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Kotepui M, Mala W, Kwankaew P, Mahittikorn A, Ramirez Masangkay F, Uthaisar Kotepui K. A systematic review and meta-analysis of changes in interleukin-8 levels in malaria infection. Cytokine 2023; 169:156262. [PMID: 37327530 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The roles of interleukin-8 (IL-8) in malaria are inconsistent and unclear. This study synthesised evidence for differences in IL-8 levels in patients with malaria of various levels of severity. Relevant studies were searched in Scopus, MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL and PubMed from inception to 22 April 2022. Pooled mean differences (MDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using the random effects model. Of 1083 articles retrieved from the databases, 34 were included for syntheses. The meta-analysis revealed increased IL-8 levels in individuals with uncomplicated malaria compared with those without malaria (P = 0.04; MD, 25.57 pg/mL; 95% CI, 1.70 to 49.43 pg/mL; I2, 99.53, 4 studies; 400 uncomplicated malaria, 204 uninfected controls). The meta-analysis revealed comparable levels of IL-8 between the two groups (P = 0.10; MD, 74.46 pg/mL; 95% CI, -15.08 to 164.0 pg/mL; I2, 9.03; 4 studies; 133 severe malaria cases, 568 uncomplicated malaria cases). The study found evidence of increased IL-8 levels in individuals with malaria compared with those without malaria. However, no differences were found in IL-8 levels between patients with severe and non-severe malaria. Further research is needed to investigate the IL-8 cytokine levels in patients with malaria of different levels of severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas Kotepui
- Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.
| | - Wanida Mala
- Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.
| | - Pattamaporn Kwankaew
- Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.
| | - Aongart Mahittikorn
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | | | - Kwuntida Uthaisar Kotepui
- Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.
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2
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Yang X, Pan X, Cai M, Zhang B, Liang X, Liu G. Microbial Flora Changes in Cesarean Section Uterus and Its Possible Correlation With Inflammation. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:651938. [PMID: 34881249 PMCID: PMC8645650 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.651938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: It has not been fully elucidated whether the change of the uterus flora is correlated to impaired fecundity. This case-control study aimed to analyze the differences in uterus microbial flora between women with post-cesarean section (CS) scar diverticulum (PCSD) (CS group) and women after vaginal delivery (control group), exploring the correlation between differentially expressed microbial flora and inflammation. Methods: Infertile women who underwent hysteroscopy were enrolled in this case-control study. The swab samples were classified into four subgroups: CS cervix group, CS endometrium group, control cervix group, and control endometrium group. The total DNA obtained from 16 women (a total of 31 samples, the cervix or endometrium) was extracted for 16S recombinant DNA (rDNA) analysis. The Luminex platform was used to detect the abundance of 34 kinds of local inflammatory cytokines in 32 endometrium samples, and the correlation between microbial flora and inflammatory cytokines was analyzed. Results: The alpha and beta diversity analysis indicated that the microbial diversity was higher in the CS group compared to the control group, especially in endometrium tissues. The heatmaps revealed that the microbial flora structure differs at each level of the phylum-class-order-family-genus among the groups. The analysis of four of the most prominently changed microbial flora revealed that Lactobacillus in the cervix was significantly higher in the control group when compared with the cesarean section group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, Proteobacteria and Neisseriaceae had a higher abundance in the CS groups, especially in the cervical tissue (P < 0.05), while Staphylococcaceae increased only in the CS endometrium tissue (P < 0.05). Next, these women were re-divided into the high- and low-Staphylococcaceae, and the abundance of 34 kinds of local inflammation cytokines was compared between groups. It was found that there was a positive correlation between Staphylococcaceae and IL-2, and a negative correlation between Staphylococcaceae and IL-8 (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The present results suggest that the disrupted uterus microbiota composition in women with CS may be closely associated with local inflammation. The interplay between the microbiota and the immune system may be linked to clinical disorders. The potential mechanisms require further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Yang
- Reproductive Medicine Centre, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyi Pan
- Reproductive Medicine Centre, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meihong Cai
- Reproductive Medicine Centre, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Reproductive Medicine Centre, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bolun Zhang
- Reproductive Medicine Centre, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liang
- Reproductive Medicine Centre, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guihua Liu
- Reproductive Medicine Centre, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Metzemaekers M, Abouelasrar Salama S, Vandooren J, Mortier A, Janssens R, Vandendriessche S, Ganseman E, Martens E, Gouwy M, Neerinckx B, Verschueren P, De Somer L, Wouters C, Struyf S, Opdenakker G, Van Damme J, Proost P. From ELISA to Immunosorbent Tandem Mass Spectrometry Proteoform Analysis: The Example of CXCL8/Interleukin-8. Front Immunol 2021; 12:644725. [PMID: 33777041 PMCID: PMC7991300 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.644725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
With ELISAs one detects the ensemble of immunoreactive molecules in biological samples. For biomolecules undergoing proteolysis for activation, potentiation or inhibition, other techniques are necessary to study biology. Here we develop methodology that combines immunosorbent sample preparation and nano-scale liquid chromatography—tandem mass spectrometry (nano-LC-MS/MS) for proteoform analysis (ISTAMPA) and apply this to the aglycosyl chemokine CXCL8. CXCL8, the most powerful human chemokine with neutrophil chemotactic and –activating properties, occurs in different NH2-terminal proteoforms due to its susceptibility to site-specific proteolytic modification. Specific proteoforms display up to 30-fold enhanced activity. The immunosorbent ion trap top-down mass spectrometry-based approach for proteoform analysis allows for simultaneous detection and quantification of full-length CXCL8(1-77), elongated CXCL8(-2-77) and all naturally occurring truncated CXCL8 forms in biological samples. For the first time we demonstrate site-specific proteolytic activation of CXCL8 in synovial fluids from patients with chronic joint inflammation and address the importance of sample collection and processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Metzemaekers
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sara Abouelasrar Salama
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jennifer Vandooren
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anneleen Mortier
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rik Janssens
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Vandendriessche
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eva Ganseman
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik Martens
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mieke Gouwy
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Barbara Neerinckx
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Verschueren
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lien De Somer
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carine Wouters
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Struyf
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jo Van Damme
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Abouelasrar Salama S, Gouwy M, De Zutter A, Pörtner N, Vanbrabant L, Berghmans N, De Buck M, Struyf S, Van Damme J. Induction of Chemokines by Hepatitis C Virus Proteins: Synergy of the Core Protein with Interleukin-1β and Interferon-γ in Liver Bystander Cells. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2020; 40:195-206. [PMID: 32031878 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2019.0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection accounts for a large proportion of hepatic fibrosis and carcinoma cases observed worldwide. Mechanisms involved in HCV-induced hepatic injury have yet to be fully elucidated. Of particular interest is the capacity of HCV to regulate inflammatory responses. Here, we reveal modulation of cytokine activity by the HCV proteins non-structural protein 3 (NS3), glycoprotein E2, and core protein for their ability to induce chemokine expression in various liver bystander cells. Chemokines sustain chronic liver inflammation and relay multiple fibrogenic effects. CCL2, CCL3, CCL20, CXCL8, and CXCL10 were differentially expressed after treatment of monocytes, fibroblasts, or liver sinusoidal microvascular endothelial cells (LSECs) with HCV proteins. In comparison to NS3 and glycoprotein E2, core protein was a stronger inducer of chemokines in liver bystander cells. Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) synergized with core protein to induce CCL2, CCL20, CXCL8, or CXCL10 in fibroblasts or LSECs. These findings reveal new mechanisms of hepatic injury caused by HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Abouelasrar Salama
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mieke Gouwy
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexandra De Zutter
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Noëmie Pörtner
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lotte Vanbrabant
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nele Berghmans
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mieke De Buck
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Struyf
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jo Van Damme
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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5
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How post-translational modifications influence the biological activity of chemokines. Cytokine 2018; 109:29-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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The ectoenzyme-side of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) makes inflammation by serum amyloid A (SAA) and chemokines go round. Immunol Lett 2018; 205:1-8. [PMID: 29870759 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During an inflammatory response, a large number of distinct mediators appears in the affected tissues or in the blood circulation. These include acute phase proteins such as serum amyloid A (SAA), cytokines and chemokines and proteolytic enzymes. Although these molecules are generated within a cascade sequence in specific body compartments allowing for independent action, their co-appearance in space and time during acute or chronic inflammation points toward important mutual interactions. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns lead to fast induction of the pro-inflammatory endogenous pyrogens, which are evoking the acute phase response. Interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor-α and interferons simultaneously trigger different cell types, including leukocytes, endothelial cells and fibroblasts for tissue-specific or systemic production of chemokines and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). In addition, SAA induces chemokines and both stimulate secretion of MMPs from multiple cell types. As a consequence, these mediators may cooperate to enhance the inflammatory response. Indeed, SAA synergizes with chemokines to increase chemoattraction of monocytes and granulocytes. On the other hand, MMPs post-translationally modify chemokines and SAA to reduce their activity. Indeed, MMPs internally cleave SAA with loss of its cytokine-inducing and direct chemotactic potential whilst retaining its capacity to synergize with chemokines in leukocyte migration. Finally, MMPs truncate chemokines at their NH2- or COOH-terminal end, resulting in reduced or enhanced chemotactic activity. Therefore, the complex interactions between chemokines, SAA and MMPs either maintain or dampen the inflammatory response.
