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Sue M, Higashi N, Shida H, Kogane Y, Nishimura Y, Adachi H, Kolaczkowska E, Kepka M, Nakajima M, Irimura T. An iminosugar-based heparanase inhibitor heparastatin (SF4) suppresses infiltration of neutrophils and monocytes into inflamed dorsal air pouches. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 35:15-21. [PMID: 27015605 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Local infiltration of inflammatory cells is regulated by a number of biological steps during which the cells likely penetrate through subendothelial basement membranes that contain heparan sulfate proteoglycans. In the present study, we examined whether administration of heparastatin (SF4), an iminosugar-based inhibitor of heparanase, could suppress local inflammation and degradation of heparan sulfate proteoglycans in basement membranes. In a carrageenan- or formyl peptide-induced dorsal air pouch inflammation model, the number of infiltrated neutrophils and monocytes was significantly lower in mice after topical administration of heparastatin (SF4). The concentration of chemokines MIP-2 and KC in pouch exudates of drug-treated mice was similar to control. In a zymosan-induced peritonitis model, the number of infiltrated cells was not altered in drug-treated mice. To further test how heparastatin (SF4) influences transmigration of inflammatory neutrophils, its suppressive effect on migration and matrix degradation was examined in vitro. In the presence of heparastatin (SF4), the number of neutrophils that infiltrated across a Matrigel-coated polycarbonate membrane was significantly lower, while the number of neutrophils passing through an uncoated membrane was not altered. Lysate of bone marrow-derived neutrophils released sulfate-radiolabeled macromolecules from basement membrane-like extracellular matrix, which was suppressed by heparastatin (SF4). Heparan sulfate degradation activity was almost completely abolished after incubation of lysate with protein G-conjugated anti-heparanase monoclonal antibody, strongly suggesting that the activity was due to heparanase-mediated degradation. Taken together, in a dorsal air pouch inflammation model heparastatin (SF4) potentially suppresses extravasation of inflammatory cells by impairing the degradation of basement membrane heparan sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Sue
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Higashi
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; One-stop Sharing Facility Center for Future Drug Discoveries, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Shida
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kogane
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yoshio Nishimura
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Kamiosaki 3-14-23, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan
| | - Hayamitsu Adachi
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Kamiosaki 3-14-23, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan
| | - Elzbieta Kolaczkowska
- Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kepka
- Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Motowo Nakajima
- SBI Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., 1-6-1, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-6019, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Irimura
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 104-8560, Japan; Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 104-8560, Japan.
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2
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Activation of maternal toll-like receptor-2 causes social deficits and memory impairment in female offspring. Neuroreport 2016; 27:224-9. [PMID: 26765791 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To study the relevance of the activation of toll-like receptor-2 and abnormal behavioral properties, we introduced prenatal zymosan, a toll-like receptor-2 ligand, to investigate the effect of maternal immunity on offspring behavior. Only female offspring showed impaired social and cognitive function, suggesting that zymosan may influence females' behavior.
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3
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Rosas M, Davies LC, Giles PJ, Liao CT, Kharfan B, Stone TC, O'Donnell VB, Fraser DJ, Jones SA, Taylor PR. The transcription factor Gata6 links tissue macrophage phenotype and proliferative renewal. Science 2014; 344:645-648. [PMID: 24762537 DOI: 10.1126/science.1251414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-resident macrophages are heterogeneous as a consequence of anatomical niche-specific functions. Many populations self-renew independently of bone marrow in the adult, but the molecular mechanisms of this are poorly understood. We determined a transcriptional profile for the major self-renewing population of peritoneal macrophages in mice. These cells specifically expressed the transcription factor Gata6. Selective deficiency of Gata6 in myeloid cells caused substantial alterations in the transcriptome of peritoneal macrophages. Gata6 deficiency also resulted in dysregulated peritoneal macrophage proliferative renewal during homeostasis and in response to inflammation, which was associated with delays in the resolution of inflammation. Our investigations reveal that the tissue macrophage phenotype is under discrete tissue-selective transcriptional control and that this is fundamentally linked to the regulation of their proliferation renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Rosas
- Cardiff Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Luke C Davies
- Cardiff Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Peter J Giles
- Central Biotechnology Services, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Chia-Te Liao
- Cardiff Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Bashar Kharfan
- Cardiff Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Timothy C Stone
- Central Biotechnology Services, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Valerie B O'Donnell
- Cardiff Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Donald J Fraser
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Simon A Jones
- Cardiff Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Philip R Taylor
- Cardiff Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
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4
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Mandal M, Donnelly R, Elkabes S, Zhang P, Davini D, David BT, Ponzio NM. Maternal immune stimulation during pregnancy shapes the immunological phenotype of offspring. Brain Behav Immun 2013; 33:33-45. [PMID: 23643646 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have associated infection during pregnancy with increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in children, which is modeled in rodents by stimulating the immune system of pregnant dams with microorganisms or their mimics, such as poly(I:C) or LPS. In two prenatal mouse models, we show that in utero exposure of the fetus to cytokines/inflammatory mediators elicited by maternal immune stimulation with poly(I:C) yields offspring that exhibit a proinflammatory phenotype due to alterations in developmental programming of their immune system. Changes in the innate and adaptive immune elements of these pro-inflammatory offspring result in more robust responses following exposure to immune stimuli than those observed in control offspring from PBS-injected pregnant dams. In the first model, offspring from poly(I:C)-injected immunologically naïve dams showed heightened cellular and cytokine responses 4 h after injection of zymosan, a TLR2 agonist. In the second model, using dams with immunological memory, poly(I:C) injection during pregnancy produced offspring that showed preferential differentiation toward Th17 cell development, earlier onset of clinical symptoms of EAE, and more severe neurological deficits following immunization with MOG35-55. Such "fetal programming" in offspring from poly(I:C)-injected dams not only persists into neonatal and adult life, but also can have profound consequences on health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mili Mandal
