1
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Melepat B, Li T, Vinkler M. Natural selection directing molecular evolution in vertebrate viral sensors. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 154:105147. [PMID: 38325501 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2024.105147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Diseases caused by pathogens contribute to molecular adaptations in host immunity. Variety of viral pathogens challenging animal immunity can drive positive selection diversifying receptors recognising the infections. However, whether distinct virus sensing systems differ across animals in their evolutionary modes remains unclear. Our review provides a comparative overview of natural selection shaping molecular evolution in vertebrate viral-binding pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Despite prevailing negative selection arising from the functional constraints, multiple lines of evidence now suggest diversifying selection in the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) and oligoadenylate synthetases (OASs). In several cases, location of the positively selected sites in the ligand-binding regions suggests effects on viral detection although experimental support is lacking. Unfortunately, in most other PRR families including the AIM2-like receptor family, C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), and cyclic GMP-AMP synthetase studies characterising their molecular evolution are rare, preventing comparative insight. We indicate shared characteristics of the viral sensor evolution and highlight priorities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balraj Melepat
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Viničná 7, 128 43, Prague, EU, Czech Republic
| | - Tao Li
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Viničná 7, 128 43, Prague, EU, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Vinkler
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Viničná 7, 128 43, Prague, EU, Czech Republic.
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2
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Apoorva, Singh SK. A tale of endurance: bats, viruses and immune dynamics. Future Microbiol 2024. [PMID: 38648093 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2023-0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of highly zoonotic viral infections has propelled bat research forward. The viral outbreaks including Hendra virus, Nipah virus, Marburg virus, Ebola virus, Rabies virus, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, SARS-CoV and the latest SARS-CoV-2 have been epidemiologically linked to various bat species. Bats possess unique immunological characteristics that allow them to serve as a potential viral reservoir. Bats are also known to protect themselves against viruses and maintain their immunity. Therefore, there is a need for in-depth understanding into bat-virus biology to unravel the major factors contributing to the coexistence and spread of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apoorva
- Molecular Biology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Sunit Kumar Singh
- Molecular Biology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
- Dr. B R Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi (North Campus), New Delhi, 110007, India
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3
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Zhu B, Ouda R, Kasuga Y, de Figueiredo P, Kobayashi KS. NLRC5/MHC class I transactivator: A key target for immune escape by SARS-CoV-2. Bioessays 2024; 46:e2300109. [PMID: 38461519 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202300109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Antigen presentation to CD8+ T cells by MHC class I molecules is essential for host defense against viral infections. Various mechanisms have evolved in multiple viruses to escape immune surveillance and defense to support viral proliferation in host cells. Through in vitro SARS-CoV-2 infection studies and analysis of COVID-19 patient samples, we found that SARS-CoV-2 suppresses the induction of the MHC class I pathway by inhibiting the expression and function of NLRC5, a major transcriptional regulator of MHC class I genes. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms for suppression of the MHC class I pathway and clinical implications for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohui Zhu
- Department of Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ryota Ouda
- Department of Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kasuga
- Department of Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Paul de Figueiredo
- Christopher S Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Koichi S Kobayashi
- Department of Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas, USA
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4
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Baig MS, Barmpoutsi S, Bharti S, Weigert A, Hirani N, Atre R, Khabiya R, Sharma R, Sarup S, Savai R. Adaptor molecules mediate negative regulation of macrophage inflammatory pathways: a closer look. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1355012. [PMID: 38482001 PMCID: PMC10933033 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1355012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a central role in initiating, maintaining, and terminating inflammation. For that, macrophages respond to various external stimuli in changing environments through signaling pathways that are tightly regulated and interconnected. This process involves, among others, autoregulatory loops that activate and deactivate macrophages through various cytokines, stimulants, and other chemical mediators. Adaptor proteins play an indispensable role in facilitating various inflammatory signals. These proteins are dynamic and flexible modulators of immune cell signaling and act as molecular bridges between cell surface receptors and intracellular effector molecules. They are involved in regulating physiological inflammation and also contribute significantly to the development of chronic inflammatory processes. This is at least partly due to their involvement in the activation and deactivation of macrophages, leading to changes in the macrophages' activation/phenotype. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the 20 adaptor molecules and proteins that act as negative regulators of inflammation in macrophages and effectively suppress inflammatory signaling pathways. We emphasize the functional role of adaptors in signal transduction in macrophages and their influence on the phenotypic transition of macrophages from pro-inflammatory M1-like states to anti-inflammatory M2-like phenotypes. This endeavor mainly aims at highlighting and orchestrating the intricate dynamics of adaptor molecules by elucidating the associated key roles along with respective domains and opening avenues for therapeutic and investigative purposes in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirza S. Baig
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Indore, India
| | - Spyridoula Barmpoutsi
- Lung Microenvironmental Niche in Cancerogenesis, Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Shreya Bharti
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Indore, India
| | - Andreas Weigert
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nik Hirani
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rajat Atre
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Indore, India
| | - Rakhi Khabiya
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Indore, India
| | - Rahul Sharma
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Indore, India
| | - Shivmuni Sarup
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Indore, India
| | - Rajkumar Savai
- Lung Microenvironmental Niche in Cancerogenesis, Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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5
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Itell HL, Humes D, Overbaugh J. Several cell-intrinsic effectors drive type I interferon-mediated restriction of HIV-1 in primary CD4 + T cells. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112556. [PMID: 37227817 PMCID: PMC10592456 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN) upregulates proteins that inhibit HIV within infected cells. Prior studies have identified IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) that impede lab-adapted HIV in cell lines, yet the ISG(s) that mediate IFN restriction in HIV target cells, primary CD4+ T cells, are unknown. Here, we interrogate ISG restriction of primary HIV in CD4+ T cells by performing CRISPR-knockout screens with a custom library that specifically targets ISGs expressed in CD4+ T cells. Our investigation identifies previously undescribed HIV-restricting ISGs (HM13, IGFBP2, LAP3) and finds that two factors characterized in other HIV infection models (IFI16 and UBE2L6) mediate IFN restriction in T cells. Inactivation of these five ISGs in combination further diminishes IFN's protective effect against diverse HIV strains. This work demonstrates that IFN restriction of HIV is multifaceted, resulting from several effectors functioning collectively, and establishes a primary cell ISG screening model to identify both single and combinations of HIV-restricting ISGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L Itell
- Molecular and Cellular Biology PhD Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Daryl Humes
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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6
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Hao J, Li J, Zhang Z, Yang Y, Zhou Q, Wu T, Chen T, Wu Z, Zhang P, Cui J, Li YP. NLRC5 restricts dengue virus infection by promoting the autophagic degradation of viral NS3 through E3 ligase CUL2 (cullin 2). Autophagy 2023; 19:1332-1347. [PMID: 36126167 PMCID: PMC10012957 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2126614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
NLRC5 has been reported to be involved in antiviral immunity; however, the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated the functional role of NLRC5 in the infection of a flavivirus, dengue virus (DENV). We found that the expression of NLRC5 was strongly induced by virus infection and IFNB or IFNG stimulation in different cell lines. Overexpression of NLRC5 remarkably suppressed DENV infection, whereas knockout of NLRC5 led to a significant increase in DENV infection. Mechanistic study revealed that NLRC5 interacted with the viral nonstructural protein 3 (NS3) protease domain and mediated degradation of NS3 through a ubiquitin-dependent selective macroautophagy/autophagy pathway. We demonstrated that NLRC5 recruited the E3 ubiquitin ligase CUL2 (cullin 2) to catalyze K48-linked poly-ubiquitination of the NS3 protease domain, which subsequently served as a recognition signal for cargo receptor TOLLIP-mediated selective autophagic degradation. Together, we have demonstrated that NLRC5 exerted an antiviral effect by mediating the degradation of a multifunctional protein of DENV, providing a novel antiviral signal axis of NLRC5-CUL2-NS3-TOLLIP. This study expands our understanding of the regulatory network of NLRC5 in the host defense against virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Hao
