1
|
Cheang NYZ, Tan KS, Tan PS, Purushotorma K, Yap WC, Tullett KM, Chua BYL, Yeoh AYY, Tan CQH, Qian X, Chen H, Tay DJW, Caminschi I, Tan YJ, Macary PA, Tan CW, Lahoud MH, Alonso S. Single-shot dendritic cell targeting SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate induces broad, durable and protective systemic and mucosal immunity in mice. Mol Ther 2024; 32:2299-2315. [PMID: 38715364 PMCID: PMC11286822 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Current coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines face limitations including waning immunity, immune escape by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants, limited cellular response, and poor mucosal immunity. We engineered a Clec9A-receptor binding domain (RBD) antibody construct that delivers the SARS-CoV-2 RBD to conventional type 1 dendritic cells. Compared with non-targeting approaches, single dose immunization in mice with Clec9A-RBD induced far higher RBD-specific antibody titers that were sustained for up to 21 months after vaccination. Uniquely, increasing neutralizing and antibody-dependent cytotoxicity activities across the sarbecovirus family was observed, suggesting antibody affinity maturation over time. Consistently and remarkably, RBD-specific follicular T helper cells and germinal center B cells persisted up to 12 months after immunization. Furthermore, Clec9A-RBD immunization induced a durable mono- and poly-functional T-helper 1-biased cellular response that was strongly cross-reactive against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, including Omicron subvariants, and with a robust CD8+ T cell signature. Uniquely, Clec9A-RBD single-shot systemic immunization effectively primed RBD-specific cellular and humoral immunity in lung and resulted in significant protection against homologous SARS-CoV-2 challenge as evidenced by limited body weight loss and approximately 2 log10 decrease in lung viral loads compared with non-immunized controls. Therefore, Clec9A-RBD immunization has the potential to trigger robust and sustained, systemic and mucosal protective immunity against rapidly evolving SARS-CoV2 variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas You Zhi Cheang
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kai Sen Tan
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Biosafety Level 3 Core Facility, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peck Szee Tan
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Kiren Purushotorma
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Immunology Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wee Chee Yap
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kirsteen McInnes Tullett
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Benson Yen Leong Chua
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aileen Ying-Yan Yeoh
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Caris Qi Hui Tan
- Histology Core Facility, Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xinlei Qian
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Immunology Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Huixin Chen
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Biosafety Level 3 Core Facility, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Douglas Jie Wen Tay
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Biosafety Level 3 Core Facility, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Irina Caminschi
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Yee Joo Tan
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Paul Anthony Macary
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Immunology Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chee Wah Tan
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mireille Hanna Lahoud
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Sylvie Alonso
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chop M, Ledo C, Nicolao MC, Loos J, Cumino A, Rodriguez Rodrigues C. Hydatid fluid from Echinococcus granulosus induces autophagy in dendritic cells and promotes polyfunctional T-cell responses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1334211. [PMID: 38817444 PMCID: PMC11137651 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1334211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Parasites possess remarkable abilities to evade and manipulate the immune response of their hosts. Echinococcus granulosus is a parasitic tapeworm that causes cystic echinococcosis in animals and humans. The hydatid fluid released by the parasite is known to contain various immunomodulatory components that manipulate host´s defense mechanism. In this study, we focused on understanding the effect of hydatid fluid on dendritic cells and its impact on autophagy induction and subsequent T cell responses. Initially, we observed a marked downregulation of two C-type lectin receptors in the cell membrane, CLEC9A and CD205 and an increase in lysosomal activity, suggesting an active cellular response to hydatid fluid. Subsequently, we visualized ultrastructural changes in stimulated dendritic cells, revealing the presence of macroautophagy, characterized by the formation of autophagosomes, phagophores, and phagolysosomes in the cell cytoplasm. To further elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in hydatid fluid-induced autophagy, we analyzed the expression of autophagy-related genes in stimulated dendritic cells. Our results demonstrated a significant upregulation of beclin-1, atg16l1 and atg12, indicating the induction of autophagy machinery in response to hydatid fluid exposure. Additionally, using confocal microscopy, we observed an accumulation of LC3 in dendritic cell autophagosomes, confirming the activation of this catabolic pathway associated with antigen presentation. Finally, to evaluate the functional consequences of hydatid fluid-induced autophagy in DCs, we evaluated cytokine transcription in the splenocytes. Remarkably, a robust polyfunctional T cell response, with inhibition of Th2 profile, is characterized by an increase in the expression of il-6, il-10, il-12, tnf-α, ifn-γ and tgf-β genes. These findings suggest that hydatid fluid-induced autophagy in dendritic cells plays a crucial role in shaping the subsequent T cell responses, which is important for a better understanding of host-parasite interactions in cystic echinococcosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maia Chop