- UMDNJ-Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
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5
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Trivedi NH, Guentzel MN, Rodriguez AR, Yu JJ, Forsthuber TG, Arulanandam BP. Mast cells: multitalented facilitators of protection against bacterial pathogens. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2013; 9:129-38. [PMID: 23390944 DOI: 10.1586/eci.12.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are crucial effector cells evoking immune responses against bacterial pathogens. The positioning of mast cells at the host-environment interface, and the multitude of pathogen-recognition receptors and preformed mediator granules make these cells potentially the earliest to respond to an invading pathogen. In this review, the authors summarize the receptors used by mast cells to recognize invading bacteria and discuss the function of immune mediators released by mast cells in control of bacterial infection. The interaction of mast cells with other immune cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells and T cells, to induce protective immunity is highlighted. The authors also discuss mast cell-based vaccine strategies and the potential application in control of bacterial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita H Trivedi
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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6
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Platelet serotonin promotes the recruitment of neutrophils to sites of acute inflammation in mice. Blood 2012; 121:1008-15. [PMID: 23243271 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-06-437392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of peripheral serotonin is stored in platelets, which secrete it on activation. Serotonin releases Weibel-Palade bodies (WPBs) and we asked whether absence of platelet serotonin affects neutrophil recruitment in inflammatory responses. Tryptophan hydroxylase (Tph)1–deficient mice, lacking non-neuronal serotonin, showed mild leukocytosis compared with wild-type (WT), primarily driven by an elevated neutrophil count. Despite this, 50% fewer leukocytes rolled on unstimulated mesenteric venous endothelium of Tph1(-/-) mice. The velocity of rolling leukocytes was higher in Tph1(-/-) mice, indicating fewer selectin-mediated interactions with endothelium. Stimulation of endothelium with histamine, a secretagogue of WPBs, or injection of serotonin normalized the rolling in Tph1(-/-) mice. Diminished rolling in Tph1(-/-) mice resulted in reduced firm adhesion of leukocytes after lipopolysaccharide treatment. Blocking platelet serotonin uptake with fluoxetine in WT mice reduced serum serotonin by > 80% and similarly reduced leukocyte rolling and adhesion. Four hours after inflammatory stimulation, neutrophil extravasation into lung, peritoneum, and skin wounds was reduced in Tph1(-/-) mice, whereas in vitro neutrophil chemotaxis was independent of serotonin. Survival of lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxic shock was improved in Tph1(-/-) mice. In conclusion, platelet serotonin promotes the recruitment of neutrophils in acute inflammation, supporting an important role for platelet serotonin in innate immunity.
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7
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McDonald JU, Rosas M, Brown GD, Jones SA, Taylor PR. Differential dependencies of monocytes and neutrophils on dectin-1, dectin-2 and complement for the recognition of fungal particles in inflammation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45781. [PMID: 23049859 PMCID: PMC3458947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We have re-investigated the role of the complement system and the non-opsonic pattern recognition receptors dectin-1 and dectin-2 in the recognition of fungal particles by inflammatory neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages. We have used in vivo and ex vivo models to study the recognition and response of these cells: i) We confirm previous observations regarding the importance of complement to neutrophil but not monocytic responses; ii) We show that dectin-1 is important for driving inflammatory cell recruitment to fungal stimuli and that it biases the immediate inflammatory response to one that favors neutrophil over monocyte recruitment; iii) We show that dectin-2 contributes to the physical recognition of fungal particles by inflammatory monocytes/macrophages, but is also expressed on neutrophils, where we show it has the potential to contribute to cellular activation; iv) Additionally, we show that serum-opsonization has the potential to interfere with non-opsonic recognition of fungal particles by dectin-1 and dectin-2, presumably through masking of ligands. Collectively these roles are consistent with previously described roles of dectin-1 and dectin-2 in driving inflammatory and adaptive immune responses and complement in containing fungal burdens. This study emphasizes the importance of heterogeneity of receptor expression across myeloid cell subsets in protective immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline U. McDonald
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Marcela Rosas
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon D. Brown
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Simon A. Jones
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Philip R. Taylor
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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8
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Toll-like receptors expression and NF-κB activation in peritoneal leukocytes in morphine-mediated impairment of zymosan-induced peritonitis in swiss mice. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2012; 60:373-82. [PMID: 22915067 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-012-0186-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Zymosan-induced peritonitis represents a well-described model of acute inflammation. The binding of zymosan with its specific Toll-like receptors (TLR2 and TLR6) on leukocytes initiates activation and phosphorylation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB, which leads to accumulation of NF-κB p65 subunits in the nucleus and subsequently up-regulation of the proinflammatory cytokine genes expression. Intraperitoneal co-administration of zymosan and morphine significantly inhibits peritonitis in several strains of mice by decreasing the influx of exudatory cells; however, mechanisms of this action still remain unclear. We aimed to verify the effects of morphine on NF-κB and TLRs expression at messenger RNA and protein levels during the early stages of zymosan-induced peritonitis. Peritonitis was induced by a single injection of zymosan A or zymosan supplemented with morphine in Swiss mice. At selected time points, after stimulation, peritoneal leukocytes were harvested. The TLRs and NF-κB expression was assessed by real-time PCR and flow cytometry. In comparison with the mice injected with zymosan only, morphine co-injection significantly decreased the expression of phospho-NF-κB and TLR2 in all investigated immunocompetent cells as well as up-regulated the levels of nitric oxide (NO) in peritoneal fluid. Moreover, supplementation of zymosan with morphine altered the TLR, NF-κB and some proinflammatory cytokines (keratinocyte-derived chemokine, tumor necrosis factor-α) gene expression during ongoing inflammation. We may postulate that after morphine stimulation peritoneal leukocytes recognize less effectively zymosan antigens because of impaired TLRs expression. The lower TLR expression attenuates TLR-mediated signal transduction, which prevents NF-κB activation. Additionally, during zymosan-induced peritonitis, morphine may modulate the NF-κB expression, at least partially, by an up-regulated release of NO, as suggested by others.