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7
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Huang G, Zhou C, Wei CJ, Zhao S, Sun F, Zhou H, Xu W, Liu J, Yang C, Wu L, Ye G, Chen Z, Huang Y. Evaluation of in vitro fertilization outcomes using interleukin-8 in culture medium of human preimplantation embryos. Fertil Steril 2017; 107:649-656. [PMID: 28069183 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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8
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Torraca V, Otto NA, Tavakoli-Tameh A, Meijer AH. The inflammatory chemokine Cxcl18b exerts neutrophil-specific chemotaxis via the promiscuous chemokine receptor Cxcr2 in zebrafish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 67:57-65. [PMID: 27815178 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cxcl18b is a chemokine found in zebrafish and in other piscine and amphibian species. Cxcl18b is a reliable inflammatory marker; however, its function is yet to be elucidated. Here, we found that Cxcl18b is chemotactic towards neutrophils, similarly to Cxcl8a/Interleukin-8, the best characterised neutrophil chemoattractant in humans and teleosts. Like Cxcl8a, Cxcl18b-dependent recruitment required the chemokine receptor Cxcr2, while it was unaffected by depletion of the other two neutrophil receptors cxcr1 and cxcr4b. To visualise cxcl18b induction, we generated a Tg(cxcl18b:eGFP) reporter line. The transgene is induced locally upon bacterial infection with the fish pathogen Mycobacterium marinum, but strikingly is not directly expressed by infected cells. Instead, cxcl18b is induced by non-phagocytic uninfected cells that compose the stroma of the granulomas, typical inflammatory lesions formed upon mycobacterial infections. Together, these results suggest that Cxcl18b might be an important contributor to neutrophil chemotaxis in the inflammatory microenvironment and indicate that the zebrafish model could be explored to further investigate in vivo the biological relevance of different Cxcl8-like chemokine lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natasja A Otto
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, The Netherlands
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Liang DY, Shi X, Liu P, Sun Y, Sahbaie P, Li WW, Yeomans DC, Clark JD. The Chemokine Receptor CXCR2 Supports Nociceptive Sensitization after Traumatic Brain Injury. Mol Pain 2017; 13:1744806917730212. [PMID: 28845733 PMCID: PMC5593214 DOI: 10.1177/1744806917730212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Chronic pain after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is very common, but the mechanisms linking TBI to pain and the pain-related interactions of TBI with peripheral injuries are poorly understood. Chemokine receptors play an important role in both pain and brain injury. In the current work, we pursued the hypothesis that the epigenetically regulated CXC chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) is a crucial modulator of nociceptive sensitization induced by TBI. For these studies, we used the rat lateral fluid percussion model of TBI. Histone actyltransferase activity was blocked using anacardic acid beginning immediately following injury, or delayed for seven days prior to administration. The selective CXCR2 antagonist SCH527123 administered systemically or intrathecally was used to probe the role of chemokine signaling on mechanical hindpaw sensitization after TBI. The expression of the CXCR2 receptor was accomplished using real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting, while epigenetic regulation was assessed using chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. The spinal levels of several pain-related mediators including CXCL1, an endogenous ligand for CXCR2, as well as brain-derived neurotrophic factor and prodynorphin were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We observed that anacardic acid potently blocked and reversed mechanical hindpaw sensitization after TBI. The same drug was able to prevent the upregulation of CXCR2 after TBI, but did not affect the spinal expression of other pain mediators. On the other hand, both systemically and intrathecally administered SCH527123 reversed hindpaw allodynia after TBI. Most of the spinal CXCR2 appeared to be expressed by spinal cord neurons. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated TBI-enhanced association of the CXCR2 promoter with acetylated-H3K9 histone protein that was also reversible using anacardic acid. Taken together, our findings suggested that TBI causes the upregulation of spinal CXCR2 through an epigenetic mechanism ultimately supporting nociceptive sensitization. The use of CXCR2 antagonists may, therefore, be useful in pain resulting from TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Yong Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoyou Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yuan Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Peyman Sahbaie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Wen-Wu Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David C Yeomans
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - J David Clark
- Department of Anesthesiology, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Hwang JY, Kwon MG, Kim YJ, Jung SH, Park MA, Son MH. Montanide IMS 1312 VG adjuvant enhances the efficacy of immersion vaccine of inactivated viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) in olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 60:420-425. [PMID: 27965163 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination by immersion is suitable for mass vaccination of small size fish. However, no viral vaccine has been developed for immersion applications, because of low efficacy. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of immersion vaccine against viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS) containing Montanide IMS 1312 VG adjuvant in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Healthy fish were vaccinated by an immersion method with a heat-inactivated FP-VHS2010-1 strain of VHS virus (VHSV) in combination with Montanide IMS 1312 VG for 5 min at 20 ± 2 °C. The control group was vaccinated with sterile PBS. No toxicity of immersion vaccine with Montanide IMS 1312 VG adjuvant was observed by hematological and histopathological analysis. Immersion vaccine with adjuvant enhanced gene expression of immune-associated genes, i.e., genes encoding interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3. Relative percent survival (RPS) of fish was measured on weeks 4 and 8 post vaccination. In fish vaccinated with adjuvant, RPS was significantly higher than that of fish vaccinated without adjuvant. The results of the present study provide evidence that the VHSV immersion vaccine with Montanide IMS 1312 VG induces protective immunity in olive flounder against VHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Youn Hwang
- Fish Disease Control Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), 216 Gijanghaean-Ro, Gijang-up, Gijang-Gun, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mun-Gyeong Kwon
- Fish Disease Control Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), 216 Gijanghaean-Ro, Gijang-up, Gijang-Gun, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yu Jin Kim
- Fish Disease Control Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), 216 Gijanghaean-Ro, Gijang-up, Gijang-Gun, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung-Hee Jung
- Pathology Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), 216 Gijanghaean-Ro, Gijang-up, Gijang-Gun, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea.
| | - Myoung-Ae Park
- Southeast Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), Tongyeong 650-943, Republic of Korea.
| | - Maeng-Hyun Son
- Fish Disease Control Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), 216 Gijanghaean-Ro, Gijang-up, Gijang-Gun, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea.
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Hwang JY, Kwon MG, Seo JS, Do JW, Park MA, Jung SH, Ahn SJ. Differentially expressed genes after viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus infection in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Vet Microbiol 2016; 193:72-82. [PMID: 27599933 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A strain of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) was isolated from cultured olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) during epizootics in South Korean. This strain showed high mortality to olive flounder in in vivo challenge experiment. The complete genomic RNA sequences were determined and phylogenetic analysis of the amino acid sequences of glycoprotein revealed that this isolate was grouped into genotype IVa of genus Novirhabdovirus. Expression profile of genes in olive flounder was analyzed at day 1 and day3 after infection with this VHSV isolate by using cDNA microarray containing olive flounder 13K cDNA clones. Microarray analysis revealed 785 up-regulated genes and 641 down-regulated genes by at least two-fold in virus-infected fish compared to healthy control groups. Among 785 up-regulated genes, we identified seven immune response-associated genes, including the interferon (IFN)-induced 56-kDa protein (IFI56), suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1), interleukin 8 (IL-8), cluster of differentiation 83 (CD83), α-globin (HBA), VHSV-induced protein-6 (VHSV6), and cluster of differentiation antigen 9 (CD9). Our results confirm previous reports that even virulent strain of VHSV induces expression of genes involved in protective immunity against VHSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Youn Hwang
- Pathology Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), 216 GijangHaean-Ro, Gijang-up, Gijang-Gun, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun-Gyeong Kwon
- Pathology Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), 216 GijangHaean-Ro, Gijang-up, Gijang-Gun, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Soo Seo
- Pathology Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), 216 GijangHaean-Ro, Gijang-up, Gijang-Gun, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Wan Do
- Pathology Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), 216 GijangHaean-Ro, Gijang-up, Gijang-Gun, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Ae Park
- Pathology Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), 216 GijangHaean-Ro, Gijang-up, Gijang-Gun, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hee Jung
- Pathology Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), 216 GijangHaean-Ro, Gijang-up, Gijang-Gun, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jung Ahn
- Pathology Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), 216 GijangHaean-Ro, Gijang-up, Gijang-Gun, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea.