- Instituto IQUIBIM, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Mar del Plata, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Camila Ledo
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
- Instituto IPROSAM, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - María Celeste Nicolao
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
- Instituto IPROSAM, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Julia Loos
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
- Instituto IPROSAM, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Andrea Cumino
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
- Instituto IPROSAM, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Christian Rodriguez Rodrigues
- Instituto IQUIBIM, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Mar del Plata, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Macri C, Paxman M, Jenika D, Lin XP, Elahi Z, Gleeson PA, Caminschi I, Lahoud MH, Villadangos JA, Mintern JD. FcRn regulates antigen presentation in dendritic cells downstream of DEC205-targeted vaccines. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:76. [PMID: 38594284 PMCID: PMC11003989 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00854-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC)-targeted vaccination is a new mode of antigen delivery that relies on the use of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) to target antigen to specific DC subsets. The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) is a non-classical Fc receptor that binds to immunoglobulin G (IgG) in acidified endosomes and controls its intracellular transport and recycling. FcRn is known to participate in the antigen presentation of immune complexes, however its contribution to DC-targeted vaccination has not previously been examined. Here we have investigated the role of FcRn in antigen presentation using antigen conjugated to IgG mAb which target specific DC receptors, including DEC205 and Clec9A expressed by the conventional DC 1 (cDC1) subset. We show that FcRn is expressed at high levels by cDC1, both at steady-state and following activation and plays a significant role in MHC I cross-presentation and MHC II presentation of antigens that are targeted to cDC1 via mAb specific for DEC205. This effect of FcRn is intrinsic to cDC1 and FcRn impacts the efficacy of anti-DEC205-mediated vaccination against B cell lymphoma. In contrast, FcRn does not impact presentation of antigens targeted to Clec9A and does not regulate presentation of cell-associated antigen. These data highlight a new and unique role of FcRn in controlling the immunogenicity of anti-DEC205-based vaccination, with consequences for exploiting this pathway to improve DC-targeted vaccine outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Macri
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Matthew Paxman
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Devi Jenika
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Xiao Peng Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Zahra Elahi
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Paul A Gleeson
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Irina Caminschi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Mireille H Lahoud
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Jose A Villadangos
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Justine D Mintern
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Silva MDO, Castro-Amarante MF, Venceslau-Carvalho AA, Almeida BDS, Daher IP, de Souza-Silva GA, Yamamoto MM, Koike G, de Souza EE, Wrenger C, Ferreira LCDS, Boscardin SB. Enhanced Immunogenicity and Protective Effects against SARS-CoV-2 Following Immunization with a Recombinant RBD-IgG Chimeric Protein. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:356. [PMID: 38675739 PMCID: PMC11054318 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The unprecedented global impact caused by SARS-CoV-2 imposed huge health and economic challenges, highlighting the urgent need for safe and effective vaccines. The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 is the major target for neutralizing antibodies and for vaccine formulations. Nonetheless, the low immunogenicity of the RBD requires the use of alternative strategies to enhance its immunological properties. Here, we evaluated the use of a subunit vaccine antigen generated after the genetic fusing of the RBD with a mouse IgG antibody. Subcutaneous administration of RBD-IgG led to the extended presence of the protein in the blood of immunized animals and enhanced RBD-specific IgG titers. Furthermore, RBD-IgG immunized mice elicited increased virus neutralizing antibody titers, measured both with pseudoviruses and with live original (Wuhan) SARS-CoV-2. Immunized K18-hACE2 mice were fully resistant to the lethal challenge of the Wuhan SARS-CoV-2, demonstrated by the control of body-weight loss and virus loads in their lungs and brains. Thus, we conclude that the genetic fusion of the RBD with an IgG molecule enhanced the immunogenicity of the antigen and the generation of virus-neutralizing antibodies, supporting the use of IgG chimeric antigens as an approach to improve the performance of SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariângela de Oliveira Silva
- Laboratory of Antigen Targeting to Dendritic Cells, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (M.d.O.S.)
| | - Maria Fernanda Castro-Amarante
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Alexia Adrianne Venceslau-Carvalho
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Bianca da Silva Almeida
- Laboratory of Antigen Targeting to Dendritic Cells, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (M.d.O.S.)