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9
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Expression of toll-like receptors 2 and 3 on esophageal epithelial cell lines and on eosinophils during esophagitis. Dig Dis Sci 2012; 57:630-42. [PMID: 21960283 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-011-1907-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chronic disease eosinophilic esophagitis may be mediated by the innate immune system. Activation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in other tissues is known to initiate eosinophil infiltration, thus TLRs may be a potential mediator of esophageal eosinophilia. Little is known about TLRs in the esophagus. AIMS The purpose of this study was to identify the presence and activation of TLR2 and TLR3 on esophageal epithelial cell lines, primary epithelial cells and mucosal esophageal biopsies. METHODS TLR2 and TLR3 were identified by immunocytochemistry and immunoblot. PCR assessed alterations to gene expression by activation of TLR2 and TLR3. Immunohistochemistry co-localized eosinophils and TLR2/TLR3 on esophageal biopsies. RESULTS TLR2 and TLR3 were expressed on the esophageal adenocarcinoma cell lines TE-1 and TE-7, but only TLR3 was present on the esophageal epithelial cell line HET-1A. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin gene expression was altered in response to ligands zymosan and polyI:C, demonstrating activation. Primary esophageal epithelial cells did not express TLR2 or TLR3. In esophageal biopsies, TLR2 and TLR3 expression was limited to eosinophils and other immune cells during esophagitis. CONCLUSIONS TLR2 and TLR3 expression on cultured esophageal epithelial cells differs from TLR2 and TLR3 expression in esophageal biopsies, which is limited to immune cells during esophagitis.
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10
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Kimura K, Orita T, Nomi N, Fujitsu Y, Nishida T, Sonoda KH. Identification of common secreted factors in human corneal fibroblasts exposed to LPS, poly(I:C), or zymosan. Exp Eye Res 2011; 96:157-62. [PMID: 22116002 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2011.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Infection of the cornea with bacteria, viruses, or fungi can result in corneal ulceration. Corneal stromal cells participate in the immune and inflammatory responses to such infection in part by producing various cytokines and chemokines. The effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)], and zymosan as surrogates for bacteria, viruses, and fungi, respectively, on the release of cytokines and chemokines from cultured human corneal fibroblasts were examined in order to identify common factors in infectious corneal keratitis. The secretion of various cytokines and chemokines by human corneal fibroblasts exposed to LPS, poly(I:C), or zymosan was measured with a multiplex assay system. LPS induced the release of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, MCP-1, RANTES, IP-10, eotaxin, and IL-12 from corneal fibroblasts. Poly(I:C) stimulated the secretion of IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, RANTES, IP-10, eotaxin, MIP-1β, and interferon-γ, whereas zymosan triggered the production of IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1. LPS, poly(I:C), and zymosan thus each induced a distinct pattern of cytokine and chemokine release from human corneal fibroblasts, with the release of IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 being commonly elicited by all three agents. Our results suggest that IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 may therefore play a key role in the inflammatory response to corneal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Kimura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube City, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
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11
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Song JJ, Hwang I, Cho KH, Garcia MA, Kim AJ, Wang TH, Lindstrom TM, Lee AT, Nishimura T, Zhao L, Morser J, Nesheim M, Goodman SB, Lee DM, Bridges SL, Gregersen PK, Leung LL, Robinson WH. Plasma carboxypeptidase B downregulates inflammatory responses in autoimmune arthritis. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:3517-27. [PMID: 21804193 PMCID: PMC3163960 DOI: 10.1172/jci46387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune and coagulation systems are both implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Plasma carboxypeptidase B (CPB), which is activated by the thrombin/thrombomodulin complex, plays a procoagulant role during fibrin clot formation. However, an antiinflammatory role for CPB is suggested by the recent observation that CPB can cleave proinflammatory mediators, such as C5a, bradykinin, and osteopontin. Here, we show that CPB plays a central role in downregulating C5a-mediated inflammatory responses in autoimmune arthritis. CPB deficiency exacerbated inflammatory arthritis in a mouse model of RA, and cleavage of C5a by CPB suppressed the ability of C5a to recruit immune cells in vivo. In human patients with RA, genotyping of nonsynonymous SNPs in the CPB-encoding gene revealed that the allele encoding a CPB variant with longer half-life was associated with a lower risk of developing radiographically severe RA. Functionally, this CPB variant was more effective at abrogating the proinflammatory properties of C5a. Additionally, expression of both CPB and C5a in synovial fluid was higher in patients with RA than in those with osteoarthritis. These findings suggest that CPB plays a critical role in dampening local, C5a-mediated inflammation and represents a molecular link between inflammation and coagulation in autoimmune arthritis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arthritis, Experimental/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/pathology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/enzymology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/genetics
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/pathology
- Blood Coagulation/physiology
- Carboxypeptidase B/blood
- Carboxypeptidase B/genetics
- Complement C5a/metabolism
- Down-Regulation
- Genotype
- Humans
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Isoenzymes/blood
- Isoenzymes/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Osteopontin/genetics
- Osteopontin/metabolism
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Receptor, Bradykinin B2/genetics
- Receptor, Bradykinin B2/metabolism
- Synovial Fluid/enzymology
- Synovial Membrane/immunology
- Synovial Membrane/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Song
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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12
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McAlpine SM, Enoksson M, Lunderius-Andersson C, Nilsson G. The effect of bacterial, viral and fungal infection on mast cell reactivity in the allergic setting. J Innate Immun 2011; 3:120-30. [PMID: 21242671 DOI: 10.1159/000323350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are well known for their role in allergic inflammation where, upon aggregation of the high-affinity immunoglobulin E receptor, they release mediators such as histamine that cause classical allergic symptoms. Mast cells are located in almost all tissues and are especially numerous in organs that interface with the environment. Given this strategic location and the more recent notion that they are endowed with receptors that recognize endogenous and exogenous danger signals such as pathogens, it is not surprising that they function as important cells in immune surveillance. When mast cells are activated by pathogens they modulate innate and adaptive immune responses. In allergy, infections might cause exacerbation of the allergic reaction by affecting the reactivity of mast cells. With new developments within the field of mast cell biology, we will better understand how mast cells execute their effector functions. This knowledge will also help to improve the management of allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M McAlpine
