1
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Scotland BL, Cottingham AL, Lasola JJM, Hoag SW, Pearson RM. Development of protein-polymer conjugate nanoparticles for modulation of dendritic cell phenotype and antigen-specific CD4 T cell responses. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2023; 5:8794-8807. [PMID: 38911349 PMCID: PMC11192461 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.3c00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) comprised of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) have found success in modulating antigen (Ag)-specific T cell responses for the treatment multiple immunological diseases. Common methods by which Ags are associated with NPs are through encapsulation and surface conjugation; however, these methods suffer from several limitations, including uncontrolled Ag loading, burst release, and potential immune recognition. To overcome these limitations and study the relationship between NP design parameters and modulation of innate and Ag-specific adaptive immune cell responses, we developed ovalbumin (OVA) protein-PLGA bioconjugate NPs (acNP-OVA). OVA was first modified by conjugation with multiple PLGA polymers to synthesize OVA-PLGA conjugates, followed by precise combination with unmodified PLGA to form acNP-OVA with well-defined Ag loadings, reduced burst release, and reduced antibody recognition. Expression of MHC II, CD80, and CD86 on bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) increased as a function of acNP-OVA Ag loading. NanoString studies using BMDCs showed that PLGA NPs generally induced anti-inflammatory gene expression profiles independent of the Ag delivery method, where S100a9, Sell, and Ppbp were most significantly reduced. Co-culture studies using acNP-OVA-treated BMDCs and OT-II CD4+ T cells revealed that Ag-specific T cell activation, expansion, and differentiation were dependent on Ag loading and formulation parameters. CD25 expression was induced using acNP-OVA with the lowest Ag loading; however, the induction of robust CD4+ T cell proliferative and cytokine responses required acNP-OVA formulations with higher Ag loading, which was supported using a regulatory T cell (Treg) induction assay. The distinct differences in Ag loading required to achieve various T cell responses supported the concept of an Ag loading threshold for Ag-specific immunotherapy. We anticipate this work will help guide NP designs and aid in the future development of NP-based immunotherapies for Ag-specific immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna L. Scotland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Andrea L. Cottingham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jackline Joy M. Lasola
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Stephen W. Hoag
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Ryan M. Pearson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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2
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Badten A, Ramirez A, Hernandez-Davies JE, Albin TJ, Jain A, Nakajima R, Felgner J, Davies DH, Wang SW. Protein Nanoparticle-Mediated Delivery of Recombinant Influenza Hemagglutinin Enhances Immunogenicity and Breadth of the Antibody Response. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:239-252. [PMID: 36607269 PMCID: PMC9926493 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The vast majority of seasonal influenza vaccines administered each year are derived from virus propagated in eggs using technology that has changed little since the 1930s. The immunogenicity, durability, and breadth of response would likely benefit from a recombinant nanoparticle-based approach. Although the E2 protein nanoparticle (NP) platform has been previously shown to promote effective cell-mediated responses to peptide epitopes, it has not yet been reported to deliver whole protein antigens. In this study, we synthesized a novel maleimido tris-nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) linker to couple protein hemagglutinin (HA) from H1N1 influenza virus to the E2 NP, and we evaluated the HA-specific antibody responses using protein microarrays. We found that recombinant H1 protein alone is immunogenic in mice but requires two boosts for IgG to be detected and is strongly IgG1 (Th2) polarized. When conjugated to E2 NPs, IgG2c is produced leading to a more balanced Th1/Th2 response. Inclusion of the Toll-like receptor 4 agonist monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) significantly enhances the immunogenicity of H1-E2 NPs while retaining the Th1/Th2 balance. Interestingly, broader homo- and heterosubtypic cross-reactivity is also observed for conjugated H1-E2 with MPLA, compared to unconjugated H1 with or without MPLA. These results highlight the potential of an NP-based delivery of HA for tuning the immunogenicity, breadth, and Th1/Th2 balance generated by recombinant HA-based vaccination. Furthermore, the modularity of this protein-protein conjugation strategy may have utility for future vaccine development against other human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander
J. Badten
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vaccine Research and Development
Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Aaron Ramirez
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vaccine Research and Development
Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jenny E. Hernandez-Davies
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vaccine Research and Development
Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Tyler J. Albin
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vaccine Research and Development
Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Aarti Jain
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vaccine Research and Development
Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Rie Nakajima
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vaccine Research and Development
Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jiin Felgner
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vaccine Research and Development
Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - D. Huw Davies
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vaccine Research and Development
Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Szu-Wen Wang
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vaccine Research and Development
Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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3
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A bead-based method for high-throughput mapping of the sequence- and force-dependence of T cell activation. Nat Methods 2022; 19:1295-1305. [PMID: 36064771 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-022-01592-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive immunity relies on T lymphocytes that use αβ T cell receptors (TCRs) to discriminate among peptides presented by major histocompatibility complex molecules (pMHCs). Identifying pMHCs capable of inducing robust T cell responses will not only enable a deeper understanding of the mechanisms governing immune responses but could also have broad applications in diagnosis and treatment. T cell recognition of sparse antigenic pMHCs in vivo relies on biomechanical forces. However, in vitro screening methods test potential pMHCs without force and often at high (nonphysiological) pMHC densities and thus fail to predict potent agonists in vivo. Here, we present a technology termed BATTLES (biomechanically assisted T cell triggering for large-scale exogenous-pMHC screening) that uses biomechanical force to initiate T cell triggering for peptides and cells in parallel. BATTLES displays candidate pMHCs on spectrally encoded beads composed of a thermo-responsive polymer capable of applying shear loads to T cells, facilitating exploration of the force- and sequence-dependent landscape of T cell responses. BATTLES can be used to explore basic T cell mechanobiology and T cell-based immunotherapies.
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4
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Britain DM, Town JP, Weiner OD. Progressive enhancement of kinetic proofreading in T cell antigen discrimination from receptor activation to DAG generation. eLife 2022; 11:e75263. [PMID: 36125261 PMCID: PMC9536835 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells use kinetic proofreading to discriminate antigens by converting small changes in antigen-binding lifetime into large differences in cell activation, but where in the signaling cascade this computation is performed is unknown. Previously, we developed a light-gated immune receptor to probe the role of ligand kinetics in T cell antigen signaling. We found significant kinetic proofreading at the level of the signaling lipid diacylglycerol (DAG) but lacked the ability to determine where the multiple signaling steps required for kinetic discrimination originate in the upstream signaling cascade (Tiseher and Weiner, 2019). Here, we uncover where kinetic proofreading is executed by adapting our optogenetic system for robust activation of early signaling events. We find the strength of kinetic proofreading progressively increases from Zap70 recruitment to LAT clustering to downstream DAG generation. Leveraging the ability of our system to rapidly disengage ligand binding, we also measure slower reset rates for downstream signaling events. These data suggest a distributed kinetic proofreading mechanism, with proofreading steps both at the receptor and at slower resetting downstream signaling complexes that could help balance antigen sensitivity and discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek M Britain
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Jason P Town
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Orion David Weiner
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
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5
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Gigoux M, Holmström MO, Zappasodi R, Park JJ, Pourpe S, Bozkus CC, Mangarin LMB, Redmond D, Verma S, Schad S, George MM, Venkatesh D, Ghosh A, Hoyos D, Molvi Z, Kamaz B, Marneth AE, Duke W, Leventhal MJ, Jan M, Ho VT, Hobbs GS, Knudsen TA, Skov V, Kjær L, Larsen TS, Hansen DL, Lindsley RC, Hasselbalch H, Grauslund JH, Lisle TL, Met Ö, Wilkinson P, Greenbaum B, Sepulveda MA, Chan T, Rampal R, Andersen MH, Abdel-Wahab O, Bhardwaj N, Wolchok JD, Mullally A, Merghoub T. Calreticulin mutant myeloproliferative neoplasms induce MHC-I skewing, which can be overcome by an optimized peptide cancer vaccine. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eaba4380. [PMID: 35704596 PMCID: PMC11182673 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aba4380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The majority of JAK2V617F-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) have disease-initiating frameshift mutations in calreticulin (CALR), resulting in a common carboxyl-terminal mutant fragment (CALRMUT), representing an attractive source of neoantigens for cancer vaccines. However, studies have shown that CALRMUT-specific T cells are rare in patients with CALRMUT MPN for unknown reasons. We examined class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC-I) allele frequencies in patients with CALRMUT MPN from two independent cohorts. We observed that MHC-I alleles that present CALRMUT neoepitopes with high affinity are underrepresented in patients with CALRMUT MPN. We speculated that this was due to an increased chance of immune-mediated tumor rejection by individuals expressing one of these MHC-I alleles such that the disease never clinically manifested. As a consequence of this MHC-I allele restriction, we reasoned that patients with CALRMUT MPN would not efficiently respond to a CALRMUT fragment cancer vaccine but would when immunized with a modified CALRMUT heteroclitic peptide vaccine approach. We found that heteroclitic CALRMUT peptides specifically designed for the MHC-I alleles of patients with CALRMUT MPN efficiently elicited a CALRMUT cross-reactive CD8+ T cell response in human peripheral blood samples but not to the matched weakly immunogenic CALRMUT native peptides. We corroborated this effect in vivo in mice and observed that C57BL/6J mice can mount a CD8+ T cell response to the CALRMUT fragment upon immunization with a CALRMUT heteroclitic, but not native, peptide. Together, our data emphasize the therapeutic potential of heteroclitic peptide-based cancer vaccines in patients with CALRMUT MPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Gigoux
