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Lyck R, Nishihara H, Aydin S, Soldati S, Engelhardt B. Modeling Brain Vasculature Immune Interactions In Vitro. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2023; 13:a041185. [PMID: 36617644 PMCID: PMC10513158 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The endothelial blood-brain barrier (BBB) protects central nervous system (CNS) neurons from the changeable milieu of the bloodstream by strictly controlling the movement of molecules and immune cells between the blood and the CNS. Immune cell migration across the vascular wall is a multistep process regulated by the sequential interaction of different signaling and adhesion molecules on the endothelium and the immune cells. Accounting for its unique barrier properties and trafficking molecule expression profile, particular adaptions in immune cell migration across the BBB have been observed. Thus, in vitro models of the BBB are desirable to explore the precise cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in immune cell trafficking across the BBB. The challenge to overcome is that barrier properties of brain microvascular endothelial cells are not intrinsic and readily lost in culture. With a focus on human in vitro BBB models, we here discuss the suitability of available in vitro models for the BBB for exploring the specific mechanisms involved in immune cell trafficking across the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Lyck
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, CH 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hideaki Nishihara
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, CH 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sidar Aydin
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, CH 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sasha Soldati
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, CH 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Britta Engelhardt
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, CH 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Gonzalez-Fierro C, Fonte C, Dufourd E, Cazaentre V, Aydin S, Engelhardt B, Caspi RR, Xu B, Martin-Blondel G, Spicer JA, Trapani JA, Bauer J, Liblau RS, Bost C. Effects of a Small-Molecule Perforin Inhibitor in a Mouse Model of CD8 T Cell-Mediated Neuroinflammation. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2023; 10:e200117. [PMID: 37080596 PMCID: PMC10119812 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Alteration of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) at the interface between blood and CNS parenchyma is prominent in most neuroinflammatory diseases. In several neurologic diseases, including cerebral malaria and Susac syndrome, a CD8 T cell-mediated targeting of endothelial cells of the BBB (BBB-ECs) has been implicated in pathogenesis. METHODS In this study, we used an experimental mouse model to evaluate the ability of a small-molecule perforin inhibitor to prevent neuroinflammation resulting from cytotoxic CD8 T cell-mediated damage of BBB-ECs. RESULTS Using an in vitro coculture system, we first identified perforin as an essential molecule for killing of BBB-ECs by CD8 T cells. We then found that short-term pharmacologic inhibition of perforin commencing after disease onset restored motor function and inhibited the neuropathology. Perforin inhibition resulted in preserved BBB-EC viability, maintenance of the BBB, and reduced CD8 T-cell accumulation in the brain and retina. DISCUSSION Therefore, perforin-dependent cytotoxicity plays a key role in the death of BBB-ECs inflicted by autoreactive CD8 T cells in a preclinical model and potentially represents a therapeutic target for CD8 T cell-mediated neuroinflammatory diseases, such as cerebral malaria and Susac syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Gonzalez-Fierro
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France
| | - Coralie Fonte
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France
| | - Eloïse Dufourd
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France
| | - Vincent Cazaentre
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France
| | - Sidar Aydin
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France
| | - Britta Engelhardt
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France
| | - Rachel R Caspi
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France
| | - Biying Xu
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France
| | - Guillaume Martin-Blondel
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France
| | - Julie A Spicer
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France
| | - Joseph A Trapani
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France
| | - Jan Bauer
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France
| | - Roland S Liblau
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France.
| | - Chloé Bost
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France
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3
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Aydin S, Pareja J, Schallenberg VM, Klopstein A, Gruber T, Page N, Bouillet E, Blanchard N, Liblau R, Körbelin J, Schwaninger M, Johnson AJ, Schenk M, Deutsch U, Merkler D, Engelhardt B. Antigen recognition detains CD8 + T cells at the blood-brain barrier and contributes to its breakdown. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3106. [PMID: 37253744 PMCID: PMC10229608 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38703-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown and immune cell infiltration into the central nervous system (CNS) are early hallmarks of multiple sclerosis (MS). High numbers of CD8+ T cells are found in MS lesions, and antigen (Ag) presentation at the BBB has been proposed to promote CD8+ T cell entry into the CNS. Here, we show that brain endothelial cells process and cross-present Ag, leading to effector CD8+ T cell differentiation. Under physiological flow in vitro, endothelial Ag presentation prevented CD8+ T cell crawling and diapedesis resulting in brain endothelial cell apoptosis and BBB breakdown. Brain endothelial Ag presentation in vivo was limited due to Ag uptake by CNS-resident macrophages but still reduced motility of Ag-specific CD8+ T cells within CNS microvessels. MHC class I-restricted Ag presentation at the BBB during neuroinflammation thus prohibits CD8+ T cell entry into the CNS and triggers CD8+ T cell-mediated focal BBB breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidar Aydin
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Javier Pareja
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Thomas Gruber
- Institute of Pathology, Experimental Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Page
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Clinical Pathology, University and University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Bouillet
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Blanchard
- Toulouse Institute for infectious and inflammatory diseases, University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Roland Liblau
- Toulouse Institute for infectious and inflammatory diseases, University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Jakob Körbelin
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Aaron J Johnson
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mirjam Schenk
- Institute of Pathology, Experimental Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Urban Deutsch
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Clinical Pathology, University and University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Soldati S, Bär A, Vladymyrov M, Glavin D, McGrath JL, Gosselet F, Nishihara H, Goelz S, Engelhardt B. High levels of endothelial ICAM-1 prohibit natalizumab mediated abrogation of CD4 + T cell arrest on the inflamed BBB under flow in vitro. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:123. [PMID: 37221552 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02797-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The humanized anti-α4 integrin blocking antibody natalizumab (NTZ) is an effective treatment for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) that is associated with the risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). While extended interval dosing (EID) of NTZ reduces the risk for PML, the minimal dose of NTZ required to maintain its therapeutic efficacy remains unknown. OBJECTIVE Here we aimed to identify the minimal NTZ concentration required to inhibit the arrest of human effector/memory CD4+ T cell subsets or of PBMCs to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) under physiological flow in vitro. RESULTS Making use of three different human in vitro BBB models and in vitro live-cell imaging we observed that NTZ mediated inhibition of α4-integrins failed to abrogate T cell arrest to the inflamed BBB under physiological flow. Complete inhibition of shear resistant T cell arrest required additional inhibition of β2-integrins, which correlated with a strong upregulation of endothelial intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 on the respective BBB models investigated. Indeed, NTZ mediated inhibition of shear resistant T cell arrest to combinations of immobilized recombinant vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 and ICAM-1 was abrogated in the presence of tenfold higher molar concentrations of ICAM-1 over VCAM-1. Also, monovalent NTZ was less potent than bivalent NTZ in inhibiting T cell arrest to VCAM-1 under physiological flow. In accordance with our previous observations ICAM-1 but not VCAM-1 mediated T cell crawling against the direction of flow. CONCLUSION Taken together, our in vitro observations show that high levels of endothelial ICAM-1 abrogate NTZ mediated inhibition of T cell interaction with the BBB. EID of NTZ in MS patients may thus require consideration of the inflammatory status of the BBB as high levels of ICAM-1 may provide an alternative molecular cue allowing for pathogenic T cell entry into the CNS in the presence of NTZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha Soldati
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Bär
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mykhailo Vladymyrov
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dale Glavin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - James L McGrath
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Fabien Gosselet
- Blood-Brain Barrier Laboratory, University of Artois, Lens, France
| | - Hideaki Nishihara
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Neurotherapeutics, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | | | - Britta Engelhardt
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
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Modvig S, Jeyakumar J, Marquart HV, Christensen C. Integrins and the Metastasis-like Dissemination of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia to the Central Nervous System. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15092504. [PMID: 37173970 PMCID: PMC10177281 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15092504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) disseminates with high prevalence to the central nervous system (CNS) in a process resembling aspects of the CNS surveillance of normal immune cells as well as aspects of brain metastasis from solid cancers. Importantly, inside the CNS, the ALL blasts are typically confined within the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-filled cavities of the subarachnoid space, which they use as a sanctuary protected from both chemotherapy and immune cells. At present, high cumulative doses of intrathecal chemotherapy are administered to patients, but this is associated with neurotoxicity and CNS relapse still occurs. Thus, it is imperative to identify markers and novel therapy targets specific to CNS ALL. Integrins represent a family of adhesion molecules involved in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, implicated in the adhesion and migration of metastatic cancer cells, normal immune cells, and leukemic blasts. The ability of integrins to also facilitate cell-adhesion mediated drug resistance, combined with recent discoveries of integrin-dependent routes of leukemic cells into the CNS, have sparked a renewed interest in integrins as markers and therapeutic targets in CNS leukemia. Here, we review the roles of integrins in CNS surveillance by normal lymphocytes, dissemination to the CNS by ALL cells, and brain metastasis from solid cancers. Furthermore, we discuss whether ALL dissemination to the CNS abides by known hallmarks of metastasis, and the potential roles of integrins in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Modvig
