1
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Gouttefangeas C, Klein R, Maia A. The good and the bad of T cell cross-reactivity: challenges and opportunities for novel therapeutics in autoimmunity and cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1212546. [PMID: 37409132 PMCID: PMC10319254 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1212546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells are main actors of the immune system with an essential role in protection against pathogens and cancer. The molecular key event involved in this absolutely central task is the interaction of membrane-bound specific T cell receptors with peptide-MHC complexes which initiates T cell priming, activation and recall, and thus controls a range of downstream functions. While textbooks teach us that the repertoire of mature T cells is highly diverse, it is clear that this diversity cannot possibly cover all potential foreign peptides that might be encountered during life. TCR cross-reactivity, i.e. the ability of a single TCR to recognise different peptides, offers the best solution to this biological challenge. Reports have shown that indeed, TCR cross-reactivity is surprisingly high. Hence, the T cell dilemma is the following: be as specific as possible to target foreign danger and spare self, while being able to react to a large spectrum of body-threatening situations. This has major consequences for both autoimmune diseases and cancer, and significant implications for the development of T cell-based therapies. In this review, we will present essential experimental evidence of T cell cross-reactivity, implications for two opposite immune conditions, i.e. autoimmunity vs cancer, and how this can be differently exploited for immunotherapy approaches. Finally, we will discuss the tools available for predicting cross-reactivity and how improvements in this field might boost translational approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Gouttefangeas
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) “Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies”, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Reinhild Klein
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ana Maia
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) “Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies”, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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2
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Baumgaertner P, Schmidt J, Costa-Nunes CM, Bordry N, Guillaume P, Luescher I, Speiser DE, Rufer N, Hebeisen M. CD8 T cell function and cross-reactivity explored by stepwise increased peptide-HLA versus TCR affinity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:973986. [PMID: 36032094 PMCID: PMC9399405 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.973986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Recruitment and activation of CD8 T cells occur through specific triggering of T cell receptor (TCR) by peptide-bound human leucocyte antigen (HLA) ligands. Within the generated trimeric TCR-peptide:HLA complex, the molecular binding affinities between peptide and HLA, and between TCR and peptide:HLA both impact T cell functional outcomes. However, how their individual and combined effects modulate immunogenicity and overall T cell responsiveness has not been investigated systematically. Here, we established two panels of human tumor peptide variants differing in their affinity to HLA. For precise characterization, we developed the “blue peptide assay”, an upgraded cell-based approach to measure the peptide:HLA affinity. These peptide variants were then used to investigate the cross-reactivity of tumor antigen-specific CD8 T cell clonotypes derived from blood of cancer patients after vaccination with either the native or an affinity-optimized Melan-A/MART-1 epitope, or isolated from tumor infiltrated lymph nodes (TILNs). Vaccines containing the native tumor epitope generated T cells with better functionality, and superior cross-reactivity against potential low affinity escape epitopes, as compared to T cells induced by vaccines containing an HLA affinity-optimized epitope. Comparatively, Melan-A/MART-1-specific TILN cells displayed functional and cross-reactive profiles that were heterogeneous and clonotype-dependent. Finally, we took advantage of a collection of T cells expressing affinity-optimized NY-ESO-1-specific TCRs to interrogate the individual and combined impact of peptide:HLA and TCR-pHLA affinities on overall CD8 T cell responses. We found profound and distinct effects of both biophysical parameters, with additive contributions and absence of hierarchical dominance. Altogether, the biological impact of peptide:HLA and TCR-pHLA affinities on T cell responses was carefully dissected in two antigenic systems, frequently targeted in human cancer immunotherapy. Our technology and stepwise comparison open new insights into the rational design and selection of vaccine-associated tumor-specific epitopes and highlight the functional and cross-reactivity profiles that endow T cells with best tumor control capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Baumgaertner
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch - University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Michael Hebeisen, ; Petra Baumgaertner,
| | - Julien Schmidt
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch - University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Carla-Marisa Costa-Nunes
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch - University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Natacha Bordry
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch - University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Guillaume
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch - University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Immanuel Luescher
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch - University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Daniel E. Speiser
