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Huizing GJ, Deutschmann IM, Peyré G, Cantini L. Paired single-cell multi-omics data integration with Mowgli. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7711. [PMID: 38001063 PMCID: PMC10673889 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The profiling of multiple molecular layers from the same set of cells has recently become possible. There is thus a growing need for multi-view learning methods able to jointly analyze these data. We here present Multi-Omics Wasserstein inteGrative anaLysIs (Mowgli), a novel method for the integration of paired multi-omics data with any type and number of omics. Of note, Mowgli combines integrative Nonnegative Matrix Factorization and Optimal Transport, enhancing at the same time the clustering performance and interpretability of integrative Nonnegative Matrix Factorization. We apply Mowgli to multiple paired single-cell multi-omics data profiled with 10X Multiome, CITE-seq, and TEA-seq. Our in-depth benchmark demonstrates that Mowgli's performance is competitive with the state-of-the-art in cell clustering and superior to the state-of-the-art once considering biological interpretability. Mowgli is implemented as a Python package seamlessly integrated within the scverse ecosystem and it is available at http://github.com/cantinilab/mowgli .
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert-Jan Huizing
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3738, Machine Learning for Integrative Genomics Group, F-75015, Paris, France.
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Ina Maria Deutschmann
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Gabriel Peyré
- CNRS and DMA de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Laura Cantini
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3738, Machine Learning for Integrative Genomics Group, F-75015, Paris, France.
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, 75005, Paris, France.
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2
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Xu J, Yang N, Xie T, Yang G, Chang L, Yan D, Li T. Summary and comparison of the perforin in teleosts and mammals: A review. Scand J Immunol 2021; 94:e13047. [PMID: 33914954 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Perforin, a pore-forming glycoprotein, has been demonstrated to play key roles in clearing virus-infected cells and tumour cells due to its ability of forming 'pores' on the cell membranes. Additionally, perforin is also found to be associated with human diseases such as tumours, virus infections, immune rejection and some autoimmune diseases. Until now, plenty of perforin genes have been identified in vertebrates, especially the mammals and teleost fish. Conversely, vertebrate homologue of perforin gene was not identified in the invertebrates. Although recently there have been several reviews focusing on perforin and granzymes in mammals, no one highlighted the current advances of perforin in the other vertebrates. Here, in addition to mammalian perforin, the structure, evolution, tissue distribution and function of perforin in bony fish are summarized, respectively, which will allow us to gain more insights into the perforin in lower animals and the evolution of this important pore-forming protein across vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Xu
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Ning Yang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Ting Xie
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Guiwen Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Linrui Chang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Dongchun Yan
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Ting Li
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
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3
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Vicioso Y, Wong DP, Roy NK, Das N, Zhang K, Ramakrishnan P, Parameswaran R. NF-κB c-Rel Is Dispensable for the Development but Is Required for the Cytotoxic Function of NK Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:652786. [PMID: 33995369 PMCID: PMC8116710 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.652786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes critical to the innate immune system. We found that germline deficiency of NF-κB c-Rel results in a marked decrease in cytotoxic function of NK cells, both in vitro and in vivo, with no significant differences in the stages of NK cell development. We found that c-Rel binds to the promoters of perforin and granzyme B, two key proteins required for NK cytotoxicity, and controls their expression. We generated a NK cell specific c-Rel conditional knockout to study NK cell intrinsic role of c- Rel and found that both global and conditional c-Rel deficiency leads to decreased perforin and granzyme B expression and thereby cytotoxic function. We also confirmed the role of c-Rel in perforin and granzyme B expression in human NK cells. c-Rel reconstitution rescued perforin and granzyme B expressions in c-Rel deficient NK cells and restored their cytotoxic function. Our results show a previously unknown role of c-Rel in transcriptional regulation of perforin and granzyme B expressions and control of NK cell cytotoxic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yorleny Vicioso
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Derek P. Wong
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Nand K. Roy
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Nayanika Das
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Keman Zhang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Parameswaran Ramakrishnan
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- The Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Reshmi Parameswaran
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- The Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
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4
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León DL, Matthey P, Fellay I, Blanchard M, Martinvalet D, Mantel PY, Filgueira L, Walch M. Granzyme B Attenuates Bacterial Virulence by Targeting Secreted Factors. iScience 2020; 23:100932. [PMID: 32151975 PMCID: PMC7063247 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.100932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria secrete virulence factors that interact with the human host to establish infections. The human immune system evolved multiple mechanisms to fight bacterial invaders, including immune proteases that were demonstrated to contribute crucially to antibacterial defense. Here we show that granzyme B degrades multiple secreted virulence mediators from Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, and Mycobacteria tuberculosis. Pathogenic bacteria, when infected in the presence of granzyme B or granzyme-secreting killer cells, fail to grow in human macrophages and epithelial cells owing to their crippled virulence. A granzyme B-uncleavable mutant form of the major Listeria virulence factor, listeriolysin O, rescued the virulence defect in response to granzyme treatment. Hence, we link the degradation of a single factor with the observed decrease in virulent bacteria growth. Overall, we reveal here an innate immune barrier function of granzyme B by disrupting bacterial virulence to facilitate bacteria clearance by bystander immune and non-immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego López León
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Anatomy Unit, University of Fribourg, PER03.14, Route Albert Gockel 1, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Patricia Matthey
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Anatomy Unit, University of Fribourg, PER03.14, Route Albert Gockel 1, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Fellay
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Anatomy Unit, University of Fribourg, PER03.14, Route Albert Gockel 1, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Marianne Blanchard
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Anatomy Unit, University of Fribourg, PER03.14, Route Albert Gockel 1, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Denis Martinvalet
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Pierre-Yves Mantel
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Anatomy Unit, University of Fribourg, PER03.14, Route Albert Gockel 1, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Luis Filgueira
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Anatomy Unit, University of Fribourg, PER03.14, Route Albert Gockel 1, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Michael Walch
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Anatomy Unit, University of Fribourg, PER03.14, Route Albert Gockel 1, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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5