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jenani Jeyakumar
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne Vibeke Marquart
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Christensen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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6
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Zhuo Y, Li X, He Z, Lu M. Pathological mechanisms of neuroimmune response and multitarget disease-modifying therapies of mesenchymal stem cells in Parkinson's disease. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:80. [PMID: 37041580 PMCID: PMC10091615 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03280-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN); the etiology and pathological mechanism of the disease are still unclear. Recent studies have shown that the activation of a neuroimmune response plays a key role in the development of PD. Alpha-synuclein (α-Syn), the primary pathological marker of PD, can gather in the SN and trigger a neuroinflammatory response by activating microglia which can further activate the dopaminergic neuron's neuroimmune response mediated by reactive T cells through antigen presentation. It has been shown that adaptive immunity and antigen presentation processes are involved in the process of PD and further research on the neuroimmune response mechanism may open new methods for its prevention and therapy. While current therapeutic regimens are still focused on controlling clinical symptoms, applications such as immunoregulatory strategies can delay the symptoms and the process of neurodegeneration. In this review, we summarized the progression of the neuroimmune response in PD based on recent studies and focused on the use of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy and challenges as a strategy of disease-modifying therapy with multiple targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhuo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University/Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410006, Hunan, China
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University/Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Zhengwen He
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University/Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China.
| | - Ming Lu
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410006, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, The Second Affiliated Hospital (the 921st Hospital of PLA), Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410003, Hunan, China.
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7
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Mills WA, Coburn MA, Eyo UB. The emergence of the calvarial hematopoietic niche in health and disease. Immunol Rev 2022; 311:26-38. [PMID: 35880587 PMCID: PMC9489662 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The diploë region of skull has recently been discovered to act as a myeloid cell reservoir to the underlying meninges. The presence of ossified vascular channels traversing the inner skull of cortex provides a passageway for the cells to traffic from the niche, and CNS-derived antigens traveling through cerebrospinal fluid in a perivascular manner reaches the niche to signal myeloid cell egress. This review will highlight the recent findings establishing this burgeoning field along with the known role this niche plays in CNS aging and disease. It will further highlight the anatomical routes and physiological properties of the vascular structures these cells use for trafficking, spanning from skull to brain parenchyma.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A. Mills
- Brain, Immunology, and Glia CenterUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA,Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA,Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research CenterUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
| | - Morgan A Coburn
- Brain, Immunology, and Glia CenterUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA,Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA,Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research CenterUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
| | - Ukpong B. Eyo
- Brain, Immunology, and Glia CenterUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA,Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA,Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research CenterUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
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8
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Urbanczyk M, Zbinden A, Schenke-Layland K. Organ-specific endothelial cell heterogenicity and its impact on regenerative medicine and biomedical engineering applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 186:114323. [PMID: 35568103 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) are a key cellular component of the vascular system as they form the inner lining of the blood vessels. Recent findings highlight that ECs express extensive phenotypic heterogenicity when following the vascular tree from the major vasculature down to the organ capillaries. However, in vitro models, used for drug development and testing, or to study the role of ECs in health and disease, rarely acknowledge this EC heterogenicity. In this review, we highlight the main differences between different EC types, briefly summarize their different characteristics and focus on the use of ECs in in vitro models. We introduce different approaches on how ECs can be utilized in co-culture test systems in the field of brain, pancreas, and liver research to study the role of the endothelium in health and disease. Finally, we discuss potential improvements to current state-of-the-art in vitro models and future directions.
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9
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Engelhardt B, Comabella M, Chan A. Multiple sclerosis: Immunopathological heterogeneity and its implications. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:869-881. [PMID: 35476319 PMCID: PMC9324211 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
MS is the most common autoimmune demyelinating disease of the CNS. For the past decades, several immunomodulatory disease-modifying treatments with multiple presumed mechanisms of action have been developed, but MS remains an incurable disease. Whereas high efficacy, at least in early disease, corroborates underlying immunopathophysiology, there is profound heterogeneity in clinical presentation as well as immunophenotypes that may also vary over time. In addition, functional plasticity in the immune system as well as in the inflamed CNS further contributes to disease heterogeneity. In this review, we will highlight immune-pathophysiological and associated clinical heterogeneity that may have an implication for more precise immunomodulatory therapeutic strategies in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuel Comabella
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrew Chan
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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10
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Mapunda JA, Tibar H, Regragui W, Engelhardt B. How Does the Immune System Enter the Brain? Front Immunol 2022; 13:805657. [PMID: 35273596 PMCID: PMC8902072 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.805657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is considered the most frequent inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). It occurs with a variable prevalence across the world. A rich armamentarium of disease modifying therapies selectively targeting specific actions of the immune system is available for the treatment of MS. Understanding how and where immune cells are primed, how they access the CNS in MS and how immunomodulatory treatments affect neuroinflammation requires a proper knowledge on the mechanisms regulating immune cell trafficking and the special anatomy of the CNS. The brain barriers divide the CNS into different compartments that differ with respect to their accessibility to cells of the innate and adaptive immune system. In steady state, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits immune cell trafficking to activated T cells, which can reach the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) filled compartments to ensure CNS immune surveillance. In MS immune cells breach a second barrier, the glia limitans to reach the CNS parenchyma. Here we will summarize the role of the endothelial, epithelial and glial brain barriers in regulating immune cell entry into the CNS and which immunomodulatory treatments for MS target the brain barriers. Finally, we will explore current knowledge on genetic and environmental factors that may influence immune cell entry into the CNS during neuroinflammation in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Houyam Tibar
- Medical School of Rabat, Mohamed 5 University, Rabat, Morocco.,Hôpital des spécialités de Rabat, Ibn Sina University Hospital of Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Wafa Regragui
- Medical School of Rabat, Mohamed 5 University, Rabat, Morocco.,Hôpital des spécialités de Rabat, Ibn Sina University Hospital of Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
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11
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The endothelial diapedesis synapse regulates transcellular migration of human T lymphocytes in a CX3CL1- and SNAP23-dependent manner. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110243. [PMID: 35045291 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) efficiently leave the circulation to target cancer cells or contribute to inflammation is of high medical interest. Here, we demonstrate that human central memory CTLs cross the endothelium in a predominantly paracellular fashion, whereas effector and effector memory CTLs cross the endothelium preferably in a transcellular fashion. We find that effector CTLs show a round morphology upon adhesion and induce a synapse-like interaction with the endothelium where ICAM-1 is distributed at the periphery. Moreover, the interaction of ICAM-1:β2integrin and endothelial-derived CX3CL1:CX3CR1 enables transcellular migration. Mechanistically, we find that ICAM-1 clustering recruits the SNARE-family protein SNAP23, as well as syntaxin-3 and -4, for the local release of endothelial-derived chemokines like CXCL1/8/10. In line, silencing of endothelial SNAP23 drives CTLs across the endothelium in a paracellular fashion. In conclusion, our data suggest that CTLs trigger local chemokine release from the endothelium through ICAM-1-driven signals driving transcellular migration.