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch - University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Rufer
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch - University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Michael Hebeisen
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch - University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Michael Hebeisen, ; Petra Baumgaertner,
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3
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Gilfillan CB, Wang C, Mohsen MO, Rufer N, Hebeisen M, Allard M, Verdeil G, Irvine DJ, Bachmann MF, Speiser DE. Murine CD8 T-cell functional avidity is stable in vivo but not in vitro: Independence from homologous prime/boost time interval and antigen density. Eur J Immunol 2019; 50:505-514. [PMID: 31785153 PMCID: PMC7187562 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
It is known that for achieving high affinity antibody responses, vaccines must be optimized for antigen dose/density, and the prime/boost interval should be at least 4 weeks. Similar knowledge is lacking for generating high avidity T‐cell responses. The functional avidity (FA) of T cells, describing responsiveness to peptide, is associated with the quality of effector function and the protective capacity in vivo. Despite its importance, the FA is rarely determined in T‐cell vaccination studies. We addressed the question whether different time intervals for short‐term homologous vaccinations impact the FA of CD8 T‐cell responses. Four‐week instead of 2‐week intervals between priming and boosting with potent subunit vaccines in C57BL/6 mice did not improve FA. Equally, similar FA was observed after vaccination with virus‐like particles displaying low versus high antigen densities. Interestingly, FA was stable in vivo but not in vitro, depending on the antigen dose and the time interval since T‐cell activation, as observed in murine monoclonal T cells. Our findings suggest dynamic in vivo modulation for equal FA. We conclude that low antigen density vaccines or a minimal 4‐week prime/boost interval are not crucial for the T‐cell's FA, in contrast to antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chensu Wang
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mona O Mohsen
- Inselspital, Universitaetsklinik RIA, Immunologie, Bern, Switzerland.,Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nathalie Rufer
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Darrell J Irvine
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Martin F Bachmann
- Inselspital, Universitaetsklinik RIA, Immunologie, Bern, Switzerland.,Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel E Speiser
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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4
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Lemdani K, Mignet N, Boudy V, Seguin J, Oujagir E, Bawa O, Peschaud F, Emile JF, Capron C, Malafosse R. Local immunomodulation combined to radiofrequency ablation results in a complete cure of local and distant colorectal carcinoma. Oncoimmunology 2019; 8:1550342. [PMID: 30723580 PMCID: PMC6350685 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1550342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Katia Lemdani
- EA4340 BCOH, Versailles University, Paris-Saclay University, Boulogne, France
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Ambroise Paré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Boulogne, France
- CNRS, UTCBS UMR 8258, Paris, France
- Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, Paris, France
- INSERM, UTCBS U1022, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Mignet
- CNRS, UTCBS UMR 8258, Paris, France
- Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, Paris, France
- INSERM, UTCBS U1022, Paris, France
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), Paris, France
| | - Vincent Boudy
- CNRS, UTCBS UMR 8258, Paris, France
- Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, Paris, France
- INSERM, UTCBS U1022, Paris, France
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), Paris, France
- Innovation in Pharmaceutical Formulation Department, Agence Générale des Equipements et des Produits de Santé (AGEPS), AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Johanne Seguin
- CNRS, UTCBS UMR 8258, Paris, France
- Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, Paris, France
- INSERM, UTCBS U1022, Paris, France
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), Paris, France
- Optical imaging platform LIOPA, Life imaging, PIV, Faculty of Pharmacy, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | | | - Olivia Bawa
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Unité de pathologie expérimentale de l’IRCIV, Villejuif, France
| | - Frédérique Peschaud
- EA4340 BCOH, Versailles University, Paris-Saclay University, Boulogne, France
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Ambroise Paré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Boulogne, France
| | - Jean-François Emile
- EA4340 BCOH, Versailles University, Paris-Saclay University, Boulogne, France
- Pathology Department, Ambroise Paré Hospital, AP-HP, Boulogne, France
| | - Claude Capron
- EA4340 BCOH, Versailles University, Paris-Saclay University, Boulogne, France
- Immunology and hematology Department, Ambroise Paré Hospital, Boulogne, France
| | - Robert Malafosse
- EA4340 BCOH, Versailles University, Paris-Saclay University, Boulogne, France
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Ambroise Paré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Boulogne, France
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5