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Immuno-Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Morten O. Holmström
- Department of Oncology, National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Herlev Hospital, Herlev 2730, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev 2730, Denmark
| | - Roberta Zappasodi
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Immuno-Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Joseph J. Park
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Stephane Pourpe
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Levi M. B. Mangarin
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Immuno-Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - David Redmond
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Svena Verma
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Immuno-Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sara Schad
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Immuno-Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mariam M. George
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Immuno-Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Divya Venkatesh
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Immuno-Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Arnab Ghosh
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Immuno-Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplantation Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - David Hoyos
- Computational Oncology, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Zaki Molvi
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Baransel Kamaz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anna E. Marneth
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - William Duke
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Max Jan
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Vincent T. Ho
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gabriela S. Hobbs
- Department of Medical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Trine Alma Knudsen
- Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - Vibe Skov
- Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - Lasse Kjær
- Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | | | - Dennis Lund Hansen
- Department of Hematology, Odense University Hospital, Odense 5000, Denmark
| | - R. Coleman Lindsley
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hans Hasselbalch
- Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - Jacob H. Grauslund
- Department of Oncology, National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Herlev Hospital, Herlev 2730, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev 2730, Denmark
| | - Thomas L. Lisle
- Department of Oncology, National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Herlev Hospital, Herlev 2730, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev 2730, Denmark
| | - Özcan Met
- Department of Oncology, National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Herlev Hospital, Herlev 2730, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev 2730, Denmark
| | - Patrick Wilkinson
- Janssen Oncology Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, PA 19002, USA
| | - Benjamin Greenbaum
- Computational Oncology, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Manuel A. Sepulveda
- Janssen Oncology Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, PA 19002, USA
| | - Timothy Chan
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Immunogenomics and Precision Oncology Platform, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Raajit Rampal
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Leukemia Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mads H. Andersen
- Department of Oncology, National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Herlev Hospital, Herlev 2730, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev 2730, Denmark
| | - Omar Abdel-Wahab
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Leukemia Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nina Bhardwaj
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jedd D. Wolchok
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Immuno-Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ann Mullally
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Taha Merghoub
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Immuno-Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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6
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Mansilla-Soto J, Eyquem J, Haubner S, Hamieh M, Feucht J, Paillon N, Zucchetti AE, Li Z, Sjöstrand M, Lindenbergh PL, Saetersmoen M, Dobrin A, Maurin M, Iyer A, Garcia Angus A, Miele MM, Zhao Z, Giavridis T, van der Stegen SJC, Tamzalit F, Rivière I, Huse M, Hendrickson RC, Hivroz C, Sadelain M. HLA-independent T cell receptors for targeting tumors with low antigen density. Nat Med 2022; 28:345-352. [PMID: 35027758 PMCID: PMC9469647 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01621-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are receptors for antigen that direct potent immune responses. Tumor escape associated with low target antigen expression is emerging as one potential limitation of their efficacy. Here we edit the TRAC locus in human peripheral blood T cells to engage cell-surface targets through their T cell receptor-CD3 complex reconfigured to utilize the same immunoglobulin heavy and light chains as a matched CAR. We demonstrate that these HLA-independent T cell receptors (HIT receptors) consistently afford high antigen sensitivity and mediate tumor recognition beyond what CD28-based CARs, the most sensitive design to date, can provide. We demonstrate that the functional persistence of HIT T cells can be augmented by constitutive coexpression of CD80 and 4-1BBL. Finally, we validate the increased antigen sensitivity afforded by HIT receptors in xenograft mouse models of B cell leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia, targeting CD19 and CD70, respectively. Overall, HIT receptors are well suited for targeting cell surface antigens of low abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Mansilla-Soto
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Justin Eyquem
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hemato-Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sascha Haubner
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mohamad Hamieh
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Judith Feucht
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT, University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Noémie Paillon
- Institute Curie, Université PSL, U932 INSERM, Integrative Analysis of T cell Activation Team, Paris, France
| | - Andrés Ernesto Zucchetti
- Institute Curie, Université PSL, U932 INSERM, Integrative Analysis of T cell Activation Team, Paris, France
| | - Zhuoning Li
- Microchemistry and Proteomics Core Laboratory, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria Sjöstrand
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pieter L Lindenbergh
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michelle Saetersmoen
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anton Dobrin
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mathieu Maurin
- Institute Curie, Université PSL, U932 INSERM, Integrative Analysis of T cell Activation Team, Paris, France
| | - Archana Iyer
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andreina Garcia Angus
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew M Miele
- Microchemistry and Proteomics Core Laboratory, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zeguo Zhao
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Theodoros Giavridis
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Mnemo Therapeutics, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sjoukje J C van der Stegen
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fella Tamzalit
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Isabelle Rivière
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Cell Therapy and Cell Engineering Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Morgan Huse
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ronald C Hendrickson
- Microchemistry and Proteomics Core Laboratory, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Claire Hivroz
- Institute Curie, Université PSL, U932 INSERM, Integrative Analysis of T cell Activation Team, Paris, France
| | - Michel Sadelain
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA.
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7
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Danelli L, Cornish G, Merkenschlager J, Kassiotis G. Default polyfunctional T helper 1 response to ample signal 1 alone. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:1809-1822. [PMID: 32313208 PMCID: PMC8245500 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0415-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells integrate well-defined signals from the T-cell receptor (TCR) (signal 1) and a host of costimulatory molecules (signal 2) to initiate clonal expansion and differentiation into diverse functional T helper (Th) subsets. However, our ability to guide the expansion of context-appropriate Th subsets by deploying these signals in vaccination remains limited. Using cell-based vaccines, we selectively amplified signal 1 by exclusive presentation of an optimized peptide:MHC II (pMHC II) complex in the absence of classic costimulation. Contrary to expectations, amplified signal 1 alone was strongly immunogenic and selectively expanded high-affinity TCR clonotypes, despite delivering intense TCR signals. In contrast to natural infection or standard vaccines, amplified signal 1, presented by a variety of professional and nonprofessional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), induced exclusively polyfunctional Th1 effector and memory cells, which protected against retroviral infection and tumor challenge, and expanded tumor-reactive CD4+ T cells otherwise rendered unresponsive in tumor-bearing hosts. Together, our findings uncover a default Th1 response to ample signal 1 and offer a means to selectively prime such protective responses by vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Danelli
- Retroviral Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Georgina Cornish
- Retroviral Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Julia Merkenschlager
- Retroviral Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - George Kassiotis
- Retroviral Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK.