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12
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Marchetti L, Francisco D, Soldati S, Haghayegh Jahromi N, Barcos S, Gruber I, Pareja JR, Thiriot A, von Andrian U, Deutsch U, Lyck R, Bruggmann R, Engelhardt B. ACKR1 favors transcellular over paracellular T-cell diapedesis across the blood-brain barrier in neuroinflammation in vitro. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:161-177. [PMID: 34524684 PMCID: PMC9293480 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The migration of CD4+ effector/memory T cells across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a critical step in MS or its animal model, EAE. T-cell diapedesis across the BBB can occur paracellular, via the complex BBB tight junctions or transcellular via a pore through the brain endothelial cell body. Making use of primary mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells (pMBMECs) as in vitro model of the BBB, we here directly compared the transcriptome profile of pMBMECs favoring transcellular or paracellular T-cell diapedesis by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). We identified the atypical chemokine receptor 1 (Ackr1) as one of the main candidate genes upregulated in pMBMECs favoring transcellular T-cell diapedesis. We confirmed upregulation of ACKR1 protein in pMBMECs promoting transcellular T-cell diapedesis and in venular endothelial cells in the CNS during EAE. Lack of endothelial ACKR1 reduced transcellular T-cell diapedesis across pMBMECs under physiological flow in vitro. Combining our previous observation that endothelial ACKR1 contributes to EAE pathogenesis by shuttling chemokines across the BBB, the present data support that ACKR1 mediated chemokine shuttling enhances transcellular T-cell diapedesis across the BBB during autoimmune neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Marchetti
- Theodor Kocher InstituteUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - David Francisco
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss Institute of BioinformaticsUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Sasha Soldati
- Theodor Kocher InstituteUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | | | - Sara Barcos
- Theodor Kocher InstituteUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Isabelle Gruber
- Theodor Kocher InstituteUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- present address: Department of Oncology, Lausanne University HospitalUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | | | - Aude Thiriot
- Department of Immunology and Center for Immune ImagingHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and HarvardCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Ulrich von Andrian
- Department of Immunology and Center for Immune ImagingHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and HarvardCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Urban Deutsch
- Theodor Kocher InstituteUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Ruth Lyck
- Theodor Kocher InstituteUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Rémy Bruggmann
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss Institute of BioinformaticsUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
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13
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Nishihara H, Engelhardt B. Brain Barriers and Multiple Sclerosis: Novel Treatment Approaches from a Brain Barriers Perspective. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2022; 273:295-329. [PMID: 33237504 DOI: 10.1007/164_2020_407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is considered a prototypic organ specific autoimmune disease targeting the central nervous system (CNS). Blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown and enhanced immune cell infiltration into the CNS parenchyma are early hallmarks of CNS lesion formation. Therapeutic targeting of immune cell trafficking across the BBB has proven a successful therapy for the treatment of MS, but comes with side effects and is no longer effective once patients have entered the progressive phase of the disease. Beyond the endothelial BBB, epithelial and glial brain barriers establish compartments in the CNS that differ in their accessibility to the immune system. There is increasing evidence that brain barrier abnormalities persist during the progressive stages of MS. Here, we summarize the role of endothelial, epithelial, and glial brain barriers in maintaining CNS immune privilege and our current knowledge on how impairment of these barriers contributes to MS pathogenesis. We discuss how therapeutic stabilization of brain barriers integrity may improve the safety of current therapeutic regimes for treating MS. This may also allow for the development of entirely novel therapeutic approaches aiming to restore brain barriers integrity and thus CNS homeostasis, which may be specifically beneficial for the treatment of progressive MS.
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14
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Godinho-Pereira J, Garcia AR, Figueira I, Malhó R, Brito MA. Behind Brain Metastases Formation: Cellular and Molecular Alterations and Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7057. [PMID: 34209088 PMCID: PMC8268492 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) brain metastases is a life-threatening condition to which accounts the poor understanding of BC cells' (BCCs) extravasation into the brain, precluding the development of preventive strategies. Thus, we aimed to unravel the players involved in the interaction between BCCs and blood-brain barrier (BBB) endothelial cells underlying BBB alterations and the transendothelial migration of malignant cells. We used brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) as a BBB in vitro model, under conditions mimicking shear stress to improve in vivo-like BBB features. Mixed cultures were performed by the addition of fluorescently labelled BCCs to distinguish individual cell populations. BCC-BMEC interaction compromised BBB integrity, as revealed by junctional proteins (β-catenin and zonula occludens-1) disruption and caveolae (caveolin-1) increase, reflecting paracellular and transcellular hyperpermeability, respectively. Both BMECs and BCCs presented alterations in the expression pattern of connexin 43, suggesting the involvement of the gap junction protein. Myosin light chain kinase and phosphorylated myosin light chain were upregulated, revealing the involvement of the endothelial cytoskeleton in the extravasation process. β4-Integrin and focal adhesion kinase were colocalised in malignant cells, reflecting molecular interaction. Moreover, BCCs exhibited invadopodia, attesting migratory properties. Collectively, hub players involved in BC brain metastases formation were unveiled, disclosing possible therapeutic targets for metastases prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Godinho-Pereira
- iMed.ULisboa—Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (J.G.-P.); (A.R.G.); (I.F.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Garcia
- iMed.ULisboa—Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (J.G.-P.); (A.R.G.); (I.F.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Inês Figueira
- iMed.ULisboa—Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (J.G.-P.); (A.R.G.); (I.F.)