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Hernández-Castañeda MA, Happ K, Cattalani F, Wallimann A, Blanchard M, Fellay I, Scolari B, Lannes N, Mbagwu S, Fellay B, Filgueira L, Mantel PY, Walch M. γδ T Cells Kill Plasmodium falciparum in a Granzyme- and Granulysin-Dependent Mechanism during the Late Blood Stage. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:1798-1809. [PMID: 32066596 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium spp., the causative agent of malaria, have a complex life cycle. The exponential growth of the parasites during the blood stage is responsible for almost all malaria-associated morbidity and mortality. Therefore, tight immune control of the intraerythrocytic replication of the parasite is essential to prevent clinical malaria. Despite evidence that the particular lymphocyte subset of γδ T cells contributes to protective immunity during the blood stage in naive hosts, their precise inhibitory mechanisms remain unclear. Using human PBMCs, we confirmed in this study that γδ T cells specifically and massively expanded upon activation with Plasmodium falciparum culture supernatant. We also demonstrate that these activated cells gain cytolytic potential by upregulating cytotoxic effector proteins and IFN-γ. The killer cells bound to infected RBCs and killed intracellular P. falciparum via the transfer of the granzymes, which was mediated by granulysin in a stage-specific manner. Several vital plasmodial proteins were efficiently destroyed by granzyme B, suggesting proteolytic degradation of these proteins as essential in the lymphocyte-mediated death pathway. Overall, these data establish a granzyme- and granulysin-mediated innate immune mechanism exerted by γδ T cells to kill late-stage blood-residing P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Andrea Hernández-Castañeda
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Katharina Happ
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Filippo Cattalani
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Alexandra Wallimann
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Marianne Blanchard
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Isabelle Fellay
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Brigitte Scolari
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Nils Lannes
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Smart Mbagwu
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Benoît Fellay
- Cantonal Hospital of Fribourg, 1752 Villars-sur-Glâne, Switzerland
| | - Luis Filgueira
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Pierre-Yves Mantel
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Michael Walch
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
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6
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León DL, Fellay I, Mantel PY, Walch M. Killing Bacteria with Cytotoxic Effector Proteins of Human Killer Immune Cells: Granzymes, Granulysin, and Perforin. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1535:275-284. [PMID: 27914086 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6673-8_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens represent a constant threat to human health that was exacerbated in recent years by a dramatic increase of strains resistant to last resort antibiotics. The immune system of higher vertebrates generally evolved several efficient innate and adaptive mechanisms to fight ubiquitous bacterial pathogens. Among those mechanisms, immune proteases were recognized to contribute essentially to antibacterial immune defense. The effector serine proteases of the adaptive immune system, the granzymes, exert potent antimicrobial activity when they are delivered into the bacterial cytosol by prokaryotic membrane disrupting proteins, such as granulysin.In this chapter, we are detailing experimental protocols to study the synergistic cytotoxic effects of human granzymes and granulysin on extracellular as well as on intracellular bacterial pathogens in vitro. In addition, we provide a simple and fast-forward method to biochemically purify native cytotoxic effector molecules necessary to perform this kind of investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego López León
- Unit of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Rue A.-Gockel 1, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Fellay
- Unit of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Rue A.-Gockel 1, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Yves Mantel
- Unit of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Rue A.-Gockel 1, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Michael Walch
- Unit of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Rue A.-Gockel 1, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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7
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8
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Voskoboinik I, Trapani JA. Perforinopathy: a spectrum of human immune disease caused by defective perforin delivery or function. Front Immunol 2013; 4:441. [PMID: 24376445 PMCID: PMC3860100 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital perforin deficiency is considered a rare cause of human immunopathology and immune dysregulation, and classically presents as a fatal illness early in infancy. However, we propose that a group of related disorders in which killer lymphocytes deliver only partially active perforin or a reduced quantum of wild-type perforin to the immune synapse should be considered part of an extended syndrome with overlapping but more variable clinical features. Apart from the many rare mutations scattered over the coding sequences, up to 10% of Caucasians carry the severely hypomorphic PRF1 allele C272 > T (leading to A91V mutation) and the overall prevalence of the homozygous state for A91V is around 1 in 600 individuals. We therefore postulate that the partial loss of perforin function and its clinical consequences may be more common then currently suspected. An acute clinical presentation is infrequent in A91V heterozygous individuals, but we postulate that the partial loss of perforin function may potentially be manifested in childhood or early adulthood as “idiopathic” inflammatory disease, or through increased cancer susceptibility – either hematological malignancy or multiple, independent primary cancers. We suggest the new term “perforinopathy” to signify the common functional endpoints of all the known consequences of perforin deficiency and failure to deliver fully functional perforin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia Voskoboinik
- Killer Cell Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , East Melbourne, VIC , Australia ; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - Joseph A Trapani
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia ; Cancer Cell Death Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , East Melbourne, VIC , Australia
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9
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Susanto O, Trapani JA, Brasacchio D. Controversies in granzyme biology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 80:477-87. [DOI: 10.1111/tan.12014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O. Susanto
- Cancer Cell Death Laboratory; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre; East Melbourne; Australia
| | | | - D. Brasacchio
- Cancer Cell Death Laboratory; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre; East Melbourne; Australia
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10
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Cytotoxic T lymphocytes overcome Bcl-2 inhibition: target cells contribute to their own demise. Blood 2007; 111:2142-51. [PMID: 18096765 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-08-105221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) eliminate pathogenic cells in large part through the activity of the serine protease granzyme B (grB). However, while the apoptotic activity of grB is blocked by over-expression of Bcl-2, CTLs can still kill target cells through an ill-defined Bcl-2-independent pathway. In this report, we have identified key modulators of this Bcl-2-independent cell-death pathway, which is induced by CTLs and not purified components. Surprisingly, activation of this pathway is reliant on grB. Furthermore, this novel pathway requires mitochondrial contribution through triggering of permeability transition and generation of reactive oxygen species, yet is functional in the absence of Bax/Bak. This pathway stimulates movement of target cell mitochondria toward the point of contact with the CTLs and importantly, inhibition of this directed movement attenuates killing. Therefore, we propose that CTLs initiate a target cell response that activates multiple mitochondrial pathways. This ensures that CTLs can eliminate those target cells that have compromised apoptotic potential due to overexpression of Bcl-2.