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8
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Martín‐Leal A, Blanco R, Casas J, Sáez ME, Rodríguez‐Bovolenta E, de Rojas I, Drechsler C, Real LM, Fabrias G, Ruíz A, Castro M, Schamel WWA, Alarcón B, van Santen HM, Mañes S. CCR5 deficiency impairs CD4 + T-cell memory responses and antigenic sensitivity through increased ceramide synthesis. EMBO J 2020; 39:e104749. [PMID: 32525588 PMCID: PMC7396835 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020104749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CCR5 is not only a coreceptor for HIV-1 infection in CD4+ T cells, but also contributes to their functional fitness. Here, we show that by limiting transcription of specific ceramide synthases, CCR5 signaling reduces ceramide levels and thereby increases T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) nanoclustering in antigen-experienced mouse and human CD4+ T cells. This activity is CCR5-specific and independent of CCR5 co-stimulatory activity. CCR5-deficient mice showed reduced production of high-affinity class-switched antibodies, but only after antigen rechallenge, which implies an impaired memory CD4+ T-cell response. This study identifies a CCR5 function in the generation of CD4+ T-cell memory responses and establishes an antigen-independent mechanism that regulates TCR nanoclustering by altering specific lipid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Martín‐Leal
- Department of Immunology and OncologyCentro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB/CSIC)MadridSpain
| | - Raquel Blanco
- Department of Immunology and OncologyCentro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB/CSIC)MadridSpain
| | - Josefina Casas
- Department of Biological ChemistryInstitute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC‐CSIC)BarcelonaSpain
- CIBER Liver and Digestive Diseases (CIBER‐EDH)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - María E Sáez
- Centro Andaluz de Estudios Bioinformáticos (CAEBi)SevilleSpain
| | - Elena Rodríguez‐Bovolenta
- Department of Cell Biology and ImmunologyCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO/CSIC)MadridSpain
| | - Itziar de Rojas
- Alzheimer Research CenterMemory Clinic of the Fundació ACEInstitut Català de Neurociències AplicadesBarcelonaSpain
| | - Carina Drechsler
- Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSSUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Department of ImmunologyFaculty of BiologyUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Luis Miguel Real
- Unit of Infectious Diseases and MicrobiologyHospital Universitario de ValmeSevilleSpain
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and ImmunologySchool of MedicineUniversidad de MálagaMálagaSpain
| | - Gemma Fabrias
- Department of Biological ChemistryInstitute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC‐CSIC)BarcelonaSpain
- CIBER Liver and Digestive Diseases (CIBER‐EDH)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Agustín Ruíz
- Alzheimer Research CenterMemory Clinic of the Fundació ACEInstitut Català de Neurociències AplicadesBarcelonaSpain
- CIBER Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Mario Castro
- Interdisciplinary Group of Complex SystemsEscuela Técnica Superior de IngenieríaUniversidad Pontificia ComillasMadridSpain
| | - Wolfgang WA Schamel
- Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSSUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Department of ImmunologyFaculty of BiologyUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI)University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Balbino Alarcón
- Department of Cell Biology and ImmunologyCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO/CSIC)MadridSpain
| | - Hisse M van Santen
- Department of Cell Biology and ImmunologyCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO/CSIC)MadridSpain
| | - Santos Mañes
- Department of Immunology and OncologyCentro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB/CSIC)MadridSpain
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9
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Jun JE, Kulhanek KR, Chen H, Chakraborty A, Roose JP. Alternative ZAP70-p38 signals prime a classical p38 pathway through LAT and SOS to support regulatory T cell differentiation. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/591/eaao0736. [PMID: 31337738 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aao0736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation activates diverse kinase pathways, which include the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) ERK and p38, the phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks), and the kinase mTOR. Although TCR stimulation activates the p38 pathway through a "classical" MAPK cascade that is mediated by the adaptor protein LAT, it also stimulates an "alternative" pathway in which p38 is activated by the kinase ZAP70. Here, we used dual-parameter, phosphoflow cytometry and in silico computation to investigate how both classical and alternative p38 pathways contribute to T cell activation. We found that basal ZAP70 activation in resting T cell lines reduced the threshold ("primed") TCR-stimulated activation of the classical p38 pathway. Classical p38 signals were reduced after T cell-specific deletion of the guanine nucleotide exchange factors Sos1 and Sos2, which are essential LAT signalosome components. As a consequence of Sos1/2 deficiency, production of the cytokine IL-2 was impaired, differentiation into regulatory T cells was reduced, and the autoimmune disease EAE was exacerbated in mice. These data suggest that the classical and alternative p38 activation pathways exist to generate immune balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse E Jun
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kayla R Kulhanek
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Hang Chen
- Departments of Chemical Engineering, Chemistry, and Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Arup Chakraborty
- Departments of Chemical Engineering, Chemistry, and Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jeroen P Roose
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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10
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Tallapaka SB, Karuturi BVK, Yeapuri P, Curran SM, Sonawane YA, Phillips JA, David Smith D, Sanderson SD, Vetro JA. Surface conjugation of EP67 to biodegradable nanoparticles increases the generation of long-lived mucosal and systemic memory T-cells by encapsulated protein vaccine after respiratory immunization and subsequent T-cell-mediated protection against respiratory infection. Int J Pharm 2019; 565:242-257. [PMID: 31077762 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Encapsulation of protein vaccines in biodegradable nanoparticles (NP) increases T-cell expansion after mucosal immunization but requires incorporating a suitable immunostimulant to increase long-lived memory T-cells. EP67 is a clinically viable, host-derived peptide agonist of the C5a receptor that selectively activates antigen presenting cells over neutrophils. We previously found that encapsulating EP67-conjugated CTL peptide vaccines in NP increases long-lived memory subsets of CTL after respiratory immunization. Thus, we hypothesized that alternatively conjugating EP67 to the NP surface can increase long-lived mucosal and systemic memory T-cells generated by encapsulated protein vaccines. We found that respiratory immunization of naïve female C57BL/6 mice with LPS-free ovalbumin (OVA) encapsulated in PLGA 50:50 NP (∼380 nm diameter) surface-conjugated with ∼0.1 wt% EP67 through 2 kDa PEG linkers (i) increased T-cell expansion and long-lived memory subsets of OVA323-339-specific CD4+ and OVA257-264-specific CD8a+ T-cells in the lungs (CD44HI/CD127/KLRG1) and spleen (CD44HI/CD127/KLRG1/CD62L) and (ii) decreased peak CFU of OVA-expressing L. monocytogenes (LM-OVA) in the lungs, liver, and spleen after respiratory challenge vs. encapsulation in unmodified NP. Thus, conjugating EP67 to the NP surface is one approach to increase the generation of long-lived mucosal and systemic memory T-cells by encapsulated protein vaccines after respiratory immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra B Tallapaka
- DILIsym Services Inc., Six Davis Drive, PO Box 12317, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA(1)
| | - Bala V K Karuturi
- Mylan Pharmaceuticals Inc., 781 Chestnut Ridge Road, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA(1)
| | - Pravin Yeapuri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, USA
| | - Stephen M Curran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, USA
| | - Yogesh A Sonawane
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Omaha, NE 68022, USA
| | - Joy A Phillips
- Donald P. Shiley BioScience Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92115, USA
| | - D David Smith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Sam D Sanderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, USA
| | - Joseph A Vetro
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, USA.