- Farm-ID—Faculty of Pharmacy Association for Research and Development, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rui Malhó
- BioISI—Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande 016, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Maria Alexandra Brito
- iMed.ULisboa—Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (J.G.-P.); (A.R.G.); (I.F.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
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15
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Castro Dias M, Odriozola Quesada A, Soldati S, Bösch F, Gruber I, Hildbrand T, Sönmez D, Khire T, Witz G, McGrath JL, Piontek J, Kondoh M, Deutsch U, Zuber B, Engelhardt B. Brain endothelial tricellular junctions as novel sites for T cell diapedesis across the blood-brain barrier. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:237782. [PMID: 33912914 PMCID: PMC8121105 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.253880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The migration of activated T cells across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a critical step in central nervous system (CNS) immune surveillance and inflammation. Whereas T cell diapedesis across the intact BBB seems to occur preferentially through the BBB cellular junctions, impaired BBB integrity during neuroinflammation is accompanied by increased transcellular T cell diapedesis. The underlying mechanisms directing T cells to paracellular versus transcellular sites of diapedesis across the BBB remain to be explored. By combining in vitro live-cell imaging of T cell migration across primary mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells (pMBMECs) under physiological flow with serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM), we have identified BBB tricellular junctions as novel sites for T cell diapedesis across the BBB. Downregulated expression of tricellular junctional proteins or protein-based targeting of their interactions in pMBMEC monolayers correlated with enhanced transcellular T cell diapedesis, and abluminal presence of chemokines increased T cell diapedesis through tricellular junctions. Our observations assign an entirely novel role to BBB tricellular junctions in regulating T cell entry into the CNS. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Highlighted Article: Ultrastructural analysis of T cell migration across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) under physiological flow identifies BBB tricellular junctions as sites of T cell diapedesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sasha Soldati
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Bösch
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Gruber
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Derya Sönmez
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tejas Khire
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 270168, USA
| | - Guillaume Witz
- Microscopy Imaging Center (MIC), University of Bern, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland.,Science IT Support (ScITS), Mathematical Institute, University of Bern, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - James L McGrath
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 270168, USA
| | - Jörg Piontek
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Masuo Kondoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Urban Deutsch
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Benoît Zuber
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland
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16
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Ivan DC, Walthert S, Locatelli G. Central Nervous System Barriers Impact Distribution and Expression of iNOS and Arginase-1 in Infiltrating Macrophages During Neuroinflammation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:666961. [PMID: 33936108 PMCID: PMC8082146 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.666961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis (MS) and other neuroinflammatory diseases, monocyte-derived cells (MoCs) traffic through distinct central nervous system (CNS) barriers and gain access to the organ parenchyma exerting detrimental or beneficial functions. How and where these MoCs acquire their different functional commitments during CNS invasion remains however unclear, thus hindering the design of MS treatments specifically blocking detrimental MoC actions. To clarify this issue, we investigated the distribution of iNOS+ pro-inflammatory and arginase-1+ anti-inflammatory MoCs at the distinct border regions of the CNS in a mouse model of MS. Interestingly, MoCs within perivascular parenchymal spaces displayed a predominant pro-inflammatory phenotype compared to MoCs accumulating at the leptomeninges and at the intraventricular choroid plexus (ChP). Furthermore, in an in vitro model, we could observe the general ability of functionally-polarized MoCs to migrate through the ChP epithelial barrier, together indicating the ChP as a potential CNS entry and polarization site for MoCs. Thus, pro- and anti-inflammatory MoCs differentially accumulate at distinct CNS barriers before reaching the parenchyma, but the mechanism for their phenotype acquisition remains undefined. Shedding light on this process, we observed that endothelial (BBB) and epithelial (ChP) CNS barrier cells can directly regulate transcription of Nos2 (coding for iNOS) and Arg1 (coding for arginase-1) in interacting MoCs. More specifically, while TNF-α+IFN-γ stimulated BBB cells induced Nos2 expression in MoCs, IL-1β driven activation of endothelial BBB cells led to a significant upregulation of Arg1 in MoCs. Supporting this latter finding, less pro-inflammatory MoCs could be found nearby IL1R1+ vessels in the mouse spinal cord upon neuroinflammation. Taken together, our data indicate differential distribution of pro- and anti-inflammatory MoCs at CNS borders and highlight how the interaction of MoCs with CNS barriers can significantly affect the functional activation of these CNS-invading MoCs during autoimmune inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela C Ivan
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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17
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Marchetti L, Engelhardt B. Immune cell trafficking across the blood-brain barrier in the absence and presence of neuroinflammation. VASCULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 2:H1-H18. [PMID: 32923970 PMCID: PMC7439848 DOI: 10.1530/vb-19-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
To maintain the homeostatic environment required for proper function of CNS neurons the endothelial cells of CNS microvessels tightly regulate the movement of ions and molecules between the blood and the CNS. The unique properties of these blood vascular endothelial cells are termed blood-brain barrier (BBB) and extend to regulating immune cell trafficking into the immune privileged CNS during health and disease. In general, extravasation of circulating immune cells is a multi-step process regulated by the sequential interaction of adhesion and signalling molecules between the endothelial cells and the immune cells. Accounting for the unique barrier properties of CNS microvessels, immune cell migration across the BBB is distinct and characterized by several adaptations. Here we describe the mechanisms that regulate immune cell trafficking across the BBB during immune surveillance and neuroinflammation, with a focus on the current state-of-the-art in vitro and in vivo imaging observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Marchetti
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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18
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Su L, Guo W, Lou L, Nie S, Zhang Q, Liu Y, Chang Y, Zhang X, Li Y, Shen H. EGFR-ERK pathway regulates CSN6 to contribute to PD-L1 expression in glioblastoma. Mol Carcinog 2020; 59:520-532. [PMID: 32134157 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and malignant brain tumor in adults. Recently, programmed death-1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) checkpoint blockades have been applied for GBM treatment. However, the mechanism of PD-L1 upregulation in GBM is still unclear. COP9 signalosome 6 (CSN6) is crucial for maintaining the protein stabilization in cancer cells. In this study, we applied human GBM specimens and cell lines to investigate whether the EGFR-ERK pathway regulates CSN6 for PD-L1 upregulation. Data from The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset showed that high expression of EGFR, CSN6, and PD-L1 in patients with glioma was associated with poor prognosis. In 47 human GBM specimens, high expression of PD-L1 was associated with low amount of CD8+ T cell infiltration as well as the poor prognosis of patients. CSN6 was positively correlated with EGFR and PD-L1 expression in human GBM specimens. We treated two GBM cell lines (U87 and U251) with epidermal growth factor (EGF) in vitro, and found EGF-upregulated p-EGFR, p-ERK, CSN6, and PD-L1 expression in GBM cells. PD98059, the ERK blocker, inhibited upregulations of CSN6 and PD-L1 in EGF-treated cells. Inhibition of CSN6 by small interfering RNA decreased PD-L1 expression but also increased CHIP expression in GBM cells. When the cells were treated with EGF and cycloheximide (CHX), a protein synthesis inhibitor, EGF-reduced CHX-induced CSN6 and PD-L1 turnover in GBM cells. Furthermore, CSN6-mediated downregulation of PD-L1 was inhibited by MG132, a proteasome inhibitor in U87 cells. Thus, these results suggest that the EGFR-ERK pathway may upregulate CSN6, which may inhibit PD-L1 degradation and subsequently maintain PD-L1 stability in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingrui Su
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Laboratory of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wenli Guo
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lei Lou
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Saisai Nie
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ying Chang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xianghong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Laboratory of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yuehong Li
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Laboratory of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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19
