1
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O'Bier NS, Hatke AL, Camire AC, Marconi RT. Human and Veterinary Vaccines for Lyme Disease. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2020; 42:191-222. [PMID: 33289681 DOI: 10.21775/cimb.042.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyme disease (LD) is an emerging zoonotic infection that is increasing in incidence in North America, Europe, and Asia. With the development of safe and efficacious vaccines, LD can potentially be prevented. Vaccination offers a cost-effective and safe approach for decreasing the risk of infection. While LD vaccines have been widely used in veterinary medicine, they are not available as a preventive tool for humans. Central to the development of effective vaccines is an understanding of the enzootic cycle of LD, differential gene expression of Borrelia burgdorferi in response to environmental variables, and the genetic and antigenic diversity of the unique bacteria that cause this debilitating disease. Here we review these areas as they pertain to past and present efforts to develop human, veterinary, and reservoir targeting LD vaccines. In addition, we offer a brief overview of additional preventative measures that should employed in conjunction with vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel S O'Bier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Amanda L Hatke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Andrew C Camire
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Richard T Marconi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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2
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Guibinga GH, Sahay B, Brown H, Cooch N, Chen J, Yan J, Reed C, Mishra M, Yung B, Pugh H, Schultheis K, Esquivel RN, Weiner DB, Humeau LH, Broderick KE, Smith TR. Protection against Borreliella burgdorferi infection mediated by a synthetically engineered DNA vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:2114-2122. [PMID: 32783701 PMCID: PMC7553707 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1789408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lyme disease is the most common vector-borne disease in North America. The etiological agent is the spirochete Borreliella burgdorferi, transmitted to mammalian hosts by the Ixodes tick. In recent years there has been an increase in the number of cases of Lyme disease. Currently, there is no vaccine on the market for human use. We describe the development of a novel synthetically engineered DNA vaccine, pLD1 targeting the outer-surface protein A (OspA) of Borreliella burgdorferi. Immunization of C3 H/HeN mice with pLD1 elicits robust humoral and cellular immune responses that confer complete protection against a live Borreliella burgdorferi bacterial challenge. We also assessed intradermal (ID) delivery of pLD1 in Hartley guinea pigs, demonstrating the induction of robust and durable humoral immunity that lasts at least 1 year. We provide evidence of the potency of pLD1 by showing that antibodies targeting the OspA epitopes which have been associated with protection are prominently raised in the immunized guinea pigs. The described study provides the basis for the advancement of pDL1 as a potential vaccine for Lyme disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghiabe H. Guibinga
- Department of Research and Development, Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA
| | - Bikash Sahay
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Heather Brown
- Department of Research and Development, Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA
| | - Neil Cooch
- Department of Research and Development, Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Research and Development, Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA
| | - Jian Yan
- Department of Research and Development, Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA
| | - Charles Reed
- Department of Research and Development, Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA
| | - Meerambika Mishra
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Bryan Yung
- Department of Research and Development, Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA
| | - Holly Pugh
- Department of Research and Development, Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA
| | - Katherine Schultheis
- Department of Research and Development, Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA
| | - Rianne N. Esquivel
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David B. Weiner
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laurent H. Humeau
- Department of Research and Development, Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA
| | - Kate E. Broderick
- Department of Research and Development, Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA
| | - Trevor R.F. Smith
- Department of Research and Development, Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA,CONTACT Trevor R.F. Smith Inovio Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA92121
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3
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Nassal M, Skamel C, Vogel M, Kratz PA, Stehle T, Wallich R, Simon MM. Development of hepatitis B virus capsids into a whole-chain protein antigen display platform: new particulate Lyme disease vaccines. Int J Med Microbiol 2007; 298:135-42. [PMID: 17888729 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2007.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunogenicity of peptides and small protein fragments can be considerably enhanced by their presentation on particulate carriers such as capsid-like particles (CLPs) from hepatitis B virus (HBV). HBV CLPs are icosahedral nanoparticles formed by 90 or 120 core protein dimers. Insertions into the immunodominant c/e1 B cell epitope, a surface-exposed loop on the HBV capsid protein, are especially immunogenic. Here we investigated whether the HBV core protein can be exploited as a vaccine carrier for whole-chain protein antigens, using two clinically relevant proteins derived from a bacterial human pathogen, the Lyme disease agent Borrelia burgdorferi. For this purpose we analyzed CLP formation by core fusions with the entire 255-amino-acid ectodomain of outer surface lipoprotein A (OspA), and with two distinct, 189 amino acid long variants of the dimeric OspC (OspC(a), OspC(b)) of B. burgdorferi. OspA appropriately inserted into the HBV core protein yielded a multimerization-competent fusion protein, termed coreOspA. Although only partially assembling into regular CLPs, coreOspA induced antibodies to OspA, including the Ig isotype profile and specificity for the protective epitope "LA-2", with an efficiency similar to that of recombinant lipidated OspA, the first generation vaccine against Lyme disease. Moreover, coreOspA actively and passively protected mice against subsequent challenge with B. burgdorferi. Fusions with the two OspC variants were found to efficiently form regular CLPs, most probably by OspC dimerization across different core protein dimers. In mice, both coreOspC preparations induced high-titered antibody responses to the homologous but also to the heterologous OspC variant, which conferred protection against challenge with B. burgdorferi. The data demonstrate the principal applicability of HBV CLPs to act as potent immunomodulator even for structurally complex full-length polypeptide chains, and thus open new avenues for novel vaccine designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Nassal
- Department of Internal Medicine II/Molecular Biology, University Hospital Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany.
