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Gao X, Mukaibo T, Wei X, Faustoferri RC, Oei MS, Hwang SK, Yan AJ, Melvin JE, Ovitt CE. Nkx2.3 transcription factor is a key regulator of mucous cell identity in salivary glands. Dev Biol 2024; 509:1-10. [PMID: 38311164 PMCID: PMC10939741 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2024.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Saliva is vital to oral health, fulfilling multiple functions in the oral cavity. Three pairs of major salivary glands and hundreds of minor salivary glands contribute to saliva production. The secretory acinar cells within these glands include two distinct populations. Serous acinar cells secrete a watery saliva containing enzymes, while mucous acinar cells secrete a more viscous fluid containing highly glycosylated mucins. Despite their shared developmental origins, the parotid gland (PG) is comprised of only serous acinar cells, while the sublingual gland (SLG) contains predominantly mucous acinar cells. The instructive signals that govern the identity of serous versus mucous acinar cell phenotypes are not yet known. The homeobox transcription factor Nkx2.3 is uniquely expressed in the SLG. Disruption of the Nkx2.3 gene was reported to delay the maturation of SLG mucous acinar cells. To examine whether Nkx2.3 plays a role in directing the mucous cell phenotype, we analyzed SLG from Nkx2.3-/- mice using RNAseq, immunostaining and proteomic analysis of saliva. Our results indicate that Nkx2.3, most likely in concert with other transcription factors uniquely expressed in the SLG, is a key regulator of the molecular program that specifies the identity of mucous acinar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gao
- Secretory Mechanisms and Dysfunctions Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Taro Mukaibo
- Secretory Mechanisms and Dysfunctions Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Xiaolu Wei
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Roberta C Faustoferri
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Maria S Oei
- Secretory Mechanisms and Dysfunctions Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Seo-Kyoung Hwang
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Adela Jingyi Yan
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - James E Melvin
- Secretory Mechanisms and Dysfunctions Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Catherine E Ovitt
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA; Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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Jin P, Zhang Q, Zang Y, Zhao L, Zhang H, Yu K, Liang X, Zi X, Shi L. Down Regulation of EGF and AZGP1 Were Associated with Clinical Characteristics in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps: An Observation Study. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:4885-4898. [PMID: 37920240 PMCID: PMC10619462 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s428238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The mechanisms underlying the chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) remained unclear. This study aimed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in nasal polyps from CRSwNP patients compared to healthy controls and explore key genes and pathways associated with CRSwNP pathophysiology and prognosis. Methods Three datasets were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database and the intersecting DEGs were identified in CRSwNP patients. Gene Ontology (GO) and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis were applied to investigate the function of DEGs. Nasal specimens from 90 CRSwNP and 45 controls were further collected and qRT-PCR was applied to verify the mRNA expression of hub genes, and moreover, their association with tissue eosinophilia and clinical characteristics in CRSwNP were analyzed. Results Sixty-eight co-DEGs including 8 upregulated and 60 downregulated genes were identified and GO analyses identified the terms including positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade, transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway. PPI networks identified hub genes including EGF, ERBB4, AZGP1, CRISP3 and PIP which were validated to be significantly down-regulated in CRSwNP and showed well diagnostic prediction quality. In addition, lower mRNA expressions level of EGF and AZGP1 in eosinophilic CRSwNP compared with non-eosinophilic CRSwNP were found. Aberrant low expressions of EGF and AZGP1 protein in CRSwNP were identified, and there was good consistency between their mRNA expression level and protein relative expression level. Furthermore, the expressions of EGF and AZGP1 mRNA were significantly correlated with clinical severity parameters. Conclusion Integrated analysis revealed 68 co-DEGs between nasal polyps and controls and identified hub genes, of which EGF and AZGP1 expression was significantly downregulated in eosinophilic CRSwNP and correlated with disease severity. Downregulation of EGF and AZGP1 may contribute to epithelial barrier dysfunction and type 2 inflammation in CRSwNP, suggesting them as potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jin
