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Silva MJA, Silva CS, Brasil TP, Alves AK, dos Santos EC, Frota CC, Lima KVB, Lima LNGC. An update on leprosy immunopathogenesis: systematic review. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1416177. [PMID: 39308868 PMCID: PMC11412872 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1416177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Leprosy is a chronic infectious condition and the main cause of neuropathy that occurs brought on by M. leprae. It is known that the biological characteristics of the human host, such as the immunological ones, have a higher influence on the pathology of this disease than the intrinsic mechanisms of the bacterium. The objective of this work was to review the scientific knowledge about the relationship between immunopathology and the severity of leprosy. Methods A systematic review following the PRISMA 2020 recommendations was conducted in the PUBMED, LILACS, SciELO and Science Direct databases using articles in English, Portuguese or Spanish between January 2011 and May 2022 with the descriptors "Leprosy/Immunology", "Cytokines" and "Mycobacterium leprae". A methodological quality assessment was carried out using the JBI checklists. Results A total of 49 articles were included. There is a relationship of greater severity of infection associated with lower release of MHC molecules in response to PGL-1 that inhibit the promotion of resolving T lymphocytes arising from dendritic cells (DCs) stimulation. In addition, the differentiation of macrophage phenotypes dependent on the activation of PRRs can define activation and the distinct type of T helper (Th) cells involved according to severity. Activated CD8+ T cells also have distinct types at the appropriate poles of the disease, and B cells show at the most severe pole of the LL, specific induction of IgA and more Treg-type CD8+ T cells that further contribute to T cell anergy. Conclusion Therefore, the adaptive immune system aggravates nerve damage and defines the type of leprosy, while the innate immune system is considerably more significant in the onset of nerve damage, symptomatic of the initial presentation of illness and in several critical immune responses, including inflammation and elimination of dead M. leprae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Jessé Abrahão Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Parasitic Biology in the Amazon (PPGBPA), University of Pará State (UEPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Caroliny Soares Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Parasitic Biology in the Amazon (PPGBPA), University of Pará State (UEPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Thiago Pinto Brasil
- Department of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Ana Karoliny Alves
- Department of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | - Cristiane Cunha Frota
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Brazil
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Li X, Ma Y, Li G, Jin G, Xu L, Li Y, Wei P, Zhang L. Leprosy: treatment, prevention, immune response and gene function. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1298749. [PMID: 38440733 PMCID: PMC10909994 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1298749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the leprosy cases have fallen dramatically, the incidence of leprosy has remained stable over the past years, indicating that multidrug therapy seems unable to eradicate leprosy. More seriously, the emergence of rifampicin-resistant strains also affects the effectiveness of treatment. Immunoprophylaxis was mainly carried out through vaccination with the BCG but also included vaccines such as LepVax and MiP. Meanwhile, it is well known that the infection and pathogenesis largely depend on the host's genetic background and immunity, with the onset of the disease being genetically regulated. The immune process heavily influences the clinical course of the disease. However, the impact of immune processes and genetic regulation of leprosy on pathogenesis and immunological levels is largely unknown. Therefore, we summarize the latest research progress in leprosy treatment, prevention, immunity and gene function. The comprehensive research in these areas will help elucidate the pathogenesis of leprosy and provide a basis for developing leprosy elimination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Ma
- Chronic Infectious Disease Control Section, Nantong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nantong, China
| | - Guoli Li
- Department of Chronic Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangjie Jin
- Department of Chronic Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunhui Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pingmin Wei
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lianhua Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Chronic Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
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3
