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von Stemann JH, Pedersen OBV, Hjalgrim H, Erikstrup C, Ullum H, Dowsett J, Thørner LW, Larsen MAH, Sørensen E, Hansen MB, Ostrowski SR. IL-6 Autoantibodies Predict Lower Platelet Counts and Altered Plasma Cytokine Profiles in Healthy Blood Donors: Results From the Danish Blood Donor Study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:914262. [PMID: 35814772 PMCID: PMC9263719 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.914262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokine-specific autoantibodies (c-aAb) represent a novel type of immune dysfunction. Though they have been detected in both patient cohorts and healthy individuals, and have immunomodulatory properties, the full extent of their influence remains unknown. Based on the critical role of several cytokines in thrombopoiesis, we investigated if there is an association between c-aAb and platelet variables in healthy individuals, with a specific focus on c-aAb against a known thrombopoietic cytokine, IL-6. Using platelet count and mean platelet volume in 3,569 healthy participants of the Danish Blood Donor Study as dependent variables, we performed a series of multivariate regression analyses using five cytokine autoantibodies, including IL-6 c-aAb, as independent variables. In men, high titers of IL-6 c-aAb were negatively associated with platelet counts (β = −24 *109/l (95% confidence interval −43 to −6), p = 0.008) and positively associated with mean platelet volume (β = 0.4 fL (95% confidence interval 0.0–0.7) p = 0.043). These associations were exacerbated when adjusting for undetectable C-reactive protein levels, which we used as a proxy for c-aAb mediated IL-6 inhibition in vivo. Furthermore, in a smaller subgroup, individuals with high vs. low titer IL-6 c-aAb had different profiles of plasma IL-6, IL-10, TNFα and TPO, further suggesting a functional inhibition of IL-6 by high titers of circulating IL-6 c-aAb. We therefore speculate that in addition to their immunomodulatory potential IL-6 c-aAb may interfere with thrombopoiesis – directly or indirectly – under normal physiological conditions. This study is the first to suggest an influence of c-aAb on platelets in healthy individuals, beyond their apparent effects on immune competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Hjorth von Stemann
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Jakob Hjorth von Stemann
| | - Ole Birger Vesterager Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Zealand University Hospital, Køge, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Hjalgrim
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Centre for Cancer Research, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Haematology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Erikstrup
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Joseph Dowsett
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lise Wegner Thørner
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Margit Anita Hørup Larsen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik Sørensen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Bagge Hansen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sisse Rye Ostrowski
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Bai Y, Hu Y, Gao Y, Wei X, Li J, Zhang Y, Wu Z, Zhang X. Oxygen Self-Supplying Nanotherapeutic for Mitigation of Tissue Hypoxia and Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy of Bacterial Keratitis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:33790-33801. [PMID: 34254513 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c04996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia, a common characteristic of bacterial infections, is known to be closely associated with the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria, which hastens the need to develop advanced microbicides and antibacterial techniques. Photodynamic therapy is a promising strategy to reduce bacterial antibiotic resistance and employs photosensitizers, excitation light sources, and sufficient oxygen to generate toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). The inherent limitation of PDT is that the generation of ROS is restricted by the hypoxic microenvironment in infection sites. Here, an oxygen self-supplying nanotherapeutic is developed to enhance antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria on the basis of fluorinated boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY)-based glycomimetics. The nanotherapeutic not only could capture the bacteria efficiently but also was able to act as an oxygen carrier to relieve the hypoxic microenvironment of bacterial infections, thus achieving enhanced PDT efficacy. In a Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection of a rat cornea, typical administration of the nanotherapeutic decreased the infiltrate and showed a faster healing capacity in comparison with BODIPY-based glycomimetics. Self-supplying oxygen nanotherapeutics that relieve the hypoxic microenvironment and interfere with bacterial colonization have been shown to be a promising candidate for the management of drug-resistant microbial keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayun Bai
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yuqing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yingchao Gao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaosong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yufei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhongming Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Xinge Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Hansen MB. Interleukin-6 signaling requires only few IL-6 molecules: Relation to physiological concentrations of extracellular IL-6. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2020; 8:170-180. [PMID: 32103575 PMCID: PMC7212196 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The aim of this study was to give quantitative insight into the number of cytokine molecules needed to activate a target cell and relate this to the physiological consequences of the amounts of cytokines typically detectable in humans. As a model system blood interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) was chosen since this cytokine is one of the most studied and clinically monitored cytokines, and because of the tools for the present investigations such as fully bioactive iodinated recombinant IL‐6, cellular cytokine binding assays, and bioassays have been thoroughly validated. Methods The key intermediates of the basic equilibrium principles that govern cytokine binding and exchange were deduced and applied on concrete estimations of cellular and extracellular IL‐6 binding in the bloodstream based on experimental binding data and data from the literature. In parallel, in vitro cellular IL‐6 binding data was substantiated by paired measurements of IL‐6 bioactivity on IL‐6 sensitive B9 hybridoma cells. Results Blood leucocytes and B9 cells expressed 50 to 300, 10 to 20 picomolar affinity, IL‐6 binding sites per cell and at physiological concentrations of IL‐6 less than 10 IL‐6 molecules seemed to be bound to blood cells. Nonetheless, binding off as few as four IL‐6 molecules per cell seemed to result in statistically significant bioactivity, whereas binding of 16 IL‐6 molecules triggered extensive cellular responses. Conclusion Together, the estimations and the measurements support the notion that target cells with more than 100 bioactive cytokine receptors per cell, such as T cells and hepatocytes, are likely to be under steady and substantial cytokine‐induced endocrine activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten B Hansen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Guldager DKR, von Stemann JH, Larsen R, Bay JT, Galle PS, Svenson M, Ullum H, Hansen MB. A rapid, accurate and robust particle-based assay for the simultaneous screening of plasma samples for the presence of five different anti-cytokine autoantibodies. J Immunol Methods 2015; 425:62-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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de Lemos Rieper C, Galle P, Pedersen BK, Hansen MB. Characterization of specific antibodies against cytomegalovirus (CMV)-encoded interleukin 10 produced by 28% of CMV-seropositive blood donors. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:1508-1518. [PMID: 21402594 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.028738-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) has evolved multiple immunological evasion strategies, including the encoding of viral interleukin (IL)-10 homologues (cmvIL-10). In this study, cmvIL-10 bound avidly to the same receptors on blood mononuclear cells and was as bio-potent as native human IL-10. Seventeen percent of plasma samples from 3200 Danish blood donors (corresponding to 28 % of the anti-CMV IgG-positive donors) contained substantial levels of anti-cmvIL-10 IgG antibodies, as measured by a radioimmunoassay for human anti-cmvIL-10 antibodies. The antibodies neither cross-reacted with native human IL-10 nor with Epstein-Barr virus-encoded IL-10. Anti-cmvIL-10 antibodies potently inhibited the binding of cmvIL-10 to cellular receptors, and they specifically inhibited cmvIL-10-induced JAK-STAT signalling. Ultimately, anti-cmvIL-10 antibodies blocked the inhibitory effect of cmvIL-10 on lipopolysaccharide-induced tumour necrosis factor alpha and IL-1β from blood mononuclear cells. Taken together, our data signify that cmvIL-10 has been produced during CMV infection, and that anti-cmvIL-10 IgG antibodies represent an effective immunological counter reaction against cmvIL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina de Lemos Rieper
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Department of Infectious Diseases and CMRC, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, National University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pia Galle
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Department of Infectious Diseases and CMRC, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente Klarlund Pedersen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Department of Infectious Diseases and CMRC, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Bagge Hansen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, National University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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de Lemos Rieper C, Galle P, Svenson M, Pedersen BK, Hansen MB. Preparation and validation of radio iodinated recombinant human IL-10 for the measurement of natural human antibodies against IL-10. J Immunol Methods 2009; 350:46-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2009] [Revised: 05/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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de Lemos Rieper C, Galle P, Hansen MB. Characterization and potential clinical applications of autoantibodies against cytokines. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2009; 20:61-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2009.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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8
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Puel A, Picard C, Lorrot M, Pons C, Chrabieh M, Lorenzo L, Mamani-Matsuda M, Jouanguy E, Gendrel D, Casanova JL. Recurrent staphylococcal cellulitis and subcutaneous abscesses in a child with autoantibodies against IL-6. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:647-54. [PMID: 18097067 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.1.647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated an otherwise healthy patient presenting two episodes of staphylococcal cellulitis and abscesses, accompanied by high fever and biological signs of inflammation but, paradoxically, with no detectable increase in serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), an IL-6-responsive protein synthesized in the liver. Following in vitro activation of whole blood cells from the patient with multiple cytokines, TLR agonists, heat-killed bacteria, and mitogens, we observed a profound and specific impairment of IL-6 secretion. However, the patient's PBMCs, activated in the same conditions but in the absence of the patient's plasma, secreted IL-6 normally. The patient's serum contained high titers of IgG1 autoantibodies against IL-6, which specifically neutralized IL-6 production by control PBMCs as well as IL-6 responses in the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line Hep3B. These anti-IL-6 autoantibodies were detected over a period of 4 years, in the absence of any other autoantibodies. Our results indicate that these Abs probably prevented an increase in CRP concentration during infection and that impaired IL-6-mediated immunity may have contributed to staphylococcal disease. Patients with severe bacterial infections and low serum CRP concentrations should be tested for anti-IL-6 autoantibodies, especially in the presence of other clinical and biological signs of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Puel
- Laboratoire de Génétique Humaine des Maladies Infectieuses, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U550, Paris, France.