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Neutrophil Toll-Like Receptor 9 Expression and the Systemic Inflammatory Response in Acetaminophen-Induced Acute Liver Failure. Crit Care Med 2016; 44:43-53. [PMID: 26457748 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000001309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is a marked propensity for patients with acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure to develop sepsis, which may culminate in multiple organ failure and death. Toll-like receptors sense pathogens and induce inflammatory responses, but whether this is protective or detrimental in acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure remains unknown. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS We assessed Toll-like receptor expression on circulating neutrophils and their function in 24 patients with acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure and compared with 10 healthy controls. INTERVENTIONS Neutrophil Toll-like receptor 2, -4, and -9 expression and cytokine production and function were studied ex vivo at baseline and following stimulation with lipopolysaccharide, oligodeoxynucleotides, ammonium chloride, and interleukin-8. To examine the influence of acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure plasma and endogenous DNA on Toll-like receptors-9 expression, healthy neutrophils were incubated with acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure plasma with and without deoxyribonuclease-I. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Circulating neutrophil Toll-like receptor 9 expression was increased in acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure on day 1 compared with healthy controls (p = 0.0002), whereas Toll-like receptor 4 expression was decreased compared with healthy controls (p < 0.0001). Toll-like receptor 2 expression was unchanged. Neutrophil phagocytic activity was decreased, and spontaneous oxidative burst increased in all patients with acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure compared with healthy controls (p < 0.0001). Neutrophil Toll-like receptor 9 expression correlated with plasma interleukin-8 and peak ammonia concentration (r = 0.6; p < 0.05) and increased with severity of hepatic encephalopathy (grade 0-2 vs 3/4) and systemic inflammatory response syndrome score (0-1 vs 2-4) (p < 0.05). Those patients with advanced hepatic encephalopathy (grade 3/4) or high systemic inflammatory response syndrome score (2-4) on day 1 had higher neutrophil Toll-like receptor 9 expression, arterial ammonia concentration, and plasma interleukin-8 associated with neutrophil exhaustion. Healthy neutrophil Toll-like receptor 9 expression increased upon stimulation with acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure plasma, which was abrogated by preincubation with deoxyribonuclease-I. Intracellular Toll-like receptor 9 was induced by costimulation with interleukin-8 and ammonia. CONCLUSION These data point to neutrophil Toll-like receptor 9 expression in acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure being mediated both by circulating endogenous DNA as well as ammonia and interleukin-8 in a synergistic manner inducing systemic inflammation, neutrophil exhaustion, and exacerbating hepatic encephalopathy.
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Vandermeulen E, Verleden SE, Ruttens D, Moelants E, Mortier A, Somers J, Bellon H, Piloni D, Dupont LJ, Van Raemdonck DE, Proost P, Schols D, Vos R, Verleden GM, Vanaudenaerde BM. BAL neutrophilia in azithromycin-treated lung transplant recipients: Clinical significance. Transpl Immunol 2015; 33:37-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Put K, Avau A, Brisse E, Mitera T, Put S, Proost P, Bader-Meunier B, Westhovens R, Van den Eynde BJ, Orabona C, Fallarino F, De Somer L, Tousseyn T, Quartier P, Wouters C, Matthys P. Cytokines in systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis and haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: tipping the balance between interleukin-18 and interferon-γ. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2015; 54:1507-17. [PMID: 25767156 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keu524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the role of IFN-γ in the pathogenesis of systemic JIA (sJIA) and haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) by searching for an IFN-γ profile, and to assess its relationship with other cytokines. METHODS Patients with inactive (n = 10) and active sJIA (n = 10), HLH [n = 5; of which 3 had sJIA-associated macrophage activation syndrome (MAS)] and healthy controls (n = 16) were enrolled in the study. Cytokines and IFN-γ-induced genes and proteins were determined in plasma, in patient peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and in lymph node biopsies of one patient during both sJIA and MAS episodes. IFN-γ responses were investigated in healthy donor PBMCs, primary fibroblasts and endothelial cells. RESULTS Plasma IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-18 were elevated in active sJIA and HLH. Levels of IFN-γ and IFN-γ-induced proteins (IP-10/CXCL-10, IL-18BP and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) in HLH were much higher than levels in active sJIA. Free IL-18 and ratios of IL-18/IFN-γ were higher in active sJIA compared with HLH. HLH PBMCs showed hyporesponsiveness to IFN-γ in vitro when compared with control and sJIA PBMCs. Endothelial cells and fibroblasts expressed IFN-γ-induced proteins in situ in lymph node staining of a MAS patient and in vitro upon stimulation with IFN-γ. CONCLUSION Patients with active sJIA and HLH/MAS show distinct cytokine profiles, with highly elevated plasma levels of IFN-γ and IFN-γ-induced proteins typically found in HLH/MAS. In addition to PBMCs, histiocytes, endothelial cells and fibroblasts may contribute to an IFN-γ profile in plasma. Increasing levels of IFN-γ compared with IL-18 may raise suspicion about the development of MAS in sJIA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Bader-Meunier
- IMAGINE Institute, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - René Westhovens
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, University of Leuven, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Benoit J Van den Eynde
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ciriana Orabona
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesca Fallarino
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Lien De Somer
- Laboratory of Pediatric Immunology, University Hospital Leuven, University of Leuven and
| | - Thomas Tousseyn
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pierre Quartier
- IMAGINE Institute, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Carine Wouters
- IMAGINE Institute, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France, Laboratory of Pediatric Immunology, University Hospital Leuven, University of Leuven and
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Citrullination and proteolytic processing of chemokines by Porphyromonas gingivalis. Infect Immun 2014; 82:2511-9. [PMID: 24686061 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01624-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The outgrowth of Porphyromonas gingivalis within the inflammatory subgingival plaque is associated with periodontitis characterized by periodontal tissue destruction, loss of alveolar bone, periodontal pocket formation, and eventually, tooth loss. Potential virulence factors of P. gingivalis are peptidylarginine deiminase (PPAD), an enzyme modifying free or peptide-bound arginine to citrulline, and the bacterial proteases referred to as gingipains (Rgp and Kgp). Chemokines attract leukocytes during inflammation. However, posttranslational modification (PTM) of chemokines by proteases or human peptidylarginine deiminases may alter their biological activities. Since chemokine processing may be important in microbial defense mechanisms, we investigated whether PTM of chemokines by P. gingivalis enzymes occurs. Upon incubation of interleukin-8 (IL-8; CXCL8) with PPAD, only minor enzymatic citrullination was detected. In contrast, Rgp rapidly cleaved CXCL8 in vitro. Subsequently, different P. gingivalis strains were incubated with the chemokine CXCL8 or CXCL10 and their PTMs were investigated. No significant CXCL8 citrullination was detected for the tested strains. Interestingly, although considerable differences in the efficiency of CXCL8 degradation were observed with full cultures of various strains, similar rates of chemokine proteolysis were exerted by cell-free culture supernatants. Sequencing of CXCL8 incubated with supernatant or bacteria showed that CXCL8 is processed into its more potent forms consisting of amino acids 6 to 77 and amino acids 9 to 77 (the 6-77 and 9-77 forms, respectively). In contrast, CXCL10 was entirely and rapidly degraded by P. gingivalis, with no transient chemokine forms being observed. In conclusion, this study demonstrates PTM of CXCL8 and CXCL10 by gingipains of P. gingivalis and that strain differences may particularly affect the activity of these bacterial membrane-associated proteases.