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, and Centre for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Sogawa Y, Ohyama T, Maeda H, Hirahara K. Inhibition of neutrophil migration in mice by mouse formyl peptide receptors 1 and 2 dual agonist: indication of cross-desensitization in vivo. Immunology 2010; 132:441-50. [PMID: 21039475 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03367.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that the stimulation of neutrophils with N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLF), an agonist for formyl peptide receptor (Fpr) 1, renders cells unresponsive to other chemoattractants in vitro. This is known as cross-desensitization, but its functional relevance in neutrophil migration in vivo has not been investigated. Here, we show that precedent stimulation of mouse neutrophils with compound 43, a non-peptidyl agonist for mouse Fpr1 and Fpr2, rendered the cells unresponsive to a second stimulation with C5a, leukotriene B₄, or keratinocyte-derived cytokine (KC) in calcium mobilization and chemotaxis assays in vitro. The expression of chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 2 (CXCR2) on the surface of neutrophils was concomitantly diminished by stimulating the cells with the compound. Moreover, oral administration of the compound to mice before they were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) aerosol resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in the neutrophil count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. The expression of CXCR2 on blood neutrophils was also reduced in the compound-administered mice. The recipient mice that underwent adoptive transfer of fluorescence-labelled neutrophils that had been incubated with the compound showed a substantial decrease in neutrophil counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after they were exposed to LPS, when compared with the control mice to which vehicle-treated neutrophils had been transferred. These results are consistent with the idea that the agonist for Fpr1 and Fpr2 induced cross-desensitization in neutrophils and attenuated neutrophil migration into the airways. Our results also revealed the unpredicted effect of an Fpr1 and Fpr2 dual agonist, which may act as a functional antagonist for multiple chemoattractant receptors in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Sogawa
- Cardiovascular-Metabolics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo, Co., Ltd, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo
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14
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Abstract
Although mast cells were discovered more than a century ago, their functions beyond their role in allergic responses remained elusive until recently. However, there is a growing appreciation that an important physiological function of these cells is the recognition of pathogens and modulation of appropriate immune responses. Because of their ability to instantly release several pro-inflammatory mediators from intracellular stores and their location at the host-environment interface, mast cells have been shown to be crucial for optimal immune responses during infection. Mast cells seem to exert these effects by altering the inflammatory environment after detection of a pathogen and by mobilizing various immune cells to the site of infection and to draining lymph nodes. Interestingly, the character and timing of these responses can vary depending on the type of pathogen stimulus, location of pathogen recognition and sensitization state of the responding mast cells. Recent studies using mast cell activators as effective vaccine adjuvants show the potential of harnessing these cells to confer protective immunity against microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soman N Abraham
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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15
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Hashimoto M, Hirota K, Yoshitomi H, Maeda S, Teradaira S, Akizuki S, Prieto-Martin P, Nomura T, Sakaguchi N, Köhl J, Heyman B, Takahashi M, Fujita T, Mimori T, Sakaguchi S. Complement drives Th17 cell differentiation and triggers autoimmune arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 207:1135-43. [PMID: 20457757 PMCID: PMC2882841 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20092301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Activation of serum complement triggers Th17 cell–dependent spontaneous autoimmune disease in an animal model. In genetically autoimmune-prone SKG mice, administration of mannan or β-glucan, both of which activate serum complement, evoked Th17 cell–mediated chronic autoimmune arthritis. C5a, a chief component of complement activation produced via all three complement pathways (i.e., lectin, classical, and alternative), stimulated tissue-resident macrophages, but not dendritic cells, to produce inflammatory cytokines including IL-6, in synergy with Toll-like receptor signaling or, notably, granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). GM-CSF secreted by activated T cells indeed enhanced in vitro IL-6 production by C5a-stimulated macrophages. In vivo, C5a receptor (C5aR) deficiency in SKG mice inhibited the differentiation/expansion of Th17 cells after mannan or β-glucan treatment, and consequently suppressed the development of arthritis. Transfer of SKG T cells induced Th17 cell differentiation/expansion and produced arthritis in C5aR-sufficient recombination activating gene (RAG)−/− mice but not in C5aR-deficient RAG−/− recipients. In vivo macrophage depletion also inhibited disease development in SKG mice. Collectively, the data suggest that complement activation by exogenous or endogenous stimulation can initiate Th17 cell differentiation and expansion in certain autoimmune diseases and presumably in microbial infections. Blockade of C5aR may thus be beneficial for controlling Th17-mediated inflammation and autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motomu Hashimoto
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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16
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Sampaio P, Santos M, Correia A, Amaral FE, Chavéz-Galarza J, Costa-de-Oliveira S, Castro AG, Pedrosa J, Pais C. Virulence attenuation of Candida albicans genetic variants isolated from a patient with a recurrent bloodstream infection. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10155. [PMID: 20405013 PMCID: PMC2854149 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of Candida albicans infections and the relapse episodes after antifungal treatment have increased in recent decades. Recurrences are mainly due to the persistence of the original infecting strain that may present genetic and genomic rearrangements during interaction with the host, reflecting strain adaptation. In this study, four isolates recovered from a patient during recurrent candidemia episodes were genotyped by microsatellite length polymorphism (MLP) and by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and found to be genetic variants of the same strain. Using experimental mouse infections, a progressive reduction in the virulence of the four isolates was observed, with the first two isolates more virulent than the third and fourth. Additionally, in the mouse model, the first isolate resisted host control more efficiently, resulting in higher kidney fungal burdens and necrosis as compared to the third isolate. The resolution of inflammation was delayed in mice challenged with the first isolate and the message for IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha in the spleen was lower within the first few hours post-infection. Original and recurrent isolates also displayed different phenotypes regarding activity of secreted enzymes and response to stress agents. Overall, the comparative analysis indicated that the virulence decrease of these isolates was related to a lower ability to resist to the host anticandida effector mechanisms. We showed for the first time that C. albicans genetic variants of the same strain, sequentially isolated from an immunocompromised patient, underwent adaptations in the human host that resulted in virulence attenuation when tested in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Sampaio