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Darmadi D, Lindarto D, Siregar J, Widyawati T, Rusda M, Amin MM, Yusuf F, Eyanoer PC, Lubis M, Rey I. Factors affecting HBV DNA suppression in chronic hepatitis B patients treated with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. F1000Res 2023; 11:1521. [PMID: 37767077 PMCID: PMC10521109 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.128116.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: This study aims to determine the factors affecting HBV DNA suppression in chronic hepatitis B patients with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF). Methods: A case-control was carried out from October 2021 to August 2022 on 182 chronic hepatitis B patients who had TDF therapy regularly for 24 weeks at H. Adam Malik and USU Hospitals in Medan, Indonesia. The history of the samples was obtained, followed by physical examination, and blood collection. CTLA-4 polymorphism examination was carried out using real-time PCR, while the serum CTLA-4 levels were assessed with ELISA. Results: The CTLA-4 -1661G>A polymorphism, genotype GG+AG, increased 1.52 times risk of not achieving HBV DNA suppression to TDF compared to genotype AA (p=0.041). High CTLA-4 levels increased 2.28 times risk, high HBV DNA levels increased 2.09 times risk, low ALT levels increased 1.95 times risk of not achieving HBV DNA suppression (p= 0.009, 0.026, 0.036, respectively). There was no relationship between gender, age, ethnicity, obesity, baseline AST, HBeAg, genotype, liver fibrosis and HBV DNA suppression after 24 weeks of treatment (p>0.05). Conclusions: The levels of CTLA-4, HBV DNA, ALT, and CTLA-4 -1661G>A polymorphism have a potential relationship with the suppression of HBV DNA in chronic hepatitis B patients with TDF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darmadi Darmadi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, North Sumatera, 20155, Indonesia
- Philosophy Doctor in Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, North Sumatera, 20155, Indonesia
| | - Dharma Lindarto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, North Sumatera, 20155, Indonesia
| | - Jelita Siregar
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, North Sumatera, 20155, Indonesia
| | - Tri Widyawati
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, North Sumatera, 20155, Indonesia
- Master Program in Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, North Sumatera, 20155, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Rusda
- Philosophy Doctor in Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, North Sumatera, 20155, Indonesia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, North Sumatera, 20155, Indonesia
| | - Mustafa Mahmud Amin
- Philosophy Doctor in Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, North Sumatera, 20155, Indonesia
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, North Sumatera, 20155, Indonesia
| | - Fauzi Yusuf
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Putri Chairani Eyanoer
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, North Sumatera, 20155, Indonesia
| | - Masrul Lubis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, North Sumatera, 20155, Indonesia
| | - Imelda Rey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, North Sumatera, 20155, Indonesia
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Cabral N, de Figueiredo V, Gandini M, de Souza CF, Medeiros RA, Lery LMS, Lara FA, de Macedo CS, Pessolani MCV, Pereira GMB. Modulation of the Response to Mycobacterium leprae and Pathogenesis of Leprosy. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:918009. [PMID: 35722339 PMCID: PMC9201476 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.918009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The initial infection by the obligate intracellular bacillus Mycobacterium leprae evolves to leprosy in a small subset of the infected individuals. Transmission is believed to occur mainly by exposure to bacilli present in aerosols expelled by infected individuals with high bacillary load. Mycobacterium leprae-specific DNA has been detected in the blood of asymptomatic household contacts of leprosy patients years before active disease onset, suggesting that, following infection, the bacterium reaches the lymphatic drainage and the blood of at least some individuals. The lower temperature and availability of protected microenvironments may provide the initial conditions for the survival of the bacillus in the airways and skin. A subset of skin-resident macrophages and the Schwann cells of peripheral nerves, two M. leprae permissive cells, may protect M. leprae from effector cells in the initial phase of the infection. The interaction of M. leprae with these cells induces metabolic changes, including the formation of lipid droplets, that are associated with macrophage M2 phenotype and the production of mediators that facilitate the differentiation of specific T cells for M. leprae-expressed antigens to a memory regulatory phenotype. Here, we discuss the possible initials steps of M. leprae infection that may lead to active disease onset, mainly focusing on events prior to the manifestation of the established clinical forms of leprosy. We hypothesize that the progressive differentiation of T cells to the Tregs phenotype inhibits effector function against the bacillus, allowing an increase in the bacillary load and evolution of the infection to active disease. Epigenetic and metabolic mechanisms described in other chronic inflammatory diseases are evaluated for potential application to the understanding of leprosy pathogenesis. A potential role for post-exposure prophylaxis of leprosy in reducing M. leprae-induced anti-inflammatory mediators and, in consequence, Treg/T effector ratios is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Cabral