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Goeminne PC, Vandooren J, Moelants EA, Decraene A, Rabaey E, Pauwels A, Seys S, Opdenakker G, Proost P, Dupont LJ. The Sputum Colour Chart as a predictor of lung inflammation, proteolysis and damage in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: A case-control analysis. Respirology 2013; 19:203-210. [DOI: 10.1111/resp.12219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pieter C. Goeminne
- Department of Respiratory Disease; University Hospital of Gasthuisberg; Leuven Belgium
| | - Jennifer Vandooren
- Rega Institute for Medical Research; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Eva A. Moelants
- Rega Institute for Medical Research; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Ann Decraene
- Department of Respiratory Disease; University Hospital of Gasthuisberg; Leuven Belgium
| | - Evelyn Rabaey
- Department of Radiology; University Hospital of Gasthuisberg; Leuven Belgium
| | - Ans Pauwels
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders; University of Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Sven Seys
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology; Catholic University of Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Rega Institute for Medical Research; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- Rega Institute for Medical Research; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Lieven J. Dupont
- Department of Respiratory Disease; University Hospital of Gasthuisberg; Leuven Belgium
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Moelants EAV, Mortier A, Van Damme J, Proost P. Regulation of TNF-α with a focus on rheumatoid arthritis. Immunol Cell Biol 2013; 91:393-401. [PMID: 23628802 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2013.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines and chemokines represent two important groups of proteins that control the human immune system. Dysregulation of the network in which these immunomodulators function can result in uncontrolled inflammation, leading to various diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), characterized by chronic inflammation and bone erosion. Potential triggers of RA include autoantibodies, cytokines and chemokines. The tight regulation of cytokine and chemokine production, and biological activity is important. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is abundantly present in RA patients' serum and the arthritic synovium. This review, therefore, discusses first the role and regulation of the major proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α, in particular the regulation of TNF-α production, post-translational processing and signaling of TNF-α and its receptors. Owing to the important role of TNF-α in RA, the TNF-α-producing cells and the dynamics of its expression, the direct and indirect action of this cytokine and possible biological therapy for RA are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva A V Moelants
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Deng Q, Sarris M, Bennin DA, Green JM, Herbomel P, Huttenlocher A. Localized bacterial infection induces systemic activation of neutrophils through Cxcr2 signaling in zebrafish. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 93:761-9. [PMID: 23475575 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1012534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the first line of defense against tissue damage and are rapidly mobilized to sites of bacterial infection. However, the signals that regulate neutrophil recruitment are not well defined. Here, using photolabel-enabled fate mapping in zebrafish larvae, we show that localized otic infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa induces systemic activation and mobilization of neutrophils from the CHT through Cxcr2 signaling. We have cloned the zebrafish Cxcr1 and Cxcr2 receptors and show that Cxcr2 functions as a Cxcl8 receptor in live zebrafish. With the use of morpholino-mediated depletion, we show that infection-induced neutrophil mobilization from the CHT is mediated by Cxcr2 but not Cxcr1. By contrast, Cxcr2 depletion does not affect neutrophil recruitment to the chemoattractant LTB4. Taken together, our findings identify Cxcl8-Cxcr2 signaling as an infection-induced long-range cue that mediates neutrophil motility and mobilization from hematopoietic tissues, positioning Cxcr2 as a critical pathway that mediates infection-induced systemic activation of neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Deng
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Moelants EA, Mortier A, Grauwen K, Ronsse I, Van Damme J, Proost P. Citrullination of TNF-α by peptidylarginine deiminases reduces its capacity to stimulate the production of inflammatory chemokines. Cytokine 2013; 61:161-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Leukocyte recruitment to sites of infection or tissue damage plays a crucial role for the innate immune response. Chemokine-dependent signaling in immune cells is a very important mechanism leading to integrin activation and leukocyte recruitment. CXC chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) is a prominent chemokine receptor on neutrophils. During the last years, several studies were performed investigating the role of CXCR2 in different diseases. Until now, many CXCR2 inhibitors are tested in animal models and clinical trials and promising results were obtained. This review gives an overview of the structure of CXCR2 and the signaling pathways that are activated following CXCR2 stimulation. We discuss in detail the role of this chemokine receptor in different disease models including acute lung injury, COPD, sepsis, and ischemia-reperfusion-injury. Furthermore, this review summarizes the results of clinical trials which used CXCR2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Stadtmann
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Münster Münster, Germany
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Tokumoto Y, Hiasa Y, Uesugi K, Watanabe T, Mashiba T, Abe M, Kumagi T, Ikeda Y, Matsuura B, Onji M. Ribavirin regulates hepatitis C virus replication through enhancing interferon-stimulated genes and interleukin 8. J Infect Dis 2012; 205:1121-30. [PMID: 22357660 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The manner in which ribavirin (RBV) enhances the antiviral effects of interferon (IFN) against hepatitis C virus (HCV) remains unknown. We investigated whether RBV modifies IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) in vivo and in vitro. METHODS We measured the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of ISGs in T lymphocytes from patients with HCV infection who were receiving IFN-α therapy with or without RBV. We added RBV and/or IFN-α to a plasmid-based HCV replication system containing a full-length HCV genotype 1a sequence in HepG2 and Huh7 cell lines and the JFH-1 HCV genotype 2a sequence in Huh7 cell lines and measured levels of ISGs and autocrine IFN-β. RESULTS The expression of protein kinase R and myxovirus resistance A mRNA was enhanced more with IFN-α and RBV than by IFN-α alone in assays in vivo and in vitro. Such enhancement depended on autocrine IFN-β being enhanced by RBV. RBV upregulated interleukin 8 (IL-8) in the absence of IFN-α. The IL-8 upregulation induced by RBV was responsible for the activation of activator protein 1 (AP-1). CONCLUSIONS Ribavirin augments the anti-HCV effects of IFN-α induced by ISGs through enhancing autocrine IFN-β. Moreover, RBV can enhance IL-8 through activating AP-1. Improved understanding of ISG modulation by RBV would help to establish a means of eliminating HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Tokumoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
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Abstract
Background Posttranslational deimination or citrullination by peptidylarginine deiminases (PAD) regulates the biological function of proteins and may be involved in the development of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. This posttranslational modification of arginine was recently discovered on inflammatory chemokines including CXCL8 and CXCL10, and significantly reduced their biological activity. To evaluate the importance of these modified chemokines in patients, methods for the detection and quantification of citrullinated chemokines are needed. Since citrullination only results in an increase of the protein mass with one mass unit and the loss of one positive charge, selective biochemical detection is difficult. Therefore, we developed an antibody-based method to specifically detect and quantify citrullination on a protein of interest. Methodology/Principal Findings First, the citrullinated proteins were chemically modified with antipyrine and 2,3-butanedione at low pH. Such selectively modified citrullines were subsequently detected and quantified by specific antibodies raised against a modified citrulline-containing peptide. The specificity of this two-step procedure was validated for citrullinated CXCL8 ([Cit5]CXCL8). Specific detection of [Cit5]CXCL8 concentrations between 1 and 50 ng/ml was possible, also in complex samples containing an excess of contaminating proteins. This novel detection method was used to evaluate the effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the citrullination of inflammatory chemokines induced in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and granulocytes. LPS had no significant effect on the induction of CXCL8 citrullination in human PBMCs and granulocytes. However, granulocytes, known to contain PAD, were essential for the production of significant amounts of [Cit5]CXCL8. Conclusion/Significance The newly developed antibody-based method to specifically detect and quantify chemically modified citrullinated proteins is proven to be effective. This study furthermore demonstrates that granulocytes were essential to obtain significant levels of [Cit5]CXCL8. For human PBMCs and granulocytes stimulation with LPS did not affect the citrullination of CXCL8.
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Jiang WG, Sanders AJ, Ruge F, Harding KG. Influence of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and IL-8 receptors on the migration of human keratinocytes, the role of PLC-γ and potential clinical implications. Exp Ther Med 2011; 3:231-236. [PMID: 22969874 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2011.402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-8 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that has a direct effect on immune cells, including polymorphonuclear cells. Keratinocytes are a rich source of IL-8. However, there is little knowledge on the role of IL-8 in clinical wound healing and the direct biological effect of IL-8 on keratinocytes. In this study, the effect of recombinant human IL-8 (rhIL-8) on migration and adhesion was tested using HaCaT keratinocytes as a cell model. The cell functions were evaluated using impedance cell sensing. The expression of IL-8 receptor (IL-8R) transcripts in human skin and wounds (acute and chronic) was assessed using real-time transcript analysis. rhIL-8 significantly increased the migration of keratinocytes (3.5±0.3 for cells treated with IL-8 vs. 2.7±0.6 for controls; p=0.029). It is interesting to note that treatment of keratinocytes with IL-8 resulted in a marked shift in the responsive frequencies. IL-8 only resulted in a marginal increase in cell adhesion, which was particularly noticeable at high frequencies. The PLC-γ inhibitor completely eradicated the action of IL-8 on the migration of HaCaT cells. Using real time PCR, it was found that chronic wounds had significantly lower levels of the B form of the IL-8R (IL-8RB) (p=0.045) and marginally lower levels of the A form, IL-8RA, in comparison with acute wounds. Therefore, IL-8 has a direct and profound stimulatory effect on the migration of human keratinocytes, which is likely to occur via the PLC-γ pathway. Together with a reduced level of IL-8Rs in difficult-healing wounds, IL-8 has a clear prognostic and therapeutic value in wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen G Jiang
- Departments of Surgery and Wound Healing, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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Mihara K, Wijkmans J. Low Molecular Weight CXCR2 Antagonists as Promising Therapeutics. METHODS AND PRINCIPLES IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527631995.ch12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Struyf S, Proost P, Vandercappellen J, Dempe S, Noyens B, Nelissen S, Gouwy M, Locati M, Opdenakker G, Dinsart C, Van Damme J. Synergistic up-regulation of MCP-2/CCL8 activity is counteracted by chemokine cleavage, limiting its inflammatory and anti-tumoral effects. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:843-57. [PMID: 19224633 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines mediate the inflammatory response by attracting various leukocyte types. MCP-2/CC chemokine ligand 8 (CCL8) was induced at only suboptimal levels in fibroblasts and endothelial cells by IL-1beta or IFN-gamma, unless these cytokines were combined. IFN-gamma also synergized with the TLR ligands peptidoglycan (TLR2), dsRNA (TLR3) or LPS (TLR4). Under these conditions, intact MCP-2/CCL8(1-76) produced by fibroblasts was found to be processed into MCP-2/CCL8(6-75), which lacked chemotactic activity for monocytic cells. Furthermore, the capacity of MCP-2/CCL8(6-75) to increase intracellular calcium levels through CCR1, CCR2, CCR3 and CCR5 was severely reduced. However, the truncated isoform still blocked these receptors for other ligands. MCP-2/CCL8(6-75) induced internalization of CCR2, inhibited MCP-1/CCL2 and MCP-2/CCL8 ERK signaling and antagonized the chemotactic activity of several CCR2 ligands (MCP-1/CCL2, MCP-2/CCL8, MCP-3/CCL7). In contrast to MCP-3/CCL7, parvoviral delivery of MCP-2/CCL8 into B78/H1 melanoma failed to inhibit tumor growth, partially due to proteolytic cleavage into inactive MCP-2/CCL8 missing five NH(2)-terminal residues. However, in an alternative tumor model, using HeLa cells, MCP-2/CCL8 retarded tumor development. These data indicate that optimal induction and delivery of MCP-2/CCL8 is counteracted by converting this chemokine into a receptor antagonist, thereby losing its anti-tumoral potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Struyf
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Chapter 1. Isolation, identification, and production of posttranslationally modified chemokines. Methods Enzymol 2009; 461:3-29. [PMID: 19480912 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(09)05401-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines attract cells during the development of lymphoid tissues, leukocyte homing, and pathologic processes such as cancer and inflammation. Limited posttranslational modification of chemokines may significantly alter the glycosaminoglycan and/or receptor binding properties and signaling potency of these chemotactic proteins. To compare the in vitro and in vivo biologic activities of posttranslationally modified chemokine isoforms, considerable amounts of pure chemokine isoforms are required. This chapter describes a number of chromatographic techniques that are useful for the isolation of natural, posttranslationally modified chemokines from primary human cell cultures. In addition, combination of immunologic assays and biochemical techniques such as automated Edman degradation and mass spectrometry are used for the identification of modifications. Alternate methods for the generation of specific chemokine isoforms are discussed such as modification of chemokines by specific enzymes and total chemical syntheses and folding of chemokine isoforms. In particular, in vitro processing of chemokines by the protease aminopeptidase N/CD13 and citrullination or deamination of chemokines by peptidyl arginine deiminases (PAD) are described as methods for the confirmation or generation of posttranslationally modified chemokine isoforms.