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qinqin Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiran Zang
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongyang Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kena Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xu Liang
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxue Zi
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Shi
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
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Baxarias M, Donato G, Mateu C, Salichs M, Homedes J, Miró G, Pennisi MG, Solano-Gallego L. A blinded, randomized and controlled multicenter clinical trial to assess the efficacy and safety of Leisguard ® as an immunotherapeutic treatment for healthy Leishmania infantum-seropositive dogs. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:344. [PMID: 37794502 PMCID: PMC10552330 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05903-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Domperidone (Leisguard®) is an immunomodulatory drug used as a preventive measure in healthy dogs. However, no studies have been published in healthy Leishmania infantum-seropositive dogs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of domperidone as immunotherapy in Leishmania-seropositive healthy dogs. METHODS Sixty-seven dogs were treated with domperidone at 0.5 mg/kg and 44 dogs received placebo, once daily for 4 consecutive weeks. Monthly treatments were repeated every 4 months until the end of the 1-year follow-up period. Veterinary examinations were performed on days 0, 30, 120, 150, 240, 270 and 360. Samples of blood and urine were collected on days 0, 120, 240 and 360 for routine laboratory tests and quantitative in-house ELISA for the detection of L. infantum-specific antibodies. Furthermore, Leishmania real-time PCR and IFN-γ ELISA were performed at day 0 and the end of the study. Dogs that developed disease were withdrawn from the study and classified as sick dogs. Adverse drug reactions were reported. RESULTS Thirty dogs developed disease during the follow-up period: 13/67 (19.4%) in the group treated with domperidone and 17/44 (38.6%) in the placebo-treated group (P = 0.03). Low-seropositive dogs treated with domperidone (4/40, 9.1%) were significantly less likely to develop disease compared to low-seropositive dogs treated with placebo (7/24, 29.2%; P = 0.04), while no differences were found between domperidone (9/23, 39.1%) and placebo (10/20, 50%) in medium- to high-seropositive dogs. At the end of the study, a higher proportion of Leishmania PCR-positive dogs was observed in the placebo-treated group (16/33, 48.5%) compared to the domperidone group (13/51, 25.5%; P = 0.04). Furthermore, low-seropositive dogs treated with domperidone with an increase of IFN-γ concentration presented a higher increase than those treated with placebo at the end of the study. Four dogs treated with domperidone presented self-limiting diarrhea. CONCLUSIONS Healthy dogs with low L. infantum antibody levels treated with domperidone were less likely to develop disease compared to placebo-treated dogs. Furthermore, domperidone presented a good safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Baxarias
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Giulia Donato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Messina - Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Guadalupe Miró
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Grazia Pennisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Messina - Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina, Italy
| | - Laia Solano-Gallego
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
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Sauer N, Matkowski I, Bodalska G, Murawski M, Dzięgiel P, Calik J. Prognostic Role of Prolactin-Induced Protein (PIP) in Breast Cancer. Cells 2023; 12:2252. [PMID: 37759471 PMCID: PMC10527336 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolactin-inducible protein (PIP), also referred to as gross cystic disease fluid protein 15 (GCDFP-15), has been a trending topic in recent years due to its potential role as a specific marker in breast cancer. PIP binds to aquaporin-5 (AQP5), CD4, actin, fibrinogen, β-tubulin, serum albumin, hydroxyapatite, zinc α2-glycoprotein, and the Fc fragment of IgGs, and the expression of PIP has been demonstrated to be modulated by various cytokines, including IL4/13, IL1, and IL6. PIP gene expression has been extensively studied due to its captivating nature. It is influenced by various factors, with