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vilma de Figueiredo
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana Gandini
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cíntia Fernandes de Souza
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rychelle Affonso Medeiros
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Letícia Miranda Santos Lery
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flávio Alves Lara
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cristiana Santos de Macedo
- Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Geraldo Moura Batista Pereira
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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IL-21 plays an important role in modulating “Th17-Treg” cell axis in leprosy Type 1 reactions. Cytokine 2022; 152:155821. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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6
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Abstract
Leprosy is a disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae (ML) with diverse clinical manifestations, which are strongly correlated with the host's immune response. Skin lesions may be accompanied by peripheral neural damage, leading to sensory and motor losses, as well as deformities of the hands and feet. Both innate and acquired immune responses are involved, but the disease has been classically described along a Th1/Th2 spectrum, where the Th1 pole corresponds to the most limited presentations and the Th2 to the most disseminated ones. We discuss this dichotomy in the light of current knowledge of cytokines, Th subpopulations and regulatory T cells taking part in each leprosy presentation. Leprosy reactions are associated with an increase in inflammatory activity both in limited and disseminated presentations, leading to a worsening of previous symptoms or the development of new symptoms. Despite the efforts of many research groups around the world, there is still no adequate serological test for diagnosis in endemic areas, hindering the eradication of leprosy in these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Angela Bianconcini Trindade
- Departamento de Patologia, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Imunodermatologia, Universidade de São Paulo Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ma N, Wei T, Wang B, Jiang X, Zhou L, Zhong R. MicroRNA-142-3p inhibits IFN-γ production via targeting of RICTOR in Aspergillus fumigatus activated CD4 + T cells. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:649. [PMID: 31930050 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.10.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Aspergillus fumigatus (AFE) is a well-adapted, opportunistic fungus that causes a severe and commonly fatal disease, wherein IFN-γ is one of the most important protective cytokines. The aim of this study was to investigate the microRNA expression profile and explore the underlying mechanism during infection with AFE. Methods CD4+ T cells were activated by co-culturing with dendritic cells (DCs), which were pre-treated with AFE. Next, we performed microRNA microarray expression profiles of activated and control T cells, following which, miRNA-142-3P was selected. To explore the effect of miR-142-3P on T cell activation, miRNA-142-3P expression was disrupted by transient transfection with miR-142-3P mimic or inhibitor. Then, levels of RICTOR, phosphorylated AKT and IFN-γ were detected via Western blotting and qPCR respectively. We further used siRNA to decrease RICTOR expression and determined the role played by RICTOR in miR-142-3P mediated-IFN-γ expression by qPCR following AFE-mediated T cell activation. Results The heat-map of miRNA expression profiles showed that 54 microRNAs (miRNAs) were filtered, the levels of which, were significantly different between CD4+ T cells activated by AFE and control T cells, in which microRNA-142-3 was involved. Forced expression of miRNA-142-3P dramatically suppressed RICTOR levels, phosphorylated AKT and IFN-γ in AFE activated T cells. Conversely, loss of miRNA-142-3P elevated RICTOR levels, phosphorylated AKT and IFN-γ. Notably, RICTOR deficiency decreased AKT phosphorylation levels and IFN-γ secretion. Conclusions Observations indicated that down-regulation of microRNA-142-3p enhanced IFN-γ expression, and did so by promoting RICTOR expression in CD4+ T cells activated by AFE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, 905th Hospital of PLA, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Ting Wei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Oncology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, 905th Hospital of PLA, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Renqian Zhong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
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8