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CXCR2 antagonists for the treatment of pulmonary disease. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 121:55-68. [PMID: 19026683 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines have long been implicated in the initiation and amplification of inflammatory responses by virtue of their role in leukocyte chemotaxis. The expression of one of the receptors for these chemokines, CXCR2, on a variety of cell types and tissues suggests that these receptors may have a broad functional role under both constitutive conditions and in the pathophysiology of a number of acute and chronic diseases. With the development of several pharmacological, immunological and genetic tools to study CXCR2 function, an important role for this CXC chemokine receptor subtype has been identified in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma and fibrotic pulmonary disorders. Interference with CXCR2 receptor function has demonstrated different effects in the lungs including inhibition of pulmonary damage induced by neutrophils (PMNs), antigen or irritant-induced goblet cell hyperplasia and angiogenesis/collagen deposition caused by lung injury. Many of these features are common to inflammatory and fibrotic disorders of the lung. Clinical trials evaluating small molecule CXCR2 antagonists in COPD, asthma and cystic fibrosis are currently underway. These studies hold considerable promise for identifying novel and efficacious treatments of pulmonary disorders.
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Proost P, Loos T, Mortier A, Schutyser E, Gouwy M, Noppen S, Dillen C, Ronsse I, Conings R, Struyf S, Opdenakker G, Maudgal PC, Van Damme J. Citrullination of CXCL8 by peptidylarginine deiminase alters receptor usage, prevents proteolysis, and dampens tissue inflammation. J Exp Med 2008; 205:2085-97. [PMID: 18710930 PMCID: PMC2526203 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20080305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological functions of proteins are influenced by posttranslational modifications such as on/off switching by phosphorylation and modulation by glycosylation. Proteolytic processing regulates cytokine and chemokine activities. In this study, we report that natural posttranslational citrullination or deimination alters the biological activities of the neutrophil chemoattractant and angiogenic cytokine CXCL8/interleukin-8 (IL-8). Citrullination of arginine in position 5 was discovered on 14% of natural leukocyte-derived CXCL8(1-77), generating CXCL8(1-77)Cit(5). Peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) is known to citrullinate structural proteins, and it may initiate autoimmune diseases. PAD efficiently and site-specifically citrullinated CXCL5, CXCL8, CCL17, CCL26, but not IL-1beta. In comparison with CXCL8(1-77), CXCL8(1-77)Cit(5) had reduced affinity for glycosaminoglycans and induced less CXCR2-dependent calcium signaling and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation. In contrast to CXCL8(1-77), CXCL8(1-77)Cit(5) was resistant to thrombin- or plasmin-dependent potentiation into CXCL8(6-77). Upon intraperitoneal injection, CXCL8(6-77) was a more potent inducer of neutrophil extravasation compared with CXCL8(1-77). Despite its retained chemotactic activity in vitro, CXCL8(1-77)Cit(5) was unable to attract neutrophils to the peritoneum. Finally, in the rabbit cornea angiogenesis assay, the equally potent CXCL8(1-77) and CXCL8(1-77)Cit(5) were less efficient angiogenic molecules than CXCL8(6-77). This study shows that PAD citrullinates the chemokine CXCL8, and thus may dampen neutrophil extravasation during acute or chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute, K.U.Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Vandercappellen J, Van Damme J, Struyf S. The role of CXC chemokines and their receptors in cancer. Cancer Lett 2008; 267:226-44. [PMID: 18579287 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 487] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Revised: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines, or chemotactic cytokines, and their receptors have been discovered as essential and selective mediators in leukocyte migration to inflammatory sites and to secondary lymphoid organs. Besides their functions in the immune system, they also play a critical role in tumor initiation, promotion and progression. There are four subgroups of chemokines: CXC, CC, CX(3)C, and C chemokine ligands. The CXC or alpha subgroup is further subdivided in the ELR(+) and ELR(-) chemokines. Members that contain the ELR motif bind to CXC chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) and are angiogenic. In contrast, most of the CXC chemokines without ELR motif bind to CXCR3 and are angiostatic. An exception is the angiogenic ELR(-)CXC chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1 (CXCL12/SDF-1), which binds to CXCR4 and CXCR7 and is implicated in tumor metastasis. This review is focusing on the role of CXC chemokines and their receptors in tumorigenesis, including angiogenesis, attraction of leukocytes to tumor sites and induction of tumor cell migration and homing in metastatic sites. Finally, their therapeutic use in cancer treatment is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Vandercappellen
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Evidence for differential roles for NKG2D receptor signaling in innate host defense against coronavirus-induced neurological and liver disease. J Virol 2007; 82:3021-30. [PMID: 18094157 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02032-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection of SCID mice with a recombinant murine coronavirus (mouse hepatitis virus [MHV]) expressing the T-cell chemoattractant CXC chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) resulted in increased survival and reduced viral burden within the brain and liver compared to those of mice infected with an isogenic control virus (MHV), supporting an important role for CXCL10 in innate immune responses following viral infection. Enhanced protection in MHV-CXCL10-infected mice correlated with increased gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production by infiltrating natural killer (NK) cells within the brain and reduced liver pathology. To explore the underlying mechanisms associated with protection from disease in MHV-CXCL10-infected mice, the functional contributions of the NK cell-activating receptor NKG2D in host defense were examined. The administration of an NKG2D-blocking antibody to MHV-CXCL10-infected mice did not reduce survival, dampen IFN-gamma production in the brain, or affect liver pathology. However, NKG2D neutralization increased viral titers within the liver, suggesting a protective role for NKG2D signaling in this organ. These data indicate that (i) CXCL10 enhances innate immune responses, resulting in protection from MHV-induced neurological and liver disease; (ii) elevated NK cell IFN-gamma expression in the brain of MHV-CXCL10-infected mice occurs independently of NKG2D; and (iii) NKG2D signaling promotes antiviral activity within the livers of MHV-infected mice that is not dependent on IFN-gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha secretion.