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinqian Li
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Control of Tropical Diseases, School of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tiantian Wu
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tongling Chen
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhongdao Wu
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Cui
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi-Ping Li
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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7
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Chuphal B, Rai U, Roy B. Teleost NOD-like receptors and their downstream signaling pathways: A brief review. FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2022; 3:100056. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2022.100056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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8
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Godkowicz M, Druszczyńska M. NOD1, NOD2, and NLRC5 Receptors in Antiviral and Antimycobacterial Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091487. [PMID: 36146565 PMCID: PMC9503463 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system recognizes pathogen-associated molecular motifs through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that induce inflammasome assembly in macrophages and trigger signal transduction pathways, thereby leading to the transcription of inflammatory cytokine genes. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) represent a family of cytosolic PRRs involved in the detection of intracellular pathogens such as mycobacteria or viruses. In this review, we discuss the role of NOD1, NOD2, and NLRC5 receptors in regulating antiviral and antimycobacterial immune responses by providing insight into molecular mechanisms as well as their potential health and disease implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Godkowicz
- Lodz Institutes of the Polish Academy of Sciences, The Bio-Med-Chem Doctoral School, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Magdalena Druszczyńska
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
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9
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Jeyananthan P. Prolonged viral shedding prediction on non-hospitalized, uncomplicated SARS-CoV-2 patients using their transcriptome data. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE UPDATE 2022; 2:100070. [PMID: 36090806 PMCID: PMC9444307 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpbup.2022.100070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is identified as a highly transmissible coronavirus which threatens the world with this deadly pandemic. WHO reported that it spreads through contact, droplet, airborne, formite, fecal-oral, bloodborne, mother-to-child and animal-to-human. Hence, viral shedding has a huge impact on this pandemic. This study uses transcriptome data of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients to predict the prolonged viral shedding of the corresponding patient. This prediction starts with the transcriptome features which gives the lowest root mean squared value of 16.3±3.3 using top 25 feature selected using forward feature selection algorithm and linear regression algorithm. Then to see the impact of few non-molecular features in this prediction, they were added to the model one by one along with the selected transcriptome features. However, this study shows that those features do not have any impact on prolonged viral shedding prediction. Further this study predicts the day since onset in the same way. Here also top 25 transcriptome features selected using forward feature selection algorithm gives a comparably good accuracy (accuracy value of 0.74±0.1). However, the best accuracy was obtained using the best 20 features from feature importance using SVM (0.78±0.1). Moreover, adding non-molecular features shows a great impact on mutual information selected features in this prediction.
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10
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Coronavirus Porcine Deltacoronavirus Upregulates MHC Class I Expression through RIG-I/IRF1-Mediated NLRC5 Induction. J Virol 2022; 96:e0015822. [PMID: 35311551 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00158-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) and MHC-II molecules, mainly being responsible for the processing and presentation of intracellular or extracellular antigen, respectively, are critical for antiviral immunity. Here, we reported that porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) with the zoonotic potential and potential spillover from pigs to humans, upregulated the expressions of porcine MHC-I (swine leukocyte antigen class I, SLA-I) molecules and SLA-I antigen presentation associated genes instead of porcine MHC-II (SLA-II) molecules both in primary porcine enteroids and swine testicular (ST) cells at the late stage of infection, and this finding was verified in vivo. Moreover, the induction of SLA-I molecules by PDCoV infection was mediated through enhancing the expression of NOD-like receptor (NLR) family caspase recruitment domain-containing 5 (NLRC5). Mechanistic studies demonstrated that PDCoV infection robustly elevated retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) expression, and further initiated the downstream type I interferon beta (IFN-β) production, which led to the upregulation of NLRC5 and SLA-I genes. Likewise, interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) elicited by PDCoV infection directly activated the promoter activity of NLRC5, resulting in an increased expression of NLRC5 and SLA-I upregulation. Taken together, our findings advance our understanding of how PDCoV manipulates MHC molecules, and knowledge that could help inform the development of therapies and vaccines against PDCoV. IMPORTANCE MHC-I molecules play a crucial role in antiviral immunity by presenting intracellular antigens to CD8+T lymphocytes and eliminating virus-infected cells by natural killer cells' "missing-self recognition." However, the manipulation of MHC molecules by coronaviruses remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrated that PDCoV, a zoonotic potential coronavirus efficiently infecting cells from broad species, greatly increased the expressions of porcine MHC-I (SLA-I) molecules and MHC-I antigen presentation associated genes but not porcine MHC-II (SLA-II) molecules both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, the upregulation of MHC-I molecules by PDCoV infection required the master transactivator of MHC-I, NLRC5, which was mediated not only by RIG-I-initiated type I IFN signaling pathway but also by IRF1 induced by PDCoV as it could activate NLRC5 promoter activity. These results provide significant insights into the modification of the MHC class I pathway and may provide a potential therapeutic intervention for PDCoV.
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11
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Prashanth G, Vastrad B, Vastrad C, Kotrashetti S. Potential Molecular Mechanisms and Remdesivir Treatment for Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 Infection/COVID 19 Through RNA Sequencing and Bioinformatics Analysis. Bioinform Biol Insights 2022; 15:11779322211067365. [PMID: 34992355 PMCID: PMC8725226 DOI: 10.1177/11779322211067365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections
(COVID 19) is a progressive viral infection that has been investigated
extensively. However, genetic features and molecular pathogenesis underlying
remdesivir treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infection remain unclear. Here, we used
bioinformatics to investigate the candidate genes associated in the
molecular pathogenesis of remdesivir-treated SARS-CoV-2-infected
patients. Methods: Expression profiling by high-throughput sequencing dataset (GSE149273) was
downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus, and the differentially
expressed genes (DEGs) in remdesivir-treated SARS-CoV-2 infection samples
and nontreated SARS-CoV-2 infection samples with an adjusted
P value of <.05 and a |log fold change| > 1.3
were first identified by limma in R software package. Next, pathway and gene
ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of these DEGs was performed. Then, the hub
genes were identified by the NetworkAnalyzer plugin and the other
bioinformatics approaches including protein-protein interaction network
analysis, module analysis, target gene—miRNA regulatory network, and target
gene—TF regulatory network. Finally, a receiver-operating characteristic
analysis was performed for diagnostic values associated with hub genes. Results: A total of 909 DEGs were identified, including 453 upregulated genes and 457
downregulated genes. As for the pathway and GO enrichment analysis, the
upregulated genes were mainly linked with influenza A and defense response,
whereas downregulated genes were mainly linked with drug
metabolism—cytochrome P450 and reproductive process. In addition, 10 hub
genes (VCAM1, IKBKE, STAT1, IL7R, ISG15, E2F1, ZBTB16, TFAP4, ATP6V1B1, and
APBB1) were identified. Receiver-operating characteristic analysis showed
that hub genes (CIITA, HSPA6, MYD88, SOCS3, TNFRSF10A, ADH1A, CACNA2D2,
DUSP9, FMO5, and PDE1A) had good diagnostic values. Conclusion: This study provided insights into the molecular mechanism of
remdesivir-treated SARS-CoV-2 infection that might be useful in further
investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Prashanth
- Department of General Medicine, Basaveshwara Medical College, Chitradurga, India
| | - Basavaraj Vastrad
- Department of Biochemistry, Basaveshwar College of Pharmacy, Gadag, India
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12
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Chen L, Li Z, Zeng T, Zhang YH, Feng K, Huang T, Cai YD. Identifying COVID-19-Specific Transcriptomic Biomarkers with Machine Learning Methods. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:9939134. [PMID: 34307679 PMCID: PMC8272456 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9939134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19, a severe respiratory disease caused by a new type of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has been spreading all over the world. Patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 may have no pathogenic symptoms, i.e., presymptomatic patients and asymptomatic patients. Both patients could further spread the virus to other susceptible people, thereby making the control of COVID-19 difficult. The two major challenges for COVID-19 diagnosis at present are as follows: (1) patients could share similar symptoms with other respiratory infections, and (2) patients may not have any symptoms but could still spread the virus. Therefore, new biomarkers at different omics levels are required for the large-scale screening and diagnosis of COVID-19. Although some initial analyses could identify a group of candidate gene biomarkers for COVID-19, the previous work still could not identify biomarkers capable for clinical use in COVID-19, which requires disease-specific diagnosis compared with other multiple infectious diseases. As an extension of the previous study, optimized machine learning models were applied in the present study to identify some specific qualitative host biomarkers associated with COVID-19 infection on the basis of a publicly released transcriptomic dataset, which included healthy controls and patients with bacterial infection, influenza, COVID-19, and other kinds of coronavirus. This dataset was first analysed by Boruta, Max-Relevance and Min-Redundancy feature selection methods one by one, resulting in a feature list. This list was fed into the incremental feature selection method, incorporating one of the classification algorithms to extract essential biomarkers and build efficient classifiers and classification rules. The capacity of these findings to distinguish COVID-19 with other similar respiratory infectious diseases at the transcriptomic level was also validated, which may improve the efficacy and accuracy of COVID-19 diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, shanghai 200444, China
