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Bodkowski R, Wierzbicki H, Mucha A, Cholewińska P, Wojnarowski K, Patkowska-Sokoła B. Composition and fatty acid profile of milk from cows fed diets supplemented with raw and n-3 PUFA-enriched fish oil. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10968. [PMID: 38745072 PMCID: PMC11094043 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61864-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Dietary supplementation of ruminants with fish oil is a strategy for favorably modifying the fatty acid composition of milk fat. This study investigated the effect of supplementing cows' diet with fish oil after low-temperature crystallisation (LTC-FO) compared to its raw form (FO) on milk yield, milk components (fat, protein, and lactose), and milk fatty acid profile. Twenty-four mid-lactating multiparous Polish Holstein-Friesian cows fed a total-mix ration were randomly assigned to two homogeneous groups (n = 12 cows each) and supplemented with LTC-FO or FO at 1% of dry matter. Milk samples were collected on days 14 and 30 of the 30-day experiment. No significant differences between the groups in terms of milk yield, milk protein, and lactose content were found, however, the fat yield and content decreased in the LTC-FO group. Milk fat from cows in the LTC-FO group contained significantly higher levels of C18:1 trans-11, C18:2 cis-9, trans-11, C18:3n - 3, C20:5, and C22:6, and lower levels of saturated fatty acids compared to the FO group (p < 0.05). Therefore, LTC-FO may be a more efficient feed additive than FO and may serve as a practical way to modify the fatty acid composition of milk fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Bodkowski
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Breeding, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 38C, 51-630, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Heliodor Wierzbicki
- Department of Genetics, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kożuchowska 7, 51-631, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Mucha
- Department of Genetics, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kożuchowska 7, 51-631, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Cholewińska
- Chair for Fish Diseases and Fisheries Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Konrad Wojnarowski
- Chair for Fish Diseases and Fisheries Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Bożena Patkowska-Sokoła
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Breeding, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 38C, 51-630, Wroclaw, Poland
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Kokić B, Rakita S, Vujetić J. Impact of Using Oilseed Industry Byproducts Rich in Linoleic and Alpha-Linolenic Acid in Ruminant Nutrition on Milk Production and Milk Fatty Acid Profile. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:539. [PMID: 38396507 PMCID: PMC10886360 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Milk contains more than 400 different fatty acids, some of which play a positive role in promoting human health. The profile of fatty acids in milk can be enhanced by providing animals with plant-based resources that possess feeding characteristics adequate for favorable changes in the fatty acid composition and increasing healthy fatty acids in milk. This review summarizes the available 41 research studies on the utilization of oilseed industry byproducts rich in linoleic acid (hemp, pumpkin, sunflower) and alpha-linolenic acid (camelina and linseed) in dairy cow, sheep, and goat nutrition; their impact on milk production characteristics; and potential to improve fatty acid composition of milk through the diet. This review illustrates that incorporating byproducts into the diet for dairy ruminants generally does not have any adverse effects on both milk production and composition. A similar trend of improvement in milk fatty acid profile was observed when ruminants were fed diets supplemented with camelina, linseed, and sunflower byproducts, while no significant changes were noted with pumpkin byproducts. Hempseed byproducts showed potential for use as an alternative ingredient in dairy ruminant diets. Nevertheless, more in-depth research investigating the inclusion of selected byproducts is required before valid conclusions can be drawn regarding their value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojana Kokić
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (S.R.); (J.V.)
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Matosinho CGR, Fonseca PADS, Peixoto MGCD, Rosse IC, Lopes FCF, Zózimo T, Filho AEV, Bruneli FÂT, Carvalho MRS, Gama MAS. Phenotypic variation in milk fatty acid composition and its association with stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) gene polymorphisms in Gir cows. J Anim Breed Genet 2023; 140:532-548. [PMID: 37186480 DOI: 10.1111/jbg.12777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Individual variation in milk fatty acid (FA) composition has been partially attributed to stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) gene polymorphisms in taurine breeds, but much less is known for Zebu breeds. This study investigated the phenotypic variation in milk FA composition, and the influence of SCD1 variants on this trait and on milk fat desaturase indices (DI) in Gir cows. The functional impact of SCD1 variants was predicted using bioinformatics tools. Milk and blood samples were collected from 312 cows distributed in 10 herds from five states of Brazil. SCD1 variants were identified through target sequencing, and milk FA composition was determined by gas chromatography. Phenotypic variation in milk FA composition fell within the range reported for taurine breeds, with SCD18 index showing the lowest variation among the DI. Fourteen SCD1 variants were identified, six of which not previously described. Regarding the A293V polymorphism, all cows were homozygous for the C allele (coding for alanine), whereas all genotypes were detected for the second SNP affecting the 293 codon (G > A), with compelling evidence for functional effects. Significant associations (based on raw p-values) were found between this SNP and C12:0, cis-9, trans-11 CLA and short-chain FA, and between another SNP (rs523411937) and C15:0 and odd-chain linear FA. A new SNP on Chr26:21277069 was associated with trans-11 C18:1, cis-9, trans-11 CLA, C18:3 n-3 and n-3 FA. These findings indicate that SCD1 polymorphisms also contributes to the phenotypic variation in milk FA composition of Gir cows, with potential use in their breeding programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Guimarães Ramos Matosinho
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Pablo Augusto de Souza Fonseca
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Izinara Cruz Rosse
- Departamento de Farmácia, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Thalia Zózimo
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Aníbal Eugênio Vercesi Filho
- Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios e diretor do Laboratório de Biotecnologia do Instituto de Zootecnia do Governo do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Raquel Santos Carvalho
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Fant