androgens, progesterone, glucocorticosteroids, prolactin, and growth hormone enhancing its expression while estrogens suppress it. The regulatory mechanisms involve important proteins such as STAT5A, STAT5B, Runx2, and androgen receptor, which collaborate to enhance PIP gene transcription and protein production. The expression level of PIP in breast cancer is dependent on the tumor stage and subtype. Higher expression is observed in early-stage tumors of the luminal A subtype, while lower expression is associated with luminal B, basal-like, and triple-negative subtypes, which have a poorer prognosis. PIP expression is also correlated with apocrine differentiation, hormone receptor positivity, and longer metastasis-free survival. PIP plays a role in supporting the immune system's antitumor response during the early stages of breast cancer development. However, as cancer progresses, the protective role of PIP may become less effective or diminished. In this work, we summarized the clinical significance of the PIP molecule in breast cancer and its potential role as a new candidate for cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Sauer
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
- Old Town Clinic, 50-127 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Igor Matkowski
- Jan Mikulicz-Radecki University Teaching Hospital, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Grażyna Bodalska
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Marek Murawski
- 1st Department and Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Piotr Dzięgiel
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, T. Chalubinskiego 6a, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Physiotherapy, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Calik
- Old Town Clinic, 50-127 Wroclaw, Poland
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
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Yousuf M, Ali A, Khan P, Anjum F, Elasbali AM, Islam A, Yadav DK, Shafie A, Rizwanul Haque QM, Hassan MI. Insights into the Antibacterial Activity of Prolactin-Inducible Protein against the Standard and Environmental MDR Bacterial Strains. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10030597. [PMID: 35336169 PMCID: PMC8950685 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Prolactin inducible protein (PIP) is a small secretary glycoprotein present in most biological fluids and contributes to various cellular functions, including cell growth, fertility, antitumor, and antifungal activities. Objectives: The present study evaluated the antibacterial activities of recombinant PIP against multiple broad-spectrum MDR bacterial strains. Methods: The PIP gene was cloned, expressed and purified using affinity chromatography. Disk diffusion, broth microdilution, and growth kinetic assays were used to determine the antibacterial activities of PIP. Results: Disk diffusion assay showed that PIP has a minimum and maximum zone of inhibition against E. coli and P. aeruginosa, respectively, compared to the reference drug ampicillin. Furthermore, growth kinetics studies also suggested that PIP significantly inhibited the growth of E. coli and P. aeruginosa. The minimum inhibitory concentration of PIP was 32 µg/mL for E. coli (443), a standard bacterial strain, and 64 µg/mL for Bacillus sp. (LG1), an environmental multidrug-resistant (MDR) strain. The synergistic studies of PIP with ampicillin showed better efficacies towards selected bacterial strains having MDR properties. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that PIP has a broad range of antibacterial activities with important implications in alleviating MDR problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Yousuf
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India; (M.Y.); (A.A.); (Q.M.R.H.)
| | - Asghar Ali
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India; (M.Y.); (A.A.); (Q.M.R.H.)
| | - Parvez Khan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India; (P.K.); (A.I.)
| | - Farah Anjum
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (A.S.)
| | - Abdelbaset Mohamed Elasbali
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences-Qurayyat, Jouf University, Sakakah 42421, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Asimul Islam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India; (P.K.); (A.I.)
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Yadav
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Hambakmoeiro 191, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon City 21924, Korea
- Correspondence: (D.K.Y.); (M.I.H.)
| | - Alaa Shafie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (A.S.)
| | - Qazi Mohd. Rizwanul Haque
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India; (M.Y.); (A.A.); (Q.M.R.H.)
| | - Md. Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India; (P.K.); (A.I.)
- Correspondence: (D.K.Y.); (M.I.H.)