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4
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Skamel C, Ploss M, Böttcher B, Stehle T, Wallich R, Simon MM, Nassal M. Hepatitis B virus capsid-like particles can display the complete, dimeric outer surface protein C and stimulate production of protective antibody responses against Borrelia burgdorferi infection. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:17474-17481. [PMID: 16621801 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m513571200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus capsid-like particles (CLPs), icosahedral assemblies formed by 90 or 120 core protein dimers, hold promise as immune-enhancing vaccine carriers for heterologous antigens. Insertions into the immunodominant c/e1 B cell epitope, a surface-exposed loop, are especially immunogenic. However, display of whole proteins, desirable to induce multispecific and possibly neutralizing antibody responses, can be restrained by an unsuitable structure of the foreign protein and by its propensity to undergo homomeric interactions. Here we analyzed CLP formation by core fusions with two distinct variants of the dimeric outer surface lipoprotein C (OspC) of the Lyme disease agent Borrelia burgdorferi. Although the topology of the termini in the OspC dimer does not match that of the insertion sites in the carrier dimer, both fusions, coreOspCa and coreOspCb, efficiently formed stable CLPs. Electron cryomicroscopy clearly revealed the surface disposition of the OspC domains, possibly with OspC dimerization occurring across different core protein dimers. In mice, both CLP preparations induced high-titered antibody responses against the homologous OspC variant, but with substantial cross-reactivity against the other variant. Importantly, both conferred protection to mice challenged with B. burgdorferi. These data show the principal applicability of hepatitis B virus CLPs for the display of dimeric proteins, demonstrate the presence in OspC of hitherto uncharacterized epitopes, and suggest that OspC, despite its genetic variability, may be a valid vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Skamel
- University Hospital Freiburg, Internal Medicine II/Molecular Biology, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Ploss
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bettina Böttcher
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Stehle
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Reinhard Wallich
- University Hospital Heidelberg, Institute of Immunology, D-61920 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus M Simon
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Nassal
- University Hospital Freiburg, Internal Medicine II/Molecular Biology, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany.
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5
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Schoen C, Kolb-Mäurer A, Geginat G, Löffler D, Bergmann B, Stritzker J, Szalay AA, Pilgrim S, Goebel W. Bacterial delivery of functional messenger RNA to mammalian cells. Cell Microbiol 2006; 7:709-24. [PMID: 15839900 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2005.00507.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The limited access to the nuclear compartment may constitute one of the major barriers after bacteria-mediated expression plasmid DNA delivery to eukaryotic cells. Alternatively, a self-destructing Listeria monocytogenes strain was used to release translation-competent mRNA directly into the cytosol of epithelial cells, macrophages and human dendritic cells. Enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-encoding mRNA, adapted for translation in mammalian cells by linking an IRES element to the 5'-end of the egfp coding sequence, was produced by T7 RNA polymerase in the carrier bacteria upon entry into the cytosol where the mRNA is efficiently released from the lysed bacteria and immediately translated in eukaryotic host cells. Besides the much earlier expression of EGFP being detectable already 4 h after infection, the number of EGFP expressing mammalian cells obtained with this novel RNA delivery technique is comparable to or - especially in phagocytic cells - even higher than that obtained with the expression plasmid DNA delivery strategy. Accordingly, bacteria-mediated delivery of ovalbumin-encoding mRNA to macrophages resulted in efficient antigen processing and presentation in vitro indicating that this approach may also be adapted for the in vivo delivery of antigen-encoding mRNA leading to a more efficient immune response when applied to vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schoen
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie, Biozentrum der Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Germany
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6
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Scheckelhoff MR, Telford SR, Hu LT. Protective efficacy of an oral vaccine to reduce carriage of Borrelia burgdorferi (strain N40) in mouse and tick reservoirs. Vaccine 2005; 24:1949-57. [PMID: 16300863 PMCID: PMC1388312 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2005] [Revised: 10/13/2005] [Accepted: 10/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lyme disease is caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, which is transmitted through the bite of infected Ixodes ticks. Vaccination of mice with outer surface protein A (OspA) of B. burgdorferi has been shown to both protect mice against B. burgdorferi infection and reduce carriage of the organism in feeding ticks. Here we report the development of a murine-targeted OspA vaccine utilizing Vaccinia virus to interrupt transmission of disease in the reservoir hosts, thus reducing incidence of human disease. Oral vaccination of mice with a single dose of Vaccinia expressing OspA resulted in high antibody titers to OspA, 100% protection of vaccinated mice from infection with B. burgdorferi, and significant clearance of B. burgdorferi from infected ticks fed on vaccinated animals. The results indicate the vaccine is effective and may provide a manner to reduce incidence of Lyme disease.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/blood
- Antibodies, Bacterial/immunology
- Antigens, Surface/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/administration & dosage
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Bacterial Vaccines
- Borrelia burgdorferi/immunology
- Disease Reservoirs/microbiology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- Humans
- Lipoproteins/administration & dosage
- Lipoproteins/genetics
- Lipoproteins/immunology
- Lyme Disease/immunology
- Lyme Disease/prevention & control
- Lyme Disease/transmission
- Lyme Disease Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Lyme Disease Vaccines/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Rabbits
- Ticks/microbiology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccinia virus/genetics
- Vaccinia virus/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Scheckelhoff
- Tufts-New England Medical Center, Tupper Research Institute, Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Box 41, 750 Washington St., Boston, MA 02111, USA