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Sano E, Ohashi K, Sato Y, Kashiwagi M, Joguchi A, Naruse N. A possible role of autogenous IFN-beta for cytokine productions in human fibroblasts. J Cell Biochem 2007; 100:1459-76. [PMID: 17133359 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
It has been already known that human diploid fibroblasts are able to produce not only high levels of IFN-beta but also various kinds of cytokines by poly rI: poly rC, and some inflammatory cytokines are induced by IFN-beta gene activation. We also obtained similar results. However, in our system, cytokine productions were extremely enhanced by treating the cells with a low dose of type 1 IFN and the priming effects on cytokine productions were blocked by cycloheximide similar to those on IFN-beta productions. Most of cytokines were produced later than IFN-beta and synthesis patterns of their mRNA showed the same phenomena. We made clear that cytokine productions by poly rI: poly rC are mediated by secreted IFN-beta at a protein level using a monoclonal antibody against human IFN-beta. Further, it was shown that intra-cellular IFN-beta which is not secreted might also participate in cytokine productions. Meanwhile, IL-1beta induced various kinds of cytokines in human fibroblasts and production time courses of these cytokines were similar to those of poly rI: poly rC induced cytokines. Although secreted IFN-beta was not detected in IL-1beta stimulated culture, expression of IFN-beta mRNA was augmented. These results showed that priming effects of type 1 IFN on cytokine productions by poly rI: poly rC might not be the direct action, but successive IFN-beta production might be essential in the production processes of other cytokines. Further, it was suggested that inducible IFN-beta might also take part in IL-1beta-induced cytokine productions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Sano
- Proteios Research, Inc., Basic Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc., Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Proost P, Struyf S, Loos T, Gouwy M, Schutyser E, Conings R, Ronsse I, Parmentier M, Grillet B, Opdenakker G, Balzarini J, Van Damme J. Coexpression and interaction of CXCL10 and CD26 in mesenchymal cells by synergising inflammatory cytokines: CXCL8 and CXCL10 are discriminative markers for autoimmune arthropathies. Arthritis Res Ther 2007; 8:R107. [PMID: 16846531 PMCID: PMC1779382 DOI: 10.1186/ar1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2006] [Revised: 05/31/2006] [Accepted: 06/27/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte infiltration during acute and chronic inflammation is regulated by exogenous and endogenous factors, including cytokines, chemokines and proteases. Stimulation of fibroblasts and human microvascular endothelial cells with the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) or tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) combined with either interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha), IFN-beta or IFN-gamma resulted in a synergistic induction of the CXC chemokine CXCL10, but not of the neutrophil chemoattractant CXCL8. In contrast, simultaneous stimulation with different IFN types did not result in a synergistic CXCL10 protein induction. Purification of natural CXCL10 from the conditioned medium of fibroblasts led to the isolation of CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase IV-processed CXCL10 missing two NH2-terminal residues. In contrast to intact CXCL10, NH2-terminally truncated CXCL10(3-77) did not induce extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 or Akt/protein kinase B phosphorylation in CXC chemokine receptor 3-transfected cells. Together with the expression of CXCL10, the expression of membrane-bound CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase IV was also upregulated in fibroblasts by IFN-gamma, by IFN-gamma plus IL-1beta or by IFN-gamma plus TNF-alpha. This provides a negative feedback for CXCL10-dependent chemotaxis of activated T cells and natural killer cells. Since TNF-alpha and IL-1beta are implicated in arthritis, synovial concentrations of CXCL8 and CXCL10 were compared in patients suffering from crystal arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. All three groups of autoimmune arthritis patients (ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis) had significantly increased synovial CXCL10 levels compared with crystal arthritis patients. In contrast, compared with crystal arthritis, only rheumatoid arthritis patients, and not ankylosing spondylitis or psoriatic arthritis patients, had significantly higher synovial CXCL8 concentrations. Synovial concentrations of the neutrophil chemoattractant CXCL8 may therefore be useful to discriminate between autoimmune arthritis types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Struyf
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tamara Loos
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mieke Gouwy
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Evemie Schutyser
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - René Conings
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Ronsse
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Parmentier
- IRIBHN, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bernard Grillet
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Ziekenhuis Zeeuws-Vlaanderen, Terneuzen, The Netherlands
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jo Van Damme
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Billiau A. Anti-inflammatory properties of Type I interferons. Antiviral Res 2006; 71:108-16. [PMID: 16626815 PMCID: PMC7114336 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2006] [Revised: 03/13/2006] [Accepted: 03/14/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The notion that Type I interferons (interferon-alpha and -beta) possess anti-inflammatory potential is supported by data from clinical application in multiple sclerosis, by studies on cultured immune-competent cells and by investigation of experimental diseases in whole animals. These observations deserve the attention of virologists for their potential role in the pathogenesis and clinical management of virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfons Billiau
- Rega Institute, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Werbrouck H, Grijspeerdt K, Botteldoorn N, Van Pamel E, Rijpens N, Van Damme J, Uyttendaele M, Herman L, Van Coillie E. Differential inlA and inlB expression and interaction with human intestinal and liver cells by Listeria monocytogenes strains of different origins. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:3862-71. [PMID: 16751490 PMCID: PMC1489604 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02164-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2005] [Accepted: 03/19/2006] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a number of Listeria monocytogenes strains of different origins were evaluated for in vitro invasion capacity for various human cell types (monocytic THP-1, enterocytic Caco-2, and hepatocytic HepG2 cells) and for expression levels of specific virulence genes. For THP-1 cells, no differences between clinical and nonclinical L. monocytogenes strains in invasion capacity or in production of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-8 (IL-8) were observed, whereas for the Caco-2 and HepG2 cells, significant differences in invasion capacity were noticed. On average, the clinical strains showed a significantly lower invasion capacity than the nonclinical L. monocytogenes strains. Furthermore, it was shown that the clinical strains induce lower IL-8 levels in HepG2 cells than do the nonclinical strains. This observation led us to study the mRNA expression levels of inlA, inlB, and ami, important virulence genes mediating adhesion and invasion of eukaryotic cells, by real-time reverse transcription-PCR for 27 clinical and 37 nonclinical L. monocytogenes strains. Significant differences in inlA and inlB expression were observed, with clinical strains showing a lower expression level than nonclinical strains. These observations were in accordance with in vitro invasion of Caco-2 and HepG2 cells, respectively. The results of this study indicate that differential expression levels of inlA and inlB possibly play a role in the virulence capacities of L. monocytogenes strains. The lower capacity of clinical strains to invade HepG2 cells and to induce IL-8 is possibly a mechanism of immune evasion used by specific L. monocytogenes strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadewig Werbrouck
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Unit Technology and Food-Product Quality and Food Safety, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium.
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Akasaka Y, Morimoto N, Ishikawa Y, Fujita K, Ito K, Kimura-Matsumoto M, Ishiguro S, Morita H, Kobayashi Y, Ishii T. Myocardial apoptosis associated with the expression of proinflammatory cytokines during the course of myocardial infarction. Mod Pathol 2006; 19:588-98. [PMID: 16554734 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3800568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the role of myocardial apoptosis associated with the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in human myocardial infarction (MI), we have analyzed the expression of apoptosis positive for single-stranded DNA (ss-DNA) antibody, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and interleukin (IL)-8 in 147 samples of infarcted myocardial tissue from 65 patients. ss-DNA-positive apoptotic nuclei were found mainly in cardiomyocytes in the border zones and granulation tissue cells in the infarct foci. The ss-DNA index (SI) of cardiomyocytes (average 0.13%) peaked at stage II (established myocardial necrosis), the value being significantly higher than at stages III (macrophage infiltration), IV (granulation formation), and V (scar formation) (P<0.05), whereas the SI of granulation tissue (average 0.08%) at stages III, IV, and V showed no significant differences between the three stages. These results suggest that cardiomyocyte apoptosis in the border zone is responsible for cellular loss in the acute stage of MI, whereas granulation tissue apoptosis may not be involved in the process of ventricular remodeling. TNF-alpha was expressed in cardiomyocytes in the border zones of infarct foci, but no significant positive correlation was found between SI and TNF-alpha index in cardiomyocytes (r=0.08, P = 0.37), suggesting that TNF-alpha does not serve as a direct trigger of cardiomyocyte apoptosis in vivo. The number of IL-8-positive cells peaked at stage II, and IL-8-myeloperoxidase-double-positive neutrophils were frequently detected, indicating that infiltrating neutrophils are the predominant source of IL-8 in the infarcted myocardium. These results suggest that, in human MI, TNF-alpha produced by cardiomyocytes does not play a critical role in their apoptosis, and that IL-8 produced by neutrophils is responsible for the subsequent accumulation and activation of neutrophils, thus increasing the degree of myocardial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikiyo Akasaka
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Toho University, Ohta City, Tokyo, Japan.