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6
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Terceiro LEL, Blanchard AAA, Edechi CA, Freznosa A, Triggs-Raine B, Leygue E, Myal Y. Generation of prolactin-inducible protein (Pip) knockout mice by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene engineering. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2022; 100:86-91. [PMID: 34379992 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2021-0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin-inducible protein (PIP) is a multifunctional glycoprotein that is highly expressed and found in the secretions of apocrine glands such as salivary, lacrimal, and sweat glands including the mammary glands. PIP has been implicated in various diseases, including breast cancer, gross cystic disease of the breast, keratoconus of the eye, and the autoimmune Sjögren's syndrome. Here we have generated a Pip knockout (KO) mouse using the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/CRSPR-associated (Cas)9 system. The Cas9 protein and two single guide RNAs targeting specific regions for both exons 1 and 2 of the Pip gene were microinjected into mouse embryos. The deletions and insertions promoted by CRISPR/Cas9 system on the Pip gene successfully disrupted Pip protein coding, as confirmed by PCR genotyping, sequencing, and ultimately Western blot analysis. This mouse model was generated in the inbred C57Bl/6J mouse, which exhibits lower genetic variation. This novel CRISPR Pip KO mouse model will not only be useful for future studies to interrogate the multifunctional role of PIP in physiological processes but will facilitate a broader understanding of the function of PIP in vivo while providing unprecedented insight into its role in a spectrum of diseases attributed to the deregulation of the PIP gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas E L Terceiro
- Department of Pathology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada
| | - Anne A A Blanchard
- Department of Pathology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada
| | - Chidalu A Edechi
- Department of Pathology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada
| | - Agnes Freznosa
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Barbara Triggs-Raine
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Etienne Leygue
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada
- CancerCareManitoba Research Institute, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Yvonne Myal
- Department of Pathology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
- CancerCareManitoba Research Institute, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
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7
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Kang J, Li Y, Zhao Z, Zhang H. Differentiation between thyroid-associated orbitopathy and Graves' disease by iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 11:1930-1940. [PMID: 33934566 PMCID: PMC8255837 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Graves' ophthalmopathy, also known as thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO), is the most common inflammatory eye disease in adults. The most common etiology for TAO is Graves' disease (GD); however, proteomic research focusing on differences between GD and TAO is limited. This study aimed to identify differentially expressed proteins between thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO) and GD. Furthermore, we sought to explore the pathogenesis of TAO and elucidate the differentiation process via specific markers. Serum samples of three patients with TAO, GD, and healthy controls, respectively, were collected. These samples were measured using the iTRAQ technique coupled with mass spectrometry. Differentially expressed proteins in TAO and GD were identified by proteomics; 3172 quantified proteins were identified. Compared with TAO, we identified 110 differential proteins (27 proteins were upregulated and 83 were downregulated). In addition, these differentially expressed proteins were closely associated with cellular processes, metabolic processes, macromolecular complexes, signal transduction, and the immune system. The corresponding functions were protein, calcium ion, and nucleic acid binding. Among the differential proteins, MYH11, P4HB, and C4A were markedly upregulated in TAO patients and have been reported to participate in apoptosis, autophagy, the inflammatory response, and the immune system. A protein-protein interaction network analysis was performed. Proteomics demonstrated valuable large-scale protein-related information for expounding the pathogenic mechanism underlying TAO. This research provides new insights and potential targets for studying GD with TAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianshu Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, China.,Yunnan Eye Institute, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province for the Prevention and Treatment of Ophthalmologya, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Eye Disease Clinical Medical Center, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Eye Disease Clinical Medical Research Center, Kunming, China
| | - Yunqin Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, China.,Yunnan Eye Institute, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province for the Prevention and Treatment of Ophthalmologya, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Eye Disease Clinical Medical Center, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Eye Disease Clinical Medical Research Center, Kunming, China