- College of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, shanghai 201306, China
| | - Zhandong Li
- College of Food Engineering, Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun 130052, China
| | - Tao Zeng
- Bio-Med Big Data Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yu-Hang Zhang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - KaiYan Feng
- Department of Computer Science, Guangdong AIB Polytechnic College, Guangzhou 510507, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Bio-Med Big Data Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, shanghai 200031, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yu-Dong Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, shanghai 200444, China
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13
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Nod-Like Receptors in Host Defence and Disease at the Epidermal Barrier. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094677. [PMID: 33925158 PMCID: PMC8124564 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich-repeat-containing family (NLRs) (sometimes called the NOD-like receptors, though the family contains few bona fide receptors) are a superfamily of multidomain-containing proteins that detect cellular stress and microbial infection. They constitute a critical arm of the innate immune response, though their functions are not restricted to pathogen recognition and members engage in controlling inflammasome activation, antigen-presentation, transcriptional regulation, cell death and also embryogenesis. NLRs are found from basal metazoans to plants, to zebrafish, mice and humans though functions of individual members can vary from species to species. NLRs also display highly wide-ranging tissue expression. Here, we discuss the importance of NLRs to the immune response at the epidermal barrier and summarise the known role of individual family members in the pathogenesis of skin disease.
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14
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Ong CEB, Patchett AL, Darby JM, Chen J, Liu GS, Lyons AB, Woods GM, Flies AS. NLRC5 regulates expression of MHC-I and provides a target for anti-tumor immunity in transmissible cancers. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2021; 147:1973-1991. [PMID: 33797607 PMCID: PMC8017436 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-021-03601-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Downregulation of MHC class I (MHC-I) is a common immune evasion strategy of many cancers. Similarly, two allogeneic clonal transmissible cancers have killed thousands of wild Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus harrisii) and also modulate MHC-I expression to evade anti-cancer and allograft responses. IFNG treatment restores MHC-I expression on devil facial tumor (DFT) cells but is insufficient to control tumor growth. Transcriptional co-activator NLRC5 is a master regulator of MHC-I in humans and mice but its role in transmissible cancers remains unknown. In this study, we explored the regulation and role of MHC-I in these unique genetically mis-matched tumors. Methods We used transcriptome and flow cytometric analyses to determine how MHC-I shapes allogeneic and anti-tumor responses. Cell lines that overexpress NLRC5 to drive antigen presentation, and B2M-knockout cell lines incapable of presenting antigen on MHC-I were used to probe the role of MHC-I in rare cases of tumor regressions. Results Transcriptomic results suggest that NLRC5 plays a major role in MHC-I regulation in devils. NLRC5 was shown to drive the expression of many components of the antigen presentation pathway but did not upregulate PDL1. Serum from devils with tumor regressions showed strong binding to IFNG-treated and NLRC5 cell lines; antibody binding to IFNG-treated and NRLC5 transgenic tumor cells was diminished or absent following B2M knockout. Conclusion MHC-I could be identified as a target for anti-tumor and allogeneic immunity. Consequently, NLRC5 could be a promising target for immunotherapy and vaccines to protect devils from transmissible cancers and inform development of transplant and cancer therapies for humans. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00432-021-03601-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrissie E B Ong
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 23, Hobart TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Amanda L Patchett
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 23, Hobart TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Jocelyn M Darby
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 23, Hobart TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Jinying Chen
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 23, Hobart TAS 7000, Australia.,Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guei-Sheung Liu
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 23, Hobart TAS 7000, Australia.,Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, Australia
| | - A Bruce Lyons
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Gregory M Woods
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 23, Hobart TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Andrew S Flies
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 23, Hobart TAS 7000, Australia.
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15
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Song L, Gao C, Xue T, Yang N, Fu Q, Zhu Q, Ge X, Li C. Characterization and expression analysis of mitochondrial localization molecule: NOD-like receptor X1 (Nlrx1) in mucosal tissues of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) following bacterial challenge. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 116:103944. [PMID: 33248045 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The NOD-like receptor X1 (NLRX1) is a member of highly conserved nucleotide-binding domain (NBD)- and leucine-rich-repeat (LRR)-containing family (known as NLR), that localizes to the mitochondrial outer membrane and regulate the innate immunity by interacting with mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS). As one of cytoplasmic PRRs, NLRX1 plays key roles for pathogen recognition, autophagy and regulating of subsequent immune signaling pathways. In this study, we identified the nlrx1 in turbot as well as its expression profiles in mucosal surfaces following bacterial infection. In our results, the full-length nlrx1 transcript consists of an open reading frame (ORF) of 4,886 bp encoding the putative peptide of 966 amino acids. The phylogenetic analysis revealed the SmNlrx1 showed the closest relationship to Cynoglossus semilaevis. In addition, the Nlrx1 mRNA expression could be detected in all the examined tissues, with the most abundant expression level in head kidney, and the lowest expression level in liver. Moreover, Nlrx1 showed similar expression patterns following Vibrio anguillarum and Streptococcus iniae infection, that were both significantly up-regulated following challenge, especially post S. iniae challenge. Finally, fluorescence microscopy unveiled that the SmNlrx1 localized to mitochondria in HEK293T by N-terminal mitochondrial targeting sequence. Characterization of Nlrx1 might have an important implication in bioenergetic adaptation during metabolic stress, oncogenic transformation and innate immunity and will probably contribute to the development of novel intervention strategies for farming turbot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Song
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China; School of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Chengbin Gao
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Ting Xue
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Ning Yang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Xuefeng Ge
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Chao Li
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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16
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Shukla A, Cloutier M, Appiya Santharam M, Ramanathan S, Ilangumaran S. The MHC Class-I Transactivator NLRC5: Implications to Cancer Immunology and Potential Applications to Cancer Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041964. [PMID: 33671123 PMCID: PMC7922096 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system constantly monitors the emergence of cancerous cells and eliminates them. CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), which kill tumor cells and provide antitumor immunity, select their targets by recognizing tumor antigenic peptides presented by MHC class-I (MHC-I) molecules. Cancer cells circumvent immune surveillance using diverse strategies. A key mechanism of cancer immune evasion is downregulation of MHC-I and key proteins of the antigen processing and presentation machinery (APM). Even though impaired MHC-I expression in cancers is well-known, reversing the MHC-I defects remains the least advanced area of tumor immunology. The discoveries that NLRC5 is the key transcriptional activator of MHC-I and APM genes, and genetic lesions and epigenetic modifications of NLRC5 are the most common cause of MHC-I defects in cancers, have raised the hopes for restoring MHC-I expression. Here, we provide an overview of cancer immunity mediated by CD8+ T cells and the functions of NLRC5 in MHC-I antigen presentation pathways. We describe the impressive advances made in understanding the regulation of NLRC5 expression, the data supporting the antitumor functions of NLRC5 and a few reports that argue for a pro-tumorigenic role. Finally, we explore the possible avenues of exploiting NLRC5 for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Shukla
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada; (A.S.); (M.C.); (M.A.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Maryse Cloutier
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada; (A.S.); (M.C.); (M.A.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Madanraj Appiya Santharam
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada; (A.S.); (M.C.); (M.A.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Sheela Ramanathan
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada; (A.S.); (M.C.); (M.A.S.); (S.R.)