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Moscova M, Marsh DJ, Baxter RC. Protein chip discovery of secreted proteins regulated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway in ovarian cancer cell lines. Cancer Res 2006; 66:1376-83. [PMID: 16452192 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-2666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer has the highest mortality among the gynecologic malignancies. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway is frequently activated, leading to increased cell survival. This study aimed to identify secreted proteins regulated by the PI3K pathway in ovarian cancer cell lines. Surface-enhanced laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry with cation-exchange protein-chips was used to analyze secreted proteins from five ovarian cancer cell lines (SKOV-3, PE01, OVCAR-3, OV167, and OV207). To activate the PI3K pathway, cells were treated with 50 ng/mL epidermal growth factor (EGF) with or without 10 micromol/L LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor. Proteins induced by EGF and inhibited by LY294002, in the m/z range 7,500 to 9,500, were purified chromatographically, identified by peptide mass fingerprinting and NH(2)-terminal sequencing, and confirmed by immunodepletion. Two immunologically related proteins, m/z approximately 8,385 and 8,922, were identified as truncated and intact forms, respectively, of interleukin 8, a chemokine previously shown to be elevated in serum of ovarian cancer patients. Another protein, m/z 7,866, was identified as CXC chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1) or GRO-alpha, a chemokine associated with melanoma formation and some epithelial cancers. EGF-stimulated CXCL1 levels were variably decreased by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase and p38 MAPK inhibition in the five cell lines, but only LY294002 fully reversed the EGF effect in all cell lines. Immunoreactive CXCL1 levels in 160 conditioned media were highly correlated with corresponding peak intensities at m/z 7,866 by mass spectrometry, indicating the quantitative nature of these analyses. We conclude that proteomic analysis of cell models of human disease may facilitate the discovery of pathway-dependent proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Moscova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Diagnostic Proteomics, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia
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Gouwy M, Struyf S, Proost P, Van Damme J. Synergy in cytokine and chemokine networks amplifies the inflammatory response. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2005; 16:561-80. [PMID: 16023396 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2005.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2005] [Accepted: 03/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The inflammatory response is a highly co-ordinated process involving multiple factors acting in a complex network as stimulators or inhibitors. Upon infection, the sequential release of exogenous agents (e.g. bacterial and viral products) and induction of endogenous mediators (e.g. cytokines and chemokines) contribute to the recruitment of circulating leukocytes to the inflamed tissue. Microbial products trigger multiple cell types to release cytokines, which in turn are potent inducers of chemokines. Primary cytokines act as endogenous activators of the immune response, whereas inducible chemokines act as secondary mediators to attract leukocytes. Interaction between exogenous and endogenous mediators thus enhances the inflammatory response. In this review, the synergistic interaction between cytokines to induce chemokine production and the molecular mechanisms of the cooperation amongst co-induced chemokines to further increase leukocyte recruitment to the site of inflammation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Gouwy
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Wang CH, Liu CY, Wan YL, Chou CL, Huang KH, Lin HC, Lin SM, Lin TY, Chung KF, Kuo HP. Persistence of lung inflammation and lung cytokines with high-resolution CT abnormalities during recovery from SARS. Respir Res 2005; 6:42. [PMID: 15888207 PMCID: PMC1156954 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-6-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2005] [Accepted: 05/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During the acute phase of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), mononuclear cells infiltration, alveolar cell desquamation and hyaline membrane formation have been described, together with dysregulation of plasma cytokine levels. Persistent high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) abnormalities occur in SARS patients up to 40 days after recovery. Methods To determine further the time course of recovery of lung inflammation, we investigated the HRCT and inflammatory profiles, and coronavirus persistence in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of 12 patients at recovery at 60 and 90 days. Results At 60 days, compared to normal controls, SARS patients had increased cellularity of BALF with increased alveolar macrophages (AM) and CD8 cells. HRCT scores were increased and correlated with T-cell numbers and their subpopulations, and inversely with CD4/CD8 ratio. TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, RANTES and MCP-1 levels were increased. Viral particles in AM were detected by electron microscopy in 7 of 12 SARS patients with high HRCT score. On day 90, HRCT scores improved significantly in 10 of 12 patients, with normalization of BALF cell counts in 6 of 12 patients with repeat bronchoscopy. Pulse steroid therapy and prolonged fever were two independent factors associated with delayed resolution of pneumonitis, in this non-randomized, retrospective analysis. Conclusion Resolution of pneumonitis is delayed in some patients during SARS recovery and may be associated with delayed clearance of coronavirus, Complete resolution may occur by 90 days or later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hua Wang
- Department of Thoracic Medicine II, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ying Liu
- Department of Thoracic Medicine II, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Liang Wan
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Liang Chou
- Department of Thoracic Medicine II, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Huang
- Department of Thoracic Medicine II, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Chyuan Lin
- Department of Thoracic Medicine II, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Min Lin
- Department of Thoracic Medicine II, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzou-Yien Lin
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College & Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
| | - Han-Pin Kuo
- Department of Thoracic Medicine II, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Gijsbers K, Gouwy M, Struyf S, Wuyts A, Proost P, Opdenakker G, Penninckx F, Ectors N, Geboes K, Van Damme J. GCP-2/CXCL6 synergizes with other endothelial cell-derived chemokines in neutrophil mobilization and is associated with angiogenesis in gastrointestinal tumors. Exp Cell Res 2005; 303:331-42. [PMID: 15652347 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2004] [Revised: 09/29/2004] [Accepted: 09/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The precise role of chemokines in neovascularization during inflammation or tumor growth is not yet fully understood. We show here that the chemokines granulocyte chemotactic protein-2 (GCP-2/CXCL6), interleukin-8 (IL-8/CXCL8), and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2) are co-induced in microvascular endothelial cells after stimulation with pro-inflammatory stimuli. In contrast with its weak proliferative effect on endothelial cells, GCP-2 synergized with MCP-1 in neutrophil chemotaxis. This synergy may represent a mechanism for tumor development and metastasis by providing efficient leukocyte infiltration in the absence of exogenous immune modulators. To mimic endothelial cell-derived GCP-2 in vivo, GCP-2 was intravenously injected and shown to provoke a dose-dependent systemic response, composed of an immediate granulopenia, followed by a profound granulocytosis. By immunohistochemistry, GCP-2 was further shown to be expressed by endothelial cells from human patients with gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies. GCP-2 staining correlated with leukocyte infiltration into the tumor and with the expression of the matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9/gelatinase B). Together with previous findings, these data suggest that the production of GCP-2 by endothelial cells within the tumor can contribute to tumor development through neovascularization due to endothelial cell chemotaxis and to tumor cell invasion and metastasis by attracting and activating neutrophils loaded with proteases that promote matrix degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Gijsbers
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Overall CM, Tam EM, Kappelhoff R, Connor A, Ewart T, Morrison CJ, Puente X, López-Otín C, Seth A. Protease degradomics: mass spectrometry discovery of protease substrates and the CLIP-CHIP, a dedicated DNA microarray of all human proteases and inhibitors. Biol Chem 2005; 385:493-504. [PMID: 15255181 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2004.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The biological role of most proteases in vivo is largely unknown. Therefore, to develop robust techniques to analyze the protease degradome in cells and tissues and to elucidate their substrate degradomes we have developed a dedicated and complete human protease and inhibitor microarray that we have called the CLIP-CHIP Oligonucleotides (70-mers) for identifying all 715 human proteases, inactive homologs and inhibitors were spotted in triplicate onto glass slides with a dedicated subarray containing oligonucleotides for specific human breast carcinoma genes. Initial analyses revealed the elevated expression of a number of proteases in invasive ductal cell carcinoma including ADAMTS17, carboxypeptidases A5 and M, tryptase-gamma and matriptase-2. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) showed a restricted expression pattern in both normal and cancerous breast tissues with most expressed at low levels. However, of the several MMPs expressed in significant quantities, the carcinoma samples showed only slightly elevated amounts other than for MMP-28 which was strongly elevated. To discover new protease substrates we developed a novel yeast two-hybrid approach we term 'inactive catalytic domain capture' (ICDC). Here, an inactive mutant protease catalytic domain lacking the propeptide was used as a yeast two hybrid bait to screen a human fibroblast cDNA library for interactor proteins as a substrate trap. Wnt-induced signaling protein-2 (WISP-2) was identified by ICDC and was biochemically confirmed as a new MMP substrate. In another approach we used isotope-coded affinity tag (ICAT) labeling with tandem mass spectrometry to quantitate the levels of secreted or shed extracellular proteins in MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cell cultures in the presence or absence of membrane type 1-MMP (MT1-MMP) overexpression. By this proteomic approach we identified and biochemically confirmed that IL-8, the serine protease inhibitor SLPI, the death receptor-6, pro-TNF-alpha and CTGF are novel substrates of MT1-MMP. The utility and quantitative nature of ICAT with MS/MS analysis as a new screen for protease substrate discovery based on detection of cleaved or shed substrate products should be readily adaptable to other classes of protease for assessing proteolytic function in a cellular context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Overall
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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Overview and History of Chemokines and Their Receptors. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1063-5823(04)55001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
Solid tumour and leukemic cells expressing chemokine receptors, metastasize to chemokine-secreting organs. Chemokines indirectly affect tumour development by attracting immunocompetent cells with pro- or anti-tumoral activities. Various membrane-associated and soluble proteases selectively cleave specific chemokines. Precursor plasma chemokines (CXCL7, CCL14) need to be proteolytically processed to obtain receptor affinity. Angiogenic CXC chemokines (CXCL1, CXCL8) have increased CXCR1/CXCR2 affinity after limited NH2-terminal processing, whereas truncated angiostatic chemokines (CXCL10) show lower CXCR3 affinity without loss of angiostatic potential. NH2-terminally cleaved monocyte chemotactic proteins (CCL2, CCL7, CCL8) have impaired capacity to attract tumour-associated macrophages and function as receptor antagonists for intact CC chemokines. Migration of Th1/CCR5+ and Th2/CCR4+ effector lymphocytes toward CCR5 (CCL5, CCL3L1) and CCR4 (CCL22) ligands is affected by cleavage. Although proteolytical processing of chemokines is well studied in vitro, the direct or indirect effects on tumour invasion and metastasis are only poorly evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Van Damme
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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43
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Tam EM, Morrison CJ, Wu YI, Stack MS, Overall CM. Membrane protease proteomics: Isotope-coded affinity tag MS identification of undescribed MT1-matrix metalloproteinase substrates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:6917-22. [PMID: 15118097 PMCID: PMC406442 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0305862101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
By proteolytic modification of low abundant signaling proteins and membrane receptors, proteases exert potent posttranslational control over cell behavior at the postsecretion level. Hence, substrate discovery is indispensable for understanding the biological role of proteases in vivo. Indeed, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), long associated with extracellular matrix degradation, are increasingly recognized as important processing enzymes of bioactive molecules. MS is now the primary proteomic technique for detecting, identifying, and quantitating proteins in cells or tissues. Here we used isotopecoded affinity tag labeling and multidimensional liquid chromatography inline with tandem MS to identify MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cell proteins shed from the cell surface or the pericellular matrix and extracellular proteins that were degraded or processed after transfection with human membrane type 1-MMP (MT1-MMP). Potential substrates were identified as those having altered protein levels compared with the E240A inactive MT1-MMP mutant or vector transfectants. New substrates were biochemically confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight MS and Edman sequencing of cleavage fragments after incubation with recombinant soluble MT1-MMP in vitro. We report many previously uncharacterized substrates of MT1-MMP, including the neutrophil chemokine IL-8, secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor, pro-tumor necrosis factor alpha, death receptor-6, and connective tissue growth factor, indicating that MT1-MMP is an important signaling protease in addition to its traditionally ascribed roles in pericellular matrix remodeling. Moreover, the high-throughput and quantitative nature of isotope-coded affinity tag labeling combined with tandem MS sequencing is a previously undescribed degradomic screen for protease substrate discovery that should be generally adaptable to other classes of protease for exploring proteolytic function in complex and dynamic biological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Tam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre for Blood Research and Canadian Institutes of Health Research Group in Matrix Dynamics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
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Splichal I, Muneta Y, Mori Y, Takahashi E. Development and application of a pig IL-8 ELISA detection system. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2004; 24:219-32. [PMID: 12778973 DOI: 10.1081/ias-120020086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin 8 (IL-8) is a chemotactic and activating chemokine, especially for neutrophils, which plays an important role in inflammatory process. A pig IL-8 specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to measure IL-8 concentrations in cell culture supernatants and biological fluids. A streptavidin-biotin amplified sandwich method uses mouse capture mAb IZ8.03 and detection biotinylated mouse mAb IZ8.04 against recombinant pig IL-8. The assay specifically and reproducibly recognizes both recombinant and natural pig IL-8. A working range of the assay is 16-1000 pg/mL and takes a mere 3.5 h of incubation time. This pig IL-8 ELISA is a suitable alternative way of measurement of IL-8 concentrations to time consuming and laborious IL-8 bioassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Splichal
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Tokyo, Japan.