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Nishihara H, Soldati S, Mossu A, Rosito M, Rudolph H, Muller WA, Latorre D, Sallusto F, Sospedra M, Martin R, Ishikawa H, Tenenbaum T, Schroten H, Gosselet F, Engelhardt B. Human CD4 + T cell subsets differ in their abilities to cross endothelial and epithelial brain barriers in vitro. Fluids Barriers CNS 2020; 17:3. [PMID: 32008573 PMCID: PMC6996191 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-019-0165-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The brain barriers establish compartments in the central nervous system (CNS) that significantly differ in their communication with the peripheral immune system. In this function they strictly control T-cell entry into the CNS. T cells can reach the CNS by either crossing the endothelial blood–brain barrier (BBB) or the epithelial blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) of the choroid plexus (ChP). Objective Analysis of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the migration of different human CD4+ T-cell subsets across the BBB versus the BCSFB. Methods Human in vitro models of the BBB and BCSFB were employed to study the migration of circulating and CNS-entry experienced CD4+ T helper cell subsets (Th1, Th1*, Th2, Th17) across the BBB and BCSFB under inflammatory and non-inflammatory conditions in vitro. Results While under non-inflammatory conditions Th1* and Th1 cells preferentially crossed the BBB, under inflammatory conditions the migration rate of all Th subsets across the BBB was comparable. The migration of all Th subsets across the BCSFB from the same donor was 10- to 20-fold lower when compared to their migration across the BBB. Interestingly, Th17 cells preferentially crossed the BCSFB under both, non-inflamed and inflamed conditions. Barrier-crossing experienced Th cells sorted from CSF of MS patients showed migratory characteristics indistinguishable from those of circulating Th cells of healthy donors. All Th cell subsets could additionally cross the BCSFB from the CSF to ChP stroma side. T-cell migration across the BCSFB involved epithelial ICAM-1 irrespective of the direction of migration. Conclusions Our observations underscore that different Th subsets may use different anatomical routes to enter the CNS during immune surveillance versus neuroinflammation with the BCSFB establishing a tighter barrier for T-cell entry into the CNS compared to the BBB. In addition, CNS-entry experienced Th cell subsets isolated from the CSF of MS patients do not show an increased ability to cross the brain barriers when compared to circulating Th cell subsets from healthy donors underscoring the active role of the brain barriers in controlling T-cell entry into the CNS. Also we identify ICAM-1 to mediate T cell migration across the BCSFB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sasha Soldati
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Adrien Mossu
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Transcure Bioservices, Archamps, France
| | - Maria Rosito
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Center for Life Nanoscience, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Henriette Rudolph
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - William A Muller
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniela Latorre
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università Della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Institute for Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Federica Sallusto
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università Della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Institute for Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mireia Sospedra
- Neuroimmunology and MS Research Section (NIMS), Neurology Clinic, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roland Martin
- Neuroimmunology and MS Research Section (NIMS), Neurology Clinic, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hiroshi Ishikawa
- Laboratory of Clinical Regenerative Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tobias Tenenbaum
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Horst Schroten
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Fabien Gosselet
- Blood Brain Barrier Laboratory, University of Artois, Lens, France
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20
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Haghayegh Jahromi N, Marchetti L, Moalli F, Duc D, Basso C, Tardent H, Kaba E, Deutsch U, Pot C, Sallusto F, Stein JV, Engelhardt B. Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and ICAM-2 Differentially Contribute to Peripheral Activation and CNS Entry of Autoaggressive Th1 and Th17 Cells in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3056. [PMID: 31993059 PMCID: PMC6970977 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), myelin-specific T cells are activated in the periphery and differentiate in T helper (Th) 1 and Th17 effector cells, which cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to reach the central nervous system (CNS), where they induce neuroinflammation. Here, we explored the role of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and ICAM-2 in the activation of naïve myelin-specific T cells and in the subsequent migration of differentiated encephalitogenic Th1 and Th17 cells across the BBB in vitro and in vivo. While on antigen-presenting cells ICAM-1, but not ICAM-2 was required for the activation of naïve CD4+ T cells, endothelial ICAM-1 and ICAM-2 mediated both Th1 and Th17 cell migration across the BBB. ICAM-1/-2-deficient mice developed ameliorated typical and atypical EAE transferred by encephalitogenic Th1 and Th17 cells, respectively. Our study underscores important yet cell-specific contributions for ICAM-1 and ICAM-2 in EAE pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Marchetti
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Federica Moalli
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Donovan Duc
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Division of Neurology and Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Camilla Basso
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Heidi Tardent
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Kaba
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Urban Deutsch
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Pot
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Division of Neurology and Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Federica Sallusto
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jens V Stein
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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21
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García-Martín AB, Zwicky P, Gruber T, Matti C, Moalli F, Stein JV, Francisco D, Enzmann G, Levesque MP, Hewer E, Lyck R. VLA-4 mediated adhesion of melanoma cells on the blood-brain barrier is the critical cue for melanoma cell intercalation and barrier disruption. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2019; 39:1995-2010. [PMID: 29762071 PMCID: PMC6775593 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x18775887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive skin cancer in humans. One severe complication is the formation of brain metastasis, which requires extravasation of melanoma cells across the tight blood-brain barrier (BBB). Previously, VLA-4 has been assigned a role for the adhesive interaction of melanoma cells with non-BBB endothelial cells. However, the role of melanoma VLA-4 for breaching the BBB remained unknown. In this study, we used a mouse in vitro BBB model and imaged the shear resistant arrest of melanoma cells on the BBB. Similar to effector T cells, inflammatory conditions of the BBB increased the arrest of melanoma cells followed by a unique post-arrest behavior lacking immediate crawling. However, over time, melanoma cells intercalated into the BBB and compromised its barrier properties. Most importantly, antibody ablation of VLA-4 abrogated melanoma shear resistant arrest on and intercalation into the BBB and protected the BBB from barrier breakdown. A tissue microarray established from human brain metastasis revealed that indeed a majority of 92% of all human melanoma brain metastases stained VLA-4 positive. We propose VLA-4 as a target for the inhibition of brain metastasis formation in the context of personalized medicine identifying metastasizing VLA-4 positive melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pascale Zwicky
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Gruber
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Matti
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Federica Moalli
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jens V Stein
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - David Francisco
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gaby Enzmann
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mitchell P Levesque
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ekkehard Hewer
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ruth Lyck
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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22
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Wimmer I, Tietz S, Nishihara H, Deutsch U, Sallusto F, Gosselet F, Lyck R, Muller WA, Lassmann H, Engelhardt B. PECAM-1 Stabilizes Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity and Favors Paracellular T-Cell Diapedesis Across the Blood-Brain Barrier During Neuroinflammation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:711. [PMID: 31024547 PMCID: PMC6460670 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and increased immune cell trafficking into the central nervous system (CNS) are hallmarks of the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1; CD31) is expressed on cells of the vascular compartment and regulates vascular integrity and immune cell trafficking. Involvement of PECAM-1 in MS pathogenesis has been suggested by the detection of increased levels of soluble PECAM-1 (sPECAM-1) in the serum and CSF of MS patients. Here, we report profound upregulation of cell-bound PECAM-1 in initial (pre-phagocytic) white matter as well as active cortical gray matter MS lesions. Using a human in vitro BBB model we observed that PECAM-1 is not essential for the transmigration of human CD4+ T-cell subsets (Th1, Th1*, Th2, and Th17) across the BBB. Employing an additional in vitro BBB model based on primary mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells (pMBMECs) we show that the lack of endothelial PECAM-1 impairs BBB properties as shown by reduced transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and increases permeability for small molecular tracers. Investigating T-cell migration across the BBB under physiological flow by in vitro live cell imaging revealed that absence of PECAM-1 in pMBMECs did not influence arrest, polarization, and crawling of effector/memory CD4+ T cells on the pMBMECs. Absence of endothelial PECAM-1 also did not affect the number of T cells able to cross the pMBMEC monolayer under flow, but surprisingly favored transcellular over paracellular T-cell diapedesis. Taken together, our data demonstrate that PECAM-1 is critically involved in regulating BBB permeability and although not required for T-cell diapedesis itself, its presence or absence influences the cellular route of T-cell diapedesis across the BBB. Upregulated expression of cell-bound PECAM-1 in human MS lesions may thus reflect vascular repair mechanisms aiming to restore BBB integrity and paracellular T-cell migration across the BBB as it occurs during CNS immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Wimmer
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Silvia Tietz
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Urban Deutsch
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Federica Sallusto
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich,, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Gosselet
- Blood-Brain Barrier Laboratory, Université d'Artois, Lens, France