| | - Isabela Pazotti Daher
- Laboratory of Immunology, Heart Institute (InCor), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Antonio de Souza-Silva
- Laboratory of Antigen Targeting to Dendritic Cells, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (M.d.O.S.)
| | - Marcio Massao Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Antigen Targeting to Dendritic Cells, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (M.d.O.S.)
| | - Gabriela Koike
- Laboratory of Antigen Targeting to Dendritic Cells, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (M.d.O.S.)
| | - Edmarcia Elisa de Souza
- Unit for Drug Discovery, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Carsten Wrenger
- Unit for Drug Discovery, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Luís Carlos de Souza Ferreira
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Silvia Beatriz Boscardin
- Laboratory of Antigen Targeting to Dendritic Cells, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (M.d.O.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
de Souza-Silva GA, Sulczewski FB, Boscardin SB. Recombinant antigen delivery to dendritic cells as a way to improve vaccine design. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:1616-1623. [PMID: 37750021 PMCID: PMC10723026 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231191185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells are central to the development of immunity, as they are specialized in initiating antigen-specific immune responses. In this review, we briefly present the existing knowledge on dendritic cell biology and how their division in different dendritic cell subsets may impact the development of immune responses. In addition, we explore the use of chimeric monoclonal antibodies that bind to dendritic cell surface receptors, with an emphasis on the C-type lectin family of endocytic receptors, to deliver antigens directly to these cells. Promising preclinical studies have shown that it is possible to modulate the development of immune responses to different pathogens when monoclonal antibodies fused to pathogen-derived antigens are used to deliver the antigen to different subsets of dendritic cells. This approach can be used to improve the efficacy of vaccines against different pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernando Bandeira Sulczewski
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Silvia Beatriz Boscardin
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia (iii), Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia, São Paulo, 05401-350, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Macri C, Jenika D, Ouslinis C, Mintern JD. Targeting dendritic cells to advance cross-presentation and vaccination outcomes. Semin Immunol 2023; 68:101762. [PMID: 37167898 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are a complex network of specialised antigen-presenting cells that are critical initiators of adaptive immunity. Targeting antigen directly to DCs in situ is a vaccination strategy that selectively delivers antigen to receptors expressed by DC subtypes. This approach exploits specific DC subset functions of antigen uptake and presentation. Here, we review DC-targeted vaccination strategies that are designed to elicit effective cross-presentation for CD8+ T cell immunity. In particular, we focus on approaches that exploit receptors highly expressed by mouse and human cDCs equipped with superior cross-presentation capacity. These receptors include DEC205, Clec9A and XCR1. Targeting DC receptors Clec12A, Clec4A4 and mannose receptor is also reviewed. Outcomes of DC-targeted vaccination in mouse models through to human clinical trials is discussed. This is a promising new vaccination approach capable of directly targeting the cross-presentation pathway for prevention and treatment of tumours and infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Macri
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Devi Jenika
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Cassandra Ouslinis
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Justine D Mintern
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Melgoza-González EA, Bustamante-Córdova L, Hernández J. Recent advances in antigen targeting to antigen-presenting cells in veterinary medicine. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1080238. [PMID: 36969203 PMCID: PMC10038197 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1080238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in antigen targeting in veterinary medicine have gained traction over the years as an alternative approach for diseases that remain a challenge for traditional vaccines. In addition to the nature of the immunogen, antigen-targeting success relies heavily on the chosen receptor for its direct influence on the elicited response that will ensue after antigen uptake. Different approaches using antibodies, natural or synthetic ligands, fused proteins, and DNA vaccines have been explored in various veterinary species, with pigs, cattle, sheep, and poultry as the most frequent models. Antigen-presenting cells can be targeted using a generic approach, such as broadly expressed receptors such as MHC-II, CD80/86, CD40, CD83, etc., or focused on specific cell populations such as dendritic cells or macrophages (Langerin, DC-SIGN, XCR1, DC peptides, sialoadhesin, mannose receptors, etc.) with contrasting results. Interestingly, DC peptides show high specificity to DCs, boosting activation, stimulating cellular and humoral responses, and a higher rate of clinical protection. Likewise, MHC-II targeting shows consistent results in enhancing both immune responses; an example of this strategy of targeting is the approved vaccine against the bovine viral diarrhea virus in South America. This significant milestone opens the door to continuing efforts toward antigen-targeting vaccines to benefit animal health. This review discusses the recent advances in antigen targeting to antigen-presenting cells in veterinary medicine, with a special interest in pigs, sheep, cattle, poultry, and dogs.