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9
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Galle P, Jensen L, Andersson C, Cuzzocrea S, Di Paola R, Nicoletti F, Svenson M, Bendtzen K, Thomsen AR, Hansen MB. Vaccination with IL-6 analogues induces autoantibodies to IL-6 and influences experimentally induced inflammation. Int Immunopharmacol 2007; 7:1704-13. [PMID: 17996680 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2007.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2007] [Revised: 08/16/2007] [Accepted: 08/31/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
IL-6 is involved in inflammation and a therapeutic target. 0.1% of Danish blood donors have nanomolar plasma concentrations of polyclonal, picomolar affinity and in vitro as well as in vivo neutralizing IgG autoantibodies to IL-6 (aAb-IL-6). Such donors are assumed to be severely IL-6 deficient; yet they appear healthy and do not exhibit overt clinical or laboratory abnormalities. We induced comparable levels of aAb-IL-6 in different mouse strains by vaccination with immunogenic IL-6 analogues. We observed that the induced aAb-IL-6 protected against collagen-induced arthritis and experimental allergic encephalitis. Furthermore, aAb-IL-6 carrying mice displayed increased plasma TNFalpha concentrations upon challenge with LPS. Taken together, induction of IL-6 autoantibodies was possible in different mouse strains. The autoantibodies influenced experimental inflammation. This immunotherapeutic principle might be a viable alternative in immune competent humans suffering from disorders driven by IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Galle
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, National University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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10
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Le Pottier L, Sapir T, Bendaoud B, Youinou P, Shoenfeld Y, Pers JO. Intravenous Immunoglobulin and Cytokines: Focus on Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Members BAFF and APRIL. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1110:426-32. [PMID: 17911457 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1423.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The presence of natural autoantibodies against cytokines has been reported in healthy individuals. Because circulating cytokines may be implicated in the clinical outcome of numerous diseases, the mode of action of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) (pooled from sera over a thousand normal individuals) may involve immunomodulation of the cytokine network. We review the anti-cytokine effects of IVIg as well as the consequences of IVIg infusions on cytokine production. Furthermore, IVIg exerts therapeutic effects in autoimmune diseases and lymphoid malignancies. These two conditions have in common an overproduction of BAFF (for B-cell-activating factor of the TNF family). The presence of antibodies with BAFF and APRIL (a proliferation-inducing ligand) specificity was investigated. We found that IVIg recognizes BAFF and APRIL and that IVIg binding prevents BAFF from exerting its antiapoptotic effect on B cells. These anti-BAFF IgGs might prevent the deleterious effects of BAFF in B-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laëtitia Le Pottier
- Laboratory of Immunology, Brest University Medical School Hospital, BP 824, F29609, Brest, France
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11
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Hansen MB, Galle P, Salomo M, Svenson M, Dickmeiss E, Gimsing P. Transfusion-related inhibition of cytokines (TRICK). Experimental transfer of neutralizing autoantibodies to interleukin-6 by plasma transfusions. Vox Sang 2007; 92:213-23. [PMID: 17348870 DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2006.00881.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For some unknown reason humans may 'spontaneously' produce high amounts of neutralizing autoantibodies to a number of growth factors and cytokines. Reaching a certain high level the antibodies render the person cytokine deficient, mostly without overt clinical manifestations. The autoantibodies in question are detectable in normal immunoglobulin preparations and correspondingly in normal human plasma for transfusion. High affinity neutralizing autoantibodies to interleukin-6 (aAb-IL-6) are present in high titres in 0.1% of plasma from blood donors. Using aAb-IL-6 as a model we here report the first study addressing transfer of cytokine autoantibodies with blood components. MATERIALS AND METHODS We transferred high amounts of aAb-IL-6 to two patients suffering from end-stage disease of multiple myeloma. This was done by serial transfusions with normal human plasma highly positive for aAb-IL-6. We assessed recovery and kinetics of the transferred aAb-IL-6 and exposed how the recipients' plasma IL-6 bound to aAb-IL-6. RESULTS Free IL-6 was detectable in plasma of the recipients before transfusion. After the first transfusion IL-6 became immune complexed to aAb-IL-6 the molar plasma concentrations of which exceeded total IL-6 at least 500 times. CONCLUSION The observations signify that high amounts of neutralizing autoantibodies to cytokines (in this context aAb-IL-6) are occasionally transferred by transfusion. Although neither beneficial nor obvious detrimental effects of the plasmas were observed in this study our measurements evidently uncover a hitherto unknown form of transfusion-related immune modulation: transfusion-related inhibition of cytokines (TRICK). Depending on the cytokine autoantibody in question, the phenomenon might affect immune responses to infection and recovery after stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Hansen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Righospitalet, National University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Ø Copenhagen, Denmark.