- CRCHUS, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H5N4, Canada
| | - Subburaj Ilangumaran
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada; (A.S.); (M.C.); (M.A.S.); (S.R.)
- CRCHUS, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H5N4, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-819-346-1110 (ext. 14834)
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17
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Role of NLRs in the Regulation of Type I Interferon Signaling, Host Defense and Tolerance to Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031301. [PMID: 33525590 PMCID: PMC7865845 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferon signaling contributes to the development of innate and adaptive immune responses to either viruses, fungi, or bacteria. However, amplitude and timing of the interferon response is of utmost importance for preventing an underwhelming outcome, or tissue damage. While several pathogens evolved strategies for disturbing the quality of interferon signaling, there is growing evidence that this pathway can be regulated by several members of the Nod-like receptor (NLR) family, although the precise mechanism for most of these remains elusive. NLRs consist of a family of about 20 proteins in mammals, which are capable of sensing microbial products as well as endogenous signals related to tissue injury. Here we provide an overview of our current understanding of the function of those NLRs in type I interferon responses with a focus on viral infections. We discuss how NLR-mediated type I interferon regulation can influence the development of auto-immunity and the immune response to infection.
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18
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Zhang H, He F, Li P, Hardwidge PR, Li N, Peng Y. The Role of Innate Immunity in Pulmonary Infections. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6646071. [PMID: 33553427 PMCID: PMC7847335 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6646071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity forms a protective line of defense in the early stages of pulmonary infection. The primary cellular players of the innate immunity against respiratory infections are alveolar macrophages (AMs), dendritic cells (DCs), neutrophils, natural killer (NK) cells, and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). They recognize conserved structures of microorganisms through membrane-bound and intracellular receptors to initiate appropriate responses. In this review, we focus on the prominent roles of innate immune cells and summarize transmembrane and cytosolic pattern recognition receptor (PRR) signaling recognition mechanisms during pulmonary microbial infections. Understanding the mechanisms of PRR signal recognition during pulmonary pathogen infections will help us to understand pulmonary immunopathology and lay a foundation for the development of effective therapies to treat and/or prevent pulmonary infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Zhang
- College of Animal Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fang He
- College of Animal Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pan Li
- College of Animal Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | | | - Nengzhang Li
- College of Animal Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanyi Peng
- College of Animal Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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19
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Cho SX, Vijayan S, Yoo JS, Watanabe T, Ouda R, An N, Kobayashi KS. MHC class I transactivator NLRC5 in host immunity, cancer and beyond. Immunology 2020; 162:252-261. [PMID: 32633419 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The presentation of antigenic peptides by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II molecules is crucial for activation of the adaptive immune system. The nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat receptor family members CIITA and NLRC5 function as the major transcriptional activators of MHC class II and class I gene expression, respectively. Since the identification of NLRC5 as the master regulator of MHC class I and class-I-related genes, there have been major advances in understanding the function of NLRC5 in infectious diseases and cancer. Here, we discuss the biological significance and mechanism of NLRC5-dependent MHC class I expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven X Cho
- Department of Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Saptha Vijayan
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ji-Seung Yoo
- Department of Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Watanabe
- Department of Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryota Ouda
- Department of Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ning An
- Department of Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Koichi S Kobayashi
- Department of Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, USA
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20
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Chen M, Tachedjian M, Marsh GA, Cui J, Wang LF. Distinct Cell Transcriptomic Landscapes Upon Henipavirus Infections. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:986. [PMID: 32508793 PMCID: PMC7248276 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hendra virus (HeV) and Cedar virus (CedV) are henipaviruses, which fall into the Paramyxoviridae family of single-stranded, negative-sense RNA viruses. HeV is classified as a Biosafety Level-4 (BSL-4) agent, as it is highly pathogenic and is often fatal to humans. To date, no HeV prevention or treatment methods for human are available. In contrast, previous experimental infection studies have suggested that CedV is non-pathogenic. Flying foxes (pteropid bats) in Australia are the natural reservoirs of both viruses, but the cellular responses of bats to these viral infections remain unclear. Here, we infected bat and human cells with these viruses. We then examined the total transcriptomic landscapes of the cells at 6 or 24 h post infection. Unexpectedly, despite the close phylogenetic relationship between HeV and CedV, there was a dramatic difference in cellular gene expression patterns in response to the two different infections. It is likely that minor differences in the phosphoprotein (P) gene coding strategy between the two viruses cause the observed incongruence in host transcriptomic divergence and viral lethality. This study greatly expands our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of henipaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering, National 111 Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Mary Tachedjian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Glenn A Marsh
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Jie Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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21
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Chothe SK, Nissly RH, Lim L, Bhushan G, Bird I, Radzio-Basu J, Jayarao BM, Kuchipudi SV. NLRC5 Serves as a Pro-viral Factor During Influenza Virus Infection in Chicken Macrophages. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:230. [PMID: 32509599 PMCID: PMC7248199 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) cause major economic losses to the global poultry industry. Many host factors have been identified that act as regulators of the inflammatory response and virus replication in influenza A virus (IAV) infected cells including nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) like receptor (NLR) family proteins. Evidence is emerging that NLRC5, the largest NLR member, is a regulator of host immune responses against invading pathogens including viruses; however, its role in the avian immune system and AIV pathogenesis has not been fully explored. In this study, we found that NLRC5 is activated by a range of low and highly pathogenic AIVs in primary chicken lung cells and a chicken macrophage cell line. Further, siRNA mediated NLRC5 knockdown in chicken macrophages resulted in a significant reduction in AIV replication which was associated with the upregulation of genes associated with activated NFκB signaling pathway. The knockdown of NLRC5 enhanced the expression of genes known to be associated with viral defense and decreased innate cytokine gene expression following AIV infection. Overall, our investigation strongly suggests that NLRC5 is a pro-viral factor during IAV infection in chicken and may contribute to pathogenesis through innate cytokine regulation. Further studies are warranted to investigate the IAV protein(s) that may regulate activation of NLRC5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhada K Chothe
- Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Ruth H Nissly
- Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Levina Lim
- Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Gitanjali Bhushan
- Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Ian Bird
- Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Jessica Radzio-Basu
- Applied Biological and Biosecurity Research Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Bhushan M Jayarao
- Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Suresh V Kuchipudi
- Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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22
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Kumari R, Guo Z, Kumar A, Wiens M, Gangappa S, Katz JM, Cox NJ, Lal RB, Sarkar D, Fisher PB, García-Sastre A, Fujita T, Kumar V, Sambhara S, Ranjan P, Lal SK. Influenza virus NS1- C/EBPβ gene regulatory complex inhibits RIG-I transcription. Antiviral Res 2020; 176:104747. [PMID: 32092305 PMCID: PMC10773002 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus non-structural protein 1 (NS1) counteracts host antiviral innate immune responses by inhibiting Retinoic acid inducible gene-I (RIG-I) activation. However, whether NS1 also specifically regulates RIG-I transcription is unknown. Here, we identify a CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Protein beta (C/EBPβ) binding site in the RIG-I promoter as a repressor element, and show that NS1 promotes C/EBPβ phosphorylation and its recruitment to the RIG-I promoter as a C/EBPβ/NS1 complex. C/EBPβ overexpression and siRNA knockdown in human lung epithelial cells resulted in suppression and activation of RIG-I expression respectively, implying a negative regulatory role of C/EBPβ. Further, C/EBPβ phosphorylation, its interaction with NS1 and occupancy at the RIG-I promoter was associated with RIG-I transcriptional inhibition. These findings provide an important insight into the molecular mechanism by which influenza NS1 commandeers RIG-I transcriptional regulation and suppresses host antiviral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Kumari
- Virology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Zhu Guo
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amrita Kumar
- Virology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Mayim Wiens
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shivaprakash Gangappa
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Katz
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nancy J Cox
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Renu B Lal
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine and VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine and VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Department of Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Takashi Fujita
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Virology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India; Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences (ILBS), New Delhi, 110070, India
| | - Suryaprakash Sambhara
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Priya Ranjan
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Sunil K Lal
- Virology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India; School of Science, Tropical Medicine and Biology Multidisciplinary Plateform, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor DE, Malaysia.