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11
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Strik MCM, de Koning PJA, Kleijmeer MJ, Bladergroen BA, Wolbink AM, Griffith JM, Wouters D, Fukuoka Y, Schwartz LB, Hack CE, van Ham SM, Kummer JA. Human mast cells produce and release the cytotoxic lymphocyte associated protease granzyme B upon activation. Mol Immunol 2007; 44:3462-72. [PMID: 17485116 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2007] [Accepted: 03/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are widely distributed throughout the body and express effector functions in allergic reactions, inflammatory diseases, and host defense. Activation of mast cells results in exocytosis of preformed chemical mediators and leads to novel synthesis and secretion of lipid mediators and cytokines. Here, we show that human mast cells also express and release the cytotoxic lymphocyte-associated protease, granzyme B. Granzyme B was active and localized in cytoplasmic granules, morphologically resembling those present in cytotoxic lymphocytes. Expression and release of granzyme B by mast cell-lines HMC-1 and LAD 2 and by cord blood- and mature skin-derived human mast cells depended on the mode of activation of these cells. In mast cell lines and cord blood-derived mast cells, granzyme B expression was mainly induced by non-physiological stimuli (A23187/PMA, Compound 48/80) and substance P. In contrast, mature skin-derived mast cells only produced granzyme B upon IgE-dependent stimulation. We conclude that granzyme B is expressed and released by human mast cells upon physiologic stimulation. This suggests a role for granzyme B as a novel mediator in mast cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merel C M Strik
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Chowdhury D, Beresford PJ, Zhu P, Zhang D, Sung JS, Demple B, Perrino FW, Lieberman J. The Exonuclease TREX1 Is in the SET Complex and Acts in Concert with NM23-H1 to Degrade DNA during Granzyme A-Mediated Cell Death. Mol Cell 2006; 23:133-42. [PMID: 16818237 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2006.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2005] [Revised: 04/27/2006] [Accepted: 06/12/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Granzyme A (GzmA) activates a caspase-independent cell death pathway with morphological features of apoptosis. Single-stranded DNA damage is initiated when the endonuclease NM23-H1 becomes activated to nick DNA after granzyme A cleaves its inhibitor, SET. SET and NM23-H1 reside in an endoplasmic reticulum-associated complex (the SET complex) that translocates to the nucleus in response to superoxide generation by granzyme A. We now find the 3'-to-5' exonuclease TREX1, but not its close homolog TREX2, in the SET complex. TREX1 binds to SET and colocalizes and translocates with the SET complex. NM23-H1 and TREX1 work in concert to degrade DNA. Silencing NM23-H1 or TREX1 inhibits DNA damage and death of cells treated with perforin (PFN) and granzyme A, but not of cells treated with perforin and granzyme B (GzmB). After granzyme A activates NM23-H1 to make single-stranded nicks, TREX1 removes nucleotides from the nicked 3' end to reduce the possibility of repair by rejoining the nicked ends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipanjan Chowdhury
- CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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13
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Kaur H, Jaso-Friedmann L, Leary JH, Praveen K, Brahmi Z, Evans DL. Activation of natural killer-like YT-INDY cells by oligodeoxynucleotides and binding by homologous pattern recognition proteins. Scand J Immunol 2005; 62:361-70. [PMID: 16253123 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2005.01665.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to examine the binding and signalling effects of single base and CpG dinucleotide phosphodiester (Po) oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) on the human natural killer (NK)-like cell line (YT-INDY). Single base Po ODN composed of 20-mers of guanosine (dG20), adenosine (dA20), cytosine (dC20) or thymidine (dT20) as well as 'conventional' Po CpG ODN were examined for their ability to bind and activate YT-INDY cells. Binding by dG20 and CpG ODN to YT-INDY cells was saturable and specific. dG20 binding was competitively inhibited by homologous dG20 and heterologous CpG ODN but not by dC20 and dA20. Two different YT-INDY membrane proteins (18 and 29 kDa) were identified by ligand (Southwestern) blotting with biotinylated dG20 and CpG. The specificity of the ODN-binding protein(s) was further confirmed by ODN depletion experiments using a teleost recombinant protein orthologue [nonspecific cytotoxic cells (NCC) cationic antimicrobial protein-1 (ncamp-1)] known to bind CpG and dG20. Cell proliferation and activation studies showed that dG20 and CpG treatment of YT-INDY cells induced cellular DNA synthesis (i.e. G1 to S-phase conversion). This signalling function was accompanied in dG20-treated cells by proliferation 10 h posttreatment. Both dG20 and CpG ODN binding induced a calcium flux in YT-INDY cells within seconds of treatment. These experiments demonstrated that Po single base dG20 and CpG ODN bind to a (potential) new class of cell-surface proteins that mediate the activation of YT-INDY cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kaur
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602, USA
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14
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Morice WG, Leibson PJ, Tefferi A. Natural killer cells and the syndrome of chronic natural killer cell lymphocytosis. Leuk Lymphoma 2001; 41:277-84. [PMID: 11378540 DOI: 10.3109/10428190109057982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells provide anti-infectious, anti-neoplastic, and immunomodulatory function effected by both cytokine production and direct cellular cytotoxicity that is not major histocompatibility complex-restricted. NK cells lack truly specific cell surface determinants as well as antigen-specific receptors. Recent information suggests a variety of receptor-ligand interactions that underlie recognition and treatment of target cells by NK cells. Primary NK cell disorders in humans are currently classified into NK cell lymphomas and chronic NK cell lymphocytosis (CNKL). In this review, we summarize current understanding of the biology of NK cells and describe the clinical manifestations of CNKL.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Morice