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12
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Le Pottier L, Bendaoud B, Dueymes M, Daridon C, Youinou P, Shoenfeld Y, Pers JO. BAFF, a new target for intravenous immunoglobulin in autoimmunity and cancer. J Clin Immunol 2007; 27:257-65. [PMID: 17393290 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-007-9082-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) has been used to treat autoimmune diseases and lymphoid malignancies with some therapeutic effect. In both these pathological conditions, there is an overproduction of BAFF (for "B-cell-activating factor of the TNF family"), and APRIL (for "a proliferation-inducing ligand"). The presence of antibodies (Abs) with BAFF and APRIL specificities in IVIg preparations was investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and Western Blot analysis. Apoptosis was measured by the annexin-V binding method, and confirmed using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling technique. Nonglycosylated recombinant BAFF, glycosylated affinity-purified BAFF, and recombinant APRIL (but not TNFalpha), were recognized by certain IgG in IVIg, and their F(ab')(2) fragments. Steric hindrance prevented the antiapoptotic effects of BAFF on B-lymphocytes. This work documents the presence of anti-BAFF and anti-APRIL Abs in IVIg. These can functionally neutralize the role of BAFF in B-cell survival. These anti-BAFF IgG might amend deleterious effects of BAFF in B-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laëtitia Le Pottier
- Department of Immunopathology, Brest University Medical School, Brest, France
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13
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Adelman MK, Schluter SF, Marchalonis JJ. The natural antibody repertoire of sharks and humans recognizes the potential universe of antigens. Protein J 2004; 23:103-18. [PMID: 15106876 DOI: 10.1023/b:jopc.0000020077.73751.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In ancestral sharks, a rapid emergence in the evolution of the immune system occurred, giving jawed-vertebrates the necessary components for the combinatorial immune response (CIR). To compare the natural antibody (NAb) repertoires of the most divergent vertebrates with the capacity to produce antibodies, we isolated NAbs to the same set of antigens by affinity chromatography from two species of Carcharhine sharks and from human polyclonal IgG and IgM antibody preparations. The activities of the affinity-purified anti-T-cell receptor (anti-TCR) NAbs were compared with those of monoclonal anti-TCR NAbs that were generated from a systemic lupus erythematosus patient. We report that sharks and humans, representing the evolutionary extremes of vertebrate species sharing the CIR, have NAbs to human TCRs, Igs, the human senescent cell antigen, and to numerous retroviral antigens, indicating that essential features of the combinatorial repertoire and the capacity to recognize the potential universe of antigens is shared among all jawed-vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda K Adelman
- Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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14
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Galle P, Svenson M, Bendtzen K, Hansen MB. High levels of neutralizing IL-6 autoantibodies in 0.1% of apparently healthy blood donors. Eur J Immunol 2004; 34:3267-75. [PMID: 15368270 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200425268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
IL-6-specific autoantibodies (aAb-IL-6) have been reported in diseased and healthy individuals. We recently established a model for aAb-IL-6 in different mouse strains, based on vaccination with immunogenic IL-6 analogues, in which titers of aAb-IL-6 above 1,000 resulted in an in vivo IL-6 deficiency. Here, we examined aAb-IL-6 in 4,230 blood donors. Stable low titers of aAb-IL-6 were found in 9% of the donors, while 1% had titers ranging from 64 to greater than 10,000. Such aAb-IL-6-positive donors appeared normal with no overt signs of pathology. Natural and recombinant forms of IL-6 bound avidly to their IgG, and their plasma strongly neutralized IL-6 in vitro. Slightly elevated concentrations of IL-6 exclusively in the form of IL-6-IgG complexes were present in their circulation. The complexes did not contain soluble IL-6 receptors. Titers of 0.1% of the blood donors were as positive as the vaccination-induced IL-6-deficient mice. Such donors might be IL-6 deficient, and if so, IL-6 seems be dispensable for several months in otherwise healthy individuals. Such highly positive donors also explain why normal human IgG for pharmaceutical use may contain high anti-IL-6 activity. Finally, transfusion of plasma with a high titer of aAb-IL-6 might, temporally, render a recipient IL-6 deficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Galle
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Rigshospitalet, National University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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15