Collapse
|
8
|
Toll-like Receptor 9 Induced Dendritic Cell Activation Promotes Anti-Myeloperoxidase Autoimmunity and Glomerulonephritis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021339. [PMID: 36674855 PMCID: PMC9864438 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) is intricately linked with infections. Toll-like receptors (TLR) provide a potential link between infection and anti-myeloperoxidase (MPO) autoimmunity. TLR9 ligation has been shown to promote anti-MPO autoimmunity and glomerular vasculitis in murine MPO-AAV. This study investigates dendritic cell TLR9 ligation in murine experimental anti-MPO glomerulonephritis. We analyzed autoimmune responses to MPO following transfer of TLR9 stimulated, MPO pulsed dendritic cells and kidney injury following a sub-nephritogenic dose of sheep anti-mouse glomerular basement membrane globulin. TLR9 ligation enhanced dendritic cell activation upregulating CD40 and CD80 expression, promoting systemic anti-MPO autoimmunity and T cell recall responses and exacerbating kidney injury. CD40 upregulation by TLR9 was critical for the induction of nephritogenic autoimmunity. The presence of DEC205, which transports the TLR9 ligand to TLR9 located in the endosome, also promoted kidney injury. This confirms TLR9 mediated dendritic cell activation as a mechanism of anti-MPO autoimmunity in AAV and further defines the link between infection and the generation of MPO specific autoimmune inflammation.
Collapse
|
9
|
Sulczewski FB, Martino LA, Salles D, Yamamoto MM, Rosa DS, Boscardin SB. STAT3 signaling modulates the immune response induced after antigen targeting to conventional type 1 dendritic cells through the DEC205 receptor. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1006996. [PMID: 36330518 PMCID: PMC9624190 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1006996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional dendritic cells (cDC) are a group of antigen-presenting cells specialized in priming T cell responses. In mice, splenic cDC are divided into conventional type 1 DC (cDC1) and conventional type 2 (cDC2). cDC1 are specialized to prime the Th1 CD4+ T cell response, while cDC2 are mainly associated with the induction of follicular helper T cell responses to support germinal center formation. However, the mechanisms that control the functions of cDC1 and cDC2 are not fully understood, especially the signaling pathways that can modulate their ability to promote different CD4+ T cell responses. Here, we targeted a model antigen for cDC1 and cDC2, through DEC205 and DCIR2 receptors, respectively, to study the role of the STAT3 signaling pathway in the ability of these cells to prime CD4+ T cells. Our results show that, in the absence of the STAT3 signaling pathway, antigen targeting to cDC2 induced similar frequencies of Tfh cells between STAT3-deficient mice compared to fully competent mice. On the other hand, Th1 and Th1-like Tfh cell responses were significantly reduced in STAT3-deficient mice after antigen targeting to cDC1 via the DEC205 receptor. In summary, our results indicate that STAT3 signaling does not control the ability of cDC2 to promote Tfh cell responses after antigen targeting via the DCIR2 receptor, but modulates the function of cDC1 to promote Th1 and Th1-like Tfh T cell responses after antigen targeting via the DEC205 receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Larissa Alves Martino
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Davi Salles
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Márcio Massao Yamamoto
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela Santoro Rosa
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia (iii), INCT, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia Beatriz Boscardin
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia (iii), INCT, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Silvia Beatriz Boscardin,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
STxB as an Antigen Delivery Tool for Mucosal Vaccination. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14030202. [PMID: 35324699 PMCID: PMC8948715 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14030202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy against cancer and infectious disease holds the promise of high efficacy with minor side effects. Mucosal vaccines to protect against tumors or infections disease agents that affect the upper airways or the lung are still lacking, however. One mucosal vaccine candidate is the B-subunit of Shiga toxin, STxB. In this review, we compare STxB to other immunotherapy vectors. STxB is a non-toxic protein that binds to a glycosylated lipid, termed globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), which is preferentially expressed by dendritic cells. We review the use of STxB for the cross-presentation of tumor or viral antigens in a MHC class I-restricted manner to induce humoral immunity against these antigens in addition to polyfunctional and persistent CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes capable of protecting against viral infection or tumor growth. Other literature will be summarized that documents a powerful induction of mucosal IgA and resident memory CD8+ T cells against mucosal tumors specifically when STxB-antigen conjugates are administered via the nasal route. It will also be pointed out how STxB-based vaccines have been shown in preclinical cancer models to synergize with other therapeutic modalities (immune checkpoint inhibitors, anti-angiogenic therapy, radiotherapy). Finally, we will discuss how molecular aspects such as low immunogenicity, cross-species conservation of Gb3 expression, and lack of toxicity contribute to the competitive positioning of STxB among the different DC targeting approaches. STxB thereby appears as an original and innovative tool for the development of mucosal vaccines in infectious diseases and cancer.