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7
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Wang X, Kochetkova I, Haddad A, Hoyt T, Hone DM, Pascual DW. Transgene vaccination using Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA-1) for targeted mucosal immunization against HIV-1 envelope. Vaccine 2005; 23:3836-42. [PMID: 15893622 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2004] [Revised: 12/28/2004] [Accepted: 02/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Receptor-mediated gene transfer using an M cell ligand has been shown to be an efficient method for mucosal DNA immunization. To investigate further into alternative M cell ligands, the plant lectin, Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA-1), was tested. UEA-1 binds to human intestinal Caco-2 cells, and these cells can be transfected with poly-l-lysine (PL)-conjugated UEA-1 for expression of reporter cDNAs. When tested in vivo, mice nasally immunized with UEA-1-PL complexed to plasmid encoding HIV-1 envelope showed elevated systemic and mucosal antibody responses, and these were supported by tissue antibody-forming cells. Likewise, elevated envelope-specific CTLs were induced. Thus, UEA-1 mediated DNA delivery represents an alternative mucosal formulation for inducing humoral and cellular immunity against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhai Wang
- Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717-3610, USA
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8
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Nassal M, Skamel C, Kratz PA, Wallich R, Stehle T, Simon MM. A fusion product of the complete Borrelia burgdorferi outer surface protein A (OspA) and the hepatitis B virus capsid protein is highly immunogenic and induces protective immunity similar to that seen with an effective lipidated OspA vaccine formula. Eur J Immunol 2005; 35:655-65. [PMID: 15668917 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200425449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The immunogenicity of peptides and protein fragments can be considerably enhanced by their presentation on particulate carriers such as capsid-like particles (CLP) from hepatitis B virus (HBV). Here we tested the suitability of the HBV capsid protein as a carrier for a relevant full-length pathogen-derived protein antigen. The entire 255-amino acid ectodomain of the outer surface protein A (OspA) from Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, was inserted into the major B cell epitope of the HBV capsid, yielding a multimerization-competent fusion protein, termed coreOspA. CoreOspA, consisting only in part of regular CLP, induced antibodies to OspA, including the Ig isotype profile and specificity for the protective epitope LA-2, with an efficiency similar to that of recombinant lipidated OspA, the first generation vaccine against Lyme disease. Moreover, coreOspA actively and passively protected mice against subsequent challenge with B. burgdorferi. The data demonstrate the capacity of the HBV capsid protein to act as a potent immunomodulator even for full-length and structurally complex polypeptide chains and thus opens new avenues for novel vaccine designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Nassal
- Department of Internal Medicine II/Molecular Biology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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9
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DNA Vaccines for Mucosal Immunity to Infectious Diseases. Mucosal Immunol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012491543-5/50064-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Wang X, Hone DM, Haddad A, Shata MT, Pascual DW. M cell DNA vaccination for CTL immunity to HIV. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 171:4717-25. [PMID: 14568947 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.9.4717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
To facilitate invasion, reovirus has evolved to attach to M cells, a specialized epithelium residing within the follicle-associated epithelium that covers mucosal inductive tissues. Thus, we questioned adapting reovirus protein sigma1 to ferry DNA vaccines to the mucosa to immunize against HIV. Three expression plasmids encoding HIV(Ba-L) gp160, cytoplasmic gp140, and secreted gp140 were tested in mice as protein sigma1-poly-L-lysine-DNA complexes (formulated vaccine) via the intranasal route. Evaluation of cell-mediated immunity showed that the formulated gp160 DNA vaccine was more effective for stimulating envelope (Env)-specific CTL responses in lungs, lower respiratory lymph nodes (LN), cervical LN, submaxillary gland LN, and spleens. Three doses of vaccine were required for CTL responses, and intranasal naked DNA immunizations were ineffective. The greatest CTL activity was observed between weeks 8 and 10 for gp160-vaccinated mice, and activity remained detectable by week 16. These Env-specific CTL responses were perforin dependent in peripheral tissues, but mostly Fas dependent in the lungs. These Env-specific CTLs also produced IFN-gamma. Mice vaccinated with the formulated gp160 DNA vaccine showed potent antiviral immunity against vaccinia virus-env replication in ovaries. Thus, compared with live vectors, protein sigma1-mediated DNA delivery represents an alternative mucosal formulation for inducing cellular immunity against HIV-1.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/administration & dosage
- AIDS Vaccines/genetics
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- Capsid Proteins/administration & dosage
- Capsid Proteins/genetics
- Capsid Proteins/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- DNA, Viral/administration & dosage
- DNA, Viral/immunology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Female
- HIV Infections/immunology
- HIV Infections/prevention & control
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/immunology
- Immunity, Mucosal/genetics
- Immunization Schedule
- Interferon-gamma/physiology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Perforin
- Peyer's Patches/cytology
- Peyer's Patches/immunology
- Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccinia virus/genetics
- Vaccinia virus/immunology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/biosynthesis
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhai Wang
- Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
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11
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Anguita J, Hedrick MN, Fikrig E. Adaptation of Borrelia burgdorferi in the tick and the mammalian host. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2003; 27:493-504. [PMID: 14550942 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-6445(03)00036-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, shows a great ability to adapt to different environments, including the arthropod vector, and the mammalian host. The success of these microorganisms to survive in nature and complete their enzootic cycle depends on the regulation of genes that are essential to their survival in the different environments. This review describes the current knowledge of gene expression by B. burgdorferi in the tick and the mammalian host. The functions of the differentially regulated gene products as well as the factors that influence their expression are discussed. A thorough understanding of the changes in gene expression and the function of the differentially expressed antigens during the life cycle of the spirochete will allow a better control of this prevalent infection and the design of new, second generation vaccines to prevent infection with the spirochete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Anguita