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11
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Tischer DK, Weiner OD. Light-based tuning of ligand half-life supports kinetic proofreading model of T cell signaling. eLife 2019; 8:42498. [PMID: 30947808 PMCID: PMC6488292 DOI: 10.7554/elife.42498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are thought to discriminate self from foreign peptides by converting small differences in ligand binding half-life into large changes in cell signaling. Such a kinetic proofreading model has been difficult to test directly, as existing methods of altering ligand binding half-life also change other potentially important biophysical parameters, most notably the mechanical stability of the receptor-ligand interaction. Here we develop an optogenetic approach to specifically tune the binding half-life of a chimeric antigen receptor without changing other binding parameters and provide direct evidence of kinetic proofreading in T cell signaling. This half-life discrimination is executed in the proximal signaling pathway, downstream of ZAP70 recruitment and upstream of diacylglycerol accumulation. Our methods represent a general tool for temporal and spatial control of T cell signaling and extend the reach of optogenetics to probe pathways where the individual molecular kinetics, rather than the ensemble average, gates downstream signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doug K Tischer
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Orion David Weiner
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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12
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Brummer G, Acevedo DS, Hu Q, Portsche M, Fang WB, Yao M, Zinda B, Myers M, Alvarez N, Fields P, Hong Y, Behbod F, Cheng N. Chemokine Signaling Facilitates Early-Stage Breast Cancer Survival and Invasion through Fibroblast-Dependent Mechanisms. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 16:296-308. [PMID: 29133591 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is the most common form of breast cancer, with 50,000 cases diagnosed every year in the United States. Overtreatment and undertreatment remain significant clinical challenges in patient care. Identifying key mechanisms associated with DCIS progression could uncover new biomarkers to better predict patient prognosis and improve guided treatment. Chemokines are small soluble molecules that regulate cellular homing through molecular gradients. CCL2-mediated recruitment of CCR2+ macrophages are a well-established mechanism for metastatic progression. Although the CCL2/CCR2 pathway is a therapeutic target of interest, little is known about the role of CCR2 expression in breast cancer. Here, using a mammary intraductal injection (MIND) model to mimic DCIS formation, the role of CCR2 was explored in minimally invasive SUM225 and highly invasive DCIS.com breast cancer cells. CCR2 overexpression increased SUM225 breast cancer survival and invasion associated with accumulation of CCL2 expressing fibroblasts. CCR2-deficient DCIS.com breast cancer cells formed fewer invasive lesions with fewer CCL2+ fibroblasts. Cografting CCL2-deficient fibroblasts with DCIS.com breast cancer cells in the subrenal capsule model inhibited tumor invasion and survival associated with decreased expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH1), a proinvasive factor, and decreased expression of HTRA2, a proapoptotic serine protease. Through data mining analysis, high expression of CCR2 and ALDH1 and low HTRA2 expression were correlated with poor prognosis of breast cancer patients.Implications: This study demonstrates that CCR2 overexpression in breast cancer drives early-stage breast cancer progression through stromal-dependent expression of CCL2 with important insight into prognosis and treatment of DCIS. Mol Cancer Res; 16(2); 296-308. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gage Brummer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Diana S Acevedo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Qingting Hu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Mike Portsche
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Wei Bin Fang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Min Yao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Brandon Zinda
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Megan Myers
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Nehemiah Alvarez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Patrick Fields
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Yan Hong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Fariba Behbod
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Nikki Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.
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13
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Hickey JW, Vicente FP, Howard GP, Mao HQ, Schneck JP. Biologically Inspired Design of Nanoparticle Artificial Antigen-Presenting Cells for Immunomodulation. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:7045-7054. [PMID: 28994285 PMCID: PMC6709596 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b03734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Particles engineered to engage and interact with cell surface ligands and to modulate cells can be harnessed to explore basic biological questions as well as to devise cellular therapies. Biology has inspired the design of these particles, such as artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPCs) for use in immunotherapy. While much has been learned about mimicking antigen presenting cell biology, as we decrease the size of aAPCs to the nanometer scale, we need to extend biomimetic design to include considerations of T cell biology-including T-cell receptor (TCR) organization. Here we describe the first quantitative analysis of particle size effect on aAPCs with both Signals 1 and 2 based on T cell biology. We show that aAPCs, larger than 300 nm, activate T cells more efficiently than smaller aAPCs, 50 nm. The 50 nm aAPCs require saturating doses or require artificial magnetic clustering to activate T cells. Increasing ligand density alone on the 50 nm aAPCs did not increase their ability to stimulate CD8+ T cells, confirming the size-dependent phenomenon. These data support the need for multireceptor ligation and activation of T-cell receptor (TCR) nanoclusters of similar sizes to 300 nm aAPCs. Quantitative analysis and modeling of a nanoparticle system provides insight into engineering constraints of aAPCs for T cell immunotherapy applications and offers a case study for other cell-modulating particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W. Hickey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine
- Institute for Cell Engineering, School of Medicine
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology
| | | | - Gregory P. Howard
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology
| | - Hai-Quan Mao
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering
| | - Jonathan P. Schneck
- Institute for Cell Engineering, School of Medicine
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
- Corresponding Author: . Phone: 410-614-4589
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14
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Sherman E. Resolving protein interactions and organization downstream the T cell antigen receptor using single-molecule localization microscopy: a review. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2016. [DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/4/2/022002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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MHC class II super-enhancer increases surface expression of HLA-DR and HLA-DQ and affects cytokine production in autoimmune vitiligo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:1363-8. [PMID: 26787888 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1523482113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic risk for autoimmunity in HLA genes is most often attributed to structural specificity resulting in presentation of self-antigens. Autoimmune vitiligo is strongly associated with the MHC class II region. Here, we fine-map vitiligo MHC class II genetic risk to three SNPs only 47 bp apart, located within a predicted super-enhancer in an intergenic region between HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQA1, localized by a genome-wide association study of 2,853 Caucasian vitiligo patients. The super-enhancer corresponds to an expression quantitative trait locus for expression of HLA-DR and HLA-DQ RNA; we observed elevated surface expression of HLA-DR (P = 0.008) and HLA-DQ (P = 0.02) on monocytes from healthy subjects homozygous for the high-risk SNP haplotype. Unexpectedly, pathogen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from subjects homozygous for the high-risk super-enhancer haplotype exhibited greater increase in production of IFN-γ and IL-1β than cells from subjects homozygous for the low-risk haplotype. Specifically, production of IFN-γ on stimulation of dectin-1, mannose, and Toll-like receptors with Candida albicans and Staphylococcus epidermidis was 2.5- and 2.9-fold higher in high-risk subjects than in low-risk subjects, respectively (P = 0.007 and P = 0.01). Similarly, production of IL-1β was fivefold higher in high-risk subjects than in low-risk subjects (P = 0.02). Increased production of immunostimulatory cytokines in subjects carrying the high-risk haplotype may act as an "adjuvant" during the presentation of autoantigens, tying together genetic variation in the MHC with the development of autoimmunity. This study demonstrates that for risk of autoimmune vitiligo, expression level of HLA class II molecules is as or more important than antigen specificity.
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16
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Ji J, Griffiths KL, Milburn PJ, Hirst TR, O'Neill HC. The B subunit of Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin alters the development and antigen-presenting capacity of dendritic cells. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:2019-31. [PMID: 26130503 PMCID: PMC4549052 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli's heat-labile enterotoxin (Etx) and its non-toxic B subunit (EtxB) have been characterized as adjuvants capable of enhancing T cell responses to co-administered antigen. Here, we investigate the direct effect of intravenously administered EtxB on the size of the dendritic and myeloid cell populations in spleen. EtxB treatment appears to enhance the development and turnover of dendritic and myeloid cells from precursors within the spleen. EtxB treatment also gives a dendritic cell (DC) population with higher viability and lower activation status based on the reduced expression of MHC-II, CD80 and CD86. In this respect, the in vivo effect of EtxB differs from that of the highly inflammatory mediator lipopolysaccharide. In in vitro bone marrow cultures, EtxB treatment was also found to enhance the development of DC from precursors dependent on Flt3L. In terms of the in vivo effect of EtxB on CD4 and CD8 T cell responses in mice, the interaction of EtxB directly with DC was demonstrated following conditional depletion of CD11c(+) DC. In summary, all results are consistent with EtxB displaying adjuvant ability by enhancing the turnover of DC in spleen, leading to newly mature myeloid and DC in spleen, thereby increasing DC capacity to perform as antigen-presenting cells on encounter with T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ji
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Kristin L Griffiths
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Peter J Milburn
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Timothy R Hirst
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Helen C O'Neill
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD 4229, Australia
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17
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Beck-García K, Beck-García E, Bohler S, Zorzin C, Sezgin E, Levental I, Alarcón B, Schamel WW. Nanoclusters of the resting T cell antigen receptor (TCR) localize to non-raft domains. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:802-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Davenport AJ, Jenkins MR, Cross RS, Yong CS, Prince HM, Ritchie DS, Trapani JA, Kershaw MH, Darcy PK, Neeson PJ. CAR-T Cells Inflict Sequential Killing of Multiple Tumor Target Cells. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 3:483-94. [PMID: 25711536 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-15-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive therapy with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells shows great promise clinically. However, there are important aspects of CAR-T-cell biology that have not been explored, particularly with respect to the kinetics of activation, immune synapse formation, and tumor cell killing. Moreover, the effects of signaling via the endogenous T-cell receptor (TCR) or CAR on killing kinetics are unclear. To address these issues, we developed a novel transgenic mouse (designated CAR.OT-I), in which CD8(+) T cells coexpressed the clonogenic OT-I TCR, recognizing the H-2K(b)-presented ovalbumin peptide SIINFEKL, and an scFv specific for human HER2. Primed CAR.OT-I T cells were mixed with SIINFEKL-pulsed or HER2-expressing tumor cells and visualized in real-time using time-lapse microscopy. We found that engagement via CAR or TCR did not affect cell death kinetics, except that the time from degranulation to CAR-T-cell detachment was faster when CAR was engaged. We showed, for the first time, that individual CAR.OT-I cells can kill multiple tumor cells ("serial killing"), irrespective of the mode of recognition. At low effector:target ratios, the tumor cell killing rate was similar via TCR or CAR ligation over the first 20 hours of coincubation. However, from 20 to 50 hours, tumor cell death mediated through CAR became attenuated due to CAR downregulation throughout the time course. Our study provides important insights into CAR-T-tumor cell interactions, with implications for single- or dual receptor-focused T-cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Davenport
- Cancer Immunology Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. The ACRF Translational Research Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Misty R Jenkins
- Cancer Immunology Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ryan S Cross
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. Differentiation and Transcription Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carmen S Yong
- Cancer Immunology Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - H Miles Prince
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David S Ritchie
- Cancer Immunology Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. The ACRF Translational Research Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. Department of Clinical Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joseph A Trapani
- Cancer Immunology Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael H Kershaw
- Cancer Immunology Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Phillip K Darcy
- Cancer Immunology Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Paul J Neeson
- Cancer Immunology Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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A mechanistic, multiscale mathematical model of immunogenicity for therapeutic proteins: part 1-theoretical model. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 3:e133. [PMID: 25184733 PMCID: PMC4211265 DOI: 10.1038/psp.2014.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A mechanistic, multiscale mathematical model of immunogenicity for therapeutic proteins was formulated by recapitulating key biological mechanisms, including antigen presentation, activation, proliferation, and differentiation of immune cells, secretion of antidrug antibodies (ADA), as well as in vivo disposition of ADA and therapeutic proteins. This system-level model contains three scales: a subcellular level representing antigen presentation processes by dendritic cells; a cellular level accounting for cell kinetics during humoral immune response; and a whole-body level accounting for therapeutic protein in vivo disposition. The model simulations for in vivo responses against antigenic protein challenge are consistent with many known immunological observations. By simulating immune responses under various initial parameter conditions, the model suggests hypotheses for future experimental investigation and contributes to the mechanistic understanding of immunogenicity. With future experimental validation, this model may potentially provide a platform to generate and test hypotheses about immunogenicity risk assessment and ultimately aid in immunogenicity prediction.