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Pignatti P, Ciapponi L, Galle P, Hansen MB, Massa M, Meazza C, Paonessa G, Novick D, Ciliberto G, Martini A, De Benedetti F. High circulating levels of biologically inactive IL-6/SIL-6 receptor complexes in systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis: evidence for serum factors interfering with the binding to gp130. Clin Exp Immunol 2003; 131:355-63. [PMID: 12562400 PMCID: PMC1808632 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2003.02052.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that high levels of IL-6/sIL-6R complexes are present in sera of patients with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (s-JIA) and that the amount of IL-6 estimated in the IL-6/sIL-6R complexes is markedly higher than that measured by the B9 assay. Here, we show that two additional bioassays, employing human myeloma XG-1 cells and human hepatoma Hep3B cells, detected serum IL-6 levels similar to those measured by the B9 assay and approximately 10-fold lower than the IL-6 levels estimated to be present in the IL-6/sIL-6R complex. Using an assay for the measurement of the amount of circulating IL-6 complexed with the sIL-6R and available for binding to gp130 (gp130 binding activity), we show that the IL-6/gp130 binding activity is similar to that detected by the bioassays and again significantly lower than that estimated to be present in the IL-6/sIL-6R complex. Addition of recombinant human IL-6 (rhIL-6) to sera of patients or controls results in a markedly lower increase in the gp130 binding activity in patients than in controls. Moreover, sera from s-JIA patients inhibited in a dose dependent manner the gp130 binding activity assay. These results show that sera from patients with s-JIA contain a factor, or factors, that inhibit(s) the binding of the IL-6/sIL-6R complex to gp130. This inhibitory activity does not appear to be due to soluble gp130, C-reactive protein or autoantibodies to IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pignatti
- Paediatria Generale e Reumatologia, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
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Macé G, Jaume M, Blanpied C, Stephan L, Coudert JD, Druet P, Dietrich G. Anti-mu-opioid-receptor IgG antibodies are commonly present in serum from healthy blood donors: evidence for a role in apoptotic immune cell death. Blood 2002; 100:3261-8. [PMID: 12384426 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-01-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously observed the presence of anti-human mu-opioid-receptor (anti-hMOR) autoantibodies in IgG pools prepared from several thousand healthy blood donors. These autoantibodies behaved agonistically because of their ability to bind to the first and third extracellular loops of the receptor. In this study, we found that each healthy donor's serum contained anti-hMOR IgG autoantibodies with a specific activity against both the first and the third extracellular loops of the receptor. Because of the inability of IgG to cross the blood-brain barrier, we investigated the effects of the expression of anti-hMOR autoantibodies on immune cells. In analogy to studies of the effects of morphine, we investigated the ability of antibodies to sensitize splenocytes to Fas (CD95)-mediated apoptosis. We took advantage of the high sequence homology between murine MOR and hMOR extracellular loops to estimate the effect on murine splenocytes of anti-hMOR antibodies raised by immunizing mice. Splenocytes from mice injected with Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing MOR were sensitized to Fas-mediated apoptosis, whereas those from mice injected with CHO cells or phosphate-buffered saline were not. Similar sensitization to Fas-mediated apoptosis was observed in splenocytes from mice undergoing passive transfer either with IgG from mice previously immunized against CHO cells expressing MOR or with IgG directed against the first and third extracellular loops of the receptor. Together, our data show that anti-MOR autoantibodies are commonly expressed in healthy humans and could participate in the control of lymphocyte homeostasis by promoting Fas-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëtane Macé
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U563, Department of Oncogenesis and Signaling in Haematopoietic Cells, Institut Claude de Préval, IFR 30, Hôpital Purpan, Faculté de Médecine Purpan, 31059 Toulouse, France
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17
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De Benedetti F, Pignatti P, Vivarelli M, Meazza C, Ciliberto G, Savino R, Martini A. In vivo neutralization of human IL-6 (hIL-6) achieved by immunization of hIL-6-transgenic mice with a hIL-6 receptor antagonist. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:4334-40. [PMID: 11254686 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.7.4334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neutralization of IL-6 represents an attractive therapeutic option in several diseases, including B cell neoplasia, osteoporosis, and autoimmunity. Therapeutic attempts in humans have shown that administration of injectable doses of a mAb to IL-6 does not provide efficient neutralization of the cytokine in vivo. Therefore, alternative approaches are needed. In this study, we evaluated whether the Ab response to human IL-6 (hIL-6) elicited by vaccination with Sant1 (a hIL-6 variant with seven amino acid substitutions) was able to fully correct in vivo the clinical and biological effects of a chronic endogenous overproduction of hIL-6 in the hIL-6-transgenic NSE/hIL-6 mice. Because of the overexpression of hIL-6, occurring since birth, with circulating levels in the nanogram per milliliter range, NSE/hIL-6 mice have a marked decrease in growth rate, associated with decrease in insulin-like growth factor I levels, and represent an animal model of the growth impairment associated with human chronic inflammatory diseases. Following immunization with Sant1, but not with hIL-6, NSE/hIL-6 mice developed high titers of polyclonal Abs to hIL-6. The Abs, acquired by transplacental transfer, effectively neutralized IL-6 activities in vivo as shown by the complete correction of the growth defect and normalization of insulin-like growth factor levels in the hIL-6-transgenic offspring. Immunization with Sant1 could therefore represent a novel and simple therapeutic approach for the specific neutralization of IL-6 in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- F De Benedetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Pediatriche, Instituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Matteo, Universita' degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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18
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Kazatchkine MD, Bellon B, Kaveri SV. Mechanisms of action of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). Mult Scler 2000; 6 Suppl 2:S24-6; discussion S33. [PMID: 11188775 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4612-1610-0_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic preparations of pooled normal polyspecific immunoglobulin G for intravenous use (intravenous immunoglobulin, IVIG) have been shown to be effective in the treatment of a number of autoimmune and systemic inflammatory conditions. IVIG prevents the occurrence of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Increasing evidence suggests that IVIG is of benefit in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. The present review discusses the immunoregulatory properties and mechanisms of action of IVIG in autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Kazatchkine
- INSERM U430 and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, H pital Broussais, Paris, France
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19
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Takacs I, Koller DL, Peacock M, Christian JC, Evans WE, Hui SL, Conneally PM, Johnston CC, Foroud T, Econs MJ. Sib pair linkage and association studies between bone mineral density and the interleukin-6 gene locus. Bone 2000; 27:169-73. [PMID: 10865225 DOI: 10.1016/s8756-3282(00)00296-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A major determinant of the risk for osteoporosis in later life is bone mineral density (BMD) attained during early adulthood. Bone mineral density is a complex trait that, presumably, is influenced by multiple genes. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is an attractive candidate gene for osteoporosis susceptibility, because it has effects on bone cells and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Furthermore, previous investigators have identified an association between a 3' UTR polymorphism of the IL-6 gene and BMD. In this study, we searched for linkage and association between this IL-6 gene polymorphism and peak BMD in a large population (812 individuals) of healthy premenopausal sibpairs. Although previous investigators identified only 6 IL-6 alleles, we identified 17 alleles by modifying electrophoretic conditions and evaluating a very large population. We found no evidence for either linkage or association between the IL-6 gene locus and BMD of the spine or hip in either Caucasians or African Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Takacs
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, USA
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20
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Kyrtsonis MC, Mouzaki A, Maniatis A. Mechanisms of polyclonal hypogammaglobulinaemia in multiple myeloma (MM). Cancer Immunol Immunother 1999; 16:73-7. [PMID: 10456654 DOI: 10.1007/bf02785839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M C Kyrtsonis
- University of Patras Medical School, Laboratory for Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Greece
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21
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Xu C, Poirier B, Duong Van Huyen JP, Lucchiari N, Michel O, Chevalier J, Kaveri S. Modulation of endothelial cell function by normal polyspecific human intravenous immunoglobulins: a possible mechanism of action in vascular diseases. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1998; 153:1257-66. [PMID: 9777957 PMCID: PMC1853054 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65670-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/1998] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) is increasingly used in the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, including vasculitides and Kawasaki disease. However, the outcome of IVIg interaction with endothelial cells of the vascular bed is not clear as yet. We have investigated the effect of IVIg on the in vitro activation of human endothelial cells, as assessed by cell proliferation and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction-detected expression of mRNA coding for adhesion molecules (intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1), chemokines (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor), and proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, and interleukin-6). IVIg inhibited proliferation of endothelial cells in a time-dependent manner. This effect was dependent on both Fc and F(ab')2 fragments of the immunoglobulin molecule and was fully reversible. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta also inhibited thymidine incorporation, but to a lesser degree. IVIg had no effect on basal levels of mRNA coding for the adhesion molecules, chemokines, and proinflammatory cytokines. IVIg fully down-regulated the expression induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha or interleukin-1beta of mRNA coding for these molecules. Thus, blockade of cellular proliferation and of cytokine-induced expression of adhesion molecules, chemokines, and cytokines may explain the therapeutic effect of IVIg in vascular and inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Xu
- Unité de Recherche Immunopathologie Humaine, INSERM U430, and Claude Bernard Association, Hôpital Broussais, Paris, France
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22
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Boes M, Esau C, Fischer MB, Schmidt T, Carroll M, Chen J. Enhanced B-1 Cell Development, But Impaired IgG Antibody Responses in Mice Deficient in Secreted IgM. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.10.4776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The role of endogenous natural IgM in promoting the adaptive Ab response was investigated in newly constructed mutant mice in which B cells do not secrete IgM but still express surface IgM and IgD and undergo class switching to express other Ig isotypes. While the mutant mice had relatively normal numbers of conventional B (B-2) cells in all tissues examined, unexpectedly, B-1 cells in the peritoneum and spleen were approximately threefold more abundant. The elevated levels of B-1 cells were already detectable at 4 wk of age and were stably maintained throughout life. The levels of serum IgG2a, IgG3, and IgA were also elevated in the mutant mice at an early age. IgG2a response to a T cell-independent Ag was augmented, whereas IgG Ab responses to suboptimal doses of a T cell-dependent Ag were impaired. The latter defect was associated with fewer splenic germinal centers, impaired Ab affinity maturation, and less Ag trapping on follicular dendritic cells. Together, these findings demonstrate a physiologic role of natural IgM in the feedback regulation of B-1 cell development, the regulation of IgG2a production, and the promotion of efficient B-2 cell Ab responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Boes
- *Center for Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Christine Esau
- *Center for Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | | | - Tara Schmidt
- *Center for Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Michael Carroll
- †Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02135
| | - Jianzhu Chen
- *Center for Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
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23
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Antibody to Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Is a Dominant Anti-Cytokine Activity in Human IgG Preparations. Blood 1998. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v91.6.2054.2054_2054_2061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmaceutical preparations of normal human immunoglobulin (IgG) are known to contain high-avidity and neutralizing antibodies (Ab) to the cytokines interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-6, and interferon (IFN)α. To test for other cytokine Ab, 23 batches of IgG were tested for saturable binding to eight 125I-labeled recombinant cytokines. All batches bound granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) with high avidity (Kav ≈ 10 pmol/L) and capacities of up to 5 μmol GM-CSF/mol IgG. Only 1 of 15 batches bound IL-5, also with high avidity, whereas 13 of 15 batches bound to IL-10 but with lower capacities and avidities. None of the IgG preparations bound IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, or G-CSF. Cross-binding and absorption analyses revealed identical or slightly stronger binding of recombinant GM-CSF, IL-5, and IL-10 than their native counterparts. GM-CSF–IgG complexes did not bind to cellular GM-CSF receptors, but Fc-dependent binding occurred to blood polymorphonuclear cells. Increased binding of GM-CSF to patient sera correlated positively with the binding capacities of infused IgG preparations. Patient and normal sera did not interfere with the binding of Ab to GM-CSF. From these and previous experiments, we conclude that pools of normal human IgG contain variable amounts of specific and high-avidity Ab to some cytokines, and that Ab to GM-CSF constitute a dominant anti-cytokine activity in these preparations. These Ab are available for reactionin vivo following IgG therapy.