Collapse
|
11
|
Ritzau-Jost J, Hutloff A. T Cell/B Cell Interactions in the Establishment of Protective Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9101074. [PMID: 34696182 PMCID: PMC8536969 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular helper T cells (Tfh) are the T cell subset providing help to B cells for the generation of high-affinity antibodies and are therefore of key interest for the development of vaccination strategies against infectious diseases. In this review, we will discuss how the generation of Tfh cells and their interaction with B cells in secondary lymphoid organs can be optimized for therapeutic purposes. We will summarize different T cell subsets including Tfh-like peripheral helper T cells (Tph) capable of providing B cell help. In particular, we will highlight the novel concept of T cell/B cell interaction in non-lymphoid tissues as an important element for the generation of protective antibodies directly at the site of pathogen invasion.
Collapse
|
12
|
STAT6 signaling pathway controls germinal center responses promoted after antigen targeting to conventional type 2 dendritic cells. CURRENT RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 2:120-131. [PMID: 35492396 PMCID: PMC9040147 DOI: 10.1016/j.crimmu.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) are antigen-presenting cells specialized in naïve T cell priming. Mice splenic cDCs are classified as cDC1s and cDC2s, and their main functions have been elucidated in the last decade. While cDC1s are specialized in priming type 1 helper T cells (TH1) and in cross presentation, cDC2s prime T follicular helper (TFH) cells that stimulate germinal center (GC) formation, plasma cell differentiation and antibody production. However, less is known about the molecular mechanisms used by cDCs to prime those responses. Here, using WT and STAT6-deficient mice (STAT6 KO), we targeted a model antigen to cDC1s and cDC2s via DEC205 and DCIR2 receptors, respectively, in an attempt to study whether the STAT6 signaling pathway would modulate cDCs’ ability to prime helper T cells. We show that the differentiation and maturation of cDCs, after stimulation with an adjuvant, were comparable between WT and STAT6 KO mice. Besides, our results indicate that, in STAT6 KO mice, antigen targeting to cDC2s induced reduced TFH and GC responses, but did not alter plasma cells numbers and antibody titers. Thus, we conclude that the STAT6 signaling pathway modulates the immune response after antigen targeting to cDC2s via the DCIR2 receptor: while STAT6 stimulates the development of TFH cells and GC formation, plasma cell differentiation occurs in a STAT6 independent manner. cDC2s promote TFH and support germinal center and plasma cell responses. STAT6 modulates the immune response after antigen targeting to cDC2s. STAT6 stimulates germinal center formation after antigen targeting to cDC2s. Plasma cell differentiation occurs in a STAT6-independent manner. STAT6 does not influence cDC2s ability to promote CD4+ T cell proliferation.
Collapse
|
13
|
Intradermal Delivery of Dendritic Cell-Targeting Chimeric mAbs Genetically Fused to Type 2 Dengue Virus Nonstructural Protein 1. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040565. [PMID: 33019498 PMCID: PMC7712967 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting dendritic cells (DCs) by means of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) capable of binding their surface receptors (DEC205 and DCIR2) has previously been shown to enhance the immunogenicity of genetically fused antigens. This approach has been repeatedly demonstrated to enhance the induced immune responses to passenger antigens and thus represents a promising therapeutic and/or prophylactic strategy against different infectious diseases. Additionally, under experimental conditions, chimeric αDEC205 or αDCIR2 mAbs are usually administered via an intraperitoneal (i.p.) route, which is not reproducible in clinical settings. In this study, we characterized the delivery of chimeric αDEC205 or αDCIR2 mAbs via an intradermal (i.d.) route, compared the elicited humoral immune responses, and evaluated the safety of this potential immunization strategy under preclinical conditions. As a model antigen, we used type 2 dengue virus (DENV2) nonstructural protein 1 (NS1). The results show that the administration of chimeric DC-targeting mAbs via the i.d. route induced humoral immune responses to the passenger antigen equivalent or superior to those elicited by i.p. immunization with no toxic effects to the animals. Collectively, these results clearly indicate that i.d. administration of DC-targeting chimeric mAbs presents promising approaches for the development of subunit vaccines, particularly against DENV and other flaviviruses.
Collapse
|