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20
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A sharp T-cell antigen receptor signaling threshold for T-cell proliferation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E3679-88. [PMID: 25136127 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1413726111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) signaling is essential for activation, proliferation, and effector function of T cells. Modulation of both intensity and duration of TCR signaling can regulate these events. However, it remains unclear how individual T cells integrate such signals over time to make critical cell-fate decisions. We have previously developed an engineered mutant allele of the critical T-cell kinase zeta-chain-associated protein kinase 70 kDa (Zap70) that is catalytically inhibited by a small molecule inhibitor, thereby blocking TCR signaling specifically and efficiently. We have also characterized a fluorescent reporter Nur77-eGFP transgenic mouse line in which T cells up-regulate GFP uniquely in response to TCR stimulation. The combination of these technologies unmasked a sharp TCR signaling threshold for commitment to cell division both in vitro and in vivo. Further, we demonstrate that this threshold is independent of both the magnitude of the TCR stimulus and Interleukin 2. Similarly, we identify a temporal threshold of TCR signaling that is required for commitment to proliferation, after which T cells are able to proliferate in a Zap70 kinase-independent manner. Taken together, our studies reveal a sharp threshold for the magnitude and duration of TCR signaling required for commitment of T cells to proliferation. These results have important implications for understanding T-cell responses to infection and optimizing strategies for immunomodulatory drug delivery.
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21
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Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a destructive autoimmune disease that mainly affects synovial joints. RA patients can be subdivided in two distinct disease subsets based on the presence of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA). These two disease phenotypes are associated with different environmental and genetic risk factors and clinical parameters. The HLA class II locus is the most important risk factor for ACPA-positive RA (ACPA+ RA). ACPA can be found up to 10 years before diagnosis and can be used as a predictive biomarker. During progression from breaking tolerance to a citrullinated protein to ACPA+ RA, the ACPA response matures. Recent work implicates the HLA class II locus as a risk factor in the progression from ACPA positivity to ACPA+ RA. We now propose that this locus directly influences the maturation of the ACPA response, most likely via antigen-specific T-cells providing help to ACPA-producing B-cells allowing for maturation of the citrullinated protein-specific autoantibody response. We present and discuss several models and underlying data, including antibody cross-reactivity, molecular mimicry, and neo-antigen formation, that could explain the HLA-RA connection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurgen van Heemst
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , The Netherlands
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22
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Tveita AA, Schjesvold FH, Sundnes O, Haabeth OAW, Haraldsen G, Bogen B. Indirect CD4+ T-cell-mediated elimination of MHC II(NEG) tumor cells is spatially restricted and fails to prevent escape of antigen-negative cells. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:2625-37. [PMID: 24846412 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-specific Th1 cells can activate tumor-infiltrating macrophages that eliminate MHC class II negative (MHC II(NEG)) tumor cells. Activated M1-like macrophages lack antigen (Ag) receptors, and are presumably unable to discriminate and thus kill both Ag-positive (Ag(POS)) and Ag-negative (Ag(NEG)) tumor cells (bystander killing). The lack of specificity of macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity might be of clinical importance as it could provide a means of avoiding tumor escape. Here, we have tested this idea using mixed populations of Ag(POS) and Ag(NEG) tumor cells in a TCR-transgenic model in which CD4(+) T cells recognize a secreted tumor-specific antigen. Surprisingly, while Ag(POS) tumor cells were recognized and rejected, Ag(NEG) cells grew unimpeded and formed tumors. We further demonstrated that macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity was spatially restricted to areas dominated by Ag(POS) tumor cells, sparing Ag(NEG) tumor cells in the vicinity. As a consequence, macrophage tumoricidal activity did not confer bystander killing in vivo. The present results offer novel insight into the mechanisms of indirect Th1-mediated elimination of MHC II(NEG) tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders A Tveita
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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23
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Aebischer T. Leishmania spp. Proteome Data Sets: A Comprehensive Resource for Vaccine Development to Target Visceral Leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2014; 5:260. [PMID: 24959165 PMCID: PMC4050426 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a neglected infectious disease caused primarily by Leishmania donovani and Leishmania infantum protozoan parasites. A significant number of infections take a fatal course. Drug therapy is available but still costly and parasites resistant to first line drugs are observed. Despite many years of trial no commercial vaccine is available to date. However, development of a cost effective, needle-independent vaccine remains a high priority. Reverse vaccinology has attracted much attention since the term has been coined and the approach tested by Rappuoli and colleagues. This in silico selection of antigens from genomic and proteomic data sets was also adapted to aim at developing an anti-Leishmania vaccine. Here, an analysis of the efforts is attempted and the challenges to be overcome by these endeavors are discussed. Strategies that led to successful identification of antigens will be illustrated. Furthermore, these efforts are viewed in the context of anticipated modes of action of effective anti-Leishmania immune responses to highlight possible advantages and shortcomings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Aebischer
- Agents of Mycoses, Parasitoses and Mycobacterioses, Robert Koch-Institut , Berlin , Germany
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24
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Louis-Dit-Sully C, Schamel WWA. Activation of the TCR complex by small chemical compounds. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2014; 104:25-39. [PMID: 24214616 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-0726-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Small chemical compounds and certain metal ions can activate T cells, resulting in drug hypersensitivity reactions that are a main problem in pharmacology. Mostly, the drugs generate new antigenic epitopes on peptide-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules that are recognized by the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR). In this review we discuss the molecular mechanisms of how the drugs alter self-peptide-MHC, so that neo-antigens are produced. This includes (1) haptens covalently bound to peptides presented by MHC, (2) metal ions and drugs that non-covalently bridge self-pMHC to the TCR, and (3) drugs that allow self-peptides to be presented by MHCs that otherwise are not presented. We also briefly discuss how a second signal-next to the TCR-that naïve T cells require to become activated is generated in the drug hypersensitivity reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Louis-Dit-Sully
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biology III, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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25
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Huang J, Brameshuber M, Zeng X, Xie J, Li QJ, Chien YH, Valitutti S, Davis MM. A single peptide-major histocompatibility complex ligand triggers digital cytokine secretion in CD4(+) T cells. Immunity 2013; 39:846-57. [PMID: 24120362 PMCID: PMC3846396 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a single-molecule imaging technique that uses quantum-dot-labeled peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) ligands to study CD4(+) T cell functional sensitivity. We found that naive T cells, T cell blasts, and memory T cells could all be triggered by a single pMHC to secrete tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) cytokines with a rate of ∼1,000, ∼10,000, and ∼10,000 molecules/min, respectively, and that additional pMHCs did not augment secretion, indicating a digital response pattern. We also found that a single pMHC localized to the immunological synapse induced the slow formation of a long-lasting T cell receptor (TCR) cluster, consistent with a serial engagement mechanism. These data show that scaling up CD4(+) T cell cytokine responses involves increasingly efficient T cell recruitment rather than greater cytokine production per cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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26
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Abstract
Signaling processes between various immune cells involve large-scale spatial reorganization of receptors and signaling molecules within the cell-cell junction. These structures, now collectively referred to as immune synapses, interleave physical and mechanical processes with the cascades of chemical reactions that constitute signal transduction systems. Molecular level clustering, spatial exclusion, and long-range directed transport are all emerging as key regulatory mechanisms. The study of these processes is drawing researchers from physical sciences to join the effort and represents a rapidly growing branch of biophysical chemistry. Recent advances in physical and quantitative analyses of signaling within the immune synapses are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Dustin
- Program in Molecular Pathogenesis, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.