| | - Ruth Lyck
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - William A Muller
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Hans Lassmann
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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23
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Mossu A, Rosito M, Khire T, Li Chung H, Nishihara H, Gruber I, Luke E, Dehouck L, Sallusto F, Gosselet F, McGrath JL, Engelhardt B. A silicon nanomembrane platform for the visualization of immune cell trafficking across the human blood-brain barrier under flow. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2019; 39:395-410. [PMID: 30565961 PMCID: PMC6421249 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x18820584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Here we report on the development of a breakthrough microfluidic human in vitro cerebrovascular barrier (CVB) model featuring stem cell-derived brain-like endothelial cells (BLECs) and nanoporous silicon nitride (NPN) membranes (µSiM-CVB). The nanoscale thinness of NPN membranes combined with their high permeability and optical transparency makes them an ideal scaffold for the assembly of an in vitro microfluidic model of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) featuring cellular elements of the neurovascular unit (NVU). Dual-chamber devices divided by NPN membranes yield tight barrier properties in BLECs and allow an abluminal pericyte-co-culture to be replaced with pericyte-conditioned media. With the benefit of physiological flow and superior imaging quality, the µSiM-CVB platform captures each phase of the multi-step T-cell migration across the BBB in live cell imaging. The small volume of <100 µL of the µSiM-CVB will enable in vitro investigations of rare patient-derived immune cells with the human BBB. The µSiM-CVB is a breakthrough in vitro human BBB model to enable live and high-quality imaging of human immune cell interactions with the BBB under physiological flow. We expect it to become a valuable new tool for the study of cerebrovascular pathologies ranging from neuroinflammation to metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Mossu
- 1 Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Maria Rosito
- 1 Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tejas Khire
- 2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Hung Li Chung
- 2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Isabelle Gruber
- 1 Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Emma Luke
- 2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Lucie Dehouck
- 3 Blood Brain Barrier Laboratory, University of Artois, Lens, France
| | - Federica Sallusto
- 4 Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,5 Institute for Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Gosselet
- 3 Blood Brain Barrier Laboratory, University of Artois, Lens, France
| | - James L McGrath
- 2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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24
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Tietz S, Périnat T, Greene G, Enzmann G, Deutsch U, Adams R, Imhof B, Aurrand-Lions M, Engelhardt B. Lack of junctional adhesion molecule (JAM)-B ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 73:3-20. [PMID: 29920328 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) autoaggressive CD4+ T cells cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and cause neuroinflammation. Therapeutic targeting of CD4+ T-cell trafficking into the CNS by blocking α4-integrins has proven beneficial for the treatment of MS but comes with associated risks, probably due to blocking CD8+ T cell mediated CNS immune surveillance. Our recent observations show that CD8+ T cells also rely on α4β1-integrins to cross the BBB. Besides vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), we identified junctional adhesion molecule-B (JAM-B) as a novel vascular α4β1-integrin ligand involved in CD8+ T-cell migration across the BBB. This prompted us to investigate, if JAM-B also mediates CD4+ T-cell migration across the BBB. We first ensured that encephalitogenic T cells can bind to JAM-B in vitro and next compared EAE pathogenesis in JAM-B-/- C57BL/6J mice and their wild-type littermates. Following immunization with MOGaa35-55 peptide, JAM-B-/- mice developed ameliorated EAE compared to their wild-type littermates. At the same time, we isolated higher numbers of CD45+ infiltrating immune cells from the CNS of JAM-B-/- C57BL/6J mice suffering from EAE. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that the majority of CD45+ inflammatory cells accumulated in the leptomeningeal and perivascular spaces of the CNS behind the BBB but do not gain access to the CNS parenchyma. Trapping of CNS inflammatory cells was not due to increased inflammatory cell proliferation. Neither a loss of BBB integrity or BBB polarity potentially affecting local chemokine gradients nor a lack of focal gelatinase activation required for CNS parenchymal immune cell entry across the glia limitans could be detected in JAM-B-/- mice. Lack of a role for JAM-B in the effector phase of EAE was supported by the observation that we did not detect any role for JAM-B in EAE pathogenesis, when EAE was elicited by in vitro activated MOG aa35-55-specific CD4+ effector T cells. On the other hand, we also failed to demonstrate any role of JAM-B in in vivo priming, proliferation or polarization of MOGaa35-55-specific CD4+ T cells in peripheral immune organs. Finally, our study excludes expression of and thus a role for JAM-B on peripheral and CNS infiltrating myeloid cells. Taken together, although endothelial JAM-B is not required for immune cell trafficking across the BBB in EAE, in its absence accumulation of inflammatory cells mainly in CNS leptomeningeal spaces leads to amelioration of EAE.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blood-Brain Barrier/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Movement/physiology
- Central Nervous System/metabolism
- Central Nervous System/physiology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/physiopathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Female
- Integrin alpha4beta1/metabolism
- Junctional Adhesion Molecule B/genetics
- Junctional Adhesion Molecule B/metabolism
- Junctional Adhesion Molecule B/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Multiple Sclerosis/metabolism
- Multiple Sclerosis/physiopathology
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein/pharmacology
- Myeloid Cells/metabolism
- Myeloid Cells/physiology
- Tight Junctions/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Tietz
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Therese Périnat
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gretchen Greene
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gaby Enzmann
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Urban Deutsch
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ralf Adams
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Beat Imhof
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, CMU Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michel Aurrand-Lions
- Centre de Recherche en Cancerologie de Marseille, INSERM, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
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25
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Immune Cells After Ischemic Stroke Onset: Roles, Migration, and Target Intervention. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 66:342-355. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1173-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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26
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Dahm T, Adams O, Boettcher S, Diedrich S, Morozov V, Hansman G, Fallier-Becker P, Schädler S, Burkhardt CJ, Weiss C, Stump-Guthier C, Ishikawa H, Schroten H, Schwerk C, Tenenbaum T, Rudolph H. Strain-dependent effects of clinical echovirus 30 outbreak isolates at the blood-CSF barrier. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:50. [PMID: 29463289 PMCID: PMC5819246 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1061-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echovirus (E) 30 (E-30) meningitis is characterized by neuroinflammation involving immune cell pleocytosis at the protective barriers of the central nervous system (CNS). In this context, infection of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB), which has been demonstrated to be involved in enteroviral CNS pathogenesis, may affect the tight junction (TJ) and adherens junction (AJ) function and morphology. METHODS We used an in vitro human choroid plexus epithelial (HIBCPP) cell model to investigate the effect of three clinical outbreak strains (13-311, 13-759, and 14-397) isolated in Germany in 2013, and compared them to E-30 Bastianni. Conducting transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), paracellular dextran flux measurement, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), western blot, and immunofluorescence analysis, we investigated TJ and AJ function and morphology as well as strain-specific E-30 infection patterns. Additionally, transmission electron and focused ion beam microscopy electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) was used to evaluate the mode of leukocyte transmigration. Genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses were performed to discriminate potential genetic differences among the outbreak strains. RESULTS We observed a significant strain-dependent decrease in TEER with strains E-30 Bastianni and 13-311, whereas paracellular dextran flux was only affected by E-30 Bastianni. Despite strong similarities among the outbreak strains in replication characteristics and particle distribution, strain 13-311 was the only outbreak isolate revealing comparable disruptive effects on TJ (Zonula Occludens (ZO) 1 and occludin) and AJ (E-cadherin) morphology to E-30 Bastianni. Notwithstanding significant junctional alterations upon E-30 infection, we observed both para- and transcellular leukocyte migration across HIBCPP cells. Complete genome sequencing revealed differences between the strains analyzed, but no explicit correlation with the observed strain-dependent effects on HIBCPP cells was possible. CONCLUSION The findings revealed distinct E-30 strain-specific effects on barrier integrity and junctional morphology. Despite E-30-induced barrier alterations leukocyte trafficking did not exclusively occur via the paracellular route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Dahm
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children’s Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ortwin Adams
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sindy Boettcher
- National Reference Centre for Poliomyelitis and Enteroviruses, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Diedrich
- National Reference Centre for Poliomyelitis and Enteroviruses, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vasily Morozov
- Schaller Research Group, University of Heidelberg and the DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Grant Hansman
- Schaller Research Group, University of Heidelberg and the DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petra Fallier-Becker