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23
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Abstract
Recent decades, there is significant progress in understanding the mechanisms of tumor progression and immune evasion. The newly discovered protein NLRC5 is demonstrated to participate in regulating cancer immune escape through enhancing MHC class I genes expression in certain tumors. Nevertheless, increasing evidence has revealed that NLRC5 is up-regulated in some other tumors and promote tumor development and progression. The purpose of this review is to describe the role of NLRC5 in tumors and discuss whether NLRC5 can be a potential target in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Fu Rong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China.
| | - Yadi Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Fu Rong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Bing Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Fu Rong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China.
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24
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Liu Q, Yang J, Huang X, Liu Y, Han K, Zhao D, Zhang L, Li Y. Transcriptomic profile of chicken bone marrow-derive dendritic cells in response to H9N2 avian influenza A virus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 220:109992. [PMID: 31846798 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza subtype H9N2 infection is a mild but highly contagious disease that is associated with a decrease in the efficacy of vaccine interventions, and an increase in susceptibility to secondary infections in poultry. However, the immune evasion mechanism of H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in chickens is poorly understood. Dendritic cells (DCs) are immune cells of major importance, involved in innate immune responses against viruses, but also in the setting of adaptive immune response due to their high ability to present viral antigen. Therefore, in the present study we used high-throughput RNA-sequencing technology at the transcriptome level to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between chicken DCs infected with H9N2 virus and mock-infected DCs. We identified 4151 upregulated DEGs and 2138 downregulated DEGs. Further enrichment analysis showed that the upregulated DEGs were enriched in the biological processes mainly involved in signal transduction, transmembrane transport, and innate immune/inflammatory responses. In contrast, the downregulated DEGs were associated with the biological processes mainly including metabolic process, and MHC class I antigen processing and presentation. In addition, 49 of these immune-related DEGs were validated by reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Collectively, these data suggest that H9N2 virus infection may enhance the signal transduction, and innate immune responses in chicken DCs, but impair their metabolic functions and antigen-presenting responses, which provide helpful insight into the pathogenesis of H9N2 AIVs in chickens and managing this infection in poultry farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingtao Liu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 50 Zhongling Street, 210014, China.
| | - Jing Yang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 50 Zhongling Street, 210014, China
| | - Xinmei Huang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 50 Zhongling Street, 210014, China
| | - Yuzhuo Liu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 50 Zhongling Street, 210014, China
| | - Kaikai Han
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 50 Zhongling Street, 210014, China
| | - Dongmin Zhao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 50 Zhongling Street, 210014, China
| | - Lijiao Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 50 Zhongling Street, 210014, China
| | - Yin Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 50 Zhongling Street, 210014, China.
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Wang JQ, Liu YR, Xia Q, Chen RN, Liang J, Xia QR, Li J. Emerging Roles for NLRC5 in Immune Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1352. [PMID: 31824312 PMCID: PMC6880621 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity activates the corresponding immune response relying on multiple pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that includes pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), like NOD-like receptors (NLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), and C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), which could accurately recognize invasive pathogens. In particular, NLRs belong to a large protein family of pattern recognition receptors in the cytoplasm, where they are highly correlated with activation of inflammatory response system followed by rapid clearance of invasive pathogens. Among the NLRs family, NLRC5, also known as NOD4 or NOD27, accounts for a large proportion and involves in immune responses far and wide. Notably, in the above response case of inflammation, the expression of NLRC5 remarkably increased in immune cells and immune-related tissues. However, the evidence for higher expression of NLRC5 in immune disease still remains controversial. It is noted that the growing evidence further accounts for the participation of NLRC5 in the innate immune response and inflammatory diseases. Moreover, NLRC5 has also been confirmed to exert a critical role in the control of regulatory diverse signaling pathways. Together with its broad participation in the occurrence and development of immune diseases, NLRC5 can be consequently treated as a potential therapeutic target. Nevertheless, the paucity of absolute understanding of intrinsic characteristics and underlying mechanisms of NLRC5 still make it hard to develop targeting drugs. Therefore, current summary about NLRC5 information is indispensable. Herein, current knowledge of NLRC5 is summarized, and research advances in terms of NLRC5 in characteristics, biological function, and regulatory mechanisms are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Quan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Ya-Ru Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Quan Xia
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ruo-Nan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Liang
- Department of Pharmacy, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qing-Rong Xia
- Department of Pharmacy, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
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26
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An Acute Stress Model in New Zealand White Rabbits Exhibits Altered Immune Response to Infection with West Nile Virus. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040195. [PMID: 31635289 PMCID: PMC6963736 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune competence of an individual is a major determinant of morbidity in West Nile virus (WNV)-infection. Previously, we showed that immunocompetent New Zealand White rabbits (NZWRs; Oryctolagus cuniculus) are phenotypically resistant to WNV-induced disease, thus presenting a suitable model for study of virus-control mechanisms. The current study used corticosteroid-treated NZWRs to model acute “stress”-related immunosuppression. Maximal effects on immune parameters were observed on day 3 post dexamethasone-treatment (pdt). However, contrary to our hypothesis, intradermal WNV challenge at this time pdt produced significantly lower viremia 1 day post-infection (dpi) compared to untreated controls, suggestive of changes to antiviral control mechanisms. To examine this further, RNAseq was performed on RNA extracted from draining lymph node—the first site of virus replication and immune detection. Unaffected by dexamethasone-treatment, an early antiviral response, primarily via interferon (IFN)-I, and induction of a range of known and novel IFN-stimulated genes, was observed. However, treatment was associated with expression of a different repertoire of IFN-α-21-like and IFN-ω-1-like subtypes on 1 dpi, which may have driven the different chemokine response on 3 dpi. Ongoing expression of Toll-like receptor-3 and transmembrane protein-173/STING likely contributed to signaling of the treatment-independent IFN-I response. Two novel genes (putative HERC6 and IFIT1B genes), and the SLC16A5 gene were also highlighted as important component of the transcriptomic response. Therefore, the current study shows that rabbits are capable of restricting WNV replication and dissemination by known and novel robust antiviral mechanisms despite environmental challenges such as stress.