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27
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Smith C, Miles JJ, Khanna R. Advances in direct T-cell alloreactivity: function, avidity, biophysics and structure. Am J Transplant 2012; 12:15-26. [PMID: 22152064 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011.03863.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Although T-cell-based adaptive immunity plays a crucial role in protection against infectious pathogens and uncontrolled outgrowth of malignant cells, a large portion of these T cells are also capable of responding to allogeneic HLA molecules, violating the paradigm of self-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restriction. Recent studies have provided insights into the mechanisms by which these T cells recognize allogeneic targets. The role of antiviral T cells in direct alloreactivity through peptide-dependent molecular mimicry and alternate peptide-MHC docking modes has emerged as major models for the human alloresponse. Here, we review in depth recent advances in this field and discuss how molecular interactions between T cells and HLA molecules drive the activation of these effector cells and its potential implications for alloreactivity in human transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Smith
- Australian Centre for Vaccine Development, Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
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28
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Kumar R, Ferez M, Swamy M, Arechaga I, Rejas MT, Valpuesta JM, Schamel WWA, Alarcon B, van Santen HM. Increased sensitivity of antigen-experienced T cells through the enrichment of oligomeric T cell receptor complexes. Immunity 2011; 35:375-87. [PMID: 21903423 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although memory T cells respond more vigorously to stimulation and they are more sensitive to low doses of antigen than naive T cells, the molecular basis of this increased sensitivity remains unclear. We have previously shown that the T cell receptor (TCR) exists as different-sized oligomers on the surface of resting T cells and that large oligomers are preferentially activated in response to low antigen doses. Through biochemistry and electron microscopy, we now showed that previously stimulated and memory T cells have more and larger TCR oligomers at the cell surface than their naive counterparts. Reconstitution of cells and mice with a point mutant of the CD3ζ subunit, which impairs TCR oligomer formation, demonstrated that the increased size of TCR oligomers was directly responsible for the increased sensitivity of antigen-experienced T cells. Thus, we propose that an "avidity maturation" mechanism underlies T cell antigenic memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Kumar
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Inmunología, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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29
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Abstract
T cell recognition of antigen is a crucial aspect of the adaptive immune response. One of the most common means of pathogen immune evasion is mutation of T cell epitopes. T cell recognition of such ligands can result in a variety of outcomes including activation, apoptosis and anergy. The ability of a given T cell to respond to a specific peptide-MHC ligand is regulated by a number of factors, including the affinity, on- and off-rates and half-life of the TCR-peptide-MHC interaction. Interaction of T cells with low-potency ligands results in unique signaling patterns and requires engagement with a larger number of T cell receptors than agonist ligands. This review will address these aspects of T cell interaction with weak ligands and the ways in which these ligands have been utilized therapeutically.
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30
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Manz BN, Jackson BL, Petit RS, Dustin ML, Groves J. T-cell triggering thresholds are modulated by the number of antigen within individual T-cell receptor clusters. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:9089-94. [PMID: 21576490 PMCID: PMC3107331 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1018771108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells react to extremely small numbers of activating agonist peptides. Spatial organization of T-cell receptors (TCR) and their peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) ligands into microclusters is correlated with T-cell activation. Here we have designed an experimental strategy that enables control over the number of agonist peptides per TCR cluster, without altering the total number engaged by the cell. Supported membranes, partitioned with grids of barriers to lateral mobility, provide an effective way of limiting the total number of pMHC ligands that may be assembled within a single TCR cluster. Observations directly reveal that restriction of pMHC content within individual TCR clusters can decrease T-cell sensitivity for triggering initial calcium flux at fixed total pMHC density. Further analysis suggests that triggering thresholds are determined by the number of activating ligands available to individual TCR clusters, not by the total number encountered by the cell. Results from a series of experiments in which the overall agonist density and the maximum number of agonist per TCR cluster are independently varied in primary T cells indicate that the most probable minimal triggering unit for calcium signaling is at least four pMHC in a single cluster for this system. This threshold is unchanged by inclusion of coagonist pMHC, but costimulation of CD28 by CD80 can modulate the threshold lower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boryana N. Manz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry, and
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Bryan L. Jackson
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry, and
- Physical Biosciences and Materials Sciences Divisions, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720; and
| | - Rebecca S. Petit
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry, and
- Physical Biosciences and Materials Sciences Divisions, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720; and
| | - Michael L. Dustin
- Program in Molecular Pathogenesis, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Jay Groves
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry, and
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Physical Biosciences and Materials Sciences Divisions, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720; and
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31
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Atibalentja DF, Byersdorfer CA, Unanue ER. Thymus-blood protein interactions are highly effective in negative selection and regulatory T cell induction. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 183:7909-18. [PMID: 19933868 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Using hen egg-white lysozyme, the effect of blood proteins on CD4 thymic cells was examined. A small fraction of i.v. injected hen egg-white lysozyme rapidly entered the thymus into the medulla. There it was captured and presented by dendritic cells (DCs) to thymocytes from two TCR transgenic mice, one directed to a dominant peptide and a second to a poorly displayed peptide, both presented by MHC class II molecules I-A(k). Presentation by DC led to negative selection and induction of regulatory T cells, independent of epithelial cells. Presentation took place at very low levels, less than 100 peptide-MHC complexes per DC. Such low levels could induce negative selection, but even lower levels could induce regulatory T cells. The anatomy of the thymus-blood barrier, the highly efficient presentation by DC, together with the high sensitivity of thymic T cells to peptide-MHC complexes, results in blood protein Ags having a profound effect on thymic T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle F Atibalentja
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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32
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Tacken PJ, Joosten B, Reddy A, Wu D, Eek A, Laverman P, Kretz-Rommel A, Adema GJ, Torensma R, Figdor CG. No Advantage of Cell-Penetrating Peptides over Receptor-Specific Antibodies in Targeting Antigen to Human Dendritic Cells for Cross-Presentation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:7687-96. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.11.7687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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33
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Abstract
The interaction between the T cell receptor (TCR) and a peptide-loaded major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) is one of the most-studied interactions in immunology, and yet the precise mechanism by which this system operates is still not fully understood. One key issue is whether TCR triggering minimally requires monomeric pMHC complexes or higher-order multimers (two or more pMHCs). Any model of TCR triggering must explain the high sensitivity, specificity, and dynamic range of ligand responsiveness that this receptor system exhibits. Most models of TCR triggering have not fully appreciated the dynamic aspects of TCR triggering. TCR triggering happens very quickly, and the properties of sensitivity and specificity can be explained by a model that accounts for the interaction dynamics of such a receptor system. In this paper, it is proposed that the important parameter in TCR triggering is the immobilization of the TCR-pMHC complex in the plasma membrane. Whether this involves monomeric or multimeric pMHCs may depend on the affinity of the TCR for the pMHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Varma
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 4 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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34
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Kirschner DE, Chang ST, Riggs TW, Perry N, Linderman JJ. Toward a multiscale model of antigen presentation in immunity. Immunol Rev 2007; 216:93-118. [PMID: 17367337 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2007.00490.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A functioning immune system and the process of antigen presentation in particular encompass events that occur at multiple length and time scales. Despite a wealth of information in the biological literature regarding each of these scales, no single representation synthesizing this information into a model of the overall immune response as it depends on antigen presentation is available. In this article, we outline an approach for integrating information over relevant biological and temporal scales to generate such a representation for major histocompatibility complex class II-mediated antigen presentation. In addition, we begin to address how such models can be used to answer questions about mechanisms of infection and new strategies for treatment and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise E Kirschner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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35