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Escamilla-Tilch M, Pérez-Suárez TG, Torres-Carrillo NM, Rodríguez-Guillén R, Arenas-Guzmán R, Torres-Hernández M, Fafutis-Morris M, Estrada-Parra S, Estrada-Garía I, García-Lechuga M, Granados J, Ramos-Payan R. Analysis of the rs2476601 polymorphism of PTPN22 in Mexican mestizo patients with leprosy. Biomed Rep 2019; 10:127-132. [PMID: 30675352 DOI: 10.3892/br.2019.1184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy, a human chronic granulomatous disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae), remains endemic in certain countries despite the use of multidrug therapy. Recently, several host genes modulating the immune responses to M. leprae infection have been suggested to influence the acquisition and clinical course of leprosy. Lymphoid protein tyrosine phosphatase, encoded by the protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22) gene, serves a negative regulatory role in T cell activation. The non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2476601 (1858C>T) has been associated with autoimmune diseases. Here, the present study investigated if rs2476601 polymorphism was associated with leprosy in a Mexican mestizo population. Genotyping was performed in patients with leprosy (n=189) and control subjects (n=231) from regions with higher incidence of leprosy. Genotypic (P=0.44) and allelic frequencies (P=0.45) of the rs2476601 polymorphism were similar between patients and controls; genotypic frequencies were 91 vs. 94% for CC and 9 vs. 6% for CT, and the TT genotype was absent in both groups. Allelic frequencies were 96 vs. 97% for C, and 4 vs. 3% for T. In the same way, the genotypic (P=0.46) and allelic frequencies (P=0.47) from MB patients and controls were similar. In conclusion, there was a lack of association of the PTPN22 rs2476601 polymorphism with the development of leprosy, which suggests that this SNP was not a genetic risk factor for leprosy in the Mexican mestizo population studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Escamilla-Tilch
- Coordinación de Investigación, Centro Médico Nacional '20 de Noviembre', Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Mexico City 03100
| | - Thalía Gabriela Pérez-Suárez
- Coordinación de Investigación, Centro Médico Nacional '20 de Noviembre', Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Mexico City 03100
| | - Nora Magdalena Torres-Carrillo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340
| | - Rosario Rodríguez-Guillén
- Unidad de Biología Molecular y Medicina Genómica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14000
| | | | - Marcela Torres-Hernández
- Hospital Regional de Psiquiatría, Héctor H. Tovar Acosta, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 14070
| | - Mary Fafutis-Morris
- Centro de Investigación en Inmunología y Dermatología, Instituto Dermatológico de Jalisco, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340
| | - Sergio Estrada-Parra
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340
| | - Iris Estrada-Garía
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340
| | - Maricela García-Lechuga
- Departamento de Trasplantes, División de Inmunogenética, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14000
| | - Julio Granados
- Departamento de Trasplantes, División de Inmunogenética, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14000
| | - Rosalio Ramos-Payan
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa 80010, México
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Saini C, Tarique M, Ramesh V, Khanna N, Sharma A. γδ T cells are associated with inflammation and immunopathogenesis of leprosy reactions. Immunol Lett 2018; 200:55-65. [PMID: 30006101 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leprosy reactions appear episodically in leprosy patients, which lead to high inflammation, morbidity and peripheral nerve damage. The role of Th17 cell has been well studied in leprosy reactions but the role of γδ or unconventional T cells which is an other major source of IL-17 in many diseases, not studied in leprosy reactional episodes. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study to elucidate the role of γδ T cells in leprosy reactions. METHODOLOGY A total of 40 untreated non-reaction and reactions patients were recruited. PBMCs were isolated and stimulated with M. leprae sonicated antigen (MLSA) for 48 h and immuno-phenotyping was done using flow cytometry. Moreover, γδ T cells were isolated by Magnetic beads technology and mRNA expression of IL-17, IFN-γ, TGF-β and FOXP3 were analyzed by real-time PCR (qPCR) and cytokine was estimated in the culture supernatant by ELISA. RESULTS γδ T cells were significantly increased in both Reversal reaction (RR) and Erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) reaction patients. These cells produced significant amount of IL-17 and IFN-γ. Furthermore, CD3+TCRγδ+ T cells expressed transient FOXP3 with a low amount of TGF-β in both reactions as compared to stable patients. Moreover, low TGF-β producing TCR-γδ cells were associated with low phosphorylation of STAT5A. CONCLUSION This study will add to our understanding of the immunological features that mediate and regulate the pathogenesis of leprosy and may helpful to reduce the immuno-pathogenesis of leprosy reaction by targeting these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaman Saini
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - Mohd Tarique
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - V Ramesh
- Dermatology and Venereology SJH, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Neena Khanna
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Alpana Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India.