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Sun T, Ferrero RL, Girardin SE, Gommerman JL, Philpott DJ. NLRC5 deficiency has a moderate impact on immunodominant CD8 + T-cell responses during rotavirus infection of adult mice. Immunol Cell Biol 2019; 97:552-562. [PMID: 30768806 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The NOD-like receptor (NLR) family plays an important role in innate immunity. Class II transactivator and NOD-like receptor caspase activation and recruitment domain CARD containing 5 (NLRC5) are unusual members of the NLR family that instead of recognizing pathogen-associated or damage-associated molecular patterns, form enhanceosomes with adaptor molecules and modulate major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and MHC class I expression, respectively. While NLRC5 has been shown to play a role during intracellular pathogen infection and tumor cell immune evasion, its role in regulating antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell responses at the intestinal mucosa has not been investigated. Here, we take advantage of the rotavirus model in adult mice to dissect the impact of NLRC5 on CD8+ T-cell responses to this viral infection at the gut mucosa. We show that while Nlrc5-/- mice exhibited normal proportions of T-cell subpopulations in the intraepithelial and lamina propria compartments, these mice had decreased baseline MHC class I expression on various immune cells in the lamina propria. Upon rotavirus infection, Nlrc5 deficiency resulted in impaired H2-Kb -restricted antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell responses, which were recapitulated in mice deficient for Nlrc5 within the dendritic cell compartment. The impaired CD8+ T-cell response in Nlrc5-/- mice was not significant enough to impact viral titers, suggesting compensation in Nlrc5-/- mice, perhaps as a result of higher numbers of activated B cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes and normal rotavirus-specific immunoglobulin A responses. Collectively, our results demonstrate a minor role for NLRC5 in modulating H2-Kb -restricted antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell responses in the small intestine during rotavirus infection in adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Sun
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Richard L Ferrero
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen E Girardin
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Gommerman
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dana J Philpott
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Vijayan S, Sidiq T, Yousuf S, van den Elsen PJ, Kobayashi KS. Class I transactivator, NLRC5: a central player in the MHC class I pathway and cancer immune surveillance. Immunogenetics 2019; 71:273-282. [PMID: 30706093 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-019-01106-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II molecules play critical roles in the activation of the adaptive immune system by presenting antigens to CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, respectively. Although it has been well known that CIITA (MHC class II transactivator), an NLR (nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-repeat containing) protein, as a master regulator of MHC class II gene expression, the mechanism of MHC class I gene transactivation was unclear. Recently, another NLR protein, NLRC5 (NLR family, CARD domain-containing 5), was identified as an MHC class I transactivator (CITA). NLRC5 is a critical regulator for the transcriptional activation of MHC class I genes and other genes involved in the MHC class I antigen presentation pathway. CITA/NLRC5 plays a crucial role in human cancer immunity through the recruitment and activation of tumor killing CD8+ T cells. Here, we discuss the molecular function and mechanism of CITA/NLRC5 in the MHC class I pathway and its role in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saptha Vijayan
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Tabasum Sidiq
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Suhail Yousuf
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Peter J van den Elsen
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Koichi S Kobayashi
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, 77843, USA. .,Department of Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
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29
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Cao L, Wu XM, Hu YW, Xue NN, Nie P, Chang MX. The discrepancy function of NLRC5 isoforms in antiviral and antibacterial immune responses. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 84:153-163. [PMID: 29454830 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
NOD-like receptors (NLRs) are a family of intracellular pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that play critical roles in innate immunity against pathogens infection. NLRC5, the largest member of NLR family, has been characterized as a regulator of innate immunity and MHC class I expression. Alternative splicing of NLRC5 is only reported in human and zebrafish. However, the function of NLRC5 isoforms in the innate immune responses remains unknown. In the present study, we report the functional characterization of zfNLRC5a and zfNLRC5d, two splicing isoforms of zebrafish NLRC5. zfNLRC5a and zfNLRC5d are generated by exon skipping, and whose alternative splicing sites exist in the region of LRRs. Fluorescence microscopy showed that zfNLRC5 isoforms were located throughout the entire cell including nuclear staining. The expression of zfNLRC5 isoform was inducible in response to bacterial and viral infections. During SVCV infection, the in vitro and in vivo studies found that zfNLRC5d overexpression increased protection against viral infection; however zfNLRC5a overexpression had no significant effect on antiviral activity. Interestingly, zfNLRC5 isoforms but not zfNLRC5 were involved in transcriptional regulation of TLRs and NF-κB signaling. Overexpression of zfNLRC5 isoforms also contributed to negative regulation of antibacterial immune response, with the decreased expression of nfkbiaa (IκBα). All together, these results firstly demonstrate the function of NLRC5 isoforms in antiviral and antibacterial immune responses both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xiao Man Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China
| | - Yi Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China
| | - Na Na Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China
| | - Pin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China; Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ming Xian Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China; Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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30
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Arimoto KI, Miyauchi S, Stoner SA, Fan JB, Zhang DE. Negative regulation of type I IFN signaling. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 103:1099-1116. [PMID: 29357192 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2mir0817-342r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I IFNs (α, β, and others) are a family of cytokines that are produced in physiological conditions as well as in response to the activation of pattern recognition receptors. They are critically important in controlling the host innate and adaptive immune response to viral and some bacterial infections, cancer, and other inflammatory stimuli. However, dysregulation of type I IFN production or response can contribute to immune pathologies termed "interferonopathies", pointing to the importance of balanced activating signals with tightly regulated mechanisms of tuning this signaling. Here, we summarize the recent advances of how type I IFN production and response are controlled at multiple levels of the type I IFN signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei-Ichiro Arimoto
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sayuri Miyauchi
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Samuel A Stoner
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jun-Bao Fan
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Dong-Er Zhang
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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31
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Sun X, Feng W, Guo Y, Wang Q, Dong C, Zhang M, Guan Z, Duan M. MCPIP1 attenuates the innate immune response to influenza A virus by suppressing RIG-I expression in lung epithelial cells. J Med Virol 2017; 90:204-211. [PMID: 28892164 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The pattern recognition receptor retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) reportedly plays a key role in sensing influenza A virus (IAV) infection and activating type I interferon (IFN) response. MCP-1-induced protein 1 (MCPIP1) can directly degrade cytokine mRNAs, such as IL-6, IL-12, IL-1β, and IL-2, by functioning as an RNase. Here, we initially observed that MCPIP1 exhibited virus supportive functions later in the course of IAV infection in A549 cells, and negatively regulated IAV-induced RIG-I-dependent innate antiviral response. Exogenous overexpression of MCPIP1 suppressed the expression of RIG-I, whereas shRNA-mediated inhibition of endogenous MCPIP1 enhanced RIG-I expression. The results of experiments with actinomycin D and luciferase assay demonstrated that MCPIP1 reduced RIG-I expression through destabilizing its mRNA. Various mutants of functional domains of MCPIP1 further confirmed that the inhibitory effect of MCPIP1 on RIG-I expression required RNase activity but not deubiquitinase activity. Finally, the overexpression of several IAV proteins, which have the ability to inhibit the host IFN response at different levels, induced MCPIP1 expression, especially non-structural protein 1 (NS1). Conclusively, these data demonstrate the MCPIP1 contributes to attenuate IAV-induced host antiviral response by suppressing RIG-I expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Sun
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenjing Feng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yidi Guo
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chunyan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Maolin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhenhong Guan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ming Duan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Deficiency of the NOD-Like Receptor NLRC5 Results in Decreased CD8 + T Cell Function and Impaired Viral Clearance. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00377-17. [PMID: 28615208 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00377-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogen recognition receptors are vital components of the immune system. Engagement of these receptors is important not only for instigation of innate immune responses to invading pathogens but also for initiating the adaptive immune response. Members of the NOD-like receptor (NLR) family of pathogen recognition receptors have important roles in orchestrating this response. The NLR family member NLRC5 regulates major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) expression during various types of infections, but its role in immunity to influenza A virus (IAV) is not well studied. Here we show that Nlrc5-/- mice exhibit an altered CD8+ T cell response during IAV infection compared to that of wild-type (WT) mice. Nlrc5-/- mice have decreased MHC-I expression on hematopoietic cells and fewer CD8+ T cells prior to infection. NLRC5 deficiency does not affect the generation of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells following IAV infection; however, a change in epitope dominance is observed in Nlrc5-/- mice. Moreover, IAV-specific CD8+ T cells from Nlrc5-/- mice have impaired effector functions. This change in the adaptive immune response is associated with impaired viral clearance in Nlrc5-/- mice. Collectively, our results demonstrate an important role for NLRC5 in regulation of antiviral immune responses and viral clearance during IAV infection.IMPORTANCE The NOD-like receptor family member NLRC5 is known to regulate expression of MHC-I as well as other genes required for antigen processing. In addition, NLRC5 also regulates various immune signaling pathways. In this study, we investigated the role of NLRC5 during influenza virus infection and found a major role for NLRC5 in restricting virus replication and promoting viral clearance. The observed increases in viral titers in NLRC5-deficient mice correlated with impaired effector CD8+ T cell responses. Although NLRC5-deficient mice were defective at clearing the virus, they did not show an increase in morbidity or mortality following influenza virus infection because of other compensatory immune mechanisms. Therefore, our study highlights how NLRC5 regulates multiple immune effector mechanisms to promote the host defense during influenza virus infection.