- Division of Hematology and Internal Medicine; Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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15
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Sewell AK, Price DA, Oxenius A, Kelleher AD, Phillips RE. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to human immunodeficiency virus: control and escape. Stem Cells 2000; 18:230-44. [PMID: 10924089 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.18-4-230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Effective preventive and therapeutic intervention in individuals exposed to or infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) depends, in part, on a clear understanding of the interactions between the virus and those elements of the host immune response which control viral replication. Recent advances have provided compelling evidence that cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) constitute an essential component of protective antiretroviral immunity. Here, we review briefly the significance of this work in the context of previous studies, and outline the mechanisms through which HIV evades CTL activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Sewell
- The Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
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16
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Balogh G, de Boland AR, Boland R, Barja P. Effect of 1,25(OH)(2)-vitamin D(3) on the activation of natural killer cells: role of protein kinase C and extracellular calcium. Exp Mol Pathol 1999; 67:63-74. [PMID: 10527758 DOI: 10.1006/exmp.1999.2264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
As a first approach for studying the implication of PKC and the steroid hormone 1,25(OH)(2)-vitamin D(3) [1,25(OH)(2)D(3)] on natural killer cell (NK) activity, we analyzed in the YT NK cell line the expression of PKC isoforms and the effects of 1, 25(OH)(2)D(3) on BLT-esterase (a marker of NK lytic granules) activity. Western blot and RT-PCR showed a greater extent of PKC alpha, beta, delta, zeta, epsilon, theta, and lambda and lower levels of PKC mu and eta. In a dose-dependent manner 1, 25(OH)(2)D(3) induced significant increases in BLT-esterase and PKC activities and the stimulatory effect on BLT-esterase activity was mimicked and blocked, respectively, by the PKC activator phorbol ester PMA and PKC inhibitors (H7, PKC(19-36), and N-myristoylated PKC(19-31) peptides). Moreover, the effects of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) on BLT-esterase could be blocked in a Ca(2+)-free (+EGTA) medium and mimicked by the Ca2+ ionophore A23187. The results suggest that 1, 25(OH)(2)D(3) is a stimulatory factor of NK activity acting through a mechanism involving PKC and extracellular Ca2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Balogh
- Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, 8000, Argentina
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17
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Kim CH, Pelus LM, Appelbaum E, Johanson K, Anzai N, Broxmeyer HE. CCR7 ligands, SLC/6Ckine/Exodus2/TCA4 and CKbeta-11/MIP-3beta/ELC, are chemoattractants for CD56(+)CD16(-) NK cells and late stage lymphoid progenitors. Cell Immunol 1999; 193:226-35. [PMID: 10222066 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.1999.1483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Two human CC chemokines, SLC/6Ckine/Exodus2/TCA4 and CKbeta-11/MIP-3beta/ELC, are previously reported as efficacious chemoattractants for T- and B-cells and dendritic cells. SLC and CKbeta-11 share only 32% amino acid identity, but are ligands for the same chemokine receptor, CCR7. In this study, we examined chemotactic activity of SLC and CKbeta-11 for NK cells and lymphoid progenitors in bone marrow and thymus. It was found that these two CCR7 ligands are chemoattractants for neonatal cord blood and adult peripheral blood NK cells and cell lines. SLC and CKbeta-11 preferentially attract the CD56(+)CD16(-) NK cell subset over CD56(+)CD16(+) NK cells. SLC and CKbeta-11 also demonstrate selective chemotactic activity on late stage CD34(-)CD19(+)IgM- B-cell progenitors and CD4(+) and CD8(+) single-positive thymocytes, but not early stage progenitors. It was noted that SLC is an efficient desensitizer of CKbeta-11-dependent NK cell chemotaxis, while CKbeta-11 is a weak desensitizer of SLC-dependent chemotaxis. Taken together, these results suggest that SLC and CKbeta-11 have the potential to control trafficking of NK cell subsets and late stage lymphoid progenitors in bone marrow and thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Kim
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Walther Oncology Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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18
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N'cho M, Hobbs JA, Brahmi Z. Over-expression of multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein inhibits NK granule-mediated lytic ability without affecting the Fas lytic pathway. Hum Immunol 1999; 60:223-30. [PMID: 10321958 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(98)00112-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) in tumor cells is commonly associated wich the over-expression of P-glycoprotein (Pgp), the product of the MDR1 gene. In this study, we investigated whether over-expression of Pgp in natural killer (NK) cells would influence their granule- as well as fas-mediated cytolytic activities. YT-INDY, a human NK-like cell line, was transfected with the MDR 1 gene, then tested for Pgp activity the presence of various concentrations of R-verapamil, a potent Pgp inhibitor. We showed that, unlike control YT-INDY, the Pgp activity of the transfectants (YT-mdr(+)) was only partially inhibited by R-verapamil. We also showed that Fas lytic activity was unaltered and that the loss of granule-mediated cytotoxicity was not due to reduced LFA-1 expression or to a decrease in target cell (TC) binding. Our data indicate that Pgp may be involved in the release of cytotoxic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N'cho