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Thommen DS, Schreiner J, Müller P, Herzig P, Roller A, Belousov A, Umana P, Pisa P, Klein C, Bacac M, Fischer OS, Moersig W, Savic Prince S, Levitsky V, Karanikas V, Lardinois D, Zippelius A. Progression of Lung Cancer Is Associated with Increased Dysfunction of T Cells Defined by Coexpression of Multiple Inhibitory Receptors. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 3:1344-55. [PMID: 26253731 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-15-0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunctional T cells present in malignant lesions are characterized by a sustained and highly diverse expression of inhibitory receptors, also referred to as immune checkpoints. Yet, their relative functional significance in different cancer types remains incompletely understood. In this study, we provide a comprehensive characterization of the diversity and expression patterns of inhibitory receptors on tumor-infiltrating T cells from patients with non-small cell lung cancer. In spite of the large heterogeneity observed in the amount of PD-1, Tim-3, CTLA-4, LAG-3, and BTLA expressed on intratumoral CD8(+) T cells from 32 patients, a clear correlation was established between increased expression of these inhibitory coreceptors and progression of the disease. Notably, the latter was accompanied by a progressively impaired capacity of T cells to respond to polyclonal activation. Coexpression of several inhibitory receptors was gradually acquired, with early PD-1 and late LAG-3/BTLA expression. PD-1 blockade was able to restore T-cell function only in a subset of patients. A high percentage of PD-1(hi) T cells was correlated with poor restoration of T-cell function upon PD-1 blockade. Of note, PD-1(hi) expression marked a particularly dysfunctional T-cell subset characterized by coexpression of multiple inhibitory receptors and thus may assist in identifying patients likely to respond to inhibitory receptor-specific antibodies. Overall, these data may provide a framework for future personalized T-cell-based therapies aiming at restoration of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela S Thommen
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. Laboratory of Cancer Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Jens Schreiner
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Müller
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Petra Herzig
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Roller
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Anton Belousov
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Pablo Umana
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Pavel Pisa
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Christian Klein
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Marina Bacac
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Ozana S Fischer
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Moersig
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Victor Levitsky
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Vaios Karanikas
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Didier Lardinois
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alfred Zippelius
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. Laboratory of Cancer Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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6
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Schreiner J, Thommen DS, Herzig P, Bacac M, Klein C, Roller A, Belousov A, Levitsky V, Savic S, Moersig W, Uhlenbrock F, Heinzelmann-Schwarz VA, Umana P, Pisa P, von Bergwelt-Baildon M, Lardinois D, Müller P, Karanikas V, Zippelius A. Expression of inhibitory receptors on intratumoral T cells modulates the activity of a T cell-bispecific antibody targeting folate receptor. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1062969. [PMID: 27057429 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1062969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell bispecific antibodies (TCBs) are a novel therapeutic tool designed to selectively recruit T-cells to tumor cells and simultaneously activate them. However, it is currently unknown whether the dysfunctional state of T-cells, embedded into the tumor microenvironment, imprints on the therapeutic activity of TCBs. We performed a comprehensive analysis of activation and effector functions of tumor-infiltrating T-cells (TILs) in different tumor types, upon stimulation by a TCB targeting folate receptor 1 and CD3 (FolR1-TCB). We observed a considerable heterogeneity in T-cell activation, cytokine production and tumor cell killing upon exposure to FolR1-TCB among different FolR1-expressing tumors. Of note, tumors presenting with a high frequency of PD-1hi TILs displayed significantly impaired tumor cell killing and T-cell function. Further characterization of additional T-cell inhibitory receptors revealed that PD-1hi TILs defined a T-cell subset with particularly high levels of multiple inhibitory receptors compared with PD-1int and PD-1neg T-cells. PD-1 blockade could restore cytokine secretion but not cytotoxicity of TILs in a subset of patients with scarce PD-1hi expressing cells; in contrast, patients with abundance of PD-1hi expressing T-cells did not benefit from PD-1 blockade. Our data highlight that FolR1-TCB is a promising novel immunotherapeutic treatment option which is capable of activating intratumoral T-cells in different carcinomas. However, its therapeutic efficacy may be substantially hampered by a pre-existing dysfunctional state of T-cells, reflected by abundance of intratumoral PD-1hi T-cells. These findings present a rationale for combinatorial approaches of TCBs with other therapeutic strategies targeting T-cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Schreiner
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunology, Department of Biomedicine , Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniela S Thommen
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Petra Herzig
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunology, Department of Biomedicine , Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marina Bacac
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich , Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Christian Klein
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich , Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Roller
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg , Penzberg, Germany
| | - Anton Belousov
