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Luo J, Mo F, Zhang Z, Hong W, Lan T, Cheng Y, Fang C, Bi Z, Qin F, Yang J, Zhang Z, Li X, Que H, Wang J, Chen S, Wu Y, Yang L, Li J, Wang W, Chen C, Wei X. Engineered mitochondria exert potent antitumor immunity as a cancer vaccine platform. Cell Mol Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41423-024-01203-4. [PMID: 39164536 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-024-01203-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The preferable antigen delivery profile accompanied by sufficient adjuvants favors vaccine efficiency. Mitochondria, which feature prokaryotic characteristics and contain various damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), are easily taken up by phagocytes and simultaneously activate innate immunity. In the current study, we established a mitochondria engineering platform for generating antigen-enriched mitochondria as cancer vaccine. Ovalbumin (OVA) and tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TRP2) were used as model antigens to synthesize fusion proteins with mitochondria-localized signal peptides. The lentiviral infection system was then employed to produce mitochondrial vaccines containing either OVA or TRP2. Engineered OVA- and TRP2-containing mitochondria (OVA-MITO and TRP2-MITO) were extracted and evaluated as potential cancer vaccines. Impressively, the engineered mitochondria vaccine demonstrated efficient antitumor effects when used as both prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines in murine tumor models. Mechanistically, OVA-MITO and TRP2-MITO potently recruited and activated dendritic cells (DCs) and induced a tumor-specific cell-mediated immunity. Moreover, DC activation by mitochondria vaccine critically involves TLR2 pathway and its lipid agonist, namely, cardiolipin derived from the mitochondrial membrane. The results demonstrated that engineered mitochondria are natively well-orchestrated carriers full of immune stimulants for antigen delivery, which could preferably target local dendritic cells and exert strong adaptive cellular immunity. This proof-of-concept study established a universal platform for vaccine construction with engineered mitochondria bearing alterable antigens for cancers as well as other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Luo
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fei Mo
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weiqi Hong
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tianxia Lan
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chunju Fang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhenfei Bi
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Furong Qin
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jingyun Yang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ziqi Zhang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xue Li
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Haiying Que
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiayu Wang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Siyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yiming Wu
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Yang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiong Li
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chong Chen
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Shin YH, Bang S, Park SM, Ma X, Cassilly C, Graham D, Xavier R, Clardy J. Revisiting Coley's Toxins: Immunogenic Cardiolipins from Streptococcus pyogenes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:21183-21188. [PMID: 37738205 PMCID: PMC10557101 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Coley's toxins, an early and enigmatic form of cancer (immuno)therapy, were based on preparations of Streptococcus pyogenes. As part of a program to explore bacterial metabolites with immunomodulatory potential, S. pyogenes metabolites were assayed in a cell-based immune assay, and a single membrane lipid, 18:1/18:0/18:1/18:0 cardiolipin, was identified. Its activity was profiled in additional cellular assays, which showed it to be an agonist of a TLR2-TLR1 signaling pathway with a 6 μM EC50 and robust TNF-α induction. A synthetic analog with switched acyl chains had no measurable activity in immune assays. The identification of a single immunogenic cardiolipin with a restricted structure-activity profile has implications for immune regulation, cancer immunotherapy, and poststreptococcal autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yern-Hyerk Shin
- Department
of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School and Blavatnik Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Sunghee Bang
- Department
of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School and Blavatnik Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Sung-Moo Park
- Broad
Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel
Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Xiao Ma
- Department
of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School and Blavatnik Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Chelsi Cassilly
- Department
of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School and Blavatnik Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Daniel Graham
- Broad
Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel
Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Ramnik Xavier
- Broad
Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel
Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Jon Clardy
- Department
of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School and Blavatnik Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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Blanco LP, Kaplan MJ. Metabolic alterations of the immune system in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002084. [PMID: 37098006 PMCID: PMC10128981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic autoimmune diseases are characteristically associated with aberrant autoreactive innate and adaptive immune responses that lead to tissue damage and increased morbidity and mortality. Autoimmunity has been linked to alterations in the metabolic functions of immune cells (immunometabolism) and, more specifically, to mitochondrial dysfunction. Much has been written about immunometabolism in autoimmunity in general, so this Essay focuses on recent research into the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the dysregulation of innate and adaptive immunity that is characteristic of systemic autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Enhancing the understanding of mitochondrial dysregulation in autoimmunity will hopefully contribute to accelerating the development of immunomodulatory treatments for these challenging diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz P Blanco
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mariana J Kaplan
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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Root-Bernstein R. From Co-Infections to Autoimmune Disease via Hyperactivated Innate Immunity: COVID-19 Autoimmune Coagulopathies, Autoimmune Myocarditis and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24033001. [PMID: 36769320 PMCID: PMC9917907 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24033001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophilia and the production of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are two of many measures of increased inflammation in severe COVID-19 that also accompany its autoimmune complications, including coagulopathies, myocarditis and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). This paper integrates currently disparate measures of innate hyperactivation in severe COVID-19 and its autoimmune complications, and relates these to SARS-CoV-2 activation of innate immunity. Aggregated data include activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) receptors, NOD leucine-rich repeat and pyrin-domain-containing receptors (NLRPs), retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and melanoma-differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA-5). SARS-CoV-2 mainly activates the virus-associated innate receptors TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, NLRP3, RIG-1 and MDA-5. Severe COVID-19, however, is characterized by additional activation of TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, NOD1 and NOD2, which are primarily responsive to bacterial antigens. The innate activation patterns in autoimmune coagulopathies, myocarditis and Kawasaki disease, or MIS-C, mimic those of severe COVID-19 rather than SARS-CoV-2 alone suggesting that autoimmunity follows combined SARS-CoV-2-bacterial infections. Viral and bacterial receptors are known to synergize to produce the increased inflammation required to support autoimmune disease pathology. Additional studies demonstrate that anti-bacterial antibodies are also required to account for known autoantigen targets in COVID-19 autoimmune complications.
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Zhao G, Gao Y, Zhang J, Zhang H, Xie C, Nan F, Feng S, Ha Z, Li C, Zhu X, Li Z, Zhang P, Zhang Y, Lu H, Jin N. Toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway activation contributes to a highly efficient inflammatory response in Japanese encephalitis virus-infected mouse microglial cells by proteomics. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:989183. [PMID: 36171749 PMCID: PMC9511957 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.989183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Thousands of people die each year from Japanese encephalitis (JE) caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), probably due to exacerbation of the inflammatory response that impairs the course of the disease. Microglia are mononuclear phagocytic cells located within the parenchyma of the central nervous system; these play a key role in the innate immune response against JEV infections. However, the involvement of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) in the inflammatory response during the early stages of JEV infection in BV2 cells remains. Here, we evaluated protein profiles and determined the role of TLR2 in the inflammatory response of JEV-infected BV2 cells. High-depth tandem mass tags labeling for quantitative proteomics was used to assess JEV infected-BV2 cells and compare immune response profiles at 6, 12, and 24 h post-infection (hpi). In total, 212 upregulated proteins were detected at 6 hpi, 754 at 12 h, and 191 at 24 h. According to GO and KEGG