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Alternative Pre-mRNA Splicing in Mammals and Teleost Fish: A Effective Strategy for the Regulation of Immune Responses Against Pathogen Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071530. [PMID: 28714877 PMCID: PMC5536018 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-mRNA splicing is the process by which introns are removed and the protein coding elements assembled into mature mRNAs. Alternative pre-mRNA splicing provides an important source of transcriptome and proteome complexity through selectively joining different coding elements to form mRNAs, which encode proteins with similar or distinct functions. In mammals, previous studies have shown the role of alternative splicing in regulating the function of the immune system, especially in the regulation of T-cell activation and function. As lower vertebrates, teleost fish mainly rely on a large family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from various invading pathogens. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of alternative splicing of piscine PRRs including peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs), nucleotide binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs), retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) and their downstream signaling molecules, compared to splicing in mammals. We also discuss what is known and unknown about the function of splicing isoforms in the innate immune responses against pathogens infection in mammals and teleost fish. Finally, we highlight the consequences of alternative splicing in the innate immune system and give our view of important directions for future studies.
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Álvarez CA, Ramírez-Cepeda F, Santana P, Torres E, Cortés J, Guzmán F, Schmitt P, Mercado L. Insights into the diversity of NOD-like receptors: Identification and expression analysis of NLRC3, NLRC5 and NLRX1 in rainbow trout. Mol Immunol 2017; 87:102-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Chhabra P, Ranjan P, Cromeans T, Sambhara S, Vinjé J. Critical role of RIG-I and MDA5 in early and late stages of Tulane virus infection. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:1016-1026. [PMID: 28530548 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses are a major cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide, but the lack of a robust cell culture system or small animal model have hampered a better understanding of innate immunity against these viruses. Tulane virus (TV) is the prototype virus of a tentative new genus, Recovirus, in the family Caliciviridae. Its epidemiology and biological properties most closely resemble human norovirus. The host innate immune response to RNA virus infection primarily involves pathogen-sensing toll-like receptors (TLRs) TLR3 and TLR7 and retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like receptor RIG-I and melanoma differentiation associated gene 5 (MDA5). In this study, by using siRNA knockdown, we report that TV infection in LLC-MK2 cells results in an early [3 h post infection (h p.i.), P<0.05] RIG-I-dependent and type I interferon-mediated antiviral response, whereas an MDA5-mediated antiviral effect was observed at later (12 h p.i.; P<0.05) stages of TV replication. Induction of RIG-I and MDA5 was critical for inhibition of TV replication. Furthermore, pre-activation of the RIG-I/MDA5 pathway prevented TV replication (>900-fold decrease; P<0.05), suggesting that RIG-I and MDA5 ligands could be used to develop novel preventive and therapeutic measures against norovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Chhabra
- Gastroenteritis and Respiratory Viruses Laboratory Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Priya Ranjan
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | | | - Suryaprakash Sambhara
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Jan Vinjé
- Gastroenteritis and Respiratory Viruses Laboratory Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
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Reestablishment of p53/Arf and interferon- β pathways mediated by a novel adenoviral vector potentiates antiviral response and immunogenic cell death. Cell Death Discov 2017; 3:17017. [PMID: 28386458 PMCID: PMC5357668 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2017.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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37
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Wu XM, Hu YW, Xue NN, Ren SS, Chen SN, Nie P, Chang MX. Role of zebrafish NLRC5 in antiviral response and transcriptional regulation of MHC related genes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 68:58-68. [PMID: 27876605 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular NOD-like receptors (NLRs) are emerging as critical regulators of innate and adaptive immune responses. Although the NLR family member NLRC5 is functionally defined, the role of NLRC5 in regulating innate immune signaling has been controversial in mammals, and is poorly understood in teleost fish. In the present study, we report the functional characterization of zebrafish NLRC5. The cloned NLRC5 consists of 6435 bp which encodes 1746 amino acids. The N-terminal effector-binding domain of zebrafish NLRC5 is absent which is different from all other human NLRs. Fluorescence microscopy showed that zebrafish NLRC5 is located throughout the entire cell. The higher expression of zebrafish NLRC5 in embryo than in larvae was observed, suggesting the action phase of NLRC5 in zebrafish ontogenetic stages. When the modulation of NLRC5 in pathogen infection was analyzed, it was found that zebrafish NLRC5 was upregulated by both bacterial and viral infection. Overexpression of zebrafish NLRC5 resulted in significant inhibition of SVCV replication in vivo and in vitro, but failed to activate interferon (IFN) promoters and type I IFN signaling pathway. Interestingly, NLRC5 overexpression could activate mhc2dab promoter, and induce the expression of MHC class II genes. All together, these results demonstrate that zebrafish NLRC5 is involved in IFN-independent antiviral response, and also functions as a transcriptional regulator of MHC class II genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Man Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yi Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Na Na Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Shi Si Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Shan Nan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China
| | - Pin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China
| | - Ming Xian Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China.
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38
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Benkő S, Kovács EG, Hezel F, Kufer TA. NLRC5 Functions beyond MHC I Regulation-What Do We Know So Far? Front Immunol 2017; 8:150. [PMID: 28261210 PMCID: PMC5313500 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
NLRC5 is a member of the NLR family that acts as a transcriptional activator of MHC class I genes. In line with the function of several related NLR proteins in innate immune responses, there is, however, also ample evidence that NLRC5 contributes to innate and adaptive immune responses beyond the regulation of MHC class I genes. In human and murine cells, for example, NLRC5 was proposed to contribute to inflammatory and type I interferon responses. The role of NLRC5 in these and other cellular processes is hitherto still not well understood and blurred by discrepancies in the reported data. Here, we provide a detailed and critical discussion of the available experimental data on the emerging biological functions of NLRC5 in innate immune responses in men and mice. Better awareness of the multiple roles of NLRC5 will help to define its overall contribution to immune responses and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilvia Benkő
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Debrecen , Debrecen , Hungary
| | - Elek Gergő Kovács
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Debrecen , Debrecen , Hungary
| | - Felix Hezel
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim , Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Thomas A Kufer
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim , Stuttgart , Germany
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Multifaceted Functions of NOD-Like Receptor Proteins in Myeloid Cells at the Intersection of Innate and Adaptive Immunity. Microbiol Spectr 2016; 4. [DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.mchd-0021-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
NOD-like receptor (NLR) proteins, as much as Toll-like receptor proteins, play a major role in modulating myeloid cells in their immune functions. There is still, however, limited knowledge on the expression and function of several of the mammalian NLR proteins in myeloid lineages. Still, the function of pyrin domain-containing NLR proteins and NLRC4/NAIP as inflammasome components that drive interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 maturation and secretion upon pathogen stimulation is well established. NOD1, NOD2, NLRP3, and NLRC4/NAIP act as bona fide pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that sense microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) but also react to endogenous danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Ultimately, activation of these receptors achieves macrophage activation and maturation of dendritic cells to drive antigen-specific adaptive immune responses. Upon infection, sensing of invading pathogens and likely of DAMPs that are released in response to tissue injury is a process that involves multiple PRRs in both myeloid and epithelial cells, and these act in concert to design tailored, pathogen-adapted immune responses by induction of different cytokine profiles, giving rise to appropriate lymphocyte polarization.