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg , Penzberg, Germany
| | - Victor Levitsky
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich , Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Spasenija Savic
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel , Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Moersig
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel , Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Pablo Umana
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich , Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Pavel Pisa
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich , Schlieren, Switzerland
| | | | - Didier Lardinois
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel , Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Müller
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunology, Department of Biomedicine , Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vaios Karanikas
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich , Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Alfred Zippelius
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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7
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Buhrman JD, Jordan KR, Munson DJ, Moore BL, Kappler JW, Slansky JE. Improving antigenic peptide vaccines for cancer immunotherapy using a dominant tumor-specific T cell receptor. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:33213-25. [PMID: 24106273 PMCID: PMC3829168 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.509554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines that incorporate peptide mimics of tumor antigens, or mimotope vaccines, are commonly used in cancer immunotherapy and function by eliciting increased numbers of T cells that cross-react with the native tumor antigen. Unfortunately, they often elicit T cells that do not cross-react with or that have low affinity for the tumor antigen. Using a high affinity tumor-specific T cell clone, we identified a panel of mimotope vaccines for the dominant peptide antigen from a mouse colon tumor that elicits a range of tumor protection following vaccination. The TCR from this high affinity T cell clone was rarely identified in ex vivo evaluation of tumor-specific T cells elicited by mimotope vaccination. Conversely, a low affinity clone found in the tumor and following immunization was frequently identified. Using peptide libraries, we determined if this frequently identified TCR improved the discovery of efficacious mimotopes. We demonstrated that the representative TCR identified more protective mimotopes than the high affinity TCR. These results suggest that targeting a dominant fraction of tumor-specific T cells generates potent immunity and that consideration of the available T cell repertoire is necessary for targeted T cell therapy. These results have important implications when optimizing mimotope vaccines for cancer immunotherapy.
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8
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Goldinger SM, Dummer R, Baumgaertner P, Mihic-Probst D, Schwarz K, Hammann-Haenni A, Willers J, Geldhof C, Prior JO, Kündig TM, Michielin O, Bachmann MF, Speiser DE. Nano-particle vaccination combined with TLR-7 and -9 ligands triggers memory and effector CD8⁺ T-cell responses in melanoma patients. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:3049-61. [PMID: 22806397 PMCID: PMC3549564 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Optimal vaccine strategies must be identified for improving T-cell vaccination against infectious and malignant diseases. MelQbG10 is a virus-like nano-particle loaded with A-type CpG-oligonucleotides (CpG-ODN) and coupled to peptide(16-35) derived from Melan-A/MART-1. In this phase IIa clinical study, four groups of stage III-IV melanoma patients were vaccinated with MelQbG10, given (i) with IFA (Montanide) s.c.; (ii) with IFA s.c. and topical Imiquimod; (iii) i.d. with topical Imiquimod; or (iv) as intralymph node injection. In total, 16/21 (76%) patients generated ex vivo detectable Melan-A/MART-1-specific T-cell responses. T-cell frequencies were significantly higher when IFA was used as adjuvant, resulting in detectable T-cell responses in all (11/11) patients, with predominant generation of effector-memory-phenotype cells. In turn, Imiquimod induced higher proportions of central-memory-phenotype cells and increased percentages of CD127(+) (IL-7R) T cells. Direct injection of MelQbG10 into lymph nodes resulted in lower T-cell frequencies, associated with lower proportions of memory and effector-phenotype T cells. Swelling of vaccine site draining lymph nodes, and increased glucose uptake at PET/CT was observed in 13/15 (87%) of evaluable patients, reflecting vaccine triggered immune reactions in lymph nodes. We conclude that the simultaneous use of both Imiquimod and CpG-ODN induced combined memory and effector CD8(+) T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone M Goldinger
- Dermatology and Pathology Departments, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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9
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Abstract
The discovery of the CpG motif in 1995 led to a change in the perception of the immune stimulatory effects of oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) from an unwanted nonspecific effect to a highly evolved immune defense that can be selectively triggered for a wide range of therapeutic applications. Over the last decade dozens of human clinical trials have been conducted with different CpG ODN in thousands of humans for applications ranging from vaccine adjuvant to immunotherapies for allergy, cancer, and infectious diseases. Along with many positive results have come some failures showing the limitations of several therapeutic approaches. This review summarizes these results to provide an overview of the clinical development of CpG ODN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur M Krieg
- RaNA Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA.