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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17
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Dawicki W, Jawdat DW, Xu N, Marshall JS. Mast cells, histamine, and IL-6 regulate the selective influx of dendritic cell subsets into an inflamed lymph node. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:2116-23. [PMID: 20083654 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In response to bacterial stimuli, multiple dendritic cell (DC) populations accumulate within the draining lymph node, thus enhancing opportunities for effective T cell-DC interaction. DC subpopulations, such as plasmacytoid, CD8(+), and CD11b(+) subsets, have distinct roles in determining the nature of the immune response. The mechanisms whereby individual DC subpopulations are mobilized and the extent to which these processes are linked to increases in overall lymph node cellularity have not been determined. In the current study, the mechanisms of DC subset mobilization to the draining auricular lymph node were examined after intradermal injection of Staphylococcus aureus-derived peptidoglycan. Using mast cell-deficient mice and local mast cell reconstitution, plasmacytoid and CD8(+) DC responses were shown to be mast cell dependent, whereas the CD11b(+) DC response was not. A histamine H2 receptor-dependent, CXCL9-independent pathway controlled the selective influx of both plasmacytoid and CD11b(+) DC into the lymph node, but not lymph node cellularity. In contrast, IL-6 was important for the mobilization of CD8(+) and CD11b(+) DC. TNF and IL-1 receptor were dispensable for plasmacytoid, CD11b(+), and CD8(+) DC responses. These findings provide novel opportunities for the selective mobilization of specific DC subsets to lymph nodes and demonstrate critical roles for both histamine and IL-6 in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Dawicki
- Dalhousie Inflammation Group, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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18
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Metz M, Maurer M. Innate immunity and allergy in the skin. Curr Opin Immunol 2009; 21:687-93. [PMID: 19828302 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 09/01/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The skin as an organ has many functions of which the protection against environmental threats may be the most important. Recent investigations have broadened our understanding of the cellular mechanisms of host defense responses of the skin. Interestingly, the three key effector cells of cutaneous innate immunity, that is keratinocytes, dendritic cells, and mast cells, are also critically involved in the elicitation of allergic reactions. Keratinocytes keep bacteria and other pathogens from invading the host, but they can also promote the development of allergic asthma by releasing thymic stromal lymphopoietin. Dendritic cells in the skin are crucial for the detection and processing of allergens and thus for the development of allergies, but they are also essential in host defense against bacteria, for example by releasing cytokines such as TNF and IL-17. Mast cells, the most important effector cells in immediate hypersensitivity type allergic reactions, effectively combat bacterial infections, for example by releasing antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Metz
- Allergie-Centrum-Charité, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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19
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Baintner K. Inflammatory ascites formation induced by macromolecules in mice and rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 297:R218-23. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00086.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Different macromolecules were administered intraperitoneally to stimulate formation of protein-rich ascitic fluid in rodents. Stimulatory effect of plant lectins depended on the attachment to cell surface carbohydrates, Canavalia ensiformis (ConA) lectin was used in the majority of experiments. The time course of ConA-induced ascites was divided into an early (up to 4 h) and a late (from 6 h on) phase, with a transitional period between the two. Water and protein accumulation showed parallel time courses: volume of the ascitic fluid peaked at around 3 h, and fibrin threads appeared after 6 h. Viscosity of the ascitic fluid and its supernatant increased with time, reaching maximal fibrinogen concentration at around 16 h. Peritoneal permeability, followed by pleural and pericardial effusions, was elicited only by lectins that form soluble complexes with serum glycoproteins, whereas the effect of serum-precipitating lectins was restricted to the peritoneum. Macromolecules with serial positive charges (e.g., polylysine or polyethyleneimine) enhanced peritoneal permeability by ionic interactions with cell surface molecules. Viscosity of the polycation-induced ascitic fluid did not tend to increase with time and corresponded to the early phase of the ConA-induced ascites. Polyglutamate, a polyanionic macromolecule, inhibited the effect of polycations, but not that of ConA. The most efficient stimulatory macromolecules appear to induce ascites by noncovalent cross-linking of cell surface glycoproteins or glycosaminoglycans or both. A similar mechanism may operate in the maintenance of basal secretion to prevent eventual desiccation. Noncovalent cross-linking appears to be a common denominator of both basal and enhanced permeability.
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20
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Transcellular biosynthesis of cysteinyl leukotrienes in vivo during mouse peritoneal inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:8296-301. [PMID: 19416808 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0903851106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukotrienes (LTs) are lipid mediators of inflammation formed by enzymatic oxidation of arachidonic acid. One intriguing aspect of LT production is transcellular biosynthesis: cells expressing 5-lipoxygenase (5LO) form LTA(4) and transfer it to cells expressing LTA(4) hydrolase (LTA(4)H) or LTC(4) synthase (LTC(4)S) to produce LTB(4) or LTC(4). This process has been demonstrated in vivo for LTB(4), but not for cysteinyl LTs (cysLTs). We examined transcellular cysLT synthesis during zymosan-induced peritonitis, using bone marrow transplants with transgenic mice deficient in key enzymes of LT synthesis and analyzing all eicosanoids by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. WT mice time-dependently produced LTB(4) and cysLTs (LTC(4), LTD(4), and LTE(4)). 5LO(-/-) mice were incapable of producing LTs. WT bone marrow cells restored this biosynthetic ability, but 5LO(-/-) bone marrow did not rescue LT synthesis in irradiated WT mice, demonstrating that bone marrow-derived cells are the ultimate source of all LTs in this model. Total levels of 5LO-derived products were comparable in LTA(4)H(-/-) and WT mice, but were reduced in LTC(4)S(-/-) animals. No differences in prostaglandin production were observed between these transgenic or chimeric mice. Bone marrow cells from LTA(4)H(-/-) or LTC(4)S(-/-) mice injected into 5LO(-/-) mice restored the ability to synthesize LTB(4) and cysLTs, providing unequivocal evidence of efficient transcellular biosynthesis of cysLTs. These results highlight the potential relevance of transcellular exchange of LTA(4) for the synthesis of LTs mediating biological activities during inflammatory events in vivo.