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24
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Antibody to Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Is a Dominant Anti-Cytokine Activity in Human IgG Preparations. Blood 1998. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v91.6.2054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Pharmaceutical preparations of normal human immunoglobulin (IgG) are known to contain high-avidity and neutralizing antibodies (Ab) to the cytokines interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-6, and interferon (IFN)α. To test for other cytokine Ab, 23 batches of IgG were tested for saturable binding to eight 125I-labeled recombinant cytokines. All batches bound granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) with high avidity (Kav ≈ 10 pmol/L) and capacities of up to 5 μmol GM-CSF/mol IgG. Only 1 of 15 batches bound IL-5, also with high avidity, whereas 13 of 15 batches bound to IL-10 but with lower capacities and avidities. None of the IgG preparations bound IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, or G-CSF. Cross-binding and absorption analyses revealed identical or slightly stronger binding of recombinant GM-CSF, IL-5, and IL-10 than their native counterparts. GM-CSF–IgG complexes did not bind to cellular GM-CSF receptors, but Fc-dependent binding occurred to blood polymorphonuclear cells. Increased binding of GM-CSF to patient sera correlated positively with the binding capacities of infused IgG preparations. Patient and normal sera did not interfere with the binding of Ab to GM-CSF. From these and previous experiments, we conclude that pools of normal human IgG contain variable amounts of specific and high-avidity Ab to some cytokines, and that Ab to GM-CSF constitute a dominant anti-cytokine activity in these preparations. These Ab are available for reactionin vivo following IgG therapy.
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25
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Ciapponi L, Maione D, Scoumanne A, Costa P, Hansen MB, Svenson M, Bendtzen K, Alonzi T, Paonessa G, Cortese R, Ciliberto G, Savino R. Induction of interleukin-6 (IL-6) autoantibodies through vaccination with an engineered IL-6 receptor antagonist. Nat Biotechnol 1997; 15:997-1001. [PMID: 9335053 DOI: 10.1038/nbt1097-997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Neutralization of cytokine activity by monoclonal antibodies or receptor antagonists is beneficial in the treatment of immune and neoplastic diseases, but the necessity for continuous parenteral delivery of these anticytokine agents poses considerable practical limitations. A viable alternative is to induce a neutralizing antibody response. Using transgenic mice with high circulating levels of human interleukin-6 (hIL-6), we show that injection of the hIL-6 receptor antagonist Sant1 (an IL-6 variant with seven amino-acid substitutions) induces a strong anti-hIL-6 antibody response. The elicited antibodies bind circulating hIL-6 with very high affinity, totally masking it, and neutralize hIL-6 bioactivity both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ciapponi
- I.R.B.M. P.Angeletti, Pomezia, Rome, Italy
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26
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Svenson M, Herbrink P. Measurement of cytokine antibodies. Test development. BIOTHERAPY (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 1997; 10:87-92. [PMID: 9261552 DOI: 10.1007/bf02678219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Several assays have been used for detection of antibodies against cytokines. The choice of assay is greatly dependent on the intended goal, e.g. detection of naturally occurring antibodies or therapy induced antibodies. The different assays can be grouped in 2 categories. The interference or indirect assays are based on the detection of the test sample interference with the biological activity, with detection of the cytokine in EIA or with binding to cellular receptors. In direct assays cytokine antibodies are detected by binding to solid phase fixed cytokines, followed by incubation with a secondary enzyme-labelled anti-human Ig antibody or by binding to 125I-labelled cytokines in RIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Svenson
- Dept. of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Diagnostic Centre SSDZ, Delft, The Netherlands
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27
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Abstract
Autoantibodies of the IgM, IgG and IgA classes, reactive with a variety of serum proteins, cell surface structures and intracellular structures, are 'naturally' found in all normal individuals. Present in human cord blood and in 'antigen-free' mice, their variable-region repertoire is selected by antigenic structures in the body and remains conserved throughout life. Encoded by germline genes with no, or few, mutations, natural autoantibodies are characteristically 'multireactive' and do not undergo affinity maturation in normal individuals. Natural autoantibodies may participate in a variety of physiological activities, from immune regulation, homeostasis and repertoire selection, to resistance to infections, transport and functional modulation of biologically active molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Coutinho
- Institut Pasteur and Hôpital Broussais, Paris, France
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28
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Avrameas S, Ternynck T. Natural autoantibodies: the other side of the immune system. RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 1995; 146:235-48. [PMID: 8577986 DOI: 10.1016/0923-2494(96)80259-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Avrameas
- Institut Pasteur, Unité d'Immunocytochimie, CNRS URA 1961, Paris
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