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
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12
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Scheiblhofer S, Weiss R, Dürnberger H, Mostböck S, Breitenbach M, Livey I, Thalhamer J. A DNA vaccine encoding the outer surface protein C from Borrelia burgdorferi is able to induce protective immune responses. Microbes Infect 2003; 5:939-46. [PMID: 12941385 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(03)00182-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The outer surface protein C (OspC) of Borrelia burgdorferi, the spirochete that causes Lyme disease, is a promising candidate for a vaccine against borreliosis. BALB/c and C3H/HeJ mice were immunized either with recombinant OspC protein or with plasmid DNA encoding OspC fused to the human tissue plasminogen activator leader sequence (pCMV-TPA/ZS7). The influence of the route of administering the DNA and the use of oligodeoxynucleotides containing CpG-motifs on the development of the immune response was investigated. In both mouse strains, protein as well as gene-gun immunization induced Th2 type responses, whereas needle injection of plasmid DNA resulted in Th1 type antibody production. Co-injection of CpG-motifs did not significantly modify the response type in any immunization group, as indicated by only marginal changes of antibody subclass distribution. The protection rate after challenge with 10(4) B. burgdorferi organisms per mouse was between 80% and 100% for all groups. These results demonstrate, for the first time, that a DNA vaccine encoding OspC of B. burgdorferi is suitable for inducing protection against Lyme borreliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Scheiblhofer
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Immunology Group, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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13
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Yoon WS, Park SH, Park YK, Park SC, Sin JI, Kim MJ. Comparison of responses elicited by immunization with a Legionella species common lipoprotein delivered as naked DNA or recombinant protein. DNA Cell Biol 2002; 21:99-107. [PMID: 11953009 DOI: 10.1089/104454902753604970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein (PAL) antigen of Legionella pneumophila as a vaccine candidate, mice were immunized intramuscularly with pcDNA3-PAL and intraperitoneally with recombinant PAL (t-rPAL), which were compared for their ability to induce PAL-specific immune responses. The t-rPAL protein induced PAL-specific IgG antibody production significantly more than did pcDNA3-PAL. The IgG2a and IgG1 production was predominant after pcDNA3-PAL and t-rPAL administration, respectively. In particular, pcDNA3-PAL induced much higher PAL-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses than did t-rPAL. Furthermore, in vivo, CD19+ B-cell populations were dramatically increased by t-rPAL vaccination, suggesting a B-cell immunomodulatory activity of the lipoprotein. The PAL antigen was also conserved among Legionella species, as determined by PCR and immunoblot analyses. These results support a potential use of the t-rPAL protein and in particular DNA vaccines against Legionella infections.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Bacterial/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Proteins/immunology
- Bacterial Vaccines/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Escherichia coli Proteins
- Female
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunization
- Immunization, Secondary
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Legionella/classification
- Legionella/immunology
- Legionella pneumophila/immunology
- Lipoproteins/genetics
- Lipoproteins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Peptidoglycan/genetics
- Peptidoglycan/immunology
- Proteoglycans
- Rabbits
- Serotyping
- Species Specificity
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Suck Yoon
- Graduate School of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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14
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Anguita J, Thomas V, Samanta S, Persinski R, Hernanz C, Barthold SW, Fikrig E. Borrelia burgdorferi-induced inflammation facilitates spirochete adaptation and variable major protein-like sequence locus recombination. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:3383-90. [PMID: 11544329 PMCID: PMC4309988 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.6.3383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Spirochete adaptation in vivo is associated with preferential Borrelia burgdorferi gene expression. In this paper, we show that the administration of B. burgdorferi-immune sera to IFN-gammaR-deficient mice that have been infected with B. burgdorferi N40 for 4 days causes spirochete clearance. In contrast, immune sera-mediated clearance of B. burgdorferi N40 is not apparent in immunocompetent mice, suggesting a role for IFN-gamma-mediated responses in B. burgdorferi N40 host adaptation. B. burgdorferi-immune sera also induces clearance of B. burgdorferi N40 that have been passaged in vitro 75 times (B. burgdorferi N40-75), a derivative of B. burgdorferi N40 that does not rapidly adapt in vivo in immunocompetent mice. B. burgdorferi N40-75 produce lower levels of IFN-gamma and IL-12 in mice than does B. burgdorferi N40, and the administration of these cytokines to B. burgdorferi N40-75-infected mice results in an increased spirochetal burden, further indicating that IFN-gamma-mediated events promote B. burgdorferi survival. Differential immunoscreening and RT-PCR demonstrate that IFN-gamma-mediated signals facilitate spirochete recombination at the variable major protein like sequence locus, a site for early antigenic variation in vivo, and that recombination rates by B. burgdorferi N40 are lower in IFN-gammaR-deficient mice than in control animals. These results suggest that the murine immune response can promote the in vivo adaptation of B. burgdorferi.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Physiological/genetics
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/immunology
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- Bacterial Proteins
- Base Sequence
- Borrelia burgdorferi/genetics
- Borrelia burgdorferi/isolation & purification
- Borrelia burgdorferi/physiology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Immune Sera
- Immunocompetence
- Inflammation
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/pharmacology
- Interleukin-12/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-12/genetics
- Interleukin-12/pharmacology
- Lipoproteins/genetics
