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Han R, Wang T, Cheng X, Bing J, Li J, Deng Y, Shan X, Zhang X, Wang D, Sun S, Tan W. Immune Responses and Protection Profiles in Mice Induced by Subunit Vaccine Candidates Based on the Extracellular Domain Antigen of Respiratory Syncytial Virus G Protein Combined with Different Adjuvants. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:686. [PMID: 38932414 PMCID: PMC11209252 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of severe lower respiratory tract disease of infants and older people. There is an urgent need for safe and effective vaccines against RSV infection. In this study, we analyzed the effects of the immune response and protection with the RSV recombinant G protein extracellular domain (Gecto) combined with various adjuvants as novel subunit vaccines in mice. All groups receiving RSV Gecto combined with adjuvants exhibited robust humoral and cellular immunity compared to those receiving an adjuvant alone or inactivated RSV vaccine. The greatest effect was observed in mice receiving Gecto combined with a CpG ODN + Alum salt adjuvant, resulting in the highest production of neutralizing antibodies against both RSV A and B subtypes, G-specific IgG and IFN-γ production in splenocytes, and interleukin-2 and interferon-γ expression in CD4+ T cells. Significant humoral and cellular immune responses were observed in mice immunized with Gecto combined with AddaS03™ or cyclosporin A adjuvants. The vaccine containing the AddaS03™ adjuvant showed significantly high expression of interleukin-4 in CD4+ T cells. Cross-protection against a challenge with either RSV A or B subtypes was observed in the Gecto plus adjuvant groups, resulting in a significant decrease in viral load and reduced pathological damage in the mouse lungs. These findings offer valuable insights into the development and application of recombinant RSV G-subunit vaccines with adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiwen Han
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (R.H.); (T.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Tangqi Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (R.H.); (T.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Xueting Cheng
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Health Commissions, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China; (X.C.); (Y.D.)
| | - Jialuo Bing
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; (J.B.); (X.S.); (X.Z.)
| | - Jia Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (R.H.); (T.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Yao Deng
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Health Commissions, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China; (X.C.); (Y.D.)
| | - Xuchang Shan
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; (J.B.); (X.S.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xuejie Zhang
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; (J.B.); (X.S.); (X.Z.)
| | - Donghong Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Health Commissions, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China; (X.C.); (Y.D.)
| | - Shucai Sun
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050004, China;
| | - Wenjie Tan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (R.H.); (T.W.); (J.L.)
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Health Commissions, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China; (X.C.); (Y.D.)
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; (J.B.); (X.S.); (X.Z.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050004, China;
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Deslauriers N, Boulianne M. Evolution of Bacterial Vaccines: from Pasteur to Genomics. Avian Dis 2023; 67:1-6. [PMID: 39126419 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-23-99994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Vaccination against bacteria offers its share of challenges, and important progress has been made in recent years. Conventional vaccinology has protected poultry for decades with killed and attenuated bacterial vaccines. Because of the limitations of these vaccines, and given the latest technological advances, other types of vaccines were developed using various strategies. New vaccines are also being commercialized using viral or bacterial recombinant vectors or in the form of subunit vaccines developed by a genomic approach and bioinformatics analyses. As bacteria are forever-evolving microorganisms, there is no doubt that vaccine strategies preventing bacterial diseases will also evolve and that new generations of vaccines are yet to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Deslauriers
- Chair in Poultry Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada QC J2S 2M2
| | - Martine Boulianne
- Chair in Poultry Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada QC J2S 2M2,
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van Haren SD, Pedersen GK, Kumar A, Ruckwardt TJ, Moin S, Moore IN, Minai M, Liu M, Pak J, Borriello F, Doss-Gollin S, Beijnen EMS, Ahmed S, Helmel M, Andersen P, Graham BS, Steen H, Christensen D, Levy O. CAF08 adjuvant enables single dose protection against respiratory syncytial virus infection in murine newborns. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4234. [PMID: 35918315 PMCID: PMC9346114 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31709-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children, due in part to their distinct immune system, characterized by impaired induction of Th 1 immunity. Here we show application of cationic adjuvant formulation CAF08, a liposomal vaccine formulation tailored to induce Th 1 immunity in early life via synergistic engagement of Toll-like Receptor 7/8 and the C-type lectin receptor Mincle. We apply quantitative phosphoproteomics to human dendritic cells and reveal a role for Protein Kinase C-δ for enhanced Th1 cytokine production in neonatal dendritic cells and identify signaling events resulting in antigen cross-presentation. In a murine in vivo model a single immunization at birth with CAF08-adjuvanted RSV pre-fusion antigen protects newborn mice from RSV infection by induction of antigen-specific CD8+ T-cells and Th1 cells. Overall, we describe a pediatric adjuvant formulation and characterize its mechanism of action providing a promising avenue for development of early life vaccines against RSV and other respiratory viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon D van Haren
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Gabriel K Pedersen
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Azad Kumar
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tracy J Ruckwardt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Syed Moin
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ian N Moore
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mahnaz Minai
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark Liu
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jensen Pak
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francesco Borriello
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Generate Biomedicines, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Simon Doss-Gollin
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elisabeth M S Beijnen
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Saima Ahmed
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michaela Helmel
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter Andersen
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hanno Steen
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dennis Christensen
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ofer Levy
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
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Singh G, Tucker EW, Rohlwink UK. Infection in the Developing Brain: The Role of Unique Systemic Immune Vulnerabilities. Front Neurol 2022; 12:805643. [PMID: 35140675 PMCID: PMC8818751 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.805643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) infections remain a major burden of pediatric disease associated with significant long-term morbidity due to injury to the developing brain. Children are susceptible to various etiologies of CNS infection partly because of vulnerabilities in their peripheral immune system. Young children are known to have reduced numbers and functionality of innate and adaptive immune cells, poorer production of immune mediators, impaired responses to inflammatory stimuli and depressed antibody activity in comparison to adults. This has implications not only for their response to pathogen invasion, but also for the development of appropriate vaccines and vaccination strategies. Further, pediatric immune characteristics evolve across the span of childhood into adolescence as their broader physiological and hormonal landscape develop. In addition to intrinsic vulnerabilities, children are subject to external factors that impact their susceptibility to infections, including maternal immunity and exposure, and nutrition. In this review we summarize the current evidence for immune characteristics across childhood that render children at risk for CNS infection and introduce the link with the CNS through the modulatory role that the brain has on the immune response. This manuscript lays the foundation from which we explore the specifics of infection and inflammation within the CNS and the consequences to the maturing brain in part two of this review series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Singh
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth W. Tucker
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ursula K. Rohlwink
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
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5
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Sarfas C, White AD, Sibley L, Morrison AL, Gullick J, Lawrence S, Dennis MJ, Marsh PD, Fletcher HA, Sharpe SA. Characterization of the Infant Immune System and the Influence and Immunogenicity of BCG Vaccination in Infant and Adult Rhesus Macaques. Front Immunol 2021; 12:754589. [PMID: 34707617 PMCID: PMC8542880 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.754589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In many countries where tuberculosis (TB) is endemic, the Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine is given as close to birth as possible to protect infants and children from severe forms of TB. However, BCG has variable efficacy and is not as effective against adult pulmonary TB. At present, most animal models used to study novel TB vaccine candidates rely on the use of adult animals. Human studies show that the infant immune system is different to that of an adult. Understanding how the phenotypic profile and functional ability of the immature host immune system compares to that of a mature adult, together with the subsequent BCG immune response, is critical to ensuring that new TB vaccines are tested in the most appropriate models. BCG-specific immune responses were detected in macaques vaccinated within a week of birth from six weeks after immunization indicating that neonatal macaques are able to generate a functional cellular response to the vaccine. However, the responses measured were significantly lower than those typically observed following BCG vaccination in adult rhesus macaques and infant profiles were skewed towards the activation and attraction of macrophages and monocytes and the synthesis in addition to release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α. The frequency of specific immune cell populations changed significantly through the first three years of life as the infants developed into young adult macaques. Notably, the CD4:CD8 ratio significantly declined as the macaques aged due to a significant decrease in the proportion of CD4+ T-cells relative to a significant increase in CD8+ T-cells. Also, the frequency of both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells expressing the memory marker CD95, and memory subset populations including effector memory, central memory and stem cell memory, increased significantly as animals matured. Infant macaques, vaccinated with BCG within a week of birth, possessed a significantly higher frequency of CD14+ classical monocytes and granulocytes which remained different throughout the first three years of life compared to unvaccinated age matched animals. These findings, along with the increase in monokines following vaccination in infants, may provide an insight into the mechanism by which vaccination with BCG is able to provide non-specific immunity against non-mycobacterial organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Sarfas
- National Infection Service, UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D White
- National Infection Service, UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Sibley
- National Infection Service, UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra L Morrison
- National Infection Service, UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Jennie Gullick
- National Infection Service, UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Lawrence
- National Infection Service, UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Mike J Dennis
- National Infection Service, UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Philip D Marsh
- National Infection Service, UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Helen A Fletcher
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sally A Sharpe
- National Infection Service, UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
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6
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Chaudhari T. Vaccinations in the newborn. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2021; 76:66-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Ueki S, Matsunaka E, Takao K, Kitao M, Fukui M, Fujita Y. The effectiveness of vibratory stimulation in reducing pain in children receiving vaccine injection: A randomized controlled trial. Vaccine 2021; 39:2080-2087. [PMID: 33744043 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although vaccine injections are important, children experience pain and discomfort upon their administration. BUZZY®, a vibratory stimulation tool with an ice pack, was reported to be an effective tool for reducing the pain caused to children during injection administration; its mechanisms were explained by gate control theory. However, the evidence is inadequate because of insufficient methodology in previous reports. Therefore, we aimed to assess whether the application of vibration would significantly reduce children's pain during vaccine injections. METHODS A single-blind randomized controlled trial recruiting children aged ≤6 years who were receiving vaccine injections was conducted between August and December 2019. If the children's parents consented to their participation, BUZZY® was attached to the child's arm prior to vaccination. BUZZY® was switched on before injection in the intervention group but not in the control group. The vaccination procedure was recorded, and researchers and parents assessed each child's pain using validated pain scales. Researchers conducted their assessment using video data to ensure blinding. Parents were administered a questionnaire after the children's vaccination. Data were analyzed using the t-test or chi-square test. RESULTS We analyzed 118 children (intervention group = 62, control = 56). No between-group difference was observed according to the researchers' assessment (mean score = 6.98 and 7.63, respectively; p = 0.25); however, a significant difference was found based on the parents' assessment (mean score = 7.39 versus 8.46; p = 0.02). Most responses received to open-ended questions were positive comments for this study. CONCLUSIONS We revealed that the effect of vibration is not significant in reducing vaccine injection pain among children. Further studies are needed to examine the other components of BUZZY®, which include its cooling effect, and the effect of BUZZY® itself in terms of whether children will undergo vaccination without resistance and have reduced trauma related to vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Ueki
- School of Nursing, Mukogawa Women's University, 6-46, Ikebiraki, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 668-8558, Japan.