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10
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Salgado CG, Pinto P, Bouth RC, Gobbo AR, Messias ACC, Sandoval TV, Dos Santos AMR, Moreira FC, Vidal AF, Goulart LR, Barreto JG, da Silva MB, Frade MAC, Spencer JS, Santos S, Ribeiro-Dos-Santos Â. miRNome Expression Analysis Reveals New Players on Leprosy Immune Physiopathology. Front Immunol 2018; 9:463. [PMID: 29593724 PMCID: PMC5854644 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy remains as a public health problem and its physiopathology is still not fully understood. MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small RNA non-coding that can interfere with mRNA to regulate gene expression. A few studies using DNA chip microarrays have explored the expression of miRNA in leprosy patients using a predetermined set of genes as targets, providing interesting findings regarding the regulation of immune genes. However, using a predetermined set of genes restricted the possibility of finding new miRNAs that might be involved in different mechanisms of disease. Thus, we examined the miRNome of tuberculoid (TT) and lepromatous (LL) patients using both blood and lesional biopsies from classical leprosy patients (LP) who visited the Dr. Marcello Candia Reference Unit in Sanitary Dermatology in the State of Pará and compared them with healthy subjects. Using a set of tools to correlate significantly differentially expressed miRNAs with their gene targets, we identified possible interactions and networks of miRNAs that might be involved in leprosy immunophysiopathology. Using this approach, we showed that the leprosy miRNA profile in blood is distinct from that in lesional skin as well as that four main groups of genes are the targets of leprosy miRNA: (1) recognition and phagocytosis, with activation of immune effector cells, where the immunosuppressant profile of LL and immunoresponsive profile of TT are clearly affected by miRNA expression; (2) apoptosis, with supportive data for an antiapoptotic leprosy profile based on BCL2, MCL1, and CASP8 expression; (3) Schwann cells (SCs), demyelination and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), supporting a role for different developmental or differentiation gene families, such as Sox, Zeb, and Hox; and (4) loss of sensation and neuropathic pain, revealing that RHOA, ROCK1, SIGMAR1, and aquaporin-1 (AQP1) may be involved in the loss of sensation or leprosy pain, indicating possible new therapeutic targets. Additionally, AQP1 may also be involved in skin dryness and loss of elasticity, which are well known signs of leprosy but with unrecognized physiopathology. In sum, miRNA expression reveals new aspects of leprosy immunophysiopathology, especially on the regulation of the immune system, apoptosis, SC demyelination, EMT, and neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Guedes Salgado
- Laboratório de Dermato-Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Marituba, Brazil
| | - Pablo Pinto
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, ICB, UFPA, Belém, Brazil.,Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia (NPO), UFPA, Belém, Brazil
| | - Raquel Carvalho Bouth
- Laboratório de Dermato-Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Marituba, Brazil
| | - Angélica Rita Gobbo
- Laboratório de Dermato-Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Marituba, Brazil
| | - Ana Caroline Cunha Messias
- Laboratório de Dermato-Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Marituba, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Luiz Ricardo Goulart
- Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Josafá Gonçalves Barreto
- Laboratório de Dermato-Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Marituba, Brazil.,Laboratório de Epidemiologia Espacial (LabEE), Campus Castanhal, UFPA, Belém, Brazil
| | - Moisés Batista da Silva
- Laboratório de Dermato-Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Marituba, Brazil
| | - Marco Andrey Cipriani Frade
- Divisão de Dermatologia, Departamento de Clínica Médica da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - John Stewart Spencer
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Sidney Santos
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, ICB, UFPA, Belém, Brazil.,Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia (NPO), UFPA, Belém, Brazil
| | - Ândrea Ribeiro-Dos-Santos
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, ICB, UFPA, Belém, Brazil.,Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia (NPO), UFPA, Belém, Brazil
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11
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Zhang Q, Dai Y, Cai Z, Mou L. HDAC Inhibitors: Novel Immunosuppressants for Allo- and Xeno- Transplantation. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201702295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Shenzhen Xenotransplantation Medical Engineering Research and Development Center; Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital; Sungang Road 3002, Futian District, Shenzhen Guangdong China
| | - Yifan Dai
- Department Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029 China
| | - Zhiming Cai
- Shenzhen Xenotransplantation Medical Engineering Research and Development Center; Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital; Sungang Road 3002, Futian District, Shenzhen Guangdong China
| | - Lisha Mou
- Shenzhen Xenotransplantation Medical Engineering Research and Development Center; Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital; Sungang Road 3002, Futian District, Shenzhen Guangdong China
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12
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Regulatory T cells: Friends or foe in human Mycobacterium leprae infection? Immunobiology 2017; 223:397-404. [PMID: 29150026 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are known to control immune responses by suppressing the antigen-presenting and effector T cells. Some mechanisms adopted by Tregs in combating Mycobacterium infections have been proposed. Nevertheless, in M. leprae infection, also known as leprosy or Hansen's disease, the role of Tregs has not been completely elucidated. Using multicolor flow cytometry, we evaluated the expression of different cell surface and intracellular molecules present in Tregs from peripheral blood samples of leprosy patients. Before initiating treatment, thirteen new cases of leprosy were grouped according to the Ridley-Jopling classification in to the paucibacilary (PB) or multibacilary (MB) group. Fifteen non-infected individuals (NI) were included as control subjects. Tregs were higher in the MB group than in the NI group. Tregs also co-expressed high amounts of PD1 and PDL-1, indicating that these cells could induce apoptosis of effector cells and simultaneously prevent their own apoptosis. Our data showed that compared to the NI group, Tregs from the PB group expressed higher levels of CD95L, which may be associated with other apoptotic pathways that may decrease Tregs in these patients. Correlation analysis reinforced that PD1 and CD95L are efficient apoptosis' pathway that decreased levels of Tregs in the NI and PB groups. We also observed significant differences in cytokine expression of Tregs from the PB and MB groups. Compared to the NI group, Tregs from the MB group showed higher IL-17 expression; however, compared to the PB group, the expression of IL-10 in Tregs from the MB group was lower, suggesting inefficient control of inflammation. Therefore, we concluded that different pathways were involved in Treg-induced suppression of leprosy. Moreover, Treg-mediated regulation of inflammation via IL-10 and IL-17 expression in leprosy patients was inefficient. Thus, we propose that during M. leprae infection, Tregs may impair the immune responses elicited against this bacillus, favor bacterial replication, and aid in persistence of a disseminated multibacillary disease.