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202-5200, USA
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19
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Taga K, Yamauchi A, Bloom ET. Target cell-induced apoptosis in IL-2-activated human natural killer cells. Leuk Lymphoma 1999; 32:451-8. [PMID: 10048417 DOI: 10.3109/10428199909058402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrated that tumor cells induce cell death in lymphokine-activated NK (LAK) cells, but not in non-activated NK cells. Cell death in LAK cells involves nuclear condensation and DNA cleavage, all of which are characteristic features of apoptosis. The mechanism involves signaling through integrins and requires src family tyrosine kinases and protease activities. Engagement of an apoptotic signal molecule, Fas, may also trigger LAK cell death by apoptosis. It appears that LAK cells rapidly die by apoptosis after attacking tumor cells. This phenomenon may provide a means for potential tumor target cells to escape from natural immunosurveillance during therapeutic interventions such as those using IL-2 or LAK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Taga
- Division of Hematologic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Darmon
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, UK
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21
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ten Berge IJ, Wever PC, Rentenaar RJ, Spaeny LH, Surachno J, Wertheim PM, Schellekens PT, Hack CE. Selective expansion of a peripheral blood CD8+ memory T cell subset expressing both granzyme B and L-selectin during primary viral infection in renal allograft recipients. Transplant Proc 1998; 30:3975-7. [PMID: 9865266 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(98)01309-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I J ten Berge
- Academic Medical Center, Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Spaeny-Dekking EHA, Hanna WL, Wolbink AM, Wever PC, Kummer AJ, Swaak AJG, Middeldorp JM, Huisman HG, Froelich CJ, Hack CE. Extracellular Granzymes A and B in Humans: Detection of Native Species During CTL Responses In Vitro and In Vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.7.3610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Activated CTLs and NK cells induce apoptosis via multiple mechanisms, including that termed granule exocytosis. The latter pathway consists of vectorial secretion of perforin and a family of granule-associated serine proteases (granzymes) to the target cell. To establish whether granzymes are released extracellularly during cytolytic reactions in vivo, ELISAs that measure the native enzymes were developed and were found to specifically detect granzyme A (GrA) and granzyme B (GrB) at picogram concentrations. Low levels of GrA and GrB were present in plasma of healthy individuals (GrA, 33.5 pg/ml (median); GrB, 11.5 pg/ml (median)), whereas significantly higher levels were present in patients with ongoing CTL response, i.e., patients suffering from infections by EBV or HIV type 1. Markedly elevated levels were also noted in synovial fluid of patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. The measurement of soluble granzymes should be useful to assess clinical disorders associated with activated CTL and NK cells. Furthermore, these results suggest that granzymes mediate biologic effects beyond their described role in apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth H. A. Spaeny-Dekking
- *Central Laboratory of The Netherlands Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service and the Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Immunology, and
| | - William L. Hanna
- ‡Department of Research, Evanston Hospital, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60201
| | - Angela M. Wolbink
- *Central Laboratory of The Netherlands Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service and the Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Immunology, and
| | - Peter C. Wever
- †Department of Internal Medicine, Renal Transplant Unit, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alain J. Kummer
- §Department of Pathology, Free University Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anton J. G. Swaak
- ¶Department of Rheumatology, Daniel Den Hoed Clinic, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | | | - Han G. Huisman
- *Central Laboratory of The Netherlands Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service and the Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Immunology, and
| | | | - C. Erik Hack
- *Central Laboratory of The Netherlands Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service and the Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Immunology, and
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23
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Wever PC, Van Der Vliet HJ, Spaeny LH, Wolbink AM, Van Diepen FN, Froelich CJ, Hack CE, ten Berge IJ. The CD8+ granzyme B+ T-cell subset in peripheral blood from healthy individuals contains activated and apoptosis-prone cells. Immunology 1998; 93:383-9. [PMID: 9640249 PMCID: PMC1364087 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1998.00448.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Granzyme B (GrB) has been implicated in induction of apoptosis in target cells. The presence of GrB in peripheral blood CD8+ T cells from healthy individuals was analysed in immunocytochemical and flow cytometric studies. Furthermore, CD8+ GrB- T cells and CD8+ GrB+ T cells were compared regarding phenotypical characteristics and susceptibility to both spontaneous and Fasmediated apoptosis. GrB was expressed by approximately one-fifth of CD8+ T cells. Compared with the CD8+ GrB- T-cell subset, the CD8+ GrB+ T-cell subset contained cells that were relatively more activated and more prone to spontaneous apoptosis. Culturing of cells with immunoglobulin M (IgM) anti-Fas monoclonal antibody had no additional effect on the number of CD8+ GrB+ T cells undergoing apoptosis. We suggest that the presence of CD8+ GrB+ T cells in peripheral blood from healthy individuals results from immune surveillance or contact with infectious agents, and that spontaneous apoptosis of these cells might serve as a mechanism for their eventual clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Wever