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21
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Rosas M, Liddiard K, Kimberg M, Faro-Trindade I, McDonald JU, Williams DL, Brown GD, Taylor PR. The induction of inflammation by dectin-1 in vivo is dependent on myeloid cell programming and the progression of phagocytosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:3549-57. [PMID: 18714028 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.5.3549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dectin-1 is the archetypal signaling, non-Toll-like pattern recognition receptor that plays a protective role in immune defense to Candida albicans as the major leukocyte receptor for beta-glucans. Dectin-1-deficiency is associated with impaired recruitment of inflammatory leukocytes and inflammatory mediator production at the site of infection. In this study, we have used mice to define the mechanisms that regulate the dectin-1-mediated inflammatory responses. Myeloid cell activation by dectin-1 is controlled by inherent cellular programming, with distinct macrophage and dendritic cell populations responding differentially to the engagement of this receptor. The inflammatory response is further modulated by the progression of the phagocytosis, with "frustrated phagocytosis" resulting in dramatically augmented inflammatory responses. These studies demonstrate that dectin-1 in isolation is sufficient to drive a potent inflammatory response in a context-dependent manner. This has implications for the mechanism by which myeloid cells are activated during fungal infections and the processes involved in the therapeutic manipulation of the immune system via exogenous dectin-1 stimulation or blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Rosas
- Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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22
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Déruaz M, Frauenschuh A, Alessandri AL, Dias JM, Coelho FM, Russo RC, Ferreira BR, Graham GJ, Shaw JP, Wells TNC, Teixeira MM, Power CA, Proudfoot AEI. Ticks produce highly selective chemokine binding proteins with antiinflammatory activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 205:2019-31. [PMID: 18678732 PMCID: PMC2526197 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20072689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bloodsucking parasites such as ticks have evolved a wide variety of immunomodulatory proteins that are secreted in their saliva, allowing them to feed for long periods of time without being detected by the host immune system. One possible strategy used by ticks to evade the host immune response is to produce proteins that selectively bind and neutralize the chemokines that normally recruit cells of the innate immune system that protect the host from parasites. We have identified distinct cDNAs encoding novel chemokine binding proteins (CHPBs), which we have termed Evasins, using an expression cloning approach. These CHBPs have unusually stringent chemokine selectivity, differentiating them from broader spectrum viral CHBPs. Evasin-1 binds to CCL3, CCL4, and CCL18; Evasin-3 binds to CXCL8 and CXCL1; and Evasin-4 binds to CCL5 and CCL11. We report the characterization of Evasin-1 and -3, which are unrelated in primary sequence and tertiary structure, and reveal novel folds. Administration of recombinant Evasin-1 and -3 in animal models of disease demonstrates that they have potent antiinflammatory properties. These novel CHBPs designed by nature are even smaller than the recently described single-domain antibodies (Hollinger, P., and P.J. Hudson. 2005. Nat. Biotechnol. 23:1126–1136), and may be therapeutically useful as novel antiinflammatory agents in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Déruaz
- Merck Serono Geneva Research Centre, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
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23
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Mondal TK, Saha SK, Miller VM, Seegal RF, Lawrence DA. Autoantibody-mediated neuroinflammation: pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus in the NZM88 murine model. Brain Behav Immun 2008; 22:949-59. [PMID: 18411022 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2008.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2007] [Revised: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies play an important role in central nervous system manifestations of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE). Previous studies have shown that the lupus-prone NZM88 strain has major neural deficits and high titers of serum IgG to brain antigens. ELISA was performed to detect the presence of IgG in different brain regions of NZM88 mice and to compare the levels with NZM2758 mice and control strains (NZW and BALB/c). There was a substantial increase of IgG in the substantia nigra (SN) and hypothalamus (HT) of brains from NZM88 mice compared to control NZW and BALB/c mice, whereas NZM2758 mice had more IgG in the cortex. The increased presence of IgG in the NPSLE-prone NZM88 mouse brain was paralleled by increased TNF-alpha and IL-12 in the SN and HT regions; significantly elevated expression of MHC Class-II was also observed in the SN of NZM88 mice and cortex of NZM2758 mice. A co-culture system of dopaminergic neurons and microglia was used to demonstrate that NZM88 sera modifies dopaminergic cell activity only in the presence of microglia and that TNF-alpha is synthesized and released in this co-culture. This study demonstrates a functional link between the autoantibodies, the activation of microglia, and neuronal function associated dopamine production, which is suggested to be causally related to the predominant NPSLE syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan K Mondal
- Biggs Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA
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24
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Ivanovska ND, Dimitrova PA, Luckett JC, El-Rachkidy Lonnen R, Schwaeble WJ, Stover CM. Properdin deficiency in murine models of nonseptic shock. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:6962-9. [PMID: 18453618 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.10.6962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary properdin deficiency is linked to susceptibility to meningococcal disease (Neisseria meningitidis serotypes Y and W-135) with high mortality. Its relative contribution toward the outcome of nonseptic shock has not been investigated. Using properdin-deficient C57BL/6 mice and their littermates, this study examines their survival of zymosan-induced and LPS-induced shock. Properdin-deficient mice were more resistant to zymosan shock compared with wild-type mice, which showed greater impairment of end-organ function 24 h after zymosan injection, higher TNF-alpha production by alveolar and peritoneal macrophages, higher TNF-alpha, and, inversely, lower IL-10 levels in peritoneal lavage and circulation and higher plasma C5a levels. Properdin-deficient mice showed significantly higher mortality in LPS shock, elevated TNF-alpha, and, inversely, reduced IL-10 production by peritoneal macrophages as well as lower plasma C5a levels compared with wild-type littermates. NO production by peritoneal macrophages and plasma alpha1-antitrypsin levels at 24 h after the injection of LPS or zymosan were decreased in properdin-deficient mice in both models, and fewer histopathologic changes in liver were observed in properdin-deficient animals. This study provides evidence that properdin deficiency attenuates zymosan-induced shock and exacerbates LPS-induced shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina D Ivanovska
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
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25