| | - Eriko Matsunaka
- Faculty of Nursing, Japanese Red Cross Kyushu International College of Nursing, 1-1, Asty, Munakata, Fukuoka 811-4157, Japan.
| | - Kenji Takao
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, 18, Gotanda, Yamanouchi, Ukyou, Kyoto, Kyoto 615-8577, Japan.
| | - Mika Kitao
- School of Nursing, Mukogawa Women's University, 6-46, Ikebiraki, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 668-8558, Japan.
| | - Minae Fukui
- School of Nursing, Mukogawa Women's University, 6-46, Ikebiraki, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 668-8558, Japan.
| | - Yuichi Fujita
- School of Nursing, Mukogawa Women's University, 6-46, Ikebiraki, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 668-8558, Japan.
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Bugya Z, Prechl J, Szénási T, Nemes É, Bácsi A, Koncz G. Multiple Levels of Immunological Memory and Their Association with Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:174. [PMID: 33669597 PMCID: PMC7922266 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological memory is divided into many levels to counteract the provocations of diverse and ever-changing infections. Fast functions of effector memory and the superposition of both quantitatively and qualitatively plastic anticipatory memory responses together form the walls of protection against pathogens. Here we provide an overview of the role of different B and T cell subsets and their interplay, the parallel and independent functions of the B1, marginal zone B cells, T-independent- and T-dependent B cell responses, as well as functions of central and effector memory T cells, tissue-resident and follicular helper T cells in the memory responses. Age-related limitations in the immunological memory of these cell types in neonates and the elderly are also discussed. We review how certain aspects of immunological memory and the interactions of components can affect the efficacy of vaccines, in order to link our knowledge of immunological memory with the practical application of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsófia Bugya
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Z.B.); (T.S.); (A.B.)
| | - József Prechl
- R&D Laboratory, Diagnosticum Zrt, H-1047 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Tibor Szénási
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Z.B.); (T.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Éva Nemes
- Clinical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Attila Bácsi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Z.B.); (T.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Gábor Koncz
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Z.B.); (T.S.); (A.B.)
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Ginseng Stem-Leaf Saponins in Combination with Selenium Promote the Immune Response in Neonatal Mice with Maternal Antibody. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040755. [PMID: 33322647 PMCID: PMC7768402 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonates acquire from their mothers maternal antibody (MatAb) which results in poor immune response to vaccination. We previously demonstrated that ginseng stem-leaf saponins in combination with selenium (GSe) had adjuvant effect on the immune response to an attenuated pseudorabies virus (aPrV) vaccine. The present study was to evaluate GSe for its effect on the immune response to aPrV vaccine in neonatal mice with MatAb. Results showed that GSe had adjuvant effect on the immune response to aPrV vaccine in neonates. When GSe was co-administered with aPrV vaccine (aP-GSe), specific gB antibody, Th1 cytokines (IL-2, IL-12 and IFN-γ) and Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10) responses were significantly increased in association with enhanced protection of vaccinated neonates against the lethal PrV challenge even though MatAb existed when compared to the neonates immunized with aPrV vaccine alone. GSe-enhanced immune response depended on its use in the primary immunization. The mechanisms underlying the adjuvant effect of GSe may be due to more innate immune related pathways activated by GSe. Transcriptome analysis of splenocytes from neonates immunized with aP-GSe, aPrV or saline solution showed that there were 3976 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in aP-GSe group while 5959 DEGs in aPrV group when compared to the control. Gene ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathways analysis showed that innate immune responses and cytokine productions related terms or pathways were predominantly enriched in aP-GSe group, such as “NOD-like receptor signaling pathway”, “Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity”, “NF-κB signaling pathway”, “cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction”, and “Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation”. Considering the potent adjuvant effect of GSe on aPrV vaccine in neonatal mice with MatAb, it deserves further investigation in piglets.
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Sex, Age, and Race Effects on Immunogenicity of MenB-FHbp, A Bivalent Meningococcal B Vaccine: Pooled Evaluation of Clinical Trial Data. Infect Dis Ther 2020; 9:625-639. [PMID: 32681472 PMCID: PMC7452992 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-020-00322-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction An extensive clinical development program showed that the meningococcal serogroup B-factor H binding protein (MenB-FHbp) vaccine affords protection against MenB disease for adolescents and adults. Data were pooled from multiple studies within the program to examine whether MenB-FHbp immunogenicity was influenced by sex, age, or race. Methods Immunogenicity was assessed in subjects from seven studies who received 120 µg MenB-FHbp (at 0, 2, 6 months) and had evaluated immune responses against four representative test strains via serum bactericidal assays using human complement (hSBAs). Immune responses were presented by sex (male, female), age group (10–14, 15–18, 19–25, 10–25 years), and race (white, black, Asian, other). Results Among 8026 subjects aged 10–25 years included in this analysis, MenB-FHbp elicited robust immune responses in a high percentage of subjects regardless of demographic characteristics. Across all test strains and demographic subsets, a ≥ 4-fold rise in titer from baseline was achieved in 76.7–95.0% of subjects, with no major differences by sex, age groups assessed, or races evaluated. Corresponding percentages achieving titers ≥ the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) against all four strains combined were 79.7–87.3% (sex), 81.6–85.5% (age), and 80.0–88.1% (race). Minor differences were observed for geometric mean titers and percentages of subjects achieving titers ≥ LLOQ against each strain based on demographics. Conclusion These data suggested no clinically meaningful differences in MenB-FHbp immunogenicity when administered as a three-dose schedule based on sex, ages assessed, or races evaluated. This analysis supports the continued recommended use of MenB-FHbp to prevent MenB disease in adolescents and young adults. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers, NCT00808028, NCT01830855, NCT01323270, NCT01461993, NCT01461980, NCT01352845, and NCT01299480.
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11
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Khan J, Shil A, Mohanty SK. Hepatitis B vaccination coverage across India: exploring the spatial heterogeneity and contextual determinants. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:1263. [PMID: 31510967 PMCID: PMC6739912 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7534-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although hepatitis B vaccinations have been integrated in the Universal Immunization Program (UIP) in India over a decade, only half of the children are immunized against hepatitis B. The national average in hepatitis B vaccination conceals large variations across states, districts and socio-economic groups. In this context, the aim of this paper is to examine the spatial heterogeneity and contextual determinants of hepatitis B vaccination across the districts of India. METHODS Using data of 199,899 children aged 12-59 months from the National Family Health Survey-4 (NFHS-4), 2015-16 we have examined the district level spatial distribution and clustering of hepatitis B vaccination with the help of Moran's I and Local Indicator of Spatial Autocorrelation (LISA) measures. We investigated the low coverage of HBV vaccination using spatial autoregressive models (SAR) at the meso scale. And we applied multivariate binary logistic regression analysis to understand the micro-level predictors of hepatitis B vaccination. RESULTS In 2015-16, 45% of the children aged 12-59 months were not vaccinated against hepatitis B in India. The coverage of hepatitis B vaccine across the districts of India showed a highly significant spatial dependence (Moran's I = 0.580). Bivariate Moran's I confirmed the spatial clustering of hepatitis B vaccination with mother's education, full antenatal care (ANC) utilization, post natal care (PNC) utilization, institutional births and registration of births at the district level. Districts with a very low coverage of HBV vaccine are clustered in the western, north-eastern regions and in some parts of central India. At the unit (child) level, children's hepatitis B immunization status is mostly determined by the socio-economic and demographic characteristics like their mother's educational status, caste, religion, household's wealth condition, birth order, year of birth and the region they belong to. CONCLUSIONS District level variation in hepatitis B vaccination is spatially heterogeneous and clustered in India with a strong neighbourhood effect. Uptake of hepatitis B vaccine among Indian children is predominantly dependent upon their socio-economic and demographic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junaid Khan
- International Institute for Population Sciences, Govandi Station Road, Deonar, Mumbai, 400088, India.
| | - Apurba Shil
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Sanjay K Mohanty
- Department of Fertility Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Govandi Station Road, Deonar, Mumbai, 400088, India
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12
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Comberlato A, Paloja K, Bastings MMC. Nucleic acids presenting polymer nanomaterials as vaccine adjuvants. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:6321-6346. [PMID: 31460563 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb01222b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Most vaccines developed today include only the antigens that best stimulate the immune system rather than the entire virus or microbe, which makes vaccine production and use safer and easier, though they lack potency to induce acceptable immunity and long-term protection. The incorporation of additional immune stimulating components, named adjuvants, is required to generate a strong protective immune response. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and their synthetic analogs are promising candidates as vaccine adjuvants activating Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Additionally, in the last few years several nanocarriers have emerged as platforms for targeted co-delivery of antigens and adjuvants. In this review, we focus on the recent developments in polymer nanomaterials presenting nucleic acids as vaccine adjuvants. We aim to compare the effectiveness of the various classes of polymers in immune modulating materials (nanoparticles, dendrimers, single-chain particles, nanogels, polymersomes and DNA-based architectures). In particular, we address the critical role of parameters such as size, shape, complexation and release of TLR ligands, cellular uptake, stability, toxicity and potential importance of spatial control in ligand presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Comberlato
- IMX/IBI, EPFL, EPFL-STI-IMX-PBL MXC 340 Station 12, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland.
| | - Kaltrina Paloja
- IMX/IBI, EPFL, EPFL-STI-IMX-PBL MXC 340 Station 12, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland.
| | - Maartje M C Bastings
- IMX/IBI, EPFL, EPFL-STI-IMX-PBL MXC 340 Station 12, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland.