- Renal Transplant Unit, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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24
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Abstract
Innovative therapies for chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) have focused mainly on combining autologous transplantation with another modality of therapy for purging of the graft or treatment of the patient after transplant. Of the three categories of innovative therapies, two are based on studies that demonstrate the bcr/abl gene rearrangement in the pathogenesis of CML, whereas the third is based on the observation that allogeneic disparity is important to maintain remissions in CML. The rationale and data supporting these innovative approaches are reviewed in this article and future strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Miller
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
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25
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Abstract
AbstractAllogeneic cord blood is now being widely used as a source of stem cells for hematologic reconstitution after myeloablative therapy, with reported significantly lower levels of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) compared with the use of allogeneic bone marrow (BM). This study was undertaken to investigate biologic aspects of natural killer (NK) cell activity, as recognized effector cells of the GVHD and graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) response, from cord blood and conventional BM. NK-cell activity levels of freshly isolated cells from cord blood and BM against K562 targets were comparable. Lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells from both hematopoietic cell sources were compared for their ability to kill target cells by necrotic or apoptotic mechanisms using specific target cell lines. Cord blood cells had significantly higher necrosis-mediated cytotoxic activity against Daudi target cells compared with BM-derived cells. Cord blood LAK cells had relatively high levels of apoptotic-mediated cytotoxicity against YAC-1 target cells, whereas BM-derived LAK cells were unable to induce apoptosis in these cells. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) induced significant granzyme B activity in cord cells in contrast to BM cells, in which very little activity was measured. Western blotting confirmed these findings, with IL-2 inducing granzyme B protein expression in cord cells but not detectable levels in BM cells. BM cells had significantly lower cell surface expression of IL-2R and prolonged culture in IL-2 was only partially able to restore their deficient apoptotic cytotoxic activity. Thus, major differences exist between cord blood-derived and BM-derived mononuclear cells with respect to their NK-cell–associated cytotoxic behavior. This could have important implications for stem cell transplantation phenomena, because it suggests that cord blood may have increased potential for a GVL effect.
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Abstract
Allogeneic cord blood is now being widely used as a source of stem cells for hematologic reconstitution after myeloablative therapy, with reported significantly lower levels of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) compared with the use of allogeneic bone marrow (BM). This study was undertaken to investigate biologic aspects of natural killer (NK) cell activity, as recognized effector cells of the GVHD and graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) response, from cord blood and conventional BM. NK-cell activity levels of freshly isolated cells from cord blood and BM against K562 targets were comparable. Lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells from both hematopoietic cell sources were compared for their ability to kill target cells by necrotic or apoptotic mechanisms using specific target cell lines. Cord blood cells had significantly higher necrosis-mediated cytotoxic activity against Daudi target cells compared with BM-derived cells. Cord blood LAK cells had relatively high levels of apoptotic-mediated cytotoxicity against YAC-1 target cells, whereas BM-derived LAK cells were unable to induce apoptosis in these cells. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) induced significant granzyme B activity in cord cells in contrast to BM cells, in which very little activity was measured. Western blotting confirmed these findings, with IL-2 inducing granzyme B protein expression in cord cells but not detectable levels in BM cells. BM cells had significantly lower cell surface expression of IL-2R and prolonged culture in IL-2 was only partially able to restore their deficient apoptotic cytotoxic activity. Thus, major differences exist between cord blood-derived and BM-derived mononuclear cells with respect to their NK-cell–associated cytotoxic behavior. This could have important implications for stem cell transplantation phenomena, because it suggests that cord blood may have increased potential for a GVL effect.
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27