| | - Zhijian Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, China.,Yunnan Eye Institute, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province for the Prevention and Treatment of Ophthalmologya, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Eye Disease Clinical Medical Center, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Eye Disease Clinical Medical Research Center, Kunming, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, China.,Yunnan Eye Institute, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province for the Prevention and Treatment of Ophthalmologya, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Eye Disease Clinical Medical Center, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Eye Disease Clinical Medical Research Center, Kunming, China
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Edechi CA, Ikeogu NM, Akaluka GN, Terceiro LEL, Machado M, Salako ES, Barazandeh AF, Kung SKP, Uzonna JE, Myal Y. The Prolactin Inducible Protein Modulates Antitumor Immune Responses and Metastasis in a Mouse Model of Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:639859. [PMID: 33777801 PMCID: PMC7994859 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.639859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The prolactin inducible protein (PIP) is expressed to varying degrees in more than 90% of breast cancers (BCs). Although high levels of PIP expression in BC has been shown to correlate with better prognosis and patient response to chemotherapy, some studies suggest that PIP may also play a role in metastasis. Here, we investigated the role of PIP in BC using the well-established 4T1 and E0771 mouse BC cell lines. Stable expression of PIP in both cell lines did not significantly alter their proliferation, migration, and response to anticancer drugs in vitro compared to empty vector control. To assess the effect of PIP expression on breast tumorigenesis in vivo, the 4T1 syngeneic transplantable mouse model was utilized. In immunocompetent syngeneic BALB/c mice, PIP-expressing 4T1 primary tumors displayed delayed tumor onset and reduced tumor growth, and this was associated with higher percentages of natural killer cells and reduced percentages of type 2 T-helper cells in the tumor environment. The delayed tumor onset and growth were abrogated in immunodeficient mice, suggesting that PIP-mediated modulation of primary tumor growth involves an intact immune system. Paradoxically, we also observed that PIP expression was associated with a higher number of 4T1 colonies in the lungs in both the immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice. Gene expression analysis of PIP-expressing 4T1 cells (4T1-PIP) revealed that genes associated with tumor metastasis such as CCL7, MMP3 and MMP13, were significantly upregulated in 4T1-PIP cells when compared to the empty vector control (4T1-EV) cells. Collectively, these studies strongly suggest that PIP may possess a double-edge sword effect in BC, enhancing both antitumor immunity as well as metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chidalu A Edechi
- Department of Pathology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Nnamdi M Ikeogu
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Gloria N Akaluka
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Lucas E L Terceiro
- Department of Pathology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Mikayla Machado
- Department of Pathology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Enitan S Salako
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Aida F Barazandeh
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Sam K P Kung
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jude E Uzonna
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Yvonne Myal
- Department of Pathology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology (RIOH), CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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9
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Steinbrink JM, Zaas AK, Betancourt M, Modliszewski JL, Corcoran DL, McClain MT. A transcriptional signature accurately identifies Aspergillus Infection across healthy and immunosuppressed states. Transl Res 2020; 219:1-12. [PMID: 32165060 PMCID: PMC7170547 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a major cause of critical illness in immunocompromised (IC) patients. However, current fungal tests are limited. Disease-specific gene expression patterns in circulating host cells show promise as novel diagnostics, however it is unknown whether such a 'signature' exists for IA and the effect of iatrogenic immunosuppression on any such biomarkers. Male BALB/c mice were separated into 6 experimental groups based on Aspergillus fumigatus inhalational exposure and IC status (no immunosuppression, cyclophosphamide, and corticosteroids). Mice were sacrificed 4 days postinfection. Whole blood was assayed for transcriptomic responses in peripheral white blood cells via microarray. An elastic net regularized logistic regression was employed to develop classifiers of IA based on gene expression. Aspergillus infection triggers a powerful response in non-IC hosts with 2718 genes differentially expressed between IA and controls. We generated a 146-gene classifier able to discriminate between non-IC infected and uninfected mice with an AUC of 1. However, immunosuppressive medications exhibited a confounding effect on this transcriptomic classifier. After controlling for the genomic effects of immunosuppression, we were able to generate a 187-gene classifier with an AUC of 0.92 in the absence of immunosuppression, 1 with cyclophosphamide, and 0.9 with steroids. The host transcriptomic response to IA is robust and conserved. Pharmacologic perturbation of the host immune response has powerful effects on classifier performance and must be considered when developing such novel diagnostics. When appropriately designed, host-derived peripheral blood transcriptomic responses demonstrate the ability to accurately diagnose Aspergillus infection, even in the presence of immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Steinbrink
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
| | - Aimee K Zaas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Marisol Betancourt