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40
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Guo XM, Liu XP, Chang GB, Xu L, Bi YL, Wang HZ, Zhang Y, Zhu PF, Wu Y, Chen GH. Characterization of the NLRC5 promoter in chicken: SNPs, regulatory elements and CpG islands. Anim Genet 2016; 47:579-87. [PMID: 27429394 DOI: 10.1111/age.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
NLRC5 plays an important role in the innate immunity and cellular immunity in many species, but the regulatory mechanism of NLRC5 expression in chickens remains unclear. In this study, a series of deletion fragments of the NLRC5 promoter region were constructed and dual-luciferase assay was performed. Then, we detected the SNP in the core region and its function. Important transcriptional regulatory elements were predicted and identified. Methylation of CpG islands was measured. The results revealed that the two core regions of -4372 to -3756 and -2925 to -2265 in the NLRC5 promoter were essential for NLRC5 mRNA expression in which a SNP (A/G), located at -2470, was found to have an effect on the transcriptional activity. Also, the STAT1 element in the second core region of the NLRC5 promoter was identified to bind with the STAT1 transcription factor, which was necessary for the transcriptional activity. In addition, many other elements in the NLRC5 promoter, including YY1 and CEBP, may contribute significantly to the expression activity of NLRC5. Moreover, two CpG islands were searched. Part of one was located in the first core region, which suggests that epigenetic modification may regulate the activity of the first promoter region, and the other was mostly in an unmethylated state. Collectively, these results suggest the complex regulation of NLRC5 expression includes SNPs, transcription factors and methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- X M Guo
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - X P Liu
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Poultry Institute, Yangzhou, 225003, China
| | - G B Chang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - L Xu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Y L Bi
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - H Z Wang
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Poultry Institute, Yangzhou, 225003, China
| | - Y Zhang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - P F Zhu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Y Wu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - G H Chen
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
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Downs I, Vijayan S, Sidiq T, Kobayashi KS. CITA/NLRC5: A critical transcriptional regulator of MHC class I gene expression. Biofactors 2016; 42:349-57. [PMID: 27087581 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II molecules play essential roles in the development and activation of the human adaptive immune system. An NLR protein, CIITA (MHC class II transactivator) has been recognized as a master regulator of MHC class II gene expression, albeit knowledge about the regulatory mechanism of MHC class I gene expression had been limited. Recently identified MHC class I transactivator (CITA), or NLRC5, also belongs to the NLR protein family and constitutes a critical regulator for the transcriptional activation of MHC class I genes. In addition to MHC class I genes, CITA/NLRC5 induces the expression of β2 -microglobulin, TAP1 and LMP2, essential components of the MHC class I antigen presentation pathway. Therefore, CITA/NLRC5 and CIITA are transcriptional regulators that orchestrate the concerted expression of critical components in the MHC class I and class II pathways, respectively. © 2016 BioFactors, 42(4):349-357, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Downs
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX
| | - Saptha Vijayan
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX
| | - Tabasum Sidiq
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX
| | - Koichi S Kobayashi
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX
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42
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René C, Lozano C, Eliaou JF. Expression of classical HLA class I molecules: regulation and clinical impacts: Julia Bodmer Award Review 2015. HLA 2016; 87:338-49. [PMID: 27060357 DOI: 10.1111/tan.12787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I genes are ubiquitously expressed, but in a tissue specific-manner. Their expression is primarily regulated at the transcriptional level and can be modulated both positively and negatively by different stimuli. Advances in sequencing technologies led to the identification of new regulatory variants located in the untranslated regions (UTRs), which could influence the expression. After a brief description of the mechanisms underlying the transcriptional regulation of HLA class I genes expression, we will review how the expression levels of HLA class I genes could affect biological and pathological processes. Then, we will discuss on the differential expression of HLA class I genes according to the locus, allele and UTR polymorphisms and its clinical impact. This interesting field of study led to a new dimension of HLA typing, going beyond a qualitative aspect.
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Affiliation(s)
- C René
- Department of Immunology, CHRU de Montpellier, University Hospital Saint-Eloi, Montpellier, France.,Faculté de Médecine, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U1183, Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy (IRMB), CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - C Lozano
- Department of Immunology, CHRU de Montpellier, University Hospital Saint-Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - J-F Eliaou
- Department of Immunology, CHRU de Montpellier, University Hospital Saint-Eloi, Montpellier, France.,Faculté de Médecine, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U1194, IRCM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors, including members of the NLR and PYHIN families, are essential for recognition of both pathogen- and host-derived danger signals. A number of molecules in these families are capable of forming multiprotein complexes termed inflammasomes that result in the activation of caspase-1. In addition to NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRC4, and AIM2, which form well-described inflammasome complexes, IFI16, NLRP6, NLRP7, NLRP12, and NLRC5 have also been proposed to form inflammasomes under specific conditions. The structure and function of these atypical inflammasomes will be highlighted here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Janowski
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Fayyaz S Sutterwala
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Inflammation Program, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 2501 Crosspark Road, D156 MTF, Iowa City, IA, 52241, USA.
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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44
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Heaton SM, Borg NA, Dixit VM. Ubiquitin in the activation and attenuation of innate antiviral immunity. J Exp Med 2015; 213:1-13. [PMID: 26712804 PMCID: PMC4710203 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infection activates danger signals that are transmitted via the retinoic acid-inducible gene 1-like receptor (RLR), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLR), and Toll-like receptor (TLR) protein signaling cascades. This places host cells in an antiviral posture by up-regulating antiviral cytokines including type-I interferon (IFN-I). Ubiquitin modifications and cross-talk between proteins within these signaling cascades potentiate IFN-I expression, and inversely, a growing number of viruses are found to weaponize the ubiquitin modification system to suppress IFN-I. Here we review how host- and virus-directed ubiquitin modification of proteins in the RLR, NLR, and TLR antiviral signaling cascades modulate IFN-I expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Heaton
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Natalie A Borg
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Vishva M Dixit
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
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45
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Guo X, Liu T, Shi H, Wang J, Ji P, Wang H, Hou Y, Tan RX, Li E. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Upregulates NLRC5 and Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Expression through RIG-I Induction in Airway Epithelial Cells. J Virol 2015; 89:7636-45. [PMID: 25972545 PMCID: PMC4505675 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00349-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of acute respiratory tract viral infection in infants, causing bronchiolitis and pneumonia. The host antiviral response to RSV acts via retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I). We show here that RSV infection upregulates major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) expression through the induction of NLRC5, a NOD-like, CARD domain-containing intracellular protein that has recently been identified as a class I MHC transactivator (CITA). RSV infection of A549 cells promotes upregulation of NLRC5 via beta interferon (IFN-β) production, since the NLRC5-inducing activity in a conditioned medium from RSV-infected A549 cells was removed by antibody to IFN-β, but not by antibody to IFN-γ. RSV infection resulted in RIG-I upregulation and induction of NLRC5 and MHC-I. Suppression of RIG-I induction significantly blocked NLRC5, as well as MHC-I, upregulation and diminished IRF3 activation. Importantly, Vero cells deficient in interferon production still upregulated MHC-I following introduction of the RSV genome by infection or transfection, further supporting a key role for RIG-I. A model is therefore proposed in which the host upregulates MHC-I expression during RSV infection directly via the induction of RIG-I and NLRC5 expression. Since elevated expression of MHC-I molecules can sensitize host cells to T lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity or immunopathologic damage, the results have significant implications for the modification of immunity in RSV disease. IMPORTANCE Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants and young children worldwide. Infection early in life is linked to persistent wheezing and allergic asthma in later life, possibly related to upregulation of major histocompatibility class I (MHC-I) on the cell surface, which facilitates cytotoxic T cell activation and antiviral immunity. Here, we show that RSV infection of lung epithelial cells induces expression of RIG-I, resulting in induction of a class I MHC transactivator, NLRC5, and subsequent upregulation of MHC-I. Suppression of RIG-I induction blocked RSV-induced NLRC5 expression and MHC-I upregulation. Increased MHC-I expression may exacerbate the RSV disease condition due to immunopathologic damage, linking the innate immune response to RSV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuancheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China Jiangsu Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Taixiang Liu
- Jiangsu Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China Jiangsu Province Blood Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hengfei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China Jiangsu Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ping Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China Jiangsu Province Blood Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- Jiangsu Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yayi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China Jiangsu Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ren Xiang Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Erguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China Jiangsu Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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