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Kagaya S, Kitanaka C, Noguchi K, Mochizuki T, Sugiyama A, Asai A, Yasuhara N, Eguchi Y, Tsujimoto Y, Kuchino Y. A functional role for death proteases in s-Myc- and c-Myc-mediated apoptosis. Mol Cell Biol 1997; 17:6736-45. [PMID: 9343438 PMCID: PMC232528 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.17.11.6736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon activation, cell surface death receptors, Fas/APO-1/CD95 and tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 (TNFR-1), are attached to cytosolic adaptor proteins, which in turn recruit caspase-8 (MACH/FLICE/Mch5) to activate the interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme (ICE)/CED-3 family protease (caspase) cascade. However, it remains unknown whether these apoptotic proteases are generally involved in apoptosis triggered by other stimuli such as Myc and p53. In this study, we provide lines of evidence that a death protease cascade consisting of caspases and serine proteases plays an essential role in Myc-mediated apoptosis. When Rat-1 fibroblasts stably expressing either s-Myc or c-Myc were induced to undergo apoptosis by serum deprivation, a caspase-3 (CPP32)-like protease activity that cleaves a specific peptide substrate, Ac-DEVD-MCA, appeared in the cell lysates. Induction of s-Myc- and c-Myc-mediated apoptotic cell death was effectively prevented by caspase inhibitors such as Z-Asp-CH2-DCB and Ac-DEVD-CHO. Furthermore, exposing the cells to a serine protease inhibitor, 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonyl fluoride (AEBSF), also significantly inhibited s-Myc- and c-Myc-mediated apoptosis and the appearance of the caspase-3-like protease activity in vivo. However, AEBSF did not directly inhibit caspase-3-like protease activity in the apoptotic cell lysates in vitro. Together, these results indicate that caspase-3-like proteases play a critical role in both s-Myc- and c-Myc-mediated apoptosis and that caspase-3-like proteases function downstream of the AEBSF-sensitive step in the signaling pathway of Myc-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kagaya
- Biophysics Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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28
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Hommel-Berrey GA, Bochan MR, Montel AH, Goebel WS, Froelich CJ, Brahmi Z. Granzyme B independently of perforin mediates noncytolytic intracellular inactivation of vesicular stomatitis virus. Cell Immunol 1997; 180:1-9. [PMID: 9316633 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.1997.1173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic cells provide a crucial defense against DNA and RNA viral infections. Here we describe an in vitro model to study the fate of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) RNA in cells undergoing apoptosis. Using the [3H]uridine release assay, we show that human LAK cells induce the degradation of RNA in infected U937 cells in addition to inhibiting the production of infectious virions. LAK cell-mediated RNA degradation was blocked by the serine protease inhibitor, 3,4-dichloroisocoumarin. Purified human granzyme B but not inactivated granzyme B, granzyme A, or perforin rapidly induced degradation of RNA in VSV-infected U937 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner without lysing the cells and suppressed viral production. Northern analysis of RNA extracted from infected cells with a VSV full-length cDNA probe confirmed that levels of viral transcripts were reduced by treatment with granzyme B. Nevertheless, the amount of host beta-actin mRNA was also reduced in infected cells, suggesting that treatment with granzyme B induced apoptosis. Consistent with this notion, infected cells exposed to granzyme B rapidly developed DNA strand breakage. Taken together, the data suggest that granzyme B in the absence of perforin reduced VSV production by activating a mechanism that degraded viral transcripts in infected U937 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Hommel-Berrey
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, USA
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Cytotoxic Cell Antigen Expression in Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphomas of T- and Null-Cell Type and Hodgkin's Disease: Evidence for Distinct Cellular Origin. Blood 1997. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v89.3.980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is composed of large, frequently bizarre, cells of T- or null-cell phenotype that show a preferential sinusoidal growth pattern and consistent CD30 positivity. Whether these tumors represent a single entity or several, and what the exact cell origin, is controversial. Recently, granzyme B, a cytotoxic granule component, was reported in a small percentage of ALCL, suggesting that some cases may originate from cytotoxic lymphocytes. To further investigate this possibility, we performed an immunohistochemical study of 33 ALCLs of T- and null-cell type, using monoclonal antibodies to cytotoxic cell-associated antigens, including CD8, CD56, CD57, and the cytotoxic granular proteins perforin and TIA-1. In addition, CD4 expression was also evaluated. ALCL cases included 27 classical systemic forms and variants, 3 primary cutaneous (PC) forms, and 3 acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated forms. Cytotoxic antigen expression was also studied in 51 cases of Hodgkin's disease (HD) and 17 large B-cell lymphomas (LBCLs) with anaplastic cytomorphology and/or CD30 positivity. We found that 76% of ALCLs, representing all subtypes except the PC forms, expressed either TIA-1, perforin, or both proteins. Expression of TIA-1 and perforin were highly correlated (P < .001). On the basis of their immunophenotypic profiles, several subtypes of cytotoxic antigen positive and negative ALCL could be recognized. Fifty-five percent of ALCLs (18 of 33) displayed an immunophenotypic profile consistent with cytotoxic T cells. Six cases expressed cytotoxic granular proteins in the absence of lineage specific markers, and one case expressed both T-cell – and natural killer cell–like markers. These 7 cases (21%) were placed into a phenotypic category of cytotoxic lymphocytes of unspecified subtype. Twenty-four percent (8 cases) of ALCLs were cytotoxic granule protein negative. All but one of these displayed a T-cell phenotype. Cytotoxic granule protein expression did not correlate with the presence of the NPM-ALK fusion transcript. Only 10% of the 51 HD cases were found to be TIA-1+, and none expressed perforin. Cytotoxic antigen expression was absent in LBCL. The expression of cytotoxic granule proteins in the majority of ALCL implies a cytotoxic lymphocyte phenotype and suggests that most cases originate from lymphocytes with cytotoxic potential. Furthermore, the demonstration of cytotoxic cell related proteins may be a useful addition to the current panel of antibodies used to distinguish ALCL, HD, and anaplastic LBCL.