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Augusta University Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | | | - David L Corcoran
- Duke Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham North Carolina
| | - Micah T McClain
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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10
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Identification of Urinary Biomarkers for Exercise-Induced Immunosuppression by iTRAQ Proteomics. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:3030793. [PMID: 32047808 PMCID: PMC7003279 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3030793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To identify noninvasive immune biomarkers of exercise-induced immunosuppression using the iTRAQ proteomics technique. Methods Fifteen healthy males were recruited and subjected to a four-week incremental treadmill running training program. After each week of training, WBC counts and CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes were measured to monitor the immune function status. iTRAQ proteomics technology was used to identify differential proteins and their characteristics in urine. Results Our data showed that the WBC counts, CD4+ lymphocytes, and CD4+/CD8+ ratio decreased by more than 10% after four weeks of training, suggesting exercise-induced immunosuppression. A total of 1854 proteins were identified in urine during the incremental running using the iTRAQ technology. Compared with the urine before training, there were 89, 52, 77, and 148 proteins significantly upregulated and 66, 27, 68, and 114 proteins significantly downregulated after each week, respectively. Among them, four upregulated proteins, SEMG-1, PIP, PDGFRL, and NDPK, increased their abundance with the increased exercise intensity. Bioinformatics analysis indicates that these proteins are involved in stress response and immune function. Conclusion Four weeks of incremental treadmill running induced immunosuppression in healthy males. By using iTRAQ proteomics, four proteins in the urine, SEMG-1, PIP, PDGFRL, and NDPK, were found to increase incrementally with the increased exercise intensity, which have the potential to be used as noninvasive immune biomarkers of exercise-induced immunosuppression.
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11
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The prolactin inducible protein/gross cystic disease fluid protein-15 deficient mice develop anomalies in lymphoid organs. Immunobiology 2019; 224:811-816. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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12
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Regulation of Immunity in Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081080. [PMID: 31366131 PMCID: PMC6721298 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer affects millions of women worldwide, leading to many deaths and significant economic burden. Although there are numerous treatment options available, the huge potentials of immunotherapy in the management of localized and metastatic breast cancer is currently being explored. However, there are significant gaps in understanding the complex interactions between the immune system and breast cancer. The immune system can be pro-tumorigenic and anti-tumorigenic depending on the cells involved and the conditions of the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we discuss current knowledge of breast cancer, including treatment options. We also give a brief overview of the immune system and comprehensively highlight the roles of different cells of the immune system in breast tumorigenesis, including recent research discoveries. Lastly, we discuss some immunotherapeutic strategies for the management of breast cancer.
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13
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Ihedioha O, Blanchard AA, Balhara J, Okwor I, Jia P, Uzonna J, Myal Y. The human breast cancer-associated protein, the prolactin-inducible protein (PIP), regulates intracellular signaling events and cytokine production by macrophages. Immunol Res 2019. [PMID: 29536339 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-018-8987-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The prolactin-inducible protein (PIP) is considered a valuable biomarker that is associated with both benign and malignant pathological conditions of the mammary gland. The function of PIP in breast tumorigenesis remains unknown; however, evidence from our laboratory and others suggest that it regulates host immunity. Studies with PIP-deficient (PIP-/-) mice demonstrated significantly lower numbers of CD4+ T cells in their secondary lymphoid organs, impaired Th1 response, and impaired nitric oxide (NO) production. To further delineate the immunoregulatory role of PIP, we compared the expression of IFN-γR and TLR4, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and intracellular signaling events by IFN-γ and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages from wild-type (WT) and PIP-/- mice. We showed that although the expressions of IFN-γR and TLR4 were comparable, productions of pro-inflammatory cytokines were decreased in PIP-/- macrophages. This was associated with decreased phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and signal transducer of activation of transcription (STAT) proteins in macrophages from PIP-/- mice. Interestingly, the expression of suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) 1 and 3 proteins, known to suppress IFN-γ and LPS signaling, was higher in PIP-/- macrophages compared to those from WT mice. Collectively, our studies show that deficiency of PIP significantly affects intracellular signaling events leading to decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and further confirms a role for PIP as an important immunoregulatory protein. This direct link between PIP and cell-mediated immunity, a key component of the immune system that is critical for cancer control, may have significant therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Ihedioha