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Claus J. Burkhardt
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Christel Weiss
- Institute of Medical Statistics and Biomathematics, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Carolin Stump-Guthier
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children’s Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hiroshi Ishikawa
- Department of NDU Life Sciences, School of life Dentistry, The Nippon Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Horst Schroten
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children’s Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christian Schwerk
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children’s Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tobias Tenenbaum
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children’s Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Henriette Rudolph
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children’s Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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27
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Modarres HP, Janmaleki M, Novin M, Saliba J, El-Hajj F, RezayatiCharan M, Seyfoori A, Sadabadi H, Vandal M, Nguyen MD, Hasan A, Sanati-Nezhad A. In vitro models and systems for evaluating the dynamics of drug delivery to the healthy and diseased brain. J Control Release 2018; 273:108-130. [PMID: 29378233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a crucial role in maintaining brain homeostasis and transport of drugs to the brain. The conventional animal and Transwell BBB models along with emerging microfluidic-based BBB-on-chip systems have provided fundamental functionalities of the BBB and facilitated the testing of drug delivery to the brain tissue. However, developing biomimetic and predictive BBB models capable of reasonably mimicking essential characteristics of the BBB functions is still a challenge. In addition, detailed analysis of the dynamics of drug delivery to the healthy or diseased brain requires not only biomimetic BBB tissue models but also new systems capable of monitoring the BBB microenvironment and dynamics of barrier function and delivery mechanisms. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in microengineering of BBB models with different functional complexity and mimicking capability of healthy and diseased states. It also discusses new technologies that can make the next generation of biomimetic human BBBs containing integrated biosensors for real-time monitoring the tissue microenvironment and barrier function and correlating it with the dynamics of drug delivery. Such integrated system addresses important brain drug delivery questions related to the treatment of brain diseases. We further discuss how the combination of in vitro BBB systems, computational models and nanotechnology supports for characterization of the dynamics of drug delivery to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Pezeshgi Modarres
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Center for BioEngineering Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Mohsen Janmaleki
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Center for BioEngineering Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Mana Novin
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Center for BioEngineering Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - John Saliba
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Fatima El-Hajj
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Mahdi RezayatiCharan
- Breast Cancer Research Center (BCRC), ACECR, Tehran, Iran; School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Seyfoori
- Breast Cancer Research Center (BCRC), ACECR, Tehran, Iran; School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Sadabadi
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Center for BioEngineering Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Milène Vandal
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Cell Biology and Anatomy, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Minh Dang Nguyen
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Cell Biology and Anatomy, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Anwarul Hasan
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
| | - Amir Sanati-Nezhad
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Center for BioEngineering Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
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28
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Endothelial cells and lymphatics at the interface between the immune and central nervous systems: implications for multiple sclerosis. Curr Opin Neurol 2018; 30:222-230. [PMID: 28323646 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000000454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The central nervous system (CNS) has a unique relationship with the immune system. This review highlights the distinct roles of lymphatic vessels and endothelial cells in the interface between CNS and immune cells and invites to revisit the concept of CNS immune privilege. RECENT FINDINGS T cells can follow several routes to penetrate the CNS parenchyma but may also benefit, together with antigen-loaded presenting cells, from the newly described lymphatic network to exit the CNS. CNS endothelial cells (EC) critically positioned at the interface between circulating immune cells and the CNS regulate the multistep cascade for immune cell trafficking into the CNS. They can also be considered as semiprofessional antigen-presenting cells through their ability to present antigens to T cells and to regulate their activation through co-stimulatory and inhibitory molecules. SUMMARY The lymphatic network linking the CNS to draining lymph nodes may contribute to the inflammatory reaction occurring in multiple sclerosis (MS). The abundance and strategic positioning of endothelial cells at the blood-brain barrier level most likely endow them with an important role in controlling local adaptive immune responses, rendering them potential therapeutic targets in neuro-inflammatory such as MS.
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29
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Mingozzi F, High KA. Overcoming the Host Immune Response to Adeno-Associated Virus Gene Delivery Vectors: The Race Between Clearance, Tolerance, Neutralization, and Escape. Annu Rev Virol 2017; 4:511-534. [PMID: 28961410 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-101416-041936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Immune responses in gene therapy with adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors have been the object of almost two decades of study. Although preclinical models helped to define and predict certain aspects of interactions between the vector and the host immune system, most of our current knowledge has come from clinical trials. These studies have allowed development of effective interventions for modulating immunotoxicities associated with vector administration, resulting in therapeutic advances. However, the road to full understanding and effective modulation of immune responses in gene therapy is still long; the determinants of the balance between tolerance and immunogenicity in AAV vector-mediated gene transfer are not fully understood, and effective solutions for overcoming preexisting neutralizing antibodies are still lacking. However, despite these challenges, the goal of reliably delivering effective gene-based treatments is now in sight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Mingozzi
- Genethon and INSERM U951, 91000 Evry, France; .,University Pierre and Marie Curie Paris 6 and INSERM U974, 75651 Paris, France
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30
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Secher T, Kassem S, Benamar M, Bernard I, Boury M, Barreau F, Oswald E, Saoudi A. Oral Administration of the Probiotic Strain Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 Reduces Susceptibility to Neuroinflammation and Repairs Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis-Induced Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1096. [PMID: 28959254 PMCID: PMC5603654 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with an increasing incidence in developed countries. Recent reports suggest that modulation of the gut microbiota might be one promising therapy for MS. Here, we investigated whether the probiotic Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 (ECN) could modulate the outcome of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a murine model of MS. We evidenced that daily oral treatment with ECN, but not with the archetypal K12 E. coli strain MG1655, reduced the severity of EAE induced by immunization with the MOG35-55 peptide. This beneficial effect was associated with a decreased secretion of inflammatory cytokines and an increased production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 by autoreactive CD4 T cells, both in peripheral lymph nodes and CNS. Interestingly, ECN-treated mice exhibited increased numbers of MOG-specific CD4+ T cells in the periphery contrasting with severely reduced numbers in the CNS, suggesting that ECN might affect T cell migration from the periphery to the CNS through a modulation of their activation and/or differentiation. In addition, we demonstrated that EAE is associated with a profound defect in the intestinal barrier function and that treatment with ECN, but not with MG1655, repaired intestinal permeability dysfunction. Collectively, our data reveal that EAE induces a disruption of the intestinal homeostasis and that ECN protects from disease and restores the intestinal barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Secher
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Sahar Kassem
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, UPS, INSERM, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Mehdi Benamar
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, UPS, INSERM, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Bernard
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, UPS, INSERM, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Michele Boury
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Frederick Barreau
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Eric Oswald
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France.,CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Service de Bactériologie-Hygiène, Toulouse, France
| | - Abdelhadi Saoudi
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, UPS, INSERM, CNRS, Toulouse, France
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31