enrichment analysis, the upregulated proteins showed enrichment for proteins related to the immune response. Parallel reaction monitoring tests, western blotting, and qPCR results showed that the adaptor protein MyD88 was not activated. The expression levels of key proteins downstream of MyD88, such as IRAK1, IRAK4, and TRAF6 did not increase; however, the expression levels of PI3K-AKT did increase. By inhibiting key proteins (TLR2, PI3K, and AKT) we confirmed that JEV activated TLR2, thus resulting in a robust inflammatory response. Consequently, the TLR2-PI3K-AKT signaling axis was proven to play a critical in the early stages of the JEV infection-induced inflammatory response in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - He Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Changzhan Xie
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Fulong Nan
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Sheng Feng
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Zhuo Ha
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Chenghui Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Zhuoxin Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Zhang,
| | - Huijun Lu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
- Huijun Lu,
| | - Ningyi Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
- Ningyi Jin,
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Tiku V, Kew C, Kofoed EM, Peng Y, Dikic I, Tan MW. Acinetobacter baumannii Secretes a Bioactive Lipid That Triggers Inflammatory Signaling and Cell Death. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:870101. [PMID: 35615509 PMCID: PMC9125205 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.870101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is a highly pathogenic Gram-negative bacterium that causes severe infections with very high fatality rates. A. baumannii infection triggers innate as well as adaptive immunity, however, our understanding of the inflammatory factors secreted by A. baumannii that alarm the immune system remains limited. In this study, we report that the lab adapted and clinical strains of A. baumannii secrete an inflammatory bioactive factor which activates TLR2, leading to canonical IRAK4-dependent NF-κB signaling and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 and activation of the inflammasome pathway causing pyroptotic cell death. Biochemical fractionation of the A. baumannii culture filtrate revealed the hydrophobic nature of the inflammatory factor. Concordantly, lipase treatment of the culture filtrate or TLR2 inhibition in macrophages abrogated NF-κB activation and cell death induction. Culture filtrates from the LPS- and lipoprotein-deficient A. baumannii mutants retain immuno-stimulatory properties suggesting that a lipid other than these known stimulatory molecules can trigger inflammation during A. baumannii infection. Our results reveal that A. baumannii secretes a previously unappreciated inflammatory bioactive lipid that activates multiple pro-inflammatory signaling pathways and induces cell death in human and murine macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varnesh Tiku
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Varnesh Tiku,
| | - Chun Kew
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Eric M. Kofoed
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Yutian Peng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Ivan Dikic
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany
- Ivan Dikic,
| | - Man-Wah Tan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, United States
- Man-Wah Tan,
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Liu J, Li C, Wang Q, Hu H, Li C, Qian J. Study on Toll-Like Receptor 2-Mediated Inflammation-Induced Familial Hypertension Combined with Hyperlipemia and Its Mechanism. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2022; 2022:1473597. [PMID: 35035808 PMCID: PMC8754591 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1473597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
According to the latest clinical data, cardiovascular diseases have ranked first in prone diseases, causing 40% of the premature deaths of China's population. This study aimed to investigate the influence of Toll-like receptor 2- (TLR2-) mediated inflammation on the occurrence and development of familial hypertension combined with hyperlipemia and its related mechanism. Blood specimens from 66 patients undergoing coronary atherosclerosis were collected and grouped, including 22 patients into the control group, 25 into the familial hypertension group, and 19 into familial hypertension combined with hyperlipemia group. In this study, ELISA was conducted for determining the levels of four inflammatory factors of TLR2 and IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-ɑ, and CCL2 in serum and the levels of relevant indicators in mice. C57Bl/6j and genetically engineered C.129(B6)-Tlr2tm1Kir/J mice were given subcutaneous injection of normal saline (wild-saline group), 8-week 40% high-fat diet (wild-high-fat group), and subcutaneous Alzet-implanted angiotensin II micropump supplemented with the research diet (wild-high fat-Ang II group, Tlr2 -/- -high fat-Ang II group). Blood pressure in mice was recorded consecutively with a noninvasive hemopiezometer for eight weeks. TLR2 and IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-ɑ, and CCL2 in serum of patients with familial hypertension combined with hyperlipemia and the hypertension combined with hyperlipemia mouse model were higher than those in the normal group. Under combined intervention of Ang II and the research diet, mRNA expression related to blood pressure, blood lipid, and fat metabolism in Tlr2 -/- genetically engineering mice was significantly lower than that in the wild-high fat-Ang II group. The phosphorylation levels of AKT, IKK, and p65 in mice with hypertension combined with hyperlipidemia were significantly higher than those in normal group. The levels of blood pressure and blood lipid in mice after blocking the AKT or NF-κB pathway were significantly downregulated compared with those in the wild-high fat-Ang II group, with statistically significant differences (both P < 0.05). In conclusion, TLR2 regulates inflammation through Akt-NF-κB pathway, thus inducing the occurrence and development of familial hypertension combined with hyperlipemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161041, China
| | - Chunjing Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161041, China
| | - Qiuyang Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161041, China
| | - Haiyan Hu
- Department of General Practice, The First Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161041, China
| | - Chunhong Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161041, China
| | - Jiuguang Qian
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161041, China
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Colonic Epithelial PHLPP2 Deficiency Promotes Colonic Epithelial Pyroptosis by Activating the NF- κB Signaling Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5570731. [PMID: 34394827 PMCID: PMC8363454 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5570731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disease with increasing prevalence worldwide. Barrier defect in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) is one of the main pathogeneses in UC. Pyroptosis is a programmed lytic cell death and is triggered by inflammatory caspases, while little is known about its role in UC. Methods Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by comparing UC patients with healthy controls from the GEO datasets. The candidate genes involved in pyroptosis were obtained, and the underlying molecular mechanism in the progression of UC was explored in vivo and in vitro. Results Pleckstrin homology domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase 2 (PHLPP2), a protein phosphatase, was downregulated and involved in regulating inflammation-induced IEC pyroptosis by modulating the NF-κB signaling in UC through bioinformatics analysis. Moreover, we demonstrated that PHLPP2 was downregulated in UC patients and UC mice. Besides, we found that PHLPP2 depletion activated the NF-κB signaling and increased the expressions of caspase-1 P20, Gasdermin N, IL-18, and IL-1β contributing to IEC pyroptosis and inflammation in UC mice. Furthermore, we found that PHLPP2−/− mice developed hypersensitivity to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) treatment toward colitis showing activated NF-κB signaling and dramatically induced expressions of caspase-1 P20, Gasdermin N, IL-18, and IL-1β. Mechanically, this inflammation-induced downregulation of PHLPP2 was alleviated by an NF-κB signaling inhibitor in intestinal organoids of PHLPP2−/− mice and fetal colonic cells. Conclusions PHLPP2 downexpression activated the NF-κB signaling and promoted the IEC pyroptosis, leading to UC progression. Therefore, PHLPP2 might be an attractive candidate therapeutic target for UC.
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Kaliszewska A, Allison J, Martini M, Arias N. Improving Age-Related Cognitive Decline through Dietary Interventions Targeting Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073574. [PMID: 33808221 PMCID: PMC8036520 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is inevitable and it is one of the major contributors to cognitive decline. However, the mechanisms underlying age-related cognitive decline are still the object of extensive research. At the biological level, it is unknown how the aging brain is subjected to progressive oxidative stress and neuroinflammation which determine, among others, mitochondrial dysfunction. The link between mitochondrial dysfunction and cognitive impairment is becoming ever more clear by the presence of significant neurological disturbances in human mitochondrial diseases. Possibly, the most important lifestyle factor determining mitochondrial functioning is nutrition. Therefore, with the present work, we review the latest findings disclosing a link between nutrition, mitochondrial functioning and cognition, and pave new ways to counteract cognitive decline in late adulthood through diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Kaliszewska
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK; (A.K.); (J.A.)
| | - Joseph Allison
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK; (A.K.); (J.A.)
| | - Matteo Martini
- Department of Psychology, University of East London, London E154LZ, UK;
| | - Natalia Arias
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK; (A.K.); (J.A.)
- Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), 33005 Oviedo, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Akt+ IKKα/β+ Rab5+ Signalosome Mediate the Endosomal Recruitment of Sec61 and Contribute to Cross-Presentation in Bone Marrow Precursor Cells. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030539. [PMID: 32957586 PMCID: PMC7563657 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-presentation in dendritic cells (DC) requires the endosomal relocations of internalized antigens and the endoplasmic reticulum protein Sec61. Despite the fact that endotoxin-containing pathogen and endotoxin-free antigen have different effects on protein kinase B (Akt) and I-kappa B Kinase α/β (IKKα/β) activation, the exact roles of Akt phosphorylation, IKKα or IKKβ activation in endotoxin-containing pathogen-derived cross-presentation are poorly understood. In this study, endotoxin-free ovalbumin supplemented with endotoxin was used as a model pathogen. We investigated the effects of endotoxin-containing pathogen and endotoxin-free antigen on Akt phosphorylation, IKKα/β activation, and explored the mechanisms that the endotoxin-containing pathogen orchestrating the endosomal recruitment of Sec61 of the cross-presentation in bone marrow precursor cells (BMPC). We demonstrated that endotoxin-containing pathogen and endotoxin-free antigen efficiently induced the phosphorylation of Akt-IKKα/β and Akt-IKKα, respectively. Endotoxin-containing pathogen derived Akt+ IKKα/β+ Rab5+ signalosome, together with augmented the recruitment of Sec61 toward endosome, lead to the increased cross-presentation in BMPC. Importantly, the endosomal recruitment of Sec61 was partly mediated by the formation of Akt+ IKKα/β+ signalosome. Thus, these data suggest that Akt+ IKKα/β+ Rab5+ signalosome contribute to endotoxin-containing pathogen-induced the endosomal recruitment of Sec61 and the superior efficacy of cross-presentation in BMPC.
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PKN1 kinase-negative knock-in mice develop splenomegaly and leukopenia at advanced age without obvious autoimmune-like phenotypes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13977. [PMID: 31562379 PMCID: PMC6764976 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50419-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase N1 (PKN1) knockout (KO) mice spontaneously form germinal centers (GCs) and develop an autoimmune-like disease with age. Here, we investigated the function of PKN1 kinase activity in vivo using aged mice deficient in kinase activity resulting from the introduction of a point mutation (T778A) in the activation loop of the enzyme. PKN1[T778A] mice reached adulthood without external abnormalities; however, the average spleen size and weight of aged PKN1[T778A] mice increased significantly compared to aged wild type (WT) mice. Histologic examination and Southern blot analyses of spleens showed extramedullary hematopoiesis and/or lymphomagenesis in some cases, although without significantly different incidences between PKN1[T778A] and WT mice. Additionally, flow cytometry revealed increased numbers in B220+, CD3+, Gr1+ and CD193+ leukocytes in the spleen of aged PKN1[T778A] mice, whereas the number of lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes was reduced in the peripheral blood, suggesting an advanced impairment of leukocyte trafficking with age. Moreover, aged PKN1[T778A] mice showed no obvious GC formation nor autoimmune-like phenotypes, such as glomerulonephritis or increased anti-dsDNA antibody titer, in peripheral blood. Our results showing phenotypic differences between aged Pkn1-KO and PKN1[T778A] mice may provide insight into the importance of PKN1-specific kinase-independent functions in vivo.
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Hill S, Sataranatarajan K, Van Remmen H. Role of Signaling Molecules in Mitochondrial Stress Response. Front Genet 2018; 9:225. [PMID: 30042784 PMCID: PMC6048194 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are established essential regulators of cellular function and metabolism. Mitochondria regulate redox homeostasis, maintain energy (ATP) production through oxidative phosphorylation, buffer calcium levels, and control cell death through apoptosis. In addition to these critical cell functions, recent evidence supports a signaling role for mitochondria. For example, studies over the past few years have established that peptides released from the mitochondria mediate stress responses such as the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRMT) through signaling to the nucleus. Mitochondrial damage or danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) provide a link between mitochondria, inflammation and inflammatory disease processes. Additionally, a new class of peptides generated by the mitochondria affords protection against age-related diseases in mammals. In this short review, we highlight the role of mitochondrial signaling and regulation of cellular activities through the mitochondrial UPRMT that signals to the nucleus to affect homeostatic responses, DAMPs, and mitochondrial derived peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shauna Hill
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | - Holly Van Remmen
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Oklahoma City VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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