- Lipoproteins/immunology
- Lyme Disease/microbiology
- Lyme Disease/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Knockout
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Receptors, Interferon/deficiency
- Receptors, Interferon/genetics
- Recombination, Genetic
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Interferon gamma Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Anguita
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC 28223
| | - Venetta Thomas
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Swapna Samanta
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Rafal Persinski
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC 28223
| | - Carmen Hernanz
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | | | - Erol Fikrig
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
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15
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Hense M, Domann E, Krusch S, Wachholz P, Dittmar KE, Rohde M, Wehland J, Chakraborty T, Weiss S. Eukaryotic expression plasmid transfer from the intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes to host cells. Cell Microbiol 2001; 3:599-609. [PMID: 11553012 DOI: 10.1046/j.1462-5822.2001.00138.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The facultative intracellular, Gram-positive bacterium Listeria monocytogenes invades phagocytic and non-phagocytic cells from the tissues and organs of a wide variety of animals and humans. Here, we report the use of these bacteria as vehicles for gene transfer. Eukaryotic expression plasmids were introduced into the nucleus of host cells following lysis of the intracytosolic, plasmid-carrying bacteria with antibiotics. Cell lines of different tissues and species could be transfected in this way. We examined bacterial properties required for delivery of the expression plasmids and found that this was strictly dependent on the ability of these bacteria to both invade eukaryotic cells and egress from the vacuole into the cytosol of the infected host cells. Macrophage-like cell lines or primary, peritoneal macrophages proved to be almost refractory to Listeria-mediated gene transfer. Thus, attenuated L. monocytogenes represents a serious candidate for consideration as a DNA-transfer vehicle for in vivo somatic gene therapy. The potential for oral administration of L. monocytogenes and the ease in producing and cultivating recombinant strains are further attributes that make its use as a gene transfer vehicle attractive.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hense
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, GBF, German Research Centre for Biotechnology, Mascheroder Weg 1, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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16
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Wu Y, Wang X, Csencsits KL, Haddad A, Walters N, Pascual DW. M cell-targeted DNA vaccination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:9318-23. [PMID: 11459939 PMCID: PMC55418 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.161204098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2001] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA immunization, although attractive, is poor for inducing mucosal immunity, thus limiting its protective value against most infectious agents. To surmount this shortcoming, we devised a method for mucosal transgene vaccination by using an M cell ligand to direct the DNA vaccine to mucosal inductive tissues and the respiratory epithelium. This ligand, reovirus protein final sigma1, when conjugated to polylysine (PL), can bind the apical surface of M cells from nasal-associated lymphoid tissues. Intranasal immunizations with protein final sigma1-PL-DNA complexes produced antigen-specific serum IgG and prolonged mucosal IgA, as well as enhanced cell-mediated immunity, made evident by elevated pulmonary cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses. Therefore, targeted transgene vaccination represents an approach for enabling DNA vaccination of the mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wu
- Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717-3610, USA
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Robinson
- Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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18
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Wallich R, Siebers A, Jahraus O, Brenner C, Stehle T, Simon MM. DNA vaccines expressing a fusion product of outer surface proteins A and C from Borrelia burgdorferi induce protective antibodies suitable for prophylaxis but Not for resolution of Lyme disease. Infect Immun 2001; 69:2130-6. [PMID: 11254567 PMCID: PMC98139 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.4.2130-2136.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA vaccines encoding the outer surface protein A (OspA) of Borrelia burgdorferi have been shown to induce protective humoral responses capable of preventing but not curing infection in mice. Subsequent studies showed that an established infection or disease could be resolved by passive transfer of antibodies to OspC. In the present study, DNA vaccines encoding either the OspC antigen alone or fused to OspA and under the transcriptional control of the human elongation factor 1alpha promoter were evaluated for their protective and/or curative potential. In contrast to ospA-containing plasmids, none of the six constructs with ospC alone were immunogenic in vivo, independent of whether they contained promoter or leader sequences from ospA and/or ospC, or alternatively, the signal sequence of the human tissue plasminogen activator. Solely, a DNA vaccine encoding an OspA-OspC fusion product led to expression of the respective polypeptide chain in transfected cells in vitro and to the induction of OspA- and OspC-specific antibodies in vivo. Immune sera raised against the OspA-OspC fusion product conveyed full protection against subsequent infection, most probably via OspA-specific antibodies, but were unable to resolve infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wallich
- Institut für Immunologie, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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19
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Schirmbeck R, Reimann J. Revealing the potential of DNA-based vaccination: lessons learned from the hepatitis B virus surface antigen. Biol Chem 2001; 382:543-52. [PMID: 11405219 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2001.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