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13
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Tarique M, Naqvi RA, Ali R, Khanna N, Rao DN. CD4 + TCRγδ + FoxP3 + cells: An unidentified population of immunosuppressive cells towards disease progression leprosy patients. Exp Dermatol 2017; 26:946-948. [PMID: 28109171 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study, for the first time, reveals the role of M. leprae-specific CD4+ TCRγδ+ FoxP3+ cells in the progression and pathogenesis of leprosy. Co-culture with CD4+ CD25- cells suggested the immunosuppressive nature of CD4+ TCRγδ+ cells in dose-dependent manner. Isolation of CD4+ TCRγδ+ cells from leprosy patients and then culture in presence of M. leprae cell wall antigens (MLCwA) along with TGF β, IPP and IL-2 suggested that these cells are M. leprae specific. TGF-β-mediated SMAD3 signalling was turned out to be major factor towards the expression of FoxP3 in these cells. SMAD3 silencing during induction of these cells barely showed the induction of FoxP3. High density of SMAD3 binding at TGFβRII in CD4+ TCRγδ+ FoxP3+ furthermore suggested the TGF-β-directed SMAD3 signalling in these cells. Taken together the above data, we can conclude that CD4+ TCRγδ+ FoxP3+ cells possess the potential to track the severity of the disease in leprosy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Tarique
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Raza A Naqvi
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Riyasat Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Neena Khanna
- Department of Dermatovenereology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Donthamshetty Nageswara Rao
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi, India.,GITAM Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, GITAM University, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam, India
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14
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Saini C, Tarique M, Rai R, Siddiqui A, Khanna N, Sharma A. T helper cells in leprosy: An update. Immunol Lett 2017; 184:61-66. [PMID: 28235552 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Leprosy is an ancient disease caused by gram positive, rod shaped bacilli called Mycobacterium leprae. Patients present with varied clinico-pathological disease depending on the host immune response to Mycobacterium leprae. Thus tuberculoid (TT) and lepromatous (LL) patients represent two ends of a spectrum where the former shows limited disease, high T cell mediate immune (CMI) response and low antibody (HI) levels in serum. In contrast the latter has low T cell and high humoral immune response i.e antibody levels. The mechanisms underlying these differences have been investigated intensely; however, there is no consensus on the primary immunological basis. Over three decades, Th1 and Th2 paradigm were thought to underling tuberculoid and lepromatous disease respectively. However many patients were shown to have mixed Th1/Th2 pattern of (IFN-γ/IL-4) cytokines. The present review was undertaken with a view to understand the T cells and cytokine dysregulation in leprosy. In recent years the sub classes of T cells that are Regulatory in nature (Treg) have been implicated in immune diseases where they were shown to suppress T cell functions. Additionally Th17 cells secreting IL-17A, IL17F, were implicated in immune inflammation. Taken together these regulatory cells may play a part in influencing immune responses in leprosy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaman Saini
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical sciences, New Delhi 110029, India.
| | - Mohd Tarique
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Reeta Rai
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | | | - Neena Khanna
- Department of Dermatology, All India Institute of Medical sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Alpana Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical sciences, New Delhi 110029, India.