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10
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Immunostimulatory CpG-DNA and PSA-peptide vaccination elicits profound cytotoxic T cell responses. Urol Oncol 2011; 31:1395-401. [PMID: 21982682 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Novel strategies for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer (CaP), including immunotherapy or gene therapy, are currently under evaluation with Sipuleucel-T as first FDA-approved immunotherapeutic. Here, we examine cytosine-phosphorothioate-guanine (CpG)-DNA oligonucleotides (ODN) to boost cytokine responses and costimulatory molecule expression on murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (mBMDC). Furthermore, we evaluate the potency of a PSA-peptide based vaccine in combination with CpG-DNA to elicit specific cytotoxic T cell (CTL) responses. MATERIALS AND METHODS mBMDC were stimulated with CpG-DNA (1668: 5'-TCCATGACGTTCCTGATGCT-3') or non-stimulatory control-ODN (1720: 5'-TCCATGAGCTTCCTGATGCT-3'). Subsequently, expression of the costimulatory molecules CD40 and CD86 and induction of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-12) were analyzed. For induction of PSA-peptide specific CTL, female C57BL/6 mice were immunized with PSA-peptide 65-73 (HCIRNKSVI) alone or in combination with 1668 or 1720-ODN. In vivo cytotoxicity assay determined PSA-peptide specific cytotoxicity 1 week after vaccination. RESULTS Treatment of mBMDC with stimulatory CpG-DNA ODN resulted in pronounced up-regulation of costimulatory molecule expression on mBMDC in a dose-dependent manner. CpG-ODN significantly increased production of IL-6 and IL-12 in mBMDC (P < 0.001). Induction of PSA-peptide specific CTL responses in mice immunized with PSA-peptide and CpG-DNA were significantly greater than those of PSA-peptide and control-ODN immunized mice or PSA-peptide only vaccination. CONCLUSIONS CpG-DNA acts as potent adjuvant for vaccination therapies and elicits profound PSA-peptide specific CTL responses in combination with an immunodominant PSA-peptide. CpG-ODN mediated immunotherapy represents a potentially inexpensive, safe, easy-to-produce, and easy-to-handle treatment alternative. Therefore, further evaluation of CpG-DNA in immunization therapies against CaP is warranted.
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11
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Profile of a serial killer: cellular and molecular approaches to study individual cytotoxic T-cells following therapeutic vaccination. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2011:452606. [PMID: 21113290 PMCID: PMC2989374 DOI: 10.1155/2011/452606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell vaccination may prevent or treat cancer and infectious diseases, but further progress is required to increase clinical efficacy. Step-by-step improvements of T-cell vaccination in phase I/II clinical studies combined with very detailed analysis of T-cell responses at the single cell level are the strategy of choice for the identification of the most promising vaccine candidates for testing in subsequent large-scale phase III clinical trials. Major aims are to fully identify the most efficient T-cells in anticancer therapy, to characterize their TCRs, and to pinpoint the mechanisms of T-cell recruitment and function in well-defined clinical situations. Here we discuss novel strategies for the assessment of human T-cell responses, revealing in part unprecedented insight into T-cell biology and novel structural principles that govern TCR-pMHC recognition. Together, the described approaches advance our knowledge of T-cell mediated-protection from human diseases.