DNA-based vaccination is a novel technique to efficiently stimulate humoral (antibody) and cellular (T cell) immune responses to protein antigens. In DNA-based vaccination, immunogenic proteins are expressed in in vivo transfected cells of the vaccine recipients in their native conformation with correct posttranslational modifications from antigen-encoding expression plasmid DNA. This ensures the integrity of antibody-defined epitopes and supports the generation of protective (neutralizing) antibody titers. Plasmid DNA vaccination is furthermore an exceptionally potent strategy to stimulate CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses because antigenic peptides are efficiently generated by endogenous processing of intracellular protein antigens. These key features make DNA-based immunization an attractive strategy for prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination against extra- and intracellular pathogens. In this brief review, we summarize the current state of expression vector design, DNA delivery strategies, priming immune responses to intracellular or secreted antigens by DNA vaccines and unique advantages of DNA- versus recombinant protein-based vaccines using the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) as a model antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Schirmbeck
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ulm, Germany
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20
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Baldwin SL, D'Souza CD, Orme IM, Liu MA, Huygen K, Denis O, Tang A, Zhu L, Montgomery D, Ulmer JB. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of DNA vaccines encoding secreted and non-secreted forms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Ag85A. TUBERCLE AND LUNG DISEASE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS AND LUNG DISEASE 2000; 79:251-9. [PMID: 10692994 DOI: 10.1054/tuld.1998.0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the efficacy of Ag85A-DNA against challenge with a highly virulent human clinical isolate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (CSU37) and to compare the potencies of two types of Ag85A-DNA vaccines; those expressing secreted and non-secreted forms of the protein. DESIGN Ag85A-DNA vaccinated mice were challenged with a highly virulent clinical isolate of M. tuberculosis (CSU37) in order to compare the efficacy of these vaccines. In vitro studies were also performed. RESULTS Enhanced humoral and cellular responses were induced in mice vaccinated with the secreted Ag85A-DNA compared to the non-secreted Ag85A-DNA. In addition, secreted Ag85A-DNA conferred protective immunity against infection with M. tuberculosis (CSU37). CONCLUSIONS DNA vaccines encoding M. tuberculosis Ag85A have been shown to induce potent humoral and cellular immune responses leading to protection from M. tuberculosis (Erdman) challenge in mouse models. In this study we demonstrate that Ag85A can confer protection in a rigorous challenge model using a highly virulent human clinical isolate of M. tuberculosis (CSU37). This challenge model appears able to discriminate between DNA vaccines of differing potencies, as the more immunogenic DNA construct encoding a secreted form of Ag85A was protective, whereas the less immunogenic DNA construct encoding a non-secreted form of Ag85A was not.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Baldwin
- Department of Microbiology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA.
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21
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Wu Y, Boysun MJ, Csencsits KL, Pascual DW. Gene transfer facilitated by a cellular targeting molecule, reovirus protein sigma1. Gene Ther 2000; 7:61-9. [PMID: 10680017 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To facilitate eventual genetic vaccination of mucosal tissues, a receptor-mediated gene transfer system was devised using the reovirus adhesin, protein sigma1. Highly efficient uptake and internalization of protein sigma1 polylysine (PL) DNA complexes could be demonstrated by fluorescent microscopy. Successful cellular transfection of rodent and human cell lines was obtained with the recombinant protein sigma1 as a PL-DNA complex, and could be shown to be receptor-specific. Transfection efficiency was dependent upon the ratio of DNA complexed to protein sigma1-PL and chloroquine treatment improved transfection efficiency dramatically. To test its ability to bind a mucosal inductive tissue, recombinant protein sigma1 was specifically bound to the nasal-associated lymphoid tissues (NALT). Thus, recombinant protein sigma1-PL-DNA conjugates can efficiently bind and transfect cells that express the receptor for protein sigma1. Gene Therapy (2000) 7, 61-69.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wu
- Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717-3610, USA
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22
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Weiss R, Dürnberger J, Mostböck S, Scheiblhofer S, Hartl A, Breitenbach M, Strasser P, Dorner F, Livey I, Crowe B, Thalhamer J. Improvement of the immune response against plasmid DNA encoding OspC of Borrelia by an ER-targeting leader sequence. Vaccine 1999; 18:815-24. [PMID: 10580194 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(99)00338-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study outlines the characterization of a DNA-based immune response against the OspC antigen, one of the most promising candidates for a Borrelia vaccine. Balb/c mice were injected intradermally with plasmid DNA encoding the OspC gene (lacking the natural leader sequence) under transcriptional control of the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promotor. Immunization with this construct elicited only a marginal response, which was drastically improved by a fusion construct containing the human tissue plasminogen activator (hTPA) signal sequence. The results indicate that for DNA-based immunization against OspC an ER-targeting signal may be necessary for both antibody production as well as cellular immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Weiss
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria
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23
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Simon MM, Bauer Y, Zhong W, Hofmann H, Wallich R. Lyme disease: pathogenesis and vaccine development. ZENTRALBLATT FUR BAKTERIOLOGIE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1999; 289:690-5. [PMID: 10652726 DOI: 10.1016/s0934-8840(99)80034-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Research of recent years on Lyme disease has greatly increased our understanding on antigenic structures and genotypic variability of the aetiological agent, Borrelia (B.) burgdorferi sensu lato, as well as on mechanisms underlying host-parasite interactions and induction/mode of action of protective immune responses. A vaccine formula on the basis of the outer surface lipoprotein A (OspA), previously developed in our laboratory, has successfully been tested in a clinical trial involving nearly 10,000 subjects in the USA. The OspA vaccine is unique in that it protects the mammalian host from infection by eliminating spirochaetes from the vector, but does not cure an established disease. This is because spirochaetes express OspA exclusively in the tick, but not when transmitted into the vertebrate host. For Europe, a more complex vaccine formula is required in order to achieve full protection. This is due to the higher degree of heterogeneity of OspA molecules among isolates of B. burgdorferi in Europe and the inability of the monovalent vaccine to convey complete cross-protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Simon
- Max-Planck-Institut für Immunbiologie, Freiburg, Germany.