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13
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Abstract
Introduction: Neonates are less responsive to vaccines than adults, making it harder to protect newborns against infection. Neonatal differences in antigen-presenting cell, B and T cell function, all likely contribute. A key question is whether novel adjuvants might be able to make neonatal vaccines more effective. Areas covered: This review addresses the issues of how to improve neonatal vaccines, which we have defined as vaccines given in the first 4 weeks of life in a human infant or the first week of life in a mouse. A search was performed using keywords including 'neonatal immunity', 'neonatal immunisation', 'vaccine' and 'adjuvant' of PubMed articles published between 1960 and 2018. Expert opinion: Sugar-like structures have recently been shown to prime the infant adaptive immune system to respond to vaccines, being potentially more effective than traditional adjuvants. Sugar-based compounds with beneficial adjuvant effects in neonatal vaccine models include delta inulin (Advax), curdlan, and trehalose 6,6'-dibehenate. Such compounds make interesting neonatal adjuvant candidates, either used alone or in combination with traditional innate immune adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac G Sakala
- a Vaxine Pty Ltd , Adelaide , Australia.,b Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Flinders Medical Centre/Flinders University , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Katherine Marie Eichinger
- c Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- a Vaxine Pty Ltd , Adelaide , Australia.,b Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Flinders Medical Centre/Flinders University , Adelaide , Australia
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14
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Fike AJ, Kumova OK, Carey AJ. Dissecting the defects in the neonatal CD8 + T-cell response. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:1051-1061. [PMID: 31260598 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5ru0319-105r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The neonatal period presents a complex scenario where the threshold of reactivity toward colonizing microbiota, maternal antigens, autoantigens, and pathogens must be carefully moderated and balanced. CD8+ T cells are critical for the response against intracellular bacteria and viruses, but this immune compartment maintains altered function relative to adult counterparts because of the unique challenges which infants face. Here, we review our current understanding of the factors which may promote the attenuation and altered function of the neonatal CD8+ T-cell response and potential avenues for future study. Specifically, we have focused on the neonatal CD8+ T-cell ontogeny, memory formation, TCR structure and repertoire, TCR inhibitory receptors, and the clinical implications of altered neonatal CD8+ T-cell function. Special emphasis has been placed on examining the response of preterm neonates relative to term neonates and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Fike
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ogan K Kumova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alison J Carey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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15
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O'Brien F, Clapham D, Krysiak K, Batchelor H, Field P, Caivano G, Pertile M, Nunn A, Tuleu C. Making Medicines Baby Size: The Challenges in Bridging the Formulation Gap in Neonatal Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2688. [PMID: 31159216 PMCID: PMC6600135 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of age-appropriate formulations should focus on dosage forms that can deliver variable yet accurate doses that are safe and acceptable to the child, are matched to his/her development and ability, and avoid medication errors. However, in the past decade, the medication needs of neonates have largely been neglected. The aim of this review is to expand on what differentiates the needs of preterm and term neonates from those of the older paediatric subsets, in terms of environment of care, ability to measure and administer the dose (from the perspective of the patient and carer, the routes of administration, the device and the product), neonatal biopharmaceutics and regulatory challenges. This review offers insight into those challenges posed by the formulation of medicinal products for neonatal patients in order to support the development of clinically relevant products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona O'Brien
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 111 St Stephens Green Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | | | - Kamelia Krysiak
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 111 St Stephens Green Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Hannah Batchelor
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Peter Field
- University College London School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
| | - Grazia Caivano
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A. Largo Francesco Belloli 11/A-43122 Parma, Italy.
| | - Marisa Pertile
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A. Largo Francesco Belloli 11/A-43122 Parma, Italy.
| | - Anthony Nunn
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Women's Hospital, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK.
| | - Catherine Tuleu
- University College London School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
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16
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The influence of neonatal Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunisation on heterologous vaccine responses in infants. Vaccine 2019; 37:3735-3744. [PMID: 31153688 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine (BCG), one of the most widely used vaccines, does not only provide protection against tuberculosis and other mycobacterial infections, but also has non-specific (heterologous) immunomodulatory effects. In participants in a randomised trial, we investigated the effect of neonatal BCG immunisation on antibody responses to routine infant vaccines given in the first year of life. METHODS Antibodies against antigens in the diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), and the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines were measured in 91 (45 BCG-vaccinated, 46 BCG-naïve) infants one month after, and in 310 (169 BCG-vaccinated, 141 BCG-naïve) infants seven months after immunisation at 6 weeks, 4 and 6 months of age. In addition, antibodies against meningococcus C, Hib, measles, mumps, and rubella were measured in 147 (78 BCG-vaccinated, 69 BCG-naïve) infants one month after immunisation at 12 months of age. The seroprotection rates for each vaccine and the geometric mean concentrations (GMC) of antibodies were compared in BCG-vaccinated and BCG-naïve infants. RESULTS At 7 months of age, seroprotection rates were high in both BCG-vaccinated and BCG-naïve infants. At 13 months of age, seroprotection rates were lower than at 7 months of age, particularly for pertussis and a number of pneumococcal antigens, with generally higher rates for the latter in BCG-vaccinated infants. Although not statistically significant, antibody responses in BCG-vaccinated infants were consistently higher against diphtheria, tetanus, and pneumococcal antigens at both 7 and 13 months of age, and against measles and mumps at 13 months of age, but were lower against Hib one month after immunisation at both 7 and 13 months of age. CONCLUSION The immunomodulatory effect of BCG on antibody responses to heterologous vaccines adds to the evidence that BCG immunisation at birth has broad heterologous effects on the infant immune system.
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17
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Felter S, Kern P, Ryan C. Allergic contact dermatitis: Adequacy of the default 10X assessment factor for human variability to protect infants and children. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 99:116-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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18
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Zimmermann P, Curtis N. The influence of BCG on vaccine responses – a systematic review. Expert Rev Vaccines 2018; 17:547-554. [DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1483727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Zimmermann
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Unit, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Infectious Diseases & Microbiology Research Group, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Basel Children’s Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nigel Curtis
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Unit, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Infectious Diseases & Microbiology Research Group, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
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19
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Cheminay C, Körner J, Bernig C, Brückel M, Feigl M, Schletz M, Suter M, Chaplin P, Volkmann A. A single vaccination with non-replicating MVA at birth induces both immediate and long-term protective immune responses. Vaccine 2018; 36:2427-2434. [PMID: 29599088 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Newborns are considered difficult to protect against infections shortly after birth, due to their ineffective immune system that shows quantitative and qualitative differences compared to adults. However, here we show that a single vaccination of mice at birth with a replication-deficient live vaccine Modified Vaccinia Ankara [MVA] efficiently induces antigen-specific B- and T-cells that fully protect against a lethal Ectromelia virus challenge. Protection was induced within 2 weeks and using genetically modified mice we show that this protection was mainly T-cell dependent. Persisting immunological T-cell memory and neutralizing antibodies were obtained with the single vaccination. Thus, MVA administered as early as at birth induced immediate and long-term protection against an otherwise fatal disease and appears attractive as a new generation smallpox vaccine that is effective also in children. Moreover, it may have the potential to serve as platform for childhood vaccines as indicated by measles specific T- and B-cell responses induced in newborn mice vaccinated with recombinant MVA expressing measles antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Cheminay
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jana Körner
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Constanze Bernig
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Michael Brückel
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Markus Feigl
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Martin Schletz
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Mark Suter
- University of Zürich, Dekanat Vetsuisse-Fakultät Immunology, Winterthurerstrasse 204, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Paul Chaplin
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ariane Volkmann
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
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20
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Jang H, Elaish M, KC M, Abundo MC, Ghorbani A, Ngunjiri JM, Lee CW. Efficacy and synergy of live-attenuated and inactivated influenza vaccines in young chickens. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195285. [PMID: 29624615 PMCID: PMC5889186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of novel highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses have been reported in poultry species in the United States since 2014. These outbreaks have proven the limitations of biosecurity control programs, and new tools are needed to reinforce the current avian influenza control arsenal. Some enzootic countries have implemented inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) in their control programs, but there are serious concerns that a long-term use of IIV without eradication may result in the selection of novel antigenically divergent strains. A broadly protective vaccine is needed, such as live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV). We showed in our previous studies that pc4-LAIV (a variant that encodes a C-terminally truncated NS1 protein) can provide significant protection against heterologous challenge virus in chickens vaccinated at 2–4 weeks of age through upregulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. The current study was conducted to compare the performances of pc4-LAIV and IIV in young chickens vaccinated at 1 day of age. A single dose of pc4-LAIV was able to induce stronger innate and mucosal IgA responses and protect young immunologically immature chickens better than a single dose of IIV. Most importantly, when 1-day-old chickens were intranasally primed with pc4-LAIV and subcutaneously boosted with IIV three weeks later, they showed a rapid, robust, and highly cross-reactive serum antibody response and a high level of mucosal IgA antibody response. This vaccination regimen warrants further optimization to increase its range of protection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Chickens/immunology