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Vicari AP, Luu R, Zhang N, Patel S, Makinen SR, Hanson DC, Weeratna RD, Krieg AM. Paclitaxel reduces regulatory T cell numbers and inhibitory function and enhances the anti-tumor effects of the TLR9 agonist PF-3512676 in the mouse. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:615-28. [PMID: 18802696 PMCID: PMC11030133 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0586-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The anti-tumor properties of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 agonist CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) are enhanced by combinations with several cytotoxic chemotherapy regimens. The mechanisms of this added benefit, however, remain unclear. We now report that, similar to the depletion of regulatory T cells (Treg) using anti-CD25, paclitaxel increased the anti-tumor effect of the TLR9 agonist PF-3512676 in a CD8(+) T cell-dependent fashion. Paclitaxel treatment decreased Treg numbers in a TLR4-independent fashion, and preferentially affected cycling Treg expressing high levels of FoxP3. The paclitaxel-induced reduction in Treg FoxP3 expression was associated with reduced inhibitory function. Adoptively transferred tumor-antigen specific CD8(+) T cells proliferated better in mice treated with paclitaxel and their recruitment in the tumor was increased. However, the systemic frequency of PF-3512676-induced tumor-antigen specific effector CD8(+) T cells decreased with paclitaxel, suggesting opposite effects of paclitaxel on the anti-tumor response. Finally, gene expression profiling and studies of tumor-associated immune cells revealed a complex modulation of the PF-3512676-induced immune response by paclitaxel, including a decrease of IL-10 expression and an increase in IL-17-secreting CD4(+) T cells. Collectively, these data suggest that paclitaxel combined with PF-3512676 may not only promote a better anti-tumor CD8(+) response though increased recruitment in the tumor, possibly through Treg depletion and suppression, but also exerts more complex immune modulatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain P Vicari
- Coley Pharmaceutical Group-A Pfizer Company, 340 Terry Fox Drive, suite 200, Ottawa, ON, K2K 3A2, Canada.
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Casado JG, DelaRosa O, Pawelec G, Peralbo E, Duran E, Barahona F, Solana R, Tarazona R. Correlation of effector function with phenotype and cell division after in vitro differentiation of naive MART-1-specific CD8+ T cells. Int Immunol 2008; 21:53-62. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxn123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Voelter V, Rufer N, Reynard S, Greub G, Brookes R, Guillaume P, Grosjean F, Fagerberg T, Michelin O, Rowland-Jones S, Pinilla C, Leyvraz S, Romero P, Appay V. Characterization of Melan-A reactive memory CD8+ T cells in a healthy donor. Int Immunol 2008; 20:1087-96. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxn066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Abstract
Much effort has been devoted to the design of vaccines that induce adaptive cellular immunity, in particular CD8+ T cells, which have a central role in the host response to viral infections and cancers. To date, however, the development of effective T cell vaccines remains elusive. This is due, in part, to the lack of clearly defined correlates of protection and the inherent difficulties that hinder full characterization of the determinants of successful T cell immunity in humans. Recent data from the disparate fields of infectious disease and tumor immunology have converged, with an emphasis on the functional attributes of individual antigen-specific T cell clonotypes, to provide a better understanding of CD8+ T cell efficacy. This new knowledge paves the way to the design of more effective T cell vaccines and highlights the importance of comprehensive immunomonitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Appay
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Institut Nationale de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U543, Avenir Group, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, 91 Boulevard de l'hôpital, 75013 Paris, France.
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Abstract
The cornerstone of the concept of immunosurveillance in cancer should be the experimental demonstration of immune responses able to alter the course of in vivo spontaneous tumor progression. Elegant genetic manipulation of the mouse immune system has proved this tenet. In parallel, progress in understanding human T cell mediated immunity has allowed to document the existence in cancer patients of naturally acquired T cell responses to molecularly defined tumor antigens. Various attributes of cutaneous melanoma tumors, notably their adaptability to in vitro tissue culture conditions, have contributed to convert this tumor in the prototype for studies of human antitumor immune responses. As a consequence, the first human cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL)-defined tumor antigen and numerous others have been identified using lymphocyte material from patients bearing this tumor, detailed analyses of specific T cell responses have been reported and a relatively large number of clinical trials of vaccination have been performed in the last 15 years. Thus, the "melanoma model" continues to provide valuable insights to guide the development of clinically effective cancer therapies based on the recruitment of the immune system. This chapter reviews recent knowledge on human CD8 and CD4 T cell responses to melanoma antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Romero
- Division of Clinical Onco-Immunology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
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