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Mohamadzadeh M, McGuire MJ, Smith DJ, Gaspari AA, Bergstresser PR, Takashima A. Functional roles for granzymes in murine epidermal gamma(delta) T-cell-mediated killing of tumor targets. J Invest Dermatol 1996; 107:738-42. [PMID: 8875959 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12365634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Granzymes, a family of serine proteases contained in cytoplasmic granules of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells, play a critical role in killing tumor targets by triggering rapid breakdown of DNA and subsequent apoptosis. We have reported previously that dendritic epidermal T cells, which are skin-specific members of the tissue-type gamma(delta) T-cell family in mice, are capable of killing selected tumor cell lines. Here we report that short-term cultured dendritic epidermal T-cell lines contain significant N-alpha-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-Lys-thiobenzyl esterase activity, produce granzyme A protein, and express constitutively mRNA for granzymes A and B. Messenger RNA expression for granzyme B was also confirmed in freshly procured Thy-1+ epidermal cells (i.e., dendritic epidermal T cells). Finally, preincubation of dendritic epidermal T cell lines with a granzyme inhibitor, dichloroisocoumarin, but not with a cysteine protease inhibitor, E-64, abrogated completely their capacity to trigger DNA breakdown in YAC-1 target cells. These results reinforce the concept that dendritic epidermal T cells represent skin-resident killer cells that share several functional properties with conventional killer leukocytes, thereby playing a local immunosurveillance role against tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mohamadzadeh
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
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31
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Hameed A, Schafer RW, Sundaresan VD, Vaccarello L. Human T-lymphocyte serine proteases (granzymes) 1, 2, and 3 mediated DNA fragmentation in susceptible target cells. Hum Immunol 1996; 49:13-21. [PMID: 8839771 DOI: 10.1016/0198-8859(96)00052-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We reported the characterization of three serine proteases (granzymes 1, 2, and 3) from human cytotoxic T lymphocytes. In this study, human granzymes 1, 2, and 3 were purified from the cytoplasmic granules of lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells by gel filtration and cation exchange chromatography. Human perforin was purified by phenyl superose and heparin-agarose chromatography. Each purified granzyme was used with purified perforin to study DNA fragmentation in target cells of both human and murine origin. As measured by agarose gel electrophoresis and [125I]dUrd assay, the granzymes induced oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation and [125I]dUrd release respectively from various target cells. Murine target cells were generally more susceptible to nuclear DNA release than were human targets. Both enzyme activity and nuclear DNA breakdown were significantly inhibited by 3,4-dichloroisocoumarin (DCI) or by heat inactivation of each granzyme. Perforin alone or granzyme alone failed to fragment nuclear DNA in various target cells. We conclude that human granzymes are an important family of effector molecules that with perforin induce DNA fragmentation in susceptible target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hameed
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA
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32
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Bloom ET, Thompson WC, Horvath-Arcidiacono JA, Burd PR. Differential effects of interleukin-12 treatment on gene expression by allostimulated T cells from young and aged mice. Mech Ageing Dev 1995; 85:109-24. [PMID: 8786658 DOI: 10.1016/0047-6374(95)01667-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Alloantigen stimulation was used to examine the effect of interleukin (IL-12) treatment of stimulated cells from young and aged mice on the expression of mRNAs for perforin and granzyme B, two proteins known to be intimately involved in an important lytic pathway used by CTL, and mRNA for interferon (IFN)-gamma, production of which is highly stimulated by IL-12 As reported previously, IL-12 augmented the lytic activity by cells from both young and aged mice, although the relative increase was greater for the latter. The mRNAs encoding perforin and granzyme B were both marginally enhanced at early time points (for cells from young mice) or throughout the stimulation (for cells from aged mice) following allo-stimulation in the presence of IL-12. The levels of augmentation of these mRNAs was consistent with the augmentation of lytic activity. In contrast, mRNA encoding IFN-gamma was markedly enhanced throughout stimulation in cells from animals of both age groups, corresponding to the more substantial increase in interferon protein in response to IL-12.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Bloom
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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33
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Darmon AJ, Nicholson DW, Bleackley RC. Activation of the apoptotic protease CPP32 by cytotoxic T-cell-derived granzyme B. Nature 1995; 377:446-8. [PMID: 7566124 DOI: 10.1038/377446a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 527] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated cytotoxicity represents the body's major defence against virus-infected and tumorigenic cells, and contributes to transplant rejection and autoimmune disease. During killing, CTL granules are exocytosed, releasing their contents into the intercellular space between the target cell and the effector. Perforin facilitates the entry of cytotoxic cell serine proteases, the granzymes, into the target cell, where they induce apoptotic death by an unknown pathway. Granzyme B is essential for the induction of DNA fragmentation and apoptosis in target cells, yet its substrate is unknown. Identification of the intracellular substrate for granzyme B is therefore the key to understanding the mechanism of CTL-mediated killing. Here we show that granzyme B cleaves and activates CPP32, the precursor of the protease responsible for cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Darmon
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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34
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Abstract
It is now well established that CD4+ T cells can express cytotoxic activity. This type of cell-mediated cytotoxicity is associated with the Th1-, but not with the Th2-phenotype. While the activation of CD4+ CTL is MHC class II-restricted, the effector phase, i.e. the target cell killing is unrestricted and antigen non-specific. In analogy to CD8+ CTL, CD4-mediated target cell death is by DNA fragmentation. However, the molecular mechanism of killing differs from CD8-mediated lysis. Thus, CD4+ CTL preferentially lyse their targets via Fas-Fas ligand interaction, whereas the major cytotoxic effect of CD8+ CTL is by granule exocytosis, i.e. perforin and granzymes. Although CD8+ CTL can also express the FasL, their lytic activity through interaction with Fas is of less importance. Likewise, some CD4+ CTL may also kill by perforin/granzymes activity, but this pathway is of minor significance. The aims of CD8- or CD4-mediated lysis are also different. Thus, the major task of CD8+ CTL which recognize and kill their targets in the context of MHC class I molecules, is the lysis of virally infected cells and battling against tumor cells. CD4+ CTL, on the other hand, have an immunomodulatory role. Thus, they preferentially eliminate activated MHC class II-positive cells, i.e. APC, be they monocytes/macrophages, B cells or T cells. They may lyse these cells in order to prevent an overreaction of the ongoing immune response or in order to remove potentially hazardous cells upon completion of the immune response. The Fas-FasL pathway is particularly suitable for this task as myeloid or lymphoid cells express Fas only if activated, while FasL is preferentially expressed on activated CD4+ Th1 cells. Moreover, activated T cells eliminate themselves by the Fas-mediated pathway. Whether this happens by fratricide only, or also by suicide or both is open. Moreover, CD4+ CTL are particularly suitable for killing tumor cells as well, as they are efficient effectors in bystander lysis in contrast to CD8+ CTL. On the other hand, the non-specific killing via Fas-FasL interaction, which is an important reason for the bystander lysis, may have unwanted effects in that cells which should not be eliminated could be killed. Such reactions affecting various organs and cells, e.g. the liver, thyroid or islet cells of the pancreas could be an explanation for certain autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hahn
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, University of Basel, Switzerland
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