- Cross Reactions
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Immunity, Mucosal/genetics
- Immunization, Secondary/methods
- Immunization, Secondary/veterinary
- Influenza A virus/genetics
- Influenza A virus/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza in Birds/immunology
- Influenza in Birds/prevention & control
- Poultry Diseases/immunology
- Poultry Diseases/prevention & control
- Vaccination/methods
- Vaccination/veterinary
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/genetics
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, Inactivated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Inactivated/genetics
- Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyesun Jang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mohamed Elaish
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mahesh KC
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Michael C. Abundo
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Amir Ghorbani
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - John M. Ngunjiri
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JMN); (CWL)
| | - Chang-Won Lee
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JMN); (CWL)
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21
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Zhang K, Lu B, Liu H, Zhao J, Zheng H, Liu X. Adverse Effects of Inactivated Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine—Possible Causes Analysis and Countermeasures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.4236/wjv.2018.84007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Lewis GS, Wang S, Taylor JB. Responses of pregnant ewes and young lambs to ovalbumin immunization, antiovalbumin antibody transfer to lambs, and temporal changes in antiovalbumin antibody . Transl Anim Sci 2017; 1:585-591. [PMID: 32704680 PMCID: PMC7204978 DOI: 10.2527/tas2017.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Factors affecting the decay of maternally derived IgG and ability of neonatal lambs to produce protective amounts of their own IgG are not well understood. Thus, we conducted 3 experiments to quantify the 1) response of pregnant ewes to ovalbumin immunization, 2) antiovalbumin antibody (OV-IgG) transfer to lambs, 3) changes over time in OV-IgG in lambs, and 4) response of young lambs to ovalbumin immunization. In Exp. 1, ewes (n = 10/group) either received control (adjuvant + saline) or ovalbumin (ovalbumin + adjuvant + saline) injections at ≈ 42 and 14 d prepartum. Ovalbumin increased (P < 0.001) ewe serum and colostrum OV-IgG. Serum OV-IgG was greater (P < 0.0001) in lambs from ovalbumin-treated than in lambs from control ewes. In Exp. 2, lambs (n = 20/group), which were from ewes that had received ovalbumin prepartum, were given either control or ovalbumin injections on d 1 and 15 of age. From d 1 to 15, maternally derived OV-IgG was less (P < 0.04) in ovalbumin-treated than in control lambs. After d 15, OV-IgG was greater (P < 0.001) in ovalbumin-treated than in control lambs. In Exp. 3, lambs (n = 20/group), which were from ewes naïve to ovalbumin, received 1 of 4 treatments: 1) d-1 + d-15 control injections; 2) d-1 + d-15 ovalbumin; 3) d-28 + d-42 control; and 4) d-28 + d-42 ovalbumin. In d-1 + d-15 ovalbumin lambs, OV-IgG increased (P < 0.001) from d 7 to 21 after treatment and then decreased (P < 0.004) after d 28. In d-28 + d-42 ovalbumin lambs, OV-IgG increased (P < 0.001) steadily until d 21 after treatment and then stabilized after d 21. At ≈ 159 d of age, lambs in each group received injections consistent with their original type. After the d-159 treatment, ovalbumin injection increased (P < 0.0001) OV-IgG, and the injection type × time interaction was significant (P < 0.0001). In d-28 + d-42 ovalbumin lambs, OV-IgG just before the d-159 injections was greater (P < 0.006) than that in the other groups. In this study, late pregnant ewes produced OV-IgG after ovalbumin injections and then transferred OV-IgG to lambs via colostrum. Ovalbumin treatment of young lambs reduced circulating maternally derived OV-IgG, but it also induced an immune response in the lambs. Overall, our results support recommendations to vaccinate ewes against common pathogens during late pregnancy and to ensure that lambs receive adequate colostrum soon after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Lewis
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Sheep Experiment Station, Range Sheep Production Efficiency Research Unit, Dubois, Idaho 83423
| | - S Wang
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Sheep Experiment Station, Range Sheep Production Efficiency Research Unit, Dubois, Idaho 83423
| | - J B Taylor
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Sheep Experiment Station, Range Sheep Production Efficiency Research Unit, Dubois, Idaho 83423
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23
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Abstract
Immunisation of the newborn represents a key global strategy in overcoming morbidity and mortality due to infection in early life. Potential limitations, however, include poor immunogenicity, safety concerns and the development of tolerogenicity or hypo-responsiveness to either the same antigen and/or concomitant antigens administered at birth or in the subsequent months. Furthermore, the neonatal immunological milieu is polarised towards Th2-type immunity with dampening of Th1-type responses and impaired humoral immunity, resulting in qualitatively and quantitatively poorer antibody responses compared to older infants. Innate immunity also shows functional deficiency in antigen-presenting cells: the expression and signalling of Toll-like receptors undergo maturational changes associated with distinct functional responses. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of BCG, hepatitis B and oral polio vaccines, the only immunisations currently in use in the neonatal period, is proof of concept that vaccines can be successfully administered to the newborn via different routes of delivery to induce a range of protective mechanisms for three different diseases. In this review paper, we discuss the rationale for and challenges to neonatal immunisation, summarising progress made in the field, including lessons learnt from newborn vaccines in the pipeline. Furthermore, we explore important maternal, infant and environmental co-factors that may impede the success of current and future neonatal immunisation strategies. A variety of approaches have been proposed to overcome the inherent regulatory constraints of the newborn innate and adaptive immune system, including alternative routes of delivery, novel vaccine configurations, improved innate receptor agonists and optimised antigen-adjuvant combinations. Crucially, a dual strategy may be employed whereby immunisation at birth is used to prime the immune system in order to improve immunogenicity to subsequent homologous or heterologous boosters in later infancy. Similarly, potent non-specific immunomodulatory effects may be elicited when challenged with unrelated antigens, with the potential to reduce the overall risk of infection and allergic disease in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Saso
- Centre of International Child Health, Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, W2 1NY, London, UK
| | - Beate Kampmann
- Centre of International Child Health, Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, W2 1NY, London, UK.
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, MRC Unit The Gambia, Fajara, The Gambia.
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24
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Dowling DJ, Scott EA, Scheid A, Bergelson I, Joshi S, Pietrasanta C, Brightman S, Sanchez-Schmitz G, Van Haren SD, Ninković J, Kats D, Guiducci C, de Titta A, Bonner DK, Hirosue S, Swartz MA, Hubbell JA, Levy O. Toll-like receptor 8 agonist nanoparticles mimic immunomodulating effects of the live BCG vaccine and enhance neonatal innate and adaptive immune responses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:1339-1350. [PMID: 28343701 PMCID: PMC5667586 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.12.985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Newborns display distinct immune responses, leaving them vulnerable to infections and impairing immunization. Targeting newborn dendritic cells (DCs), which integrate vaccine signals into adaptive immune responses, might enable development of age-specific vaccine formulations to overcome suboptimal immunization. Objective Small-molecule imidazoquinoline Toll-like receptor (TLR) 8 agonists robustly activate newborn DCs but can result in reactogenicity when delivered in soluble form. We used rational engineering and age- and species-specific modeling to construct and characterize polymer nanocarriers encapsulating a TLR8 agonist, allowing direct intracellular release after selective uptake by DCs. Methods Chemically similar but morphologically distinct nanocarriers comprised of amphiphilic block copolymers were engineered for targeted uptake by murine DCs in vivo, and a range of TLR8 agonist–encapsulating polymersome formulations were then synthesized. Novel 96-well in vitro assays using neonatal human monocyte-derived DCs and humanized TLR8 mouse bone marrow–derived DCs enabled benchmarking of the TLR8 agonist–encapsulating polymersome formulations against conventional adjuvants and licensed vaccines, including live attenuated BCG vaccine. Immunogenicity of the TLR8 agonist adjuvanted antigen 85B (Ag85B)/peptide 25–loaded BCG-mimicking nanoparticle formulation was evaluated in vivo by using humanized TLR8 neonatal mice. Results Although alum-adjuvanted vaccines induced modest costimulatory molecule expression, limited TH-polarizing cytokine production, and significant cell death, BCG induced a robust adult-like maturation profile of neonatal DCs. Remarkably, TLR8 agonist polymersomes induced not only newborn DC maturation profiles similar to those induced by BCG but also stronger IL-12p70 production. On subcutaneous injection to neonatal mice, the TLR8 agonist–adjuvanted Ag85B peptide 25 formulation was comparable with BCG in inducing Ag85B-specific CD4+ T-cell numbers. Conclusion TLR8 agonist–encapsulating polymersomes hold substantial potential for early-life immunization against intracellular pathogens. Overall, our study represents a novel approach for rational design of early-life vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Dowling
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
| | - Evan A Scott
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Ill.
| | - Annette Scheid
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Newborn Medicine, Floating Hospital for Children, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Mass; Precision Vaccine Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Ilana Bergelson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Sweta Joshi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Precision Vaccine Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Carlo Pietrasanta
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Precision Vaccine Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Spencer Brightman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Precision Vaccine Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Guzman Sanchez-Schmitz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Precision Vaccine Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Simon D Van Haren
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Precision Vaccine Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Jana Ninković
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Dina Kats
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Ill
| | | | - Alexandre de Titta
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel K Bonner
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sachiko Hirosue
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Melody A Swartz
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill
| | - Jeffrey A Hubbell
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill
| | - Ofer Levy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Precision Vaccine Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass.