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Melenhorst JJ, Solomon SR, Shenoy A, Hensel NF, McCoy JP, Keyvanfar K, Barrett AJ. Robust expansion of viral antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells for adoptive T cell therapy using gene-modified activated T cells as antigen presenting cells. J Immunother 2006; 29:436-43; discussion 365-6. [PMID: 16799339 DOI: 10.1097/01.cji.0000211302.52503.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation after stem cell transplantation can be treated with CMV-specific T cells, but current in vitro techniques using dendritic cells as antigen-presenting cells are time-consuming and expensive. To simplify the production of clinical grade CMV-specific T cells, we evaluated gene-modified activated T cells [antigen presenting T cells (T-APCs)] as a reliable and easily produced source of APCs to boost CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses against the immunodominant CMV antigen pp65. T-APCs expressing the full-length immunodominant CMV pp65 gene were used to stimulate the expansion of autologous T cells. After 10 to 14 days, the T cell lines were tested for antigen specificity by using the flow cytometric intracellular detection of interferon-gamma after stimulation for 6 hours with a pp65 peptide library of 15-mers, overlapping by 11 amino acids. Under optimal conditions, this technique induced a median 766-fold and a 652-fold expansion of pp65-specific CD4+ and CD8+ responder cells, respectively, in 15 T cell lines. In 13 of 15 T cell lines, over 10 antigen-specific CD4+ plus CD8+ T cells were generated starting with only 5x10 peripheral blood mononuclear cells, representing an over 3-log increase. These data indicate that T-APCs efficiently boost pp65-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell numbers to clinically useful levels. The approach has the advantage of using a single leukocyte collection from the donor to generate large numbers of CMV-specific T cells within a total 3-week culture period using only one stimulation of antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Joseph Melenhorst
- Stem Cell Allogeneic Transplantation Section, Hematology Branch, NHLBI, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1202, USA.
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36
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Schamel WWA, Risueño RM, Minguet S, Ortíz AR, Alarcón B. A conformation- and avidity-based proofreading mechanism for the TCR–CD3 complex. Trends Immunol 2006; 27:176-82. [PMID: 16527543 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2006.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2005] [Revised: 01/24/2006] [Accepted: 02/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
During antigen recognition, T cells show high sensitivity and specificity, and a wide dynamic range. Paradoxically, these characteristics are based on low-affinity receptor-ligand interactions [between the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR-CD3) complex and the antigen peptide bound to MHC]. Recent evidence indicates that the TCR-CD3 is expressed as multivalent complexes in the membrane of non-stimulated T cells and that conformational changes in the TCR-CD3 can be induced by strong but not weak agonists. Here, we propose a thermodynamic model whereby the specificity of the TCR-CD3-pMHC interaction is explained by its multivalent nature. We also propose that the free energy barriers involved in the change in conformation of the receptor impose a response threshold and determine the kinetic properties of recognition. Finally, we suggest that multivalent TCR-CD3s can amplify signals by spreading them from pMHC-engaged TCR-CD3s to unengaged complexes as a consequence of the cooperativity in the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang W A Schamel
- Max Planck-Institut für Immunbiologie and University of Freiburg, Stübeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
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37
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Abstract
Cross-presentation of extracellular antigens by MHC class I molecules is required for priming cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) at locations remote from the site of infection. Various mechanisms have been proposed to explain cross-presentation. One such mechanism involves the fusion of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) with the endosomal-phagosomal system, in which the machinery required for peptide loading of MHC class I molecules is introduced directly into the phagosome. Here, we discuss the evidence for and against the ER-phagosome concept as well as other possible mechanisms of cross-presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom A M Groothuis
- Div. of Tumor Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
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38
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Lavoie PM, Dumont AR, McGrath H, Kernaleguen AE, Sékaly RP. Delayed expansion of a restricted T cell repertoire by low-density TCR ligands. Int Immunol 2005; 17:931-41. [PMID: 15972304 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxh273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of TCR ligand density (i.e. the number of antigen-MHC complexes) in modulating the diversity of a T cell response selected from a pool of naive precursors remains largely undefined. By measuring early-activation markers up-regulation and proliferation following stimulation with staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA), we demonstrate that decreasing the ligand dose below an optimal concentration leads to the delayed activation of a restricted set of TCRVbeta-bearing T cells, with the specific, non-stochastic exclusion of some TCRVbeta+ T cells from the activated pool. Our results suggest that the failure of these TCRVbeta-bearing T cells to reach the activation threshold at sub-optimal ligand concentration is due to the inefficiency of TCR engagement, as measured by TCR internalization, and does not correlate with the relative precursor frequency in the non-immune repertoire. Moreover, even at SEA concentrations that lead to the simultaneous proliferation of all SEA-reactive T cells, we observe marked differences in the ability to secrete cytokines among the different responsive TCRVbeta-bearing T cells. Altogether, our results indicate that the development of a T cell response to a scarce display of ligand significantly narrows TCR repertoire diversity by mechanisms that involve focusing of the repertoire on the expansion of those T cells with the highest avidity of TCR engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal M Lavoie
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Hôpital Saint-Luc, Montréal, Québec H2X 1P1, Canada
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39
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Witt C, Raychaudhuri S, Chakraborty AK. Movies, measurement, and modeling: the three Ms of mechanistic immunology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 201:501-4. [PMID: 15728232 PMCID: PMC2213049 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20050197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Immunological phenomena that were once deduced from genetic, biochemical, and in situ approaches are now being witnessed in living color, in three dimensions, and in real time. The information in time-lapse imaging can provide valuable mechanistic insight into a host of processes, from cell migration to signal transduction. What we need now are methods to quantitate these new visual data and to exploit computational resources and statistical mechanical methods to develop mechanistic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen Witt
- University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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40
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Dieckmann D, Schultz ES, Ring B, Chames P, Held G, Hoogenboom HR, Schuler G. Optimizing the exogenous antigen loading of monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Int Immunol 2005; 17:621-35. [PMID: 15824067 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxh243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) vaccination, i.e. the adoptive transfer of antigen-loaded DC, is still at an early stage and requires standardization. In this study, we investigated the exogenous loading of monocyte-derived DCs with HLA class I- and II-restricted peptides, as despite widespread use, little effort has been put into its pre-clinical validation. We found that only mature DCs (m-DC) but not immature DCs (im-DC) could be sufficiently loaded with exogenous class I-restricted peptides and were by far superior in expanding CD8(+) primary (Melan-A.A2 peptide-specific) and recall [Influenza matrix peptide (IMP) A2-specific] T cell responses. Primary stimulation with peptide-loaded im-DCs even down-regulated antigen-specific T cell responses. Our results indicate that stimulation with m-DCs is superior in terms of quantity and quality compared with im-DCs, supporting their preferred use in clinical DC trials. Loading of m-DCs with high (10 microM) concentrations generated clearly more Melan-A effectors than loading with 1 or 0.1 microM without any negative effect on the quality (affinity) of the resulting T cells. In contrast to the findings with the Melan-A peptide loading with 10 microM IMP was counter-productive, induced apoptosis and yielded fewer specific T cells of inferior affinity as compared with loading with 1 or 0.1 microM. In sharp contrast to the situation for HLA class I, much higher levels and longer half-lives of peptide-HLA class II complexes were obtainable upon loading of im-DCs with exogenous peptide, but m-DCs were functionally preferable to induce T(h)1 responses in vitro. Another surprising finding was that, while presentation to T cells upon simultaneous loading of several peptides with highly varying affinities and competing for the same class I or II molecule was possible, in priming experiments peptide competition clearly inhibited T cell induction. Although peptides will obviously vary in their individual properties, our study clearly points to some important principles that should be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detlef Dieckmann
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
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Sugie K, Jeon MS, Grey HM. Activation of naïve CD4 T cells by anti-CD3 reveals an important role for Fyn in Lck-mediated signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:14859-64. [PMID: 15465914 PMCID: PMC522036 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0406168101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there was no impairment in IL-2 secretion and proliferation of Fyn-deficient naïve CD4 cells after stimulation with antigen and antigen-presenting cells, stimulation of these cells with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 revealed profound defects. Crosslinking of purified wild-type naïve CD4 cells with anti-CD3 activated Lck and initiated the signaling cascade downstream of Lck, including phosphorylation of ZAP-70, LAT, and PLC-gamma1; calcium flux; and dephosphorylation and nuclear translocation of the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT)p. All of these signaling events were diminished severely in Fyn-deficient naïve cells activated by CD3 crosslinking. Coaggregation of CD3 and CD4 reconstituted this Lck-dependent signaling pathway in Fyn(-/-) T cells. These results suggest that when signaling of naïve T cells is restricted to the T cell antigen receptor, Fyn plays an essential role by positive regulation of Lck activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuji Sugie