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Soruri A, Grigat J, Kiafard Z, Zwirner J. Mast cell activation is characterized by upregulation of a functional anaphylatoxin C5a receptor. BMC Immunol 2008; 9:29. [PMID: 18559098 PMCID: PMC2442583 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-9-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells (MC) are key effector cells of allergic diseases and resistance to helminthic parasites and induce or amplify diverse innate and adaptive immune responses. The signals controlling MC mobilization during inflammation are not fully understood. RESULTS Since anaphylatoxins are attractive candidates as MC chemoattractants, we investigated expression and function of anaphylatoxin receptors in murine MC. Precursor cell-derived MC cultured with IL-3 in the presence or absence of SCF did not express significant amounts of surface C5a receptor (C5aR) or C3a receptor (C3aR). MC required approximately 4 h of stimulation with Ag (DNP-albumin, following preincubation with IgE anti-DNP), ionomycin, or PMA to enable a strong chemotactic response towards C5a, paralleled by a distinct C5aR upregulation. Likewise, C5a induced intracellular calcium fluxes solely in activated MC. In contrast, C3a proved to be a weak MC chemotaxin and unable to increase intracellular calcium. Primary peritoneal MC did not express detectable amounts of anaphylatoxin receptors, however, similar to precursor cell-derived MC, stimulation with Ag or ionomycin for 4 h induced a prominent surface expression of C5aR whereas C3aR remained undetectable. CONCLUSION Collectively, our results suggest that Ag-dependent as well as -independent activation induces an inflammatory MC phenotype which is distinguished by neoexpression of a functional C5aR as a novel effector mechanism in MC-mediated pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Soruri
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Humboldtallee 34, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany.
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26
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Chadzinska M, Leon-Kloosterziel KM, Plytycz B, Lidy Verburg-van Kemenade BM. In vivo kinetics of cytokine expression during peritonitis in carp: evidence for innate and alternative macrophage polarization. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 32:509-18. [PMID: 17988736 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2007.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2007] [Revised: 08/23/2007] [Accepted: 08/25/2007] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite the discovery of many cytokine genes in fish, knowledge on their functional homology is limited. To enlighten the biological function of inflammation-related mediators, we studied their kinetics of gene expression during peritonitis in carp. Zymosan-induced intraperitoneal influx of phagocytes reached a maximum at 24h. In peritoneal leukocytes (PTL) up-regulation of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, CXCa, and chemokine receptor CXCR1 preceded this peak. Delayed up-regulation of these genes in the head kidney (HK) indicates emigration of antigen-presenting cells from peritoneum into HK and/or systemic spreading of inflammation. In turn, early increase in expression of anti-inflammatory genes in HK (6h) precede their up-regulation in the focus of inflammation. In PTL peaks of IL-10 and arginase 2 expression were recorded at 96 and 168h, respectively. These results give evidence that carp macrophages in vivo differentiate into a continuum of different activation states with innate and alternative activation representing the extremes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Chadzinska
- Cell Biology & Immunology Group, Wageningen University, Marijkeweg 40, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
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27
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Metz M, Siebenhaar F, Maurer M. Mast cell functions in the innate skin immune system. Immunobiology 2007; 213:251-60. [PMID: 18406371 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2007.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Revised: 10/22/2007] [Accepted: 10/29/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are not only potent effector cells in allergy, but are also important players in protective immune responses against pathogens. Most of our knowledge about mast cells in innate immunity is derived from models of sepsis, whereas their role in innate immune responses of the skin has largely been neglected in the past. Their particular pattern of distribution in the skin and their ability to sense and react to pathogens and other danger signals indicate that mast cells can be important sentinels and effector cells in skin immune responses. The recent findings reviewed here have confirmed this hypothesis and have established a prominent role for skin mast cells in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Metz
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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28
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Burke JM, Ganley-Leal LM, Khatri A, Wetzler LM. Neisseria meningitidis PorB, a TLR2 ligand, induces an antigen-specific eosinophil recall response: potential adjuvant for helminth vaccines? THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:3222-30. [PMID: 17709538 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.5.3222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Efficacious adjuvants are important components of new vaccines. The neisserial outer membrane protein, PorB, is a TLR2 ligand with unique adjuvant activity. We demonstrate that PorB promotes Th2-skewed cellular immune response to the model Ag, OVA, in mice, including Ag-specific recall eosinophil recruitment to the peritoneum. PorB induces chemokine secretion by myeloid cells using both TLR2-dependent and -independent mechanisms, suggesting that anatomical distribution of TLR2(+) cells may not be a limiting factor for potential vaccine strategies. The results from this study suggest that PorB, and other TLR2 ligands, may be ideal for use against pathogens where eosinophilia may be protective, such as parasitic helminths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Burke
- Department of Pathology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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29
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Kolaczkowska E, Arnold B, Opdenakker G. Gelatinase B/MMP-9 as an inflammatory marker enzyme in mouse zymosan peritonitis: comparison of phase-specific and cell-specific production by mast cells, macrophages and neutrophils. Immunobiology 2007; 213:109-24. [PMID: 18241695 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2007.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2007] [Revised: 06/26/2007] [Accepted: 07/17/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophil infiltration during zymosan peritonitis depends on matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity as it is impaired both in MMP-9(-/-) and gelatinase inhibitor-treated animals. The producer cells of MMP-9 and their relative contribution are not known. The aim of this study was to identify and compare the cellular sources, timing and intensity of MMP-9 induction by zymosan in the murine peritoneal cavity. We detected MMP-9 mRNA in unstimulated peritoneal leukocytes and its levels increased after zymosan administration. To detect MMP-9 by flow cytometry, we selected and compared two specific monoclonal antibodies. We show that MMP-9 protein was absent in control peritoneal macrophages, whereas already at 30min of peritonitis almost all macrophages were producing the enzyme. Conversely, MMP-9 was constitutively present in unstimulated mast cells. Macrophages turned out to be prevalent MMP-9 producers in the early phase of peritonitis. During later stages macrophages kept the high expression of MMP-9 for at least 6h of inflammation. In contrast, the early phase expression of MMP-9 by neutrophils was limited albeit the highest percentage of MMP-9(+) neutrophils was observed at 2h but absolute numbers of the MMP-9 carrying neutrophils were low at that time. In contrast, during the late phase of peritonitis neutrophils became major producers of MMP-9 as they numerously infiltrated peritoneum. In conclusion, the study reports detection of MMP-9 at the single-cell level during peritonitis, demonstrates unexpectedly fast MMP-9 expression in macrophages and reveals quantitatively phase-specific contribution of mast cells, macrophages and neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Kolaczkowska
- Department of Evolutionary Immunobiology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Ingardena 6, PL-30-060 Krakow, Poland.