- Department of Pathology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Anne A Blanchard
- Department of Pathology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jyoti Balhara
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ifeoma Okwor
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ping Jia
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jude Uzonna
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
| | - Yvonne Myal
- Department of Pathology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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14
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Mohammadpour A, Keshavarz H, Mohebali M, Salimi M, Teimouri A, Shojaee S. The relation of serum prolactin levels and Toxoplasma infection in humans. Int J Gen Med 2018; 12:7-12. [PMID: 30588064 PMCID: PMC6304245 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s188525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan parasite distributed worldwide. Although the infection is benign in immunocompetent individuals, it is life threatening and complicated in immunocompromised patients and fetuses of pregnant women who received their first exposure to T. gondii during the pregnancy. Prolactin (PRL) is a hormone that is secreted by the pituitary gland, and it is confirmed that it plays a role in the immune system. The present study was carried out to assess the possible relation between serum PRL levels and Toxoplasma infection frequency in human. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 343 serum samples (240 from women and 103 from men) were collected from individuals who were referred for PRL checking in laboratories of Karaj, Iran. Blood samples were collected, and sera were separated and analyzed for the detection of anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibody by ELISA method. The levels of PRL were measured by Roche Elecsys 2010 analyzer, electrochemiluminescence technology. RESULTS Of 343 sera, 110 samples (32%) consisting of samples from 42 men and 68 women had anti-T. gondii IgG antibody. The prevalence of T. gondii infection in women with high PRL levels was lower than that in the comparison group with normal levels of PRL and the relationship between these two parameters was statistically significant (P=0.016). In women with hyperprolactinemia, by increasing of PRL levels, the prevalence of T. gondii infection was reduced. CONCLUSION The results of the current study confirmed the previous studies based on immunoregulatory role of PRL and indicated that high levels of PRL could be related to Toxoplasma seronegativity in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mohammadpour
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,
| | - H Keshavarz
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,
| | - M Mohebali
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,
| | - M Salimi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,
| | - A Teimouri
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,
- Students Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Shojaee
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,
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15
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Amir M, Aqdas M, Nadeem S, Siddiqui KF, Khan N, Sheikh JA, Agrewala JN. Diametric Role of the Latency-Associated Protein Acr1 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Modulating the Functionality of Pre- and Post-maturational Stages of Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:624. [PMID: 28611779 PMCID: PMC5447689 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It is instrumental for the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) to persist within its host in dormancy. Mtb represses most of its metabolic machinery during latency, but upregulates the expression of latency-associated protein alpha-crystallin protein (Acr1). Therefore, it is imperative to understand how throughout dormancy, Mtb employs Acr1 to regulate the host immunity. This study reveals that Acr1 exhibits divergent effect on the pre- and post-maturation stages of dendritic cells (DCs). In the current study, we demonstrate that early encounter of bone marrow cells with Acr1 while differentiating into DCs (AcrDCpre), leads to impairment in their maturation. In contrast, when exposed to Acr1 after maturation (AcrDCpost), DCs show augmentation in their activity, secretion of TNF-α, IL-12, IL-6, and activation of T cells. Additionally, AcrDCpost promoted the polarization of naïve CD4 T cells to Th1 cells and Th17 cells and restricted the intracellular growth of Mtb. Furthermore, these DCs upregulated the expression of CCR7 and exhibited enhanced migratory capabilities. The discrete impact of Acr1 on DCs is mediated through a mechanism involving STAT-1, SOCS-3, ERK, TLR-4, and NF-κB signaling pathways. This study reveals the unprecedented role of Acr1 in distinctly modulating the function of DCs at different stages of maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Amir
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mohammad Aqdas
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sajid Nadeem
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kaneez F Siddiqui
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Nargis Khan
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Javaid A Sheikh
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Javed N Agrewala
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
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16