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24
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Wang G, van Dam AP, Schwartz I, Dankert J. Molecular typing of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato: taxonomic, epidemiological, and clinical implications. Clin Microbiol Rev 1999; 12:633-53. [PMID: 10515907 PMCID: PMC88929 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.12.4.633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the spirochete that causes human Lyme borreliosis (LB), is a genetically and phenotypically divergent species. In the past several years, various molecular approaches have been developed and used to determine the phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity within the LB-related spirochetes and their potential association with distinct clinical syndromes. These methods include serotyping, multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, DNA-DNA reassociation analysis, rRNA gene restriction analysis (ribotyping), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, plasmid fingerprinting, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprinting analysis, species-specific PCR and PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis, and sequence analysis of 16S rRNA and other conserved genes. On the basis of DNA-DNA reassociation analysis, 10 different Borrelia species have been described within the B. burgdorferi sensu lato complex: B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, Borrelia garinii, Borrelia afzelii, Borrelia japonica, Borrelia andersonii, Borrelia valaisiana, Borrelia lusitaniae, Borrelia tanukii, Borrelia turdi, and Borrelia bissettii sp. nov. To date, only B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. garinii, and B. afzelii are well known to be responsible for causing human disease. Different Borrelia species have been associated with distinct clinical manifestations of LB. In addition, Borrelia species are differentially distributed worldwide and may be maintained through different transmission cycles in nature. In this paper, the molecular methods used for typing of B. burgdorferi sensu lato are reviewed. The current taxonomic status of B. burgdorferi sensu lato and its epidemiological and clinical implications, especiallly correlation between the variable clinical presentations and the infecting Borrelia species, are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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25
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Alarcon JB, Waine GW, McManus DP. DNA vaccines: technology and application as anti-parasite and anti-microbial agents. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 1999; 42:343-410. [PMID: 10050276 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(08)60152-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
DNA vaccines have been termed The Third Generation of Vaccines. The recent successful immunization of experimental animals against a range of infectious agents and several tumour models of disease with plasmid DNA testifies to the powerful nature of this revolutionary approach in vaccinology. Among numerous advantages, a major attraction of DNA vaccines over conventional vaccines is that they are able to induce protective cytotoxic T-cell responses as well as helper T-cell and humoral immunity. Here we review the current state of nucleic acid vaccines and cover a wide range of topics including delivery mechanisms, uptake and expression of plasmid DNA, and the types of immune responses generated. Further, we discuss safety issues, and document the use of nucleic acid vaccines against viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases, and cancer. The early potential promise of DNA vaccination has been fully substantiated with recent, exciting developments including the movement from testing DNA vaccines in laboratory models to non-human primates and initial human clinical trials. These advances and the emerging voluminous literature on DNA vaccines highlight the rapid progress that has been made in the DNA immunization field. It will be of considerable interest to see whether the progress and optimism currently prevailing can be maintained, and whether the approach can indeed fulfil the medical and commerical promise anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Alarcon
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Australian Centre for International and Tropical Health and Nutrition, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Bancroft Centre, Herston, Australia
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26
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Noll A, Bücheler N, Bohn E, Schirmbeck R, Reimann J, Autenrieth IB. DNA immunization confers systemic, but not mucosal, protection against enteroinvasive bacteria. Eur J Immunol 1999; 29:986-96. [PMID: 10092103 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199903)29:03<986::aid-immu986>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Naked plasmid DNA (pRc/Y-hsp60) with a cytomegalovirus promoter and a sequence encoding Yersinia enterocolitica 60-kDa heat shock protein (Y-HSP60) was used for vaccination. After intramuscular injection of pRc/Y-hsp60, Y-hsp60 mRNA could be detected by reverse transcription-PCR in muscle, liver and spleen. A single immunization with pRc/Y-hsp60 induced significant Y-HSP60-specific T cell responses after 1 week. IFN-gamma production by spleen cells upon stimulation with Y-HSP60 was strictly dependent on the presence of CD4+ T cells, indicating the generation of a Th1 response upon DNA immunization. DNA immunization in addition induced strong Y-HSP60-specific IgG2a, weak IgG1, but not IgA antibodies. Immunization of BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice with pRc/Y-hsp60 conferred protection against disseminated Y. enterocolitica infection in spleen, but not at the site of mucosal entry, the Peyer's patches. Furthermore, pRc/Y-hsp60 vaccination did not induce cross-protection against related pathogens. Vaccination of beta2-microglobulin- and H2-I-Abeta-deficient mice was not protective, suggesting that both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are required for protective immunity induced by DNA vaccination.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/immunology