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15
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Kumar S, Adhikari A. Dose-dependent immunomodulating effects of endotoxin in allergic airway inflammation. Innate Immun 2017; 23:249-257. [PMID: 28142300 DOI: 10.1177/1753425917690443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
How very high exposure levels to endotoxin in a farming environment provide protection against respiratory allergic symptoms and low-to-moderate levels of endotoxin in urban homes promote allergic response is unclear. Dose-specific bacterial endotoxin or LPS-induced tolerance mechanisms can affect lung inflammations, coupled with the Th2 immune responses. Here, we explored the effects of intranasal exposure of LPS at two different doses (based on occupational exposures during handling of agricultural wastes) in OVA-sensitized allergic wild type (WT) and TLR4-KO mice, particularly, with respect to Th2 cytokines and Tregs level. Low-dose LPS (100 ng) exposure prohibited airway tolerance and failed to generate T-cell-dependent protection against lung inflammations in allergic mice. Furthermore, low Tregs at the inflammatory site and induced Th2 cytokines, as well as IL-6 and IL-25, suggested that low-dose LPS might be associated with the suppression of tolerance mechanisms. In contrast, high-dose LPS (20 µg) favored the suppression of Th2 cytokines, IL-6 and IL-25, but failed to induce Th1 cytokines (e.g. IFN-γ). Our results suggest that low-dose LPS can enhance airway allergic inflammation through failing of antigen-dependent immune regulatory homeostasis. The exposure levels of LPS can determine the generation of inflammatory responses in airway allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Kumar
- 1 Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,2 Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Atin Adhikari
- 3 Department of Epidemiology & Environmental Health Sciences, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
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16
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Tarique M, Saini C, Naqvi RA, Khanna N, Sharma A, Rao DN. IL-12 and IL-23 modulate plasticity of FoxP3 + regulatory T cells in human Leprosy. Mol Immunol 2017; 83:72-81. [PMID: 28110210 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Leprosy is a bacterial disease caused by M. leprae. Its clinical spectrum reflects the host's immune response to the M. leprae and provide an ideal model to investigate the host pathogen interaction and immunological dysregulation. Tregs are high in leprosy patients and responsible for immune suppression of the host by producing IL-10 and TGF-β cytokines. In leprosy, plasticity of Tregs remain unstudied. This is the first study describing the conversion of Tregs into Th1-like and Th17-like cells using in vitro cytokine therapy in leprosy patients. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from leprosy patients were isolated and stimulated with M. leprae antigen (MLCwA), rIL-12 and rIL-23 for 48h. Expression of FoxP3 in CD4+CD25+ Tregs, intracellular cytokines IFN-γ, TGF-β, IL-10 and IL-17 in Tregs cells were evaluated by flow cytometry (FACS) after stimulation. rIL-12 treatment increases the levels of pStat4 in Tregs and IFN-γ production. In the presence of rIL-23, pStat3+ and IL-17A+ cells increase. rIL-12 and r-IL-23 treatment downregulated the FoxP3 expression, IL-10 and TGF-β production by Tregs and enhances the expression of co-stimulatory molecules (CD80, CD86). In conclusion rIL-12 converts Tregs into IFN-γ producing cells through STAT-4 signaling while rIL-23 converts Tregs into IL-17 producing cells through STAT-3 signaling in leprosy patients. This study may helpful to provide a new avenue to overcome the immunosuprression in leprosy patients using in vitro cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Tarique
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Chaman Saini
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Raza Ali Naqvi
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Neena Khanna
- Department of Dermatovenerology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Alpana Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - D N Rao
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110029, India; GITAM Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, GITAM University, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam, 530045, India.