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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43
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Grube M, Melenhorst J, Barrett A. An APC for every occasion: induction and expansion of human Ag-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells using cellular and non-cellular APC. Cytotherapy 2004. [DOI: 10.1080/14653240410005230-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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44
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Rollenhagen C, Sörensen M, Rizos K, Hurvitz R, Bumann D. Antigen selection based on expression levels during infection facilitates vaccine development for an intracellular pathogen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:8739-44. [PMID: 15173591 PMCID: PMC423265 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0401283101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2004] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines effective against intracellular pathogens could save the lives of millions of people every year, but vaccine development has been hampered by the slow largely empirical search for protective antigens. In vivo highly expressed antigens might represent a small attractive antigen subset that could be rapidly evaluated, but experimental evidence supporting this rationale, as well as practical strategies for its application, is largely lacking because of technical difficulties. Here, we used Salmonella strains expressing differential amounts of a fluorescent model antigen during infection to show that, in a mouse typhoid fever model, CD4 T cells preferentially recognize abundant Salmonella antigens. To identify a large number of natural Salmonella antigens with high expression levels during infection, we used a quantitative in vivo screening strategy. Immunization studies with five particularly attractive candidates revealed two highly protective antigens that might permit the development of an improved typhoid fever vaccine. In conclusion, we have established a rationale and an experimental strategy that will substantially facilitate vaccine development for Salmonella and possibly other intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Rollenhagen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Schumannstrasse 21/22, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
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45
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Purbhoo MA, Irvine DJ, Huppa JB, Davis MM. T cell killing does not require the formation of a stable mature immunological synapse. Nat Immunol 2004; 5:524-30. [PMID: 15048111 DOI: 10.1038/ni1058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 433] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2003] [Accepted: 01/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A notable feature of T lymphocyte recognition on other cell surfaces is the formation of a stable mature immunological synapse. Here we use a single-molecule labeling method to directly measure the number of ligands a cytotoxic T cell engages and track the consequences of that interaction by three-dimensional video microscopy. Like helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells were able to detect even a single foreign antigen but required about ten complexes of peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) to achieve full calcium increase and to form a mature synapse. Thus, cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells are more uniform in their antigen sensitivities than previously thought. Furthermore, only three pMHC complexes were required for killing, showing that stable synapse formation and complete signaling are not required for cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Purbhoo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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46
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes B Huppa
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute and The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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47
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Acuto O. T cell-dendritic cell interaction in vivo: random encounters favor development of long-lasting ties. SCIENCE'S STKE : SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION KNOWLEDGE ENVIRONMENT 2003; 2003:PE28. [PMID: 12881611 DOI: 10.1126/stke.2003.192.pe28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the complexity of the functional communication between cells composing the immune system is central to improving our capacity to manipulate it and conceive better strategies to combat microbial pathogens. So far, these studies have been based on immunohistochemistry of fixed tissues and in vitro attempts to reproduce functional connections between cells. The application of two-photon laser microscopy to the observation of viable immune cells in their natural environment where foreign antigens are carried to trigger an immune response opens a new era for these studies. They reveal exceptional properties of the locomotion of T cells that facilitate encounters with dendritic cells and the receipt of information that promotes T cell survival, death, or initiation of immune responses. These studies also complement in vitro observations addressing the importance of time of stimulation in determining T cell fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oreste Acuto
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, 25, rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France.
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Kimachi K, Sugie K, Grey HM. Effector T cells have a lower ligand affinity threshold for activation than naive T cells. Int Immunol 2003; 15:885-92. [PMID: 12807827 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxg087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been previously established that effector and memory T cells are more sensitive to antigen stimulation than naive T cells. In this study, we compared the effect of ligand affinity on the activation of naive and effector T cells derived from pigeon cytochrome c (PCC)-specific TCR transgenic mice by stimulating these cells with a variety of ligands with widely differing antigenicity. The data obtained indicated the following. (i) The differences in antigen dose requirements for activation of naive and effector cells widened as the affinity of the antigen decreased. Most dramatically, peptides that were TCR antagonists for naive T cells were recognized as agonists by effector T cells. (ii) While both naive and effector T cells were activated by the bacterial superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin A, specific for the transgenic TCR V(beta)3 chain, effector, but not naive, T cells were stimulated to proliferate by toxic shock syndrome toxin-1, a superantigen not previously described to be stimulatory for V(beta)3 T cells. (iii) Effector T cells, but not naive cells, proliferated in response to endogenous self-peptides presented by antigen-presenting cells in a syngeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction. Taken together these data indicate that effector T cells have a lower affinity threshold for activation than naive T cells. Further studies demonstrated that the heightened reactivity of effector T cells to low-affinity ligands declined progressively with repeated stimulations by antigen such that after repeated stimulation effector T cells were no longer stimulated by low-affinity ligands but recognized them as TCR antagonists similar to naive T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Kimachi
- The Chemo-Sero Therapeutic Research Institute, Kikuchi Laboratory, Kawabe Kyokushi Kikuchi, Kumamoto 869-1298, Japan.
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Moss WC, Irvine DJ, Davis MM, Krummel MF. Quantifying signaling-induced reorientation of T cell receptors during immunological synapse formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:15024-9. [PMID: 12415110 PMCID: PMC137538 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.192573999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Productive T cell recognition of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) is normally accompanied by the formation of a cell-cell contact called the "immunological synapse." Our understanding of the steps leading up to this formation has been limited by the absence of tools for analyzing 3D surfaces and surface distributions as they change over time. Here we use a 3D fluorescence quantitation method to show that T cell receptors are recruited in bulk within the first minute after the onset of activation and with velocities ranging from 0.04 to 0.1 microm/s; a speed significantly greater than unrestricted diffusion. Our method reveals a second feature of this reorientation: a conformational change as the T cell pushes more total membrane into the interface creating a larger contact area for additional receptors. Analysis of individual T cell receptor velocities using a single-particle tracking method confirms our velocity measurement. This method should permit the quantitation of other dynamic membrane events and the associated movement of cell-surface molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Moss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, CA 94305, USA
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50
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Irvine DJ, Purbhoo MA, Krogsgaard M, Davis MM. Direct observation of ligand recognition by T cells. Nature 2002; 419:845-9. [PMID: 12397360 DOI: 10.1038/nature01076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 582] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2002] [Accepted: 08/05/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The activation of T cells through interaction of their T-cell receptors with antigenic peptide bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APCs) is a crucial step in adaptive immunity. Here we use three-dimensional fluorescence microscopy to visualize individual peptide-I-E(k) class II MHC complexes labelled with the phycobiliprotein phycoerythrin in an effort to characterize T-cell sensitivity and the requirements for forming an immunological synapse in single cells. We show that T cells expressing the CD4 antigen respond with transient calcium signalling to even a single agonist peptide-MHC ligand, and that the organization of molecules in the contact zone of the T cell and APC takes on the characteristics of an immunological synapse when only about ten agonists are present. This sensitivity is highly dependent on CD4, because blocking this molecule with antibodies renders T cells unable to detect less than about 30 ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell J Irvine
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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