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45
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Struyf S, Schutyser E, Gouwy M, Gijsbers K, Proost P, Benoit Y, Opdenakker G, Van Damme J, Laureys G. PARC/CCL18 is a plasma CC chemokine with increased levels in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2003; 163:2065-75. [PMID: 14578205 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63564-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines play an important role in leukocyte mobilization, hematopoiesis, and angiogenesis. Tissue-specific expression of particular chemokines also influences tumor growth and metastasis. Here, the CC chemokine pulmonary and activation-regulated chemokine (PARC)/CCL18 was measured in pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Surprisingly, PARC immunoreactivity was consistently detected in plasma from healthy donors. After purification to homogeneity, the presence of intact PARC (1-69) and processed PARC (1-68) in normal human plasma was confirmed by sequence and mass spectrometry analysis. Furthermore, PARC serum levels were significantly increased in children with T-ALL and prepreB-ALL compared to control serum samples, whereas serum levels in AML and preB-ALL patients were not significantly different from controls. In contrast, the hemofiltrate CC chemokine-1 (HCC-1)/CCL14 was not found to be a biomarker in any of these patients' strata, whereas the cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) was significantly decreased in AML and prepreB-ALL. Stimulated leukocytic cell lines or lymphoblasts from patients produced IL-8/CXCL8 or macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha/CCL3) but not PARC, not even after IL-4 or IL-10 treatment. However, PARC was produced by superantigen or IL-4 stimulated monocytes co-cultured with lymphocytes or lymphoblastic cells. Serum PARC levels thus constitute a novel leukemia marker, possibly reflecting tumor/host cell interactions in the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Struyf
- Laboratories of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Ohashi K, Naruto M, Nakaki T, Sano E. Identification of interleukin-8 converting enzyme as cathepsin L. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1649:30-9. [PMID: 12818188 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-9639(03)00152-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
IL-8 is produced by various cells, and the NH(2)-terminal amino acid sequence of IL-8 displays heterogeneity among cell types. The mature form of IL-8 has 72 amino acids (72IL-8), while a precursor form (77IL-8) of IL-8 has five additional amino acids to the 72IL-8 NH(2)-terminal. However, it has been unclear how IL-8 is processed to yield the mature form. In this study, converting enzyme was purified as a single 31-kDa band on silver-stained polyacrylamide gel from 160 l of cultured fibroblast supernatant by sequential chromatography. NH(2)-terminal amino acid sequence analysis revealed a sequence, EAPRSVDWRE, which was identified as a partial sequence of cathepsin L. Polyclonal antibodies raised against cathepsin L recognized the purified converting enzyme on Western blot. Moreover, human hepatic cathepsin L cleaved 77IL-8 between Arg(5) and Ser(6), which is the same cleavage site as the putative converting enzyme, resulting in 72IL-8 formation. These data indicate that the converting enzyme of the partially purified fraction of the human fibroblast culture supernatant was cathepsin L. Furthermore, 72IL-8 was sevenfold more potent than 77IL-8 in a neutrophil chemotaxis assay. These results show that cathepsin L is secreted from human fibroblasts in response to external stimuli and plays an important role in IL-8 processing in inflammatory sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensaku Ohashi
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc, 1111 Tebiro, Kanagawa Kamakura 248-8555, Japan.
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47
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Mukaida N. Pathophysiological roles of interleukin-8/CXCL8 in pulmonary diseases. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2003; 284:L566-77. [PMID: 12618418 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00233.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifteen years have passed since the first description of interleukin (IL)-8/CXCL8 as a potent neutrophil chemotactic factor. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that various types of cells can produce a large amount of IL-8/CXCL8 in response to a wide variety of stimuli, including proinflammatory cytokines, microbes and their products, and environmental changes such as hypoxia, reperfusion, and hyperoxia. Numerous observations have established IL-8/CXCL8 as a key mediator in neutrophil-mediated acute inflammation due to its potent actions on neutrophils. However, several lines of evidence indicate that IL-8/CXCL8 has a wide range of actions on various types of cells, including lymphocytes, monocytes, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts, besides neutrophils. The discovery of these biological functions suggests that IL-8/CXCL8 has crucial roles in various pathological conditions such as chronic inflammation and cancer. Here, an overview of its protein structure, mechanisms of production, and receptor system will be discussed as well as the pathophysiological roles of IL-8/CXCL8 in various types of lung pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naofumi Mukaida
- Division of Molecular Bioregulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Japan.
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48
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Ohashi K, Sano E, Nakaki T, Naruto M. Possible identity of IL-8 converting enzyme in human fibroblasts as a cysteine protease. Int Immunopharmacol 2003; 3:609-14. [PMID: 12689664 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5769(03)00023-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A converting activity was characterized in human diploid fibroblasts, which secrete 72IL-8 and 77IL-8 in treatment with IFN-beta and poly I: poly C. 77IL-8 was significantly converted to 72IL-8 by a partially purified fraction of the culture supernatant of human diploid fibroblasts. The converting activity, which was temperature-dependent and optimal at pH 6, was completely inhibited by cysteine protease inhibitors, antipain dihydrochloride and E-64, but not by other types of protease inhibitors. These data clearly show that human diploid fibroblasts are capable of processing IL-8 to produce a mature IL-8 and that the putative converting enzyme appears to be a cysteine protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensaku Ohashi
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc, 1111 Tebiro, Kanagawa Kamakura 248-8555, Japan.
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Cox SJ, Aggarwal N, Statham RJ, Barnett PV. Longevity of antibody and cytokine responses following vaccination with high potency emergency FMD vaccines. Vaccine 2003; 21:1336-47. [PMID: 12615428 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00691-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The ability of high potency emergency foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccines to promote sustainable immune responses in sheep and pigs following a single application was examined. All vaccine formulations induced a rapid seroconversion in both species, as expected, which was maintained at near peak titres for up to 6 months in sheep and 7 months in pigs. The Montanide ISA 206 formulation gave the best results in sheep. Vaccinated pigs challenged with homologous FMDV were protected from disease at 7 months post vaccination. Systemic levels of cytokines IL-6, IL-8, and in some pigs IL-12, increased following vaccination and were often maintained at an increased level for the duration of the trials. These initial results suggest that high potency vaccines may promote longer lasting immunity than the conventional lower potency vaccines in ruminants and a comparable response in pigs. Results indicate that in an outbreak situation, should emergency vaccination be done with these high potency vaccines, protection should be conferred for a long enough period for the outbreak to be brought under control without the need to revaccinate. Given the increased interval for re-vaccination the use of high potency vaccines for routine prophylactic campaigns could provide a more cost-effective and efficient means of maintaining herd immunity and is an area thus worthy of further examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Cox
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
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50
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Struyf S, Proost P, Van Damme J. Regulation of the Immune Response by the Interaction of Chemokines and Proteases. Adv Immunol 2003; 81:1-44. [PMID: 14711052 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(03)81001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Struyf
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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