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17
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dos Santos LN, da Silva PHL, Alvim IMP, Nery JADC, Lara FA, Sarno EN, Esquenazi D. Role of TEFFECTOR/MEMORY Cells, TBX21 Gene Expression and T-Cell Homing Receptor on Type 1 Reaction in Borderline Lepromatous Leprosy Patients. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164543. [PMID: 27764137 PMCID: PMC5072666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In spite of hyporesponsivity to Mycobacterium leprae, borderline lepromatous (BL) patients show clinical and immunological instability, and undergo frequent acute inflammatory episodes such as type 1 reaction (T1R), which may cause nerve damages. This work focused on the participation of T cell subsets from blood and skin at T1R onset. We observed a significantly increased ex vivo frequency of both effector and memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in T1R group. Besides, ex vivo frequency of T cell homing receptor, the Cutaneous Leukocyte-associated Antigen (CLA) was significantly increased in T cells from T1R patients. M. leprae induced a higher frequency of CD4+ TEM and CD8+ TEF cells, as well as of CD8+/TEMRA (terminally differentiated effector T cells) subset, which expressed high CD69+. The presence of IFN-γ‒producing-CD4+ TEF and naïve and effector CD8+ T lymphocytes was significant in T1R. TBX21 expression was significantly higher in T1R, while BL showed increased GATA3 and FOXP3 expression. In T1R, TBX21 expression was strongly correlated with CD8+/IFN-γ‒ T cells frequency. The number of double positive CD8+/CLA+ and CD45RA+/CLA+ cells was significantly higher in skin lesions from T1R, in comparison with non-reactional BL group. The observed increase of ex vivo T cells at T1R onset suggests intravascular activation at the beginning of reactional episodes. The antigen-specific response in T1R group confirmed the higher number of CD8+/CLA+ and CD45RA+/CLA+ cells in T1R lesions suggests possible migration of these cells activated by M. leprae components inside the vascular compartment to skin and participation in T1R physiopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Iris Maria Peixoto Alvim
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Flávio Alves Lara
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Euzenir Nunes Sarno
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Danuza Esquenazi
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Pathology and Laboratories, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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18
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Park AJ, Rendini T, Martiniuk F, Levis WR. Leprosy as a model to understand cancer immunosurveillance and T cell anergy. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:47-54. [PMID: 27106673 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.5ru1215-537rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is a disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae that presents on a spectrum of both clinical manifestations and T cell response. On one end of this spectrum, tuberculoid leprosy is a well-controlled disease, characterized by a cell-mediated immunity and immunosurveillance. On the opposite end of the spectrum, lepromatous leprosy is characterized by M. leprae proliferation and T cell anergy. Similar to progressive tumor cells, M. leprae escapes immunosurveillance in more severe forms of leprosy. The mechanisms by which M. leprae is able to evade the host immune response involve many, including the alterations of lipid droplets, microRNA, and Schwann cells, and involve the regulation of immune regulators, such as the negative checkpoint regulators CTLA-4, programmed death 1, and V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation-important targets in today's cancer immunotherapies. The means by which tumor cells become able to escape immunosurveillance through negative checkpoint regulators are evidenced by the successes of treatments, such as nivolumab and ipilimumab. Many parallels can be drawn between the immune responses seen in leprosy and cancer. Therefore, the understanding of how M. leprae encourages immune escape during proliferative disease states has potential to add to our understanding of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Park
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Tina Rendini
- Bellevue Hospital Center, National Hansen's Disease Program, New York, New York, USA; and
| | | | - William R Levis
- Bellevue Hospital Center, National Hansen's Disease Program, New York, New York, USA; and
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19
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Boer MC, Joosten SA, Ottenhoff THM. Regulatory T-Cells at the Interface between Human Host and Pathogens in Infectious Diseases and Vaccination. Front Immunol 2015; 6:217. [PMID: 26029205 PMCID: PMC4426762 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T-cells (Tregs) act at the interface of host and pathogen interactions in human infectious diseases. Tregs are induced by a wide range of pathogens, but distinct effects of Tregs have been demonstrated for different pathogens and in different stages of infection. Moreover, Tregs that are induced by a specific pathogen may non-specifically suppress immunity against other microbes and parasites. Thus, Treg effects need to be assessed not only in homologous but also in heterologous infections and vaccinations. Though Tregs protect the human host against excessive inflammation, they probably also increase the risk of pathogen persistence and chronic disease, and the possibility of disease reactivation later in life. Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, causing leprosy and tuberculosis, respectively, are among the most ancient microbes known to mankind, and are master manipulators of the immune system toward tolerance and pathogen persistence. The majority of mycobacterial infections occur in settings co-endemic for viral, parasitic, and (other) bacterial coinfections. In this paper, we discuss recent insights in the activation and activity of Tregs in human infectious diseases, with emphasis on early, late, and non-specific effects in disease, coinfections, and vaccination. We highlight mycobacterial infections as important models of modulation of host responses and vaccine-induced immunity by Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mardi C Boer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
| | - Simone A Joosten
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
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20
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Association of TNF-α-308(GG), IL-10−819(TT), IL-10−1082(GG) and IL-1R1+1970(CC) genotypes with the susceptibility and progression of leprosy in North Indian population. Cytokine 2015; 73:61-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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