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Bacterial Vaccines/genetics
- Bacterial Vaccines/immunology
- Cell Division
- Chaperonin 60/genetics
- Chaperonin 60/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Immunity, Mucosal/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- RNA, Messenger
- Spleen/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Yersinia Infections/microbiology
- Yersinia Infections/prevention & control
- Yersinia enterocolitica/genetics
- Yersinia enterocolitica/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- A Noll
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut für Hygiene und Medizinische Mikrobiologie, LMU München, Germany
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27
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Zhong W, Gern L, Kramer M, Wallich R, Simon MM. T helper cell priming of mice to Borrelia burgdorferi OspA leads to induction of protective antibodies following experimental but not tick-borne infection. Eur J Immunol 1997; 27:2942-7. [PMID: 9394822 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830271129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies to the outer surface lipoprotein A (OspA) of Borrelia burgdorferi confer protection to SCID mice against subsequent tick-borne or experimental infection. However, OspA-specific antibodies are hardly detectable in naturally infected humans, dogs, hamsters and mice. This is most probably due to limited expression of OspA on spirochetes transmitted from the vector to the host. Here we have tested whether T cell priming of mice would lead to the induction of protective OspA-specific antibodies upon infection. It is shown that AKR/N mice, previously immunized with either a single T helper cell peptide of OspA, or a mixture of 27 peptides spanning the entire molecule, develop OspA-specific IgM or IgG antibodies, including those to a prominent protective B cell epitope of OspA. LA-2, within 7 days of infection with low doses (10(3)) of culture-derived spirochetes. In marked contrast, the same groups of pre-sensitized mice failed to generate any detectable OspA-specific antibodies after tick-borne infection for more than 40 days after infection. All mice, irrespective of their state of T cell immunity to OspA or the mode of infection, produced similar levels of OspC-specific IgM and IgG antibodies as early as day 14 after infection. None of the mice previously immunized with OspA peptides were protected against experimental infection, in spite of the appearance of protective antibodies. It is clear from these data that, in contrast to culture-derived spirochetes, the naturally transmitted pathogen fails to express OspA within the mammalian host at levels sufficient for induction of B cell responses, even in the presence of pre-activated T helper cells. Together with the fact that OspA-specific antibodies are mainly operative by eliminating spirochetes from the vector during infestation, the data suggest that OspA-vaccination for T helper cell immunity alone is not sufficient to prevent Lyme disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zhong
- Max-Planck-Institut für Immunbiologie, Freiburg, Germany
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28
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Zhong W, Wiesmüller KH, Kramer MD, Wallich R, Simon MM. Plasmid DNA and protein vaccination of mice to the outer surface protein A of Borrelia burgdorferi leads to induction of T helper cells with specificity for a major epitope and augmentation of protective IgG antibodies in vivo. Eur J Immunol 1996; 26:2749-57. [PMID: 8921965 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830261130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Plasmid DNA-based vaccination is an efficient way to evoke various forms of protective immunity in laboratory animals. Our previous experiments have shown that mice immunized with either plasmid DNA encoding the outer surface lipoprotein A (pOspA) of Borrelia burgdorferi or the respective lipoprotein (Lip-OspA) produce protective antibodies against subsequent challenge with virulent spirochetes. In the present study, we compared the specificity and function of T cells generated in AKR/N mice previously immunized to either pOspA or Lip-OspA. T cell populations derived by either of the two protocols consistently responded by proliferation in vitro to one (residues 186-203; B4) out of a panel of 27 overlapping 20-mer peptides spanning the entire OspA molecule of strain ZS7. B4 was shown to express allele-specific ligand motifs for I-Ek. Most of the other peptides produced variable and much less pronounced or marginal proliferative T cell responses. T cells reactive to B4 as well as to some minor epitopes were CD4+CD8- T cells which produced IFN-gamma but no detectable IL-4 upon antigen stimulation in vitro. Priming of AKR/N mice with B4 but not with inactive peptides of OspA led to an enhanced production of IgG antibodies, mainly of the IgG1 isotype, including those to a prominent protective epitope (LA-2) upon subsequent challenge with Lip-OspA or intact spirochetes. The data demonstrate that both plasmid DNA and protein immunization with OspA results in T cell responses with specificity for a dominant OspA epitope and suggest that priming of mice with immunodominant peptides accelerates the appearance of protective antibodies in vivo. The identification of T helper cell epitopes relevant for the induction of protective antibodies will also facilitate the design of more potent vaccines against Lyme disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zhong
- Max-Planck-Institut für Immunbiologie, Freiburg, Germany
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