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Lyck R, Lécuyer MA, Abadier M, Wyss CB, Matti C, Rosito M, Enzmann G, Zeis T, Michel L, García Martín AB, Sallusto F, Gosselet F, Deutsch U, Weiner JA, Schaeren-Wiemers N, Prat A, Engelhardt B. ALCAM (CD166) is involved in extravasation of monocytes rather than T cells across the blood-brain barrier. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:2894-2909. [PMID: 28273717 PMCID: PMC5536797 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16678639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM) has been proposed to mediate leukocyte migration across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in multiple sclerosis or experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Here, we confirmed vascular ALCAM expression in human brain tissue samples in situ and on two different human in vitro BBB models. Antibody-mediated inhibition of ALCAM reduced diapedesis of human CD4+ Th1 but not of Th17 cells across the human BBB in vitro. In accordance to human Th1 cells, mouse Th1 cells showed reduced diapedesis across an ALCAM-/- in vitro BBB model under static but no longer under flow conditions. In contrast to the limited role of ALCAM in T cell extravasation across the BBB, we found a contribution of ALCAM to rolling, adhesion, and diapedesis of human CD14+ monocytes across the human BBB under flow and static conditions. Taken together, our study highlights the potential differences in the CNS expression of ALCAM in mouse and human and supports a prominent role for ALCAM in the multi-step extravasation of monocytes across the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Lyck
- 1 Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marc-André Lécuyer
- 2 Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Neuroimmunology Research Laboratory, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Michael Abadier
- 1 Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christof B Wyss
- 1 Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Matti
- 1 Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Maria Rosito
- 1 Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gaby Enzmann
- 1 Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Zeis
- 3 Neurobiology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laure Michel
- 2 Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Neuroimmunology Research Laboratory, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Urban Deutsch
- 1 Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Joshua A Weiner
- 6 Departments of Biology and Psychiatry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Nicole Schaeren-Wiemers
- 3 Neurobiology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Prat
- 2 Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Neuroimmunology Research Laboratory, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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32
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Haghayegh Jahromi N, Tardent H, Enzmann G, Deutsch U, Kawakami N, Bittner S, Vestweber D, Zipp F, Stein JV, Engelhardt B. A Novel Cervical Spinal Cord Window Preparation Allows for Two-Photon Imaging of T-Cell Interactions with the Cervical Spinal Cord Microvasculature during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:406. [PMID: 28443093 PMCID: PMC5387098 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell migration across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a crucial step in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Two-photon intravital microscopy (2P-IVM) has been established as a powerful tool to study cell-cell interactions in inflammatory EAE lesions in living animals. In EAE, central nervous system inflammation is strongly pronounced in the spinal cord, an organ in which 2P-IVM imaging is technically very challenging and has been limited to the lumbar spinal cord. Here, we describe a novel spinal cord window preparation allowing to use 2P-IVM to image immune cell interactions with the cervical spinal cord microvascular endothelium during EAE. We describe differences in the angioarchitecture of the cervical spinal cord versus the lumbar spinal cord, which will entail different hemodynamic parameters in these different vascular beds. Using T cells as an example, we demonstrate the suitability of this novel methodology in imaging the post-arrest multistep T-cell extravasation across the cervical spinal cord microvessels. The novel methodology includes an outlook to the analysis of the cellular pathway of T-cell diapedesis across the BBB by establishing visualization of endothelial junctions in this vascular bed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heidi Tardent
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gaby Enzmann
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Urban Deutsch
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Naoto Kawakami
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Stefan Bittner
- Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Frauke Zipp
- Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jens V Stein
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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33
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Schulte-Mecklenbeck A, Bhatia U, Schneider-Hohendorf T, Schwab N, Wiendl H, Gross CC. Analysis of Lymphocyte Extravasation Using an In Vitro Model of the Human Blood-brain Barrier. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28448020 DOI: 10.3791/55390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphocyte extravasation into the central nervous system (CNS) is critical for immune surveillance. Disease-related alterations of lymphocyte extravasation might result in pathophysiological changes in the CNS. Thus, investigation of lymphocyte migration into the CNS is important to understand inflammatory CNS diseases and to develop new therapy approaches. Here we present an in vitro model of the human blood-brain barrier to study lymphocyte extravasation. Human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) are confluently grown on a porous polyethylene terephthalate transwell insert to mimic the endothelium of the blood-brain barrier. Barrier function is validated by zonula occludens immunohistochemistry, transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurements as well as analysis of evans blue permeation. This model allows investigation of the diapedesis of rare lymphocyte subsets such as CD56brightCD16dim/- NK cells. Furthermore, the effects of other cells, cytokines and chemokines, disease-related alterations, and distinct treatment regimens on the migratory capacity of lymphocytes can be studied. Finally, the impact of inflammatory stimuli as well as different treatment regimens on the endothelial barrier can be analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Urvashi Bhatia
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster
| | | | - Nicholas Schwab
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster
| | - Catharina C Gross
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster;
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34
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MiR-126 and miR-126* regulate shear-resistant firm leukocyte adhesion to human brain endothelium. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45284. [PMID: 28358058 PMCID: PMC5372244 DOI: 10.1038/srep45284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte adhesion to brain endothelial cells, the blood-brain barrier main component, is a critical step in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Leukocyte adhesion is mediated mainly by selectins, cell adhesion molecules and chemokines induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα and IFNγ, but the regulation of this process is not fully clear. This study investigated the regulation of firm leukocyte adhesion to human brain endothelium by two different brain endothelial microRNAs (miRs), miR-126 and miR-126*, that are downregulated by TNFα and IFNγ in a human brain endothelial cell line, hCMEC/D3. Using a leukocyte adhesion in vitro assay under shear forces mimicking blood flow, we observed that reduction of endothelial miR-126 and miR-126* enhanced firm monocyte and T cell adhesion to hCMEC/D3 cells, whereas their increased expression partially prevented THP1, Jurkat and primary MS patient-derived PBMC firm adhesion. Furthermore, we observed that miR-126* and miR-126 downregulation increased E-selectin and VCAM1, respectively, while miR-126 overexpression reduced VCAM1 and CCL2 expression by hCMEC/D3 cells, suggesting that these miRs regulate leukocyte adhesion by modulating the expression of adhesion-associated endothelial mRNA targets. Hence, human brain endothelial miR-126 and miR-126* could be used as a therapeutic tool to reduce leukocyte adhesion and thus reduce neuroinflammation.
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35
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Engelhardt B, Carare RO, Bechmann I, Flügel A, Laman JD, Weller RO. Vascular, glial, and lymphatic immune gateways of the central nervous system. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 132:317-38. [PMID: 27522506 PMCID: PMC4992028 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1606-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Immune privilege of the central nervous system (CNS) has been ascribed to the presence of a blood–brain barrier and the lack of lymphatic vessels within the CNS parenchyma. However, immune reactions occur within the CNS and it is clear that the CNS has a unique relationship with the immune system. Recent developments in high-resolution imaging techniques have prompted a reassessment of the relationships between the CNS and the immune system. This review will take these developments into account in describing our present understanding of the anatomical connections of the CNS fluid drainage pathways towards regional lymph nodes and our current concept of immune cell trafficking into the CNS during immunosurveillance and neuroinflammation. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and interstitial fluid are the two major components that drain from the CNS to regional lymph nodes. CSF drains via lymphatic vessels and appears to carry antigen-presenting cells. Interstitial fluid from the CNS parenchyma, on the other hand, drains to lymph nodes via narrow and restricted basement membrane pathways within the walls of cerebral capillaries and arteries that do not allow traffic of antigen-presenting cells. Lymphocytes targeting the CNS enter by a two-step process entailing receptor-mediated crossing of vascular endothelium and enzyme-mediated penetration of the glia limitans that covers the CNS. The contribution of the pathways into and out of the CNS as initiators or contributors to neurological disorders, such as multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease, will be discussed. Furthermore, we propose a clear nomenclature allowing improved precision when describing the CNS-specific communication pathways with the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Engelhardt
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Roxana O Carare
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
| | - Ingo Bechmann
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander Flügel
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Institute for Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Centre Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jon D Laman
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roy O Weller
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
- Neuropathology, Mailpoint 813, Level E, South Block, Southampton University Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
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