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30
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Kelly MM, McNagny K, Williams DL, van Rooijen N, Maxwell L, Gwozd C, Mody CH, Kubes P. The lung responds to zymosan in a unique manner independent of toll-like receptors, complement, and dectin-1. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2007; 38:227-38. [PMID: 17717323 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2007-0045oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro studies indicate that the inflammatory response to zymosan, a fungal wall preparation, is dependent on Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, and that this response is enhanced by the dectin-1 receptor. Complement may also play an important role in this inflammatory response. However, the relevance of these molecules within the in vivo pulmonary environment remains unknown. To examine pulmonary in vivo inflammatory responses of the lung to zymosan, zymosan was administered by intratracheal aerosolization to C57BL/6, TLR2- TLR4-, MyD88-, and complement-deficient mice. Outcomes included bronchoalveolar fluid cell counts. We next examined effects of dectin-1 inhibition on response to zymosan in alveolar macrophages in vitro and in lungs of C57BL/6, TLR2-, and complement-deficient mice. Finally, the effect of alveolar macrophage depletion on in vivo pulmonary responses was assessed. Marked zymosan-induced neutrophil responses were unaltered in TLR2-deficient mice despite a TLR2-dependent response seen with synthetic TLR2 agonists. TLR4, MyD88, and complement activation were not required for the inflammatory response to zymosan. Although dectin-1 receptor inhibition blocked the inflammatory response of alveolar macrophages to zymosan in vitro, in vivo pulmonary leukocyte recruitment was not altered even in the absence of TLR2 or complement. Depletion of alveolar macrophages did not affect the response to zymosan. Neither complement, macrophages, nor TLR2, TLR4, MyD88, and/or dectin-1 receptors were involved in the pulmonary in vivo inflammatory response to zymosan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M Kelly
- Immunology Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Calgary, Room 1863, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1 Canada
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Monk PN, Scola AM, Madala P, Fairlie DP. Function, structure and therapeutic potential of complement C5a receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 152:429-48. [PMID: 17603557 PMCID: PMC2050825 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement fragment (C)5a is a 74 residue pro-inflammatory polypeptide produced during activation of the complement cascade of serum proteins in response to foreign surfaces such as microorganisms and tissue damaged by physical or chemical injury. C5a binds to at least two seven-transmembrane domain receptors, C5aR (C5R1, CD88) and C5L2 (gpr77), expressed ubiquitously on a wide variety of cells but particularly on the surface of immune cells like macrophages, neutrophils and T cells. C5aR is a classical G protein-coupled receptor that signals through G alpha i and G alpha 16, whereas C5L2 does not appear to couple to G proteins and has no known signalling activity. Although C5a was first described as an anaphylatoxin and later as a leukocyte chemoattractant, the widespread expression of C5aR suggested more general functionality. Our understanding of the physiology of C5a has improved significantly in recent years through exploitation of receptor knockout and knocking mice, C5 and C5a antibodies, soluble recombinant C5a and C5a analogues and newly developed receptor antagonists. C5a is now also implicated in non-immunological functions associated with developmental biology, CNS development and neurodegeneration, tissue regeneration, and haematopoiesis. Combined receptor mutagenesis, molecular modelling, structure-activity relationship studies and species dependence for ligand potency on C5aR have been helpful for identifying ligand binding sites on the receptor and for defining mechanisms of receptor activation and inactivation. This review will highlight major developments in C5a receptor research that support C5aR as an important therapeutic target. The intriguing possibilities raised by the existence of a non-signalling C5a receptor are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Monk
- Academic Neurology Unit, School of Medicine and Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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McNeil HP, Adachi R, Stevens RL. Mast cell-restricted tryptases: structure and function in inflammation and pathogen defense. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:20785-9. [PMID: 17504754 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r700017200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are highly specialized immune cells present in mammals and in lower organisms that predate the development of adaptive immunity. The strong evolutionary pressure to retain MCs for >500 million years suggests critical roles for these cells in our survival. In support of this conclusion, no human has been identified to date that lacks MCs, despite the adverse roles of MCs in systemic anaphylaxis and varied inflammatory disorders. MCs express numerous lineage-restricted neutral proteases, and four members of the chromosome 17A3.3 family of tryptases are preferentially expressed in mouse MCs. The anatomical location of MCs at host-environment interfaces has raised the possibility that some of these enzymes are evolutionally conserved because they are needed for combating infectious organisms. Here we review recent insights into the structure and function of MC tryptases in inflammation and host defense against bacteria and other infectious organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Patrick McNeil
- Department of Rheumatology, Liverpool Hospital and South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, 2052.
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