these differences were not significant after adjustment.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings indicate a high burden of risk factors in younger adults with STEMI from an inner-city community. Programs to target sociobehavioral factors in disadvantaged settings, including substance abuse, obesity, and risk of HIV, are necessary to more effectively address health disparities in STEMI and its adverse consequences.

Association of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus infection with long-term outcomes post-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction in a disadvantaged urban community

BACKGROUND

HIV and HCV have been linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Their impact on long-term outcomes following ST-segment myocardial infarction (STEMI) has not been previously studied.

METHODS

We leveraged data from a STEMI registry (n = 1208) at an inner-city health system to assess the influence of HIV and HCV on post-STEMI outcomes. Cox regression was used to compare HIV-monoinfected (n = 22), HCV-monoinfected (n = 26) and HIV-HCV-coinfected patients (n = 8) with the neither-infected group (n = 1152) with regard to death, death or any readmission, and death or CVD readmission.

RESULTS

The cohort was majority black or Hispanic. Median follow-up was 4.3 years. Compared to the neither-infected group, the HIV-monoinfected group showed near-significantly higher risks of death or any readmission (HR = 1.62, 95% CI = 0.96, 2.74) and death or CVD readmission (HR = 1.82, 95% CI = 0.98, 3.39) after full adjustment. On similar comparison, the HCV-monoinfected group exhibited significantly higher risks of death (HR = 2.09, 95% CI = 1.05, 4.15) and death or any readmission (HR = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.07, 2.65), whereas the HIV-HCV-coinfected group showed higher risk of death (HR = 6.51, 95% CI = 2.28, 18.61).

CONCLUSIONS

In this cohort composed mostly of race-ethnic minorities, HIV monoinfection tended to be associated with 1.6-to-1.8-fold higher risk of death or readmission for any cause or CVD over long-term follow-up compared to neither infection, whereas HCV monoinfection was associated with 1.7-to-2.1-fold higher risk of death and death or any readmission, and HIV-HCV coinfection with 6.5-fold higher risk of death. These associations require further study in larger populations, but highlight the importance of identifying and treating HIV and HCV in patients presenting with STEMI.