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Maus RLG, Jakub JW, Nevala WK, Christensen TA, Noble-Orcutt K, Sachs Z, Hieken TJ, Markovic SN. Human Melanoma-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Regulate Dendritic Cell Maturation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:358. [PMID: 28424693 PMCID: PMC5372822 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolution of melanoma from a primary tumor to widespread metastasis is crucially dependent on lymphatic spread. The mechanisms regulating the initial step in metastatic dissemination via regional lymph nodes remain largely unknown; however, evidence supporting the establishment of a pre-metastatic niche is evolving. We have previously described a dysfunctional immune profile including reduced expression of dendritic cell (DC) maturation markers in the first node draining from the primary tumor, the sentinel lymph node (SLN). Importantly, this phenotype is present prior to evidence of nodal metastasis. Herein, we evaluate melanoma-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) as potential mediators of the premetastatic niche through cargo-specific polarization of DCs. DCs matured in vitro in the presence of melanoma EVs demonstrated significantly impaired expression of CD83 and CD86 as well as decreased expression of Th1 polarizing chemokines Flt3L and IL15 and migration chemokines MIP-1α and MIP-1β compared to liposome-treated DCs. Profiling of melanoma EV cargo identified shared proteomic and RNA signatures including S100A8 and S100A9 protein cargo, which in vitro compromised DC maturation similar to melanoma EVs. Early evidence demonstrates that similar EVs can be isolated from human afferent lymphatic fluid ex vivo. Taken together, here, we propose melanoma EV cargo as a mechanism by which DC maturation is compromised warranting further study to consider this as a potential mechanism enabled by the primary tumor to establish the premetastatic niche in tumor-draining SLNs of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L G Maus
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - James W Jakub
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Klara Noble-Orcutt
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Zohar Sachs
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Tina J Hieken
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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17
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Moafi M, Rezvan H, Sherkat R, Taleban R, Asilian A, Zarkesh Esfahani SH, Nilforoushzadeh MA, Jaffary F, Feizi A. Evaluation of IL-12RB1, IL-12B, CXCR-3 and IL-17a expression in cases affected by a non-healing form of cutaneous leishmaniasis: an observational study design. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e013006. [PMID: 28132002 PMCID: PMC5278291 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Seldom cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) may present as a lasting and active lesion(s), known as a non-healing form of CL (NHCL). Non-functional type 1 T helper (Th1) cells are assumed the most important factor in the outcome of the disease. The present study aims to assess some molecular defects that potentially contribute to Th1 impairment in NHCL. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This prospective observational study will be implemented among five groups. The first and second groups comprise patients afflicted with non-healing and healing forms of CL, respectively. The third group consists of those recovered participants who have scars as a result of CL. Those participants who have never lived or travelled to endemic areas of leishmaniasis will comprise the fourth group. The fifth group comprises participants living in hyperendemic areas for leishmaniasis, although none of them have been afflicted by CL. The aim is to recruit 10 NHCL cases and 30 participants in each of the other groups. A leishmanin skin test (LST) will be performed to assess in vivo immunity against the Leishmania infection. The cytokine profile (interleukin (IL)-12p70, interferon (IFN)-γ, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL)-11 and IL-17a) of the isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) will be evaluated through ELISA. Real-time PCR will determine the C-X-C motif chemokine receptor (CXCR)-3 and IL-17a gene expression and expression of IL-12Rβ1 will be assessed by flow cytometry. Furthermore, IL-12B and IL-12RB1 mutation analysis will be performed. DISCUSSION It is anticipated that the outcome of the current study will identify IL-12B and IL-12RB1 mutations, which lead to persistent lesions of CL. Furthermore, our expected results will reveal an association between NHCL and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-12p70, IFN-γ IL-17a and CXCL-11), as well as CXCR-3 expression. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study has been approved by a local ethical committee. The final results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals and scientific conferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Moafi
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Pathobiology, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Hossein Rezvan
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Pathobiology, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Roya Sherkat
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Roya Taleban
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Asilian
- Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | | | - Fariba Jaffary
- Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Awat Feizi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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18
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Ihedioha OC, Shiu RP, Uzonna JE, Myal Y. Prolactin-Inducible Protein: From Breast Cancer Biomarker to Immune Modulator—Novel Insights from Knockout Mice. DNA Cell Biol 2016; 35:537-541. [DOI: 10.1089/dna.2016.3472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert P.C. Shiu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Jude E. Uzonna
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Yvonne Myal
- Department of Pathology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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