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25
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Dowling DJ, van Haren SD, Scheid A, Bergelson I, Kim D, Mancuso CJ, Foppen W, Ozonoff A, Fresh L, Theriot TB, Lackner AA, Fichorova RN, Smirnov D, Vasilakos JP, Beaurline JM, Tomai MA, Midkiff CC, Alvarez X, Blanchard JL, Gilbert MH, Aye PP, Levy O. TLR7/8 adjuvant overcomes newborn hyporesponsiveness to pneumococcal conjugate vaccine at birth. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e91020. [PMID: 28352660 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.91020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection is the most common cause of mortality in early life, and immunization is the most promising biomedical intervention to reduce this burden. However, newborns fail to respond optimally to most vaccines. Adjuvantation is a key approach to enhancing vaccine immunogenicity, but responses of human newborn leukocytes to most candidate adjuvants, including most TLR agonists, are functionally distinct. Herein, we demonstrate that 3M-052 is a locally acting lipidated imidazoquinoline TLR7/8 agonist adjuvant in mice, which, when properly formulated, can induce robust Th1 cytokine production by human newborn leukocytes in vitro, both alone and in synergy with the alum-adjuvanted pneumococcal conjugate vaccine 13 (PCV13). When admixed with PCV13 and administered i.m. on the first day of life to rhesus macaques, 3M-052 dramatically enhanced generation of Th1 CRM-197-specific neonatal CD4+ cells, activation of newborn and infant Streptococcus pneumoniae polysaccharide-specific (PnPS-specific) B cells as well as serotype-specific antibody titers, and opsonophagocytic killing. Remarkably, a single dose at birth of PCV13 plus 0.1 mg/kg 3M-052 induced PnPS-specific IgG responses that were approximately 10-100 times greater than a single birth dose of PCV13 alone, rapidly exceeding the serologic correlate of protection, as early as 28 days of life. This potent immunization strategy, potentially effective with one birth dose, could represent a new paradigm in early life vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Dowling
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Simon D van Haren
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Precision Vaccines Program, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Annette Scheid
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Precision Vaccines Program, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Newborn Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ilana Bergelson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dhohyung Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christy J Mancuso
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Willemina Foppen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Al Ozonoff
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Precision Vaccines Program, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for Patient Safety and Quality Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lynn Fresh
- Tulane National Primate Research Center (TNPRC), Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Terese B Theriot
- Tulane National Primate Research Center (TNPRC), Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Andrew A Lackner
- Tulane National Primate Research Center (TNPRC), Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Raina N Fichorova
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mark A Tomai
- 3M Drug Delivery Systems, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Cecily C Midkiff
- Tulane National Primate Research Center (TNPRC), Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Xavier Alvarez
- Tulane National Primate Research Center (TNPRC), Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - James L Blanchard
- Tulane National Primate Research Center (TNPRC), Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Margaret H Gilbert
- Tulane National Primate Research Center (TNPRC), Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Pyone Pyone Aye
- Tulane National Primate Research Center (TNPRC), Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Ofer Levy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Precision Vaccines Program, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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26
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Assessment of Immunization to Hepatitis B Vaccine among Children under Five Years in Rural Areas of Taiz, Yemen. HEPATITIS RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2017; 2017:2131627. [PMID: 28367327 PMCID: PMC5358434 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2131627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection poses a major health problem worldwide. approximately 1 million deaths annually due to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Objectives. This study was conducted to determine the coverage rate of HBV vaccine and assess the vaccine protective response among children under five years old in rural areas of Yemen. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to December 2015 in four districts of countryside Yemen. The target population was children aged from 6 to 59 months. 227 children were enrolled in the study. Questionnaire was used to collect of data. Serum samples were tested for anti-HBs antibodies by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Anti-HBs level ≥ 10 IU/L was considered a protective response to the vaccine. Results. The coverage rate of HBV vaccine among children was 87.3%. A total of 143 (72.2%) children responded to the vaccine with anti-HBs level ≥ 10 IU/L, while 55 (27.8%) of the children had nonprotective anti-HBs levels of <10 IU/L (P = 0.003). Conclusion. This study revealed a good coverage rate of HBV vaccine in rural areas but the protective rate against HBV infection was moderate. A considerable proportion of vaccinated children should be considered for either revaccination or booster doses.
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27
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Management of Rabies Prophylaxis for Potential Bat Exposures in a Level III Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016; 38:483-485. [PMID: 27989243 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2016.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the unique challenges of managing potential exposure to bats in a neonatal intensive care unit. The outcome demonstrates that rabies post-exposure prophylaxis can be safely administered to preterm infants with evidence that preterm infants are able to develop adequate titers post vaccination. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;38:483-485.
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28
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Evdokimov K, Sayasinh K, Nouanthong P, Vilivong K, Samountry B, Phonekeo D, Strobel M, Haegeman F, Heimann P, Muller CP, Black AP. Low and disparate seroprotection after pentavalent childhood vaccination in the Lao People's Democratic Republic: a cross-sectional study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016; 23:197-202. [PMID: 27756713 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In Lao People's Democratic Republic, the high burden of vaccine-preventable diseases is thought to be mainly due to low vaccine coverage. We investigated the seroprotective response against diphtheria-tetanus-whole cell pertussis-hepatitis B-Haemophilus influenzae type b (DTPw-HepB-Hib) vaccine in children. METHODS Serum was collected from 1131 children aged 9 to 50 months and their mothers in a cross-sectional study between December 2013 and July 2014. All children had records of three injections of the DTPw-HepB-Hib vaccine. Serum was analysed for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), anti-HBsAg (anti-HBs), anti-hepatitis B virus core antigen (anti-HBc), anti-diphtheria and anti-tetanus antibodies. Stool samples were collected for detection of parasites. Demographic and nutritional information were also obtained. RESULTS Protective levels of anti-HBs antibodies were found in 394 (37.9%) of 1039 children; 529 (55.7%) of 950 and 809 (85.2%) of 950 children were seroprotected against diphtheria and tetanus. Time since vaccination, age, home birth and malnutrition only partially explained the poor vaccine responses. Overall, 81 (7.8%) of 1039 children and 445 (40.3%) of 1105 of mothers were anti-HBc positive. Ten (1.0%) of 1039 of the children and 77 (7.0%) of 1105 of the mothers were HBsAg carriers. CONCLUSIONS After a full documented course of vaccination, seroprotective rates were unusually low and disparate against components of the pentavalent vaccine. These can only partially be explained by the negative predictors identified. Although many children had been infected, only few were chronic carriers of HBsAg. Our study demonstrates an urgent need to monitor the serologic response to vaccination, particularly in resource-poor countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Evdokimov
- Lao-Lux Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Laos, Lao Democratic People's Republic; Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - K Sayasinh
- Institut de la Francophonie pour la Médecine Tropicale, Lao Democratic People's Republic
| | - P Nouanthong
- Lao-Lux Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Laos, Lao Democratic People's Republic
| | - K Vilivong
- Lao-Lux Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Laos, Lao Democratic People's Republic
| | - B Samountry
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Lao Democratic People's Republic
| | - D Phonekeo
- Institut Pasteur du Laos, Lao Democratic People's Republic
| | - M Strobel
- Institut de la Francophonie pour la Médecine Tropicale, Lao Democratic People's Republic
| | - F Haegeman
- Luxembourg Development Cooperation Agency, Vientiane, Lao Democratic People's Republic
| | - P Heimann
- Luxembourg Development Cooperation Agency, Vientiane, Lao Democratic People's Republic
| | - C P Muller
- Lao-Lux Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Laos, Lao Democratic People's Republic; Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - A P Black
- Lao-Lux Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Laos, Lao Democratic People's Republic.
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Chenoll E, Casinos B, Bataller E, Buesa J, Ramón D, Genovés S, Fábrega J, Rivero Urgell M, Moreno Muñoz JA. Identification of a Peptide Produced by Bifidobacterium longum CECT 7210 with Antirotaviral Activity. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:655. [PMID: 27199974 PMCID: PMC4855034 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus is one of the main causes of acute diarrhea and enteritis in infants. Currently, studies are underway to assess the use of probiotics to improve rotavirus vaccine protection. A previous work demonstrated that the probiotic strain Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis CECT 7210 is able to hinder rotavirus replication both in vitro and in vivo. The present study takes a systematic approach in order to identify the molecule directly involved in rotavirus inhibition. Supernatant protease digestions revealed both the proteinaceous nature of the active substance and the fact that the molecule responsible for inhibiting rotavirus replication is released to the supernatant. Following purification by cationic exchange chromatography, active fractions were obtained and the functional compound was identified as an 11-amino acid peptide (MHQPHQPLPPT, named 11-mer peptide) with a molecular mass of 1.282 KDa. The functionality of 11-mer was verified using the synthesized peptide in Wa, Ito, and VA70 rotavirus infections of both HT-29 and MA-104 cell lines. Finally, protease activity was detected in B. longum subsp. infantis CECT 7210 supernatant, which releases 11-mer peptide. A preliminary identification of the protease is also included in the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Empar Chenoll
- Department of AgroFood Biotechnology, Biópolis S.L. Valencia, Spain
| | - Beatriz Casinos
- Department of AgroFood Biotechnology, Biópolis S.L. Valencia, Spain
| | - Esther Bataller
- Department of AgroFood Biotechnology, Biópolis S.L. Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Buesa
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia - Hospital Clínico Universitario Valencia, Spain
| | - Daniel Ramón
- Department of AgroFood Biotechnology, Biópolis S.L. Valencia, Spain
| | - Salvador Genovés
- Department of AgroFood Biotechnology, Biópolis S.L. Valencia, Spain
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30
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Chen YS, Zheng H, Liu YM, Wang FZ, Wu ZH, Miao N, Sun XJ, Zhang GM, Cui FQ, Liang XF. Economic evaluation on infant hepatitis B vaccination combined with immunoglobulin in China, 2013. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:1838-46. [PMID: 26891075 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1141845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Sheng Chen
- a Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , China
| | - Hui Zheng
- a Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , China
| | - Yan-Min Liu
- a Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , China
| | - Fu-Zhen Wang
- a Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , China
| | - Zhen-Hua Wu
- a Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , China
| | - Ning Miao
- a Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , China
| | - Xiao-Jin Sun
- a Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , China
| | - Guo-Min Zhang
- a Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , China
| | - Fu-Qiang Cui
- a Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , China
| | - Xiao-Feng Liang
- a Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , China
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31
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Jorquera PA, Anderson L, Tripp RA. Understanding respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine development and aspects of disease pathogenesis. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 15:173-87. [PMID: 26641318 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1115353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most important cause of lower respiratory tract infections causing bronchiolitis and some mortality in young children and the elderly. Despite decades of research there is no licensed RSV vaccine. Although significant advances have been made in understanding the immune factors responsible for inducing vaccine-enhanced disease in animal models, less information is available for humans. In this review, we discuss the different types of RSV vaccines and their target population, the need for establishing immune correlates for vaccine efficacy, and how the use of different animal models can help predict vaccine efficacy and clinical outcomes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Jorquera
- a Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine , University of Georgia , Athens , GA , Georgia
| | - Lydia Anderson
- a Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine , University of Georgia , Athens , GA , Georgia
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- a Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine , University of Georgia , Athens , GA , Georgia
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32
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Blakney AK, Tchakoute CT, Hesseling AC, Kidzeru EB, Jones CE, Passmore JAS, Sodora DL, Gray CM, Jaspan HB. Delayed BCG vaccination results in minimal alterations in T cell immunogenicity of acellular pertussis and tetanus immunizations in HIV-exposed infants. Vaccine 2015; 33:4782-9. [PMID: 26259542 PMCID: PMC4562895 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.07.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is effective in preventing disseminated tuberculosis (TB) in children but may also have non-specific benefits, and is thought to improve immunity to unrelated antigens through trained innate immunity. In HIV-infected infants, there is a risk of BCG-associated adverse events. We aimed to explore whether delaying BCG vaccination by 8 weeks, in utero or perinatal HIV infection is excluded, affected T-cell responses to B. pertussis (BP) and tetanus toxoid (TT), in HIV-exposed, uninfected infants. METHODS Infants were randomized to receive BCG vaccination at birth or 8 weeks of age. At 8 and 14 weeks, T cell proliferation and intracellular cytokine (IL-2, IL-13, IL-17, and IFN-γ) expression was analyzed in response to BP, TT and Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) antigens. RESULTS Delaying BCG vaccination did not alter T-cell proliferation to BP or TT antigens. Infants immunized with BCG at birth had higher CD4+ T cell proliferation to SEB at 14 weeks of age (p=0.018). Birth-vaccinated infants had increased CD8+ IL-2 expression in response to BP, but not TT or SEB, at 8 weeks. Infants vaccinated with BCG at 8 weeks had significantly lower IL-13 expression by BP-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells at 14 weeks (p=0.032 and p=0.0035, respectively). There were no observed differences in multifunctional cytokine response to TT, BP or SEB between infants vaccinated with BCG at birth versus 8 weeks of age. CONCLUSION Delaying BCG vaccination until 8 weeks of age results in robust T-cellular responses to BP and TT in HIV-exposed infants. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NCT02062580.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Blakney
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, United States; Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Christophe Toukam Tchakoute
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anneke C Hesseling
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elvis B Kidzeru
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Christine E Jones
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, St George's, University of London, UK
| | - Jo-Ann S Passmore
- Division of Medical Virology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town and National Health Laboratory Services, South Africa
| | - Donald L Sodora
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (Formerly Seattle Biomed), Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Clive M Gray
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Services, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Heather B Jaspan
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Seattle Children's Research Institute and Departments of Pediatrics and Global Health, University of WA, Seattle, WA, United States.
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Neonatal vaccination with bacillus Calmette-Guérin and hepatitis B vaccines modulates hippocampal synaptic plasticity in rats. J Neuroimmunol 2015; 288:1-12. [PMID: 26531688 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Immune activation can exert multiple effects on synaptic transmission. Our study demonstrates the influence of neonatal vaccination on hippocampal synaptic plasticity in rats under normal physiological conditions. The results revealed that neonatal BCG vaccination enhanced synaptic plasticity. In contrast, HBV hampered it. Furthermore, we found that the cytokine balance shifted in favour of the T helper type 1/T helper type 2 immune response in BCG/HBV-vaccinated rats in the periphery. The peripheral IFN-γ:IL-4 ratio was positively correlated with BDNF and IGF-1 in the hippocampus. BCG raised IFN-γ, IL-4, BDNF and IGF-1 and reduced IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in the hippocampus, whereas, HBV triggered the opposite effects.
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El-Asheer OM, Darwish MM, Abdou MA, Saad K. Immunogenicity of Recombinant Hepatitis B Vaccine Among Routinely Vaccinated Healthy and Chronically Ill Children in Assiut, Upper Egypt. Gastroenterology Res 2015; 8:222-227. [PMID: 27785300 PMCID: PMC5040530 DOI: 10.14740/gr636e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Egypt is considered a region of the intermediate prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (4.5%). Seroprotection is assured when hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb) levels are ≥ 10 mIU/mL. Our study aimed to evaluate and compare the long-term immunogenicity and efficacy of the recombinant hepatitis B (HB) vaccine. METHODS A cross-sectional study was done for children aged from 9 months to 15 years, receiving health care at Assiut University Children's Hospital, Assiut, Egypt in 3 months. HBsAb was quantitatively determined by enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Seroprotection in infants less than 1 year was 89.7% with 55.2% having titer > 100 mIU/mL and this percent dropped to 64.4% after the first year of age with only 29% having titer > 100 mIU/mL. The overall protection percentage was 32.5% (> 100 mIU/mL), 34.7% of children showed levels between 10 and 100 mIU/mL, while 32.8% were less than 10 mIU/mL. Patients with diabetes mellitus were found to have the lowest seroprotective levels (83.3% were not protected). Non-protective levels were also detected in patients with malnutrition (55.6%), congenital heart diseases (43.2%) and chronic liver diseases (57.1%). CONCLUSION Our study shows failure to achieve satisfactory seroprotective levels for hepatitis B vaccine in both healthy and diseased children who adopted vaccination schedule in Upper Egypt. Booster dose in the second year of life is recommended for all children, particularly for those with diabetes millets, congenital heart disease and malnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama M. El-Asheer
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Manal M. Darwish
- Department of Public Health & Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Madleen A. Abdou
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Khaled Saad
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
- Corresponding Author: Khaled Saad, Faculty of Medicine, University of Assiut, Assiut 71516, Egypt.
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Damjanovic D, Khera A, Afkhami S, Lai R, Zganiacz A, Jeyanathan M, Xing Z. Age at Mycobacterium bovis BCG Priming Has Limited Impact on Anti-Tuberculosis Immunity Boosted by Respiratory Mucosal AdHu5Ag85A Immunization in a Murine Model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131175. [PMID: 26098423 PMCID: PMC4476612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global pandemic despite the use of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, partly because BCG fails to effectively control adult pulmonary TB. The introduction of novel boost vaccines such as the human Adenovirus 5-vectored AdHu5Ag85A could improve and prolong the protective immunity of BCG immunization. Age at which BCG immunization is implemented varies greatly worldwide, and research is ongoing to discover the optimal stage during childhood to administer the vaccine, as well as when to boost the immune response with potential novel vaccines. Using a murine model of subcutaneous BCG immunization followed by intranasal AdHu5Ag85A boosting, we investigated the impact of age at BCG immunization on protective efficacy of BCG prime and AdHu5Ag85A boost immunization-mediated protection. Our results showed that age at parenteral BCG priming has limited impact on the efficacy of BCG prime-AdHu5Ag85A respiratory mucosal boost immunization-enhanced protection. However, when BCG immunization was delayed until the maturity of the immune system, longer sustained memory T cells were generated and resulted in enhanced boosting effect on T cells of AdHu5Ag85A respiratory mucosal immunization. Our findings hold implications for the design of new TB immunization protocols for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Damjanovic
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre and Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amandeep Khera
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre and Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sam Afkhami
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre and Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rocky Lai
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre and Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna Zganiacz
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre and Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mangalakumari Jeyanathan
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre and Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhou Xing
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre and Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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36
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Inclusion of Flagellin during Vaccination against Influenza Enhances Recall Responses in Nonhuman Primate Neonates. J Virol 2015; 89:7291-303. [PMID: 25948746 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00549-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Influenza virus can cause life-threatening infections in neonates and young infants. Although vaccination is a major countermeasure against influenza, current vaccines are not approved for use in infants less than 6 months of age, in part due to the weak immune response following vaccination. Thus, there is a strong need to develop new vaccines with improved efficacy for this vulnerable population. To address this issue, we established a neonatal African green monkey (AGM) nonhuman primate model that could be used to identify effective influenza vaccine approaches for use in young infants. We assessed the ability of flagellin, a Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) agonist, to serve as an effective adjuvant in this at-risk population. Four- to 6-day-old AGMs were primed and boosted with inactivated PR8 influenza virus (IPR8) adjuvanted with either wild-type flagellin or inactive flagellin with a mutation at position 229 (m229), the latter of which is incapable of signaling through TLR5. Increased IgG responses were observed following a boost, as well as at early times after challenge, in infants vaccinated with flagellin-adjuvanted IPR8. Inclusion of flagellin during vaccination also resulted in a significantly increased number of influenza virus-specific T cells following challenge compared to the number in infants vaccinated with the m229 adjuvant. Finally, following challenge infants vaccinated with IPR8 plus flagellin exhibited a reduced pathology in the lungs compared to that in infants that received IPR8 plus m229. This study provides the first evidence of flagellin-mediated enhancement of vaccine responses in nonhuman primate neonates. IMPORTANCE Young infants are particularly susceptible to severe disease as a result of influenza virus infection. Compounding this is the lack of effective vaccines for use in this vulnerable population. Here we describe a vaccine approach that results in improved immune responses and protection in young infants. Incorporation of flagellin during vaccination resulted in increased antibody and T cell responses together with reduced disease following virus infection. These results suggest that flagellin may serve as an effective adjuvant for vaccines targeted to this vulnerable population.
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CpG oligodeoxynucleotide protect neonatal piglets from challenge with the enterotoxigenic E. coli. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 161:66-76. [PMID: 25081388 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
CpG motifs activates mammalian lymphocytes and macrophages to produce cytokines and polyclonal Ig. These include IFN-γ, IL-12, TNF-a, which are important in the control of bacterial infection. But thus far, the innate immunostimulatory effects of CpG ODN against pathogen have been established mainly in mouse, monkey, sheep, chicken, but not in neonatal piglets. The purpose of this study is to determine the potential protection of CpG ODN against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) (with which neonatal piglets were susceptible to infection in our lab) in neonatal piglets. Here, we show intranasal (IN)-mucosal and intramuscularly (IM) systemic administration of CpG ODN could enhance innate cellular (cytokine) immunity in the sera and intestine mucosa post challenge, and thereafter the development of antigen-specific antibodies in piglets. IN and IM immunizations of neonatal piglets without antigen both reduced the ETEC excretion and alleviated diarrhoea symptoms upon challenge, and IN route had better protection effects than IM route. Protection in this study was linked to induction of a Th1 response which induced by CpG ODN. Co-delivery with Emulsigen (EM), could improve protection mediated by CpG ODN. These observations indicate that IN administration of 100 μg/kg CpG ODN with 20% EM codelivery may represent a valuable strategy for induction of innate immunity against ETEC infection in neonatal piglets.
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Rosenblum E, McBane S, Wang W, Sawyer M. Protecting newborns by immunizing family members in a hospital-based vaccine clinic: a successful Tdap cocooning program during the 2010 California pertussis epidemic. Public Health Rep 2014; 129:245-51. [PMID: 24791022 DOI: 10.1177/003335491412900306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Infants are at greatest risk for mortality from pertussis infection. Since 2005, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices has recommended a cocooning strategy of vaccinating all close contacts of infants with tetanus, diptheria, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine to reduce the risk of transmitting pertussis. Difficulties in establishing a complete cocoon have been reported in the literature. We determined whether families of newborns could be fully immunized against pertussis, thereby providing a complete cocoon of protection. METHODS Tdap vaccine was offered during visiting hours to contacts aged 7 years and older and to postpartum patients who had not received Tdap vaccine during pregnancy. We then conducted retrospective phone interviews with randomly selected mothers (or other family members) to assess vaccination rates. We compared household vaccination rates during intervention and control periods and the demographic factors associated with Tdap vaccination of all members within the households. RESULTS During the intervention period, 243 postpartum patients and 1,287 other family members of newborns were immunized, with 84.8% of all family members receiving Tdap vaccination. Seventy-six percent of households reported a complete cocoon. In the control group, 52.2% of all family members received Tdap vaccination, and 29.3% of households had a complete cocoon. In the control group, fewer family members completed Tdap vaccination in the larger households than in the smaller households (p=0.008). CONCLUSION A cocooning strategy can be successfully implemented, such that the majority of newborns leave the hospital with their families fully immunized against pertussis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Rosenblum
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Family & Preventive Medicine, San Diego, CA
| | - Sarah McBane
- University of California, San Diego, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, San Diego, CA
| | - Wendy Wang
- County of San Diego Health and Human Services Agency, Public Health Services, Epidemiology and Immunization Services, San Diego Immunization Partnership, San Diego, CA
| | - Mark Sawyer
- County of San Diego Health and Human Services Agency, Public Health Services, Epidemiology and Immunization Services, San Diego Immunization Partnership, San Diego, CA ; University of California, San Diego, Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, San Diego, CA
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Abstract
Almost 7 million children under the age 5 die each year, and most of these deaths are attributable to vaccine-preventable infections. Young infants respond poorly to infections and vaccines. In particular, dendritic cells secrete less IL-12 and IL-18, CD8pos T cells and NK cells have defective cytolysis and cytokine production, and CD4pos T cell responses tend to bias towards a Th2 phenotype and promotion of regulatory T cells (Tregs). The basis for these differences is not well understood and may be in part explained by epigenetic differences, as well as immaturity of the infant's immune system. Here we present a third possibility, which involves active suppression by immune regulatory cells and place in context the immune suppressive pathways of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), CD5pos B cells, and Tregs. The immune pathways that these immune regulatory cells inhibit are similar to those that are defective in the infant. Therefore, the immune deficiencies seen in infants could be explained, in part, by active suppressive cells, indicating potential new avenues for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Gervassi
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute and the University of Washington Departments of, Seattle WA
| | - Helen Horton
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute and the University of Washington Departments of, Seattle WA ; Medicine, Seattle WA ; Global Health, Seattle WA
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Sejvar J. Vaccines and viral / toxin-associated neurologic infections. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2014; 123:719-44. [PMID: 25015514 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53488-0.00038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James Sejvar
- Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vectorborne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Libraty DH, Zhang L, Woda M, Acosta LP, Obcena A, Brion JD, Capeding RZ. Neonatal BCG vaccination is associated with enhanced T-helper 1 immune responses to heterologous infant vaccines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 3:1-5. [PMID: 24611083 PMCID: PMC3943168 DOI: 10.1016/j.trivac.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal Bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG) vaccination has been reported to have beneficial effects beyond preventing infantile tuberculous meningitis and miliary disease. We hypothesized that BCG vaccine given at birth would enhance T-helper 1 (Th1) immune responses to the first vaccines given later in infancy. We conducted a nested case-control study of neonatal BCG vaccination and its heterologous Th1 immune effects in 2–3 months old infants. BCG vaccination at birth was associated with an increased frequency of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) producing spot-forming cells (SFC) to tetanus toxoid 2–3 months later. The frequency of IFN-γ producing SFC to polioviruses 1–3 also trended higher among infants who received BCG vaccination at birth. The frequency of IFN-γ+/tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)+CD45RO+CD4+ T-cells upon stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)/Ionomycin was higher in 2–3 months old infants who received BCG vaccination at birth compared to those who did not. The circulating frequency of forkhead box P3 (FoxP3)+ CD45RO+ regulatory CD4+ T-cells also trended lower in these infants. Neonatal BCG vaccination is associated with heterologous Th1 immune effects 2–3 months later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Libraty
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Marcia Woda
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Luz P Acosta
- Department of Immunology, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Manila, Philippines
| | - Anamae Obcena
- Department of Medicine, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Manila, Philippines
| | - Job D Brion
- San Pablo City Health Office, San Pablo, Philippines
| | - Rosario Z Capeding
- Department of Medicine, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Manila, Philippines ; Department of Microbiology, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Manila, Philippines
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Noh Y, Shim BS, Cheon IS, Rho S, Kim HJ, Choi Y, Kang CY, Chang J, Song MK, Kim JO. Neonatal immunization with respiratory syncytial virus glycoprotein fragment induces protective immunity in the presence of maternal antibodies in mice. Viral Immunol 2013; 26:268-76. [PMID: 23869549 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2012.0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of severe lower respiratory tract infections in infants and the elderly worldwide. The significant morbidity and mortality associated with this infection underscores the urgent need for development of RSV vaccine. In this study, we first show that intranasal administration of RSV glycoprotein core fragment (Gcf) to neonatal mice can induce systemic humoral immune responses and protective immunity against RSV without causing lung eosinophilia, although antibody response was shifted to a Th2 response. Next, we examined whether the presence of maternal anti-RSV antibodies would affect the responsiveness and protection efficacy of Gcf in newborn mice, since infants can possess RSV-specific maternal antibodies due to frequent RSV re-infections to adults. Intranasal administration of Gcf induced antibody response and increased IFNγ secretion and protected mice against RSV challenge without severe lung eosinophilia, even in the presence of high levels of RSV-specific maternal antibodies. Thus, our findings suggest that Gcf may be an effective and safe RSV vaccine during the neonatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youran Noh
- Laboratory Science Division , International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Korea
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Inflammatory responses to hepatitis B virus vaccine in healthy term infants. Eur J Pediatr 2013; 172:839-42. [PMID: 23358708 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-013-1946-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection continues to be a serious global health problem. During the course of HBV vaccination, we observed C-reactive protein (CRP) elevation in term infants without sepsis. Therefore, we prospectively studied interleukin-6 (IL-6) and CRP responses to HBV immunization. In 70 healthy term infants without signs and symptoms of sepsis and sepsis risk factors, IL-6, CRP, and white blood cell count levels were determined before and 24 h after immunization. Significant increases in CRP levels were seen 24 h after vaccination (p < 0.001). Although CRP levels of 22 infants at second evaluation were above the cutoff level for sepsis (4.82 mg/L), they had no clinical signs and symptoms of sepsis. After 48-72 h, CRP levels of these infants returned to normal levels with no blood culture positivity. CONCLUSION our study showed that HBV vaccine is responsible for CRP elevation in term infants after vaccination at birth. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study evaluating CRP response to HBV vaccine at birth in term infants. We suggest that this response should be considered in differentiation of early neonatal sepsis to avoid unnecessary antibiotic use.
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Animal models for neonatal diseases in humans. Vaccine 2013; 31:2489-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.11.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Flanagan KL, van Crevel R, Curtis N, Shann F, Levy O. Heterologous ("nonspecific") and sex-differential effects of vaccines: epidemiology, clinical trials, and emerging immunologic mechanisms. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 57:283-9. [PMID: 23572484 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cit209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence from epidemiologic, clinical, and immunologic studies indicates that vaccines can influence morbidity and mortality independent of vaccine-specific B-cell or T-cell immunity. For example, the live attenuated measles vaccine and BCG vaccine may reduce mortality from infections other than measles or tuberculosis, respectively. Immunologists call these heterologous effects and epidemiologists have called them nonspecific effects, indicating that they manifest against a broad range of pathogens/disease. These effects differ by sex, can be beneficial or detrimental, and appear to be mediated by mechanisms including innate immune memory (also known as "trained immunity") and cross-reacting lymphocytes. Herein we review recent studies in this emerging field based on a meeting of experts, the recent Optimmunize meeting, held in Copenhagen, Denmark, in August 2012. Further characterization of these effects is likely to expand the way vaccines are evaluated and alter the manner and sequence in which they are given.
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Dowling DJ, Tan Z, Prokopowicz ZM, Palmer CD, Matthews MAH, Dietsch GN, Hershberg RM, Levy O. The ultra-potent and selective TLR8 agonist VTX-294 activates human newborn and adult leukocytes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58164. [PMID: 23483986 PMCID: PMC3587566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Newborns display distinct immune responses that contribute to susceptibility to infection and reduced vaccine responses. Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists may serve as vaccine adjuvants, when given individually or in combination, but responses of neonatal leukocytes to many TLR agonists are diminished. TLR8 agonists are more effective than other TLR agonists in activating human neonatal leukocytes in vitro, but little is known about whether different TLR8 agonists may distinctly activate neonatal leukocytes. We characterized the in vitro immuno-stimulatory activities of a novel benzazepine TLR8 agonist, VTX-294, in comparison to imidazoquinolines that activate TLR8 (R-848; (TLR7/8) CL075; (TLR8/7)), with respect to activation of human newborn and adult leukocytes. Effects of VTX-294 and R-848 in combination with monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA; TLR4) were also assessed. Methods TLR agonist specificity was assessed using TLR-transfected HEK293 cells expressing a NF-κB reporter gene. TLR agonist-induced cytokine production was measured in human newborn cord and adult peripheral blood using ELISA and multiplex assays. Newborn and adult monocytes were differentiated into monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) and TLR agonist-induced activation assessed by cytokine production (ELISA) and co-stimulatory molecule expression (flow cytometry). Results VTX-294 was ∼100x more active on TLR8- than TLR7-transfected HEK cells (EC50, ∼50 nM vs. ∼5700 nM). VTX-294-induced TNF and IL-1β production were comparable in newborn cord and adult peripheral blood, while VTX-294 was ∼ 1 log more potent in inducing TNF and IL-1β production than MPLA, R848 or CL075. Combination of VTX-294 and MPLA induced greater blood TNF and IL-1β responses than combination of R-848 and MPLA. VTX-294 also potently induced expression of cytokines and co-stimulatory molecules HLA-DR and CD86 in human newborn MoDCs. Conclusions VTX-294 is a novel ultra-potent TLR8 agonist that activates newborn and adult leukocytes and is a candidate vaccine adjuvant in both early life and adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Dowling
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Zhen Tan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Pediatrics, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zofia M. Prokopowicz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christine D. Palmer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Gregory N. Dietsch
- VentiRx Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Robert M. Hershberg
- VentiRx Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ofer Levy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Immune response to vaccine adjuvants during the first year of life. Vaccine 2012; 31:2500-5. [PMID: 23085363 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Subunit vaccine formulations often include adjuvants that primarily stimulate innate immune cells. While young infants represent the major target population for vaccination, effective immunization in this age group remains a challenge. Many parameters of innate immune responses differ quantitatively and qualitatively from newborns to infants and adults, revealing a highly regulated developmental program. Herein, we discuss the potential implications of innate immune ontogeny for the activity of adjuvants contained in licensed infant vaccines, as well as future directions for rational design of adjuvanted vaccines for this age group.
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48
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Choi JS, Kim RY, Rho S, Ewann F, Mielcarek N, Song MK, Czerkinsky C, Kim JO. Effect of maternal immune status on responsiveness of bacillus calmette-gurin vaccination in mouse neonates. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2012; 3:68-73. [PMID: 24159493 PMCID: PMC3747646 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrp.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination has proven to be efficient in immunologically naïve infants; however, it has not been investigated that maternal natural exposure to Mycobacterium and/or BCG vaccine could influence the characteristics of immune responses to BCG in newborns. In this study, we analyzed whether the maternal immune status to M tuberculosis (M tb) can affect neonatal immunity to BCG using a mouse model. METHODS Neonates were obtained from mice that were previously exposed to live BCG, to live M avium, or to heat-killed M tb H37Rv, and from naïve control mothers. One week after birth, the neonates were divided into two subgroups: one group immunized with live BCG via the subcutaneous route and the other group of neonates sham-treated. Interferon-gamma (IFNγ) secretion in response to in vitro stimulation with heat-killed BCG or purified protein derivative (PPD) was examined. Protection against M tb infection was evaluated by challenging mice nasally with live M tb H37Rv followed by counting colonies from spleen and lung homogenates. RESULTS BCG-immunized neonates showed increased IFNγ secretion in response to heat-killed BCG or PPD. All mice in BCG-immunized neonates subgroups showed reduced bacterial burden (colony forming unit) in the lungs when compared with control naive neonate mice. However, no statistically significant difference was observed when comparing BCG-immunized mice born from mothers previously exposed to M avium or immunized with either heat-killed H37Rv or live BCG and mice born from naïve mothers. CONCLUSION The maternal immune status to M tb does not appear to impact on the immunogenicity of BCG vaccine in their progeny in our experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Su Choi
- Laboratory Science Division, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ryang Yeo Kim
- Laboratory Science Division, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Korea
- Institut Pasteur Korea, Soengnam, Korea
| | - Semi Rho
- Laboratory Science Division, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Nathalie Mielcarek
- Laboratory Science Division, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Korea
- Inserm, Lille, France
| | - Man Ki Song
- Laboratory Science Division, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cecil Czerkinsky
- Laboratory Science Division, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Ouk Kim
- Laboratory Science Division, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Korea
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Philbin VJ, Dowling DJ, Gallington LC, Cortés G, Tan Z, Suter EE, Chi KW, Shuckett A, Stoler-Barak L, Tomai M, Miller RL, Mansfield K, Levy O. Imidazoquinoline Toll-like receptor 8 agonists activate human newborn monocytes and dendritic cells through adenosine-refractory and caspase-1-dependent pathways. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 130:195-204.e9. [PMID: 22521247 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Newborns have frequent infections and manifest impaired vaccine responses, motivating a search for neonatal vaccine adjuvants. Alum is a neonatal adjuvant but might confer a T(H)2 bias. Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists are candidate adjuvants, but human neonatal cord blood monocytes demonstrate impaired T(H)1-polarizing responses to many TLR agonists caused by plasma adenosine acting through cyclic AMP. TLR8 agonists, including imidazoquinolines (IMQs), such as the small synthetic 3M-002, induce adult-level TNF from neonatal monocytes, but the scope and mechanisms of IMQ-induced activation of neonatal monocytes and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) have not been reported. OBJECTIVE We sought to characterize IMQ-induced activation of neonatal monocytes and MoDCs. METHODS Neonatal cord and adult peripheral blood monocytes and MoDCs were cultured in autologous plasma; levels of alum- and TLR agonist-induced cytokines and costimulatory molecules were measured. TLR8 and inflammasome function were assayed by using small interfering RNA and Western blotting/caspase-1 inhibitory peptide, respectively. The ontogeny of TLR8 agonist-induced cytokine responses was defined in rhesus macaque whole blood ex vivo. RESULTS IMQs were more potent and effective than alum at inducing TNF and IL-1β from monocytes. 3M-002 induced robust TLR pathway transcriptome activation and T(H)1-polarizing cytokine production in neonatal and adult monocytes and MoDCs, signaling through TLR8 in an adenosine/cyclic AMP-refractory manner. Newborn MoDCs displayed impaired LPS/ATP-induced caspase-1-mediated IL-1β production but robust 3M-002-induced caspase-1-mediated inflammasome activation independent of exogenous ATP. TLR8 IMQs induced robust TNF and IL-1β in whole blood of rhesus macaques at birth and infancy. CONCLUSIONS IMQ TLR8 agonists engage adenosine-refractory TLR8 and inflammasome pathways to induce robust monocyte and MoDC activation and represent promising neonatal adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J Philbin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Muñoz JAM, Chenoll E, Casinos B, Bataller E, Ramón D, Genovés S, Montava R, Ribes JM, Buesa J, Fàbrega J, Rivero M. Novel probiotic Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis CECT 7210 strain active against rotavirus infections. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:8775-83. [PMID: 22003027 PMCID: PMC3233071 DOI: 10.1128/aem.05548-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe acute gastroenteritis among children worldwide. It is well known that breast-feeding and vaccination afford infants protection. Since breast-feeding has drastically decreased in developed countries, efforts have been focused on the potential use of probiotics as preventive agents. In this study, a novel Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis strain was isolated from infant feces and selected, based on its capacity to inhibit in vitro rotavirus Wa replication (up to 36.05% infectious foci reduction) and also to protect cells from virus infection (up to 48.50% infectious foci reduction) in both MA-104 and HT-29 cell lines. Furthermore, studies using a BALB/c mouse model have proved that this strain provides preliminary in vivo protection against rotavirus infection. The strain has been deposited in the Spanish Type Culture Collection under the accession number CECT 7210. This novel strain has the main properties required of a probiotic, such as resistance to gastrointestinal juices, biliary salts, NaCl, and low pH, as well as adhesion to intestinal mucus and sensitivity to antibiotics. The food safety status has been confirmed by the absence of undesirable metabolite production and in acute ingestion studies of mice. Overall, these results demonstrate that Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis CECT 7210 can be considered a probiotic able to inhibit rotavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Moreno Muñoz
- Laboratorios Ordesa S.L., Parc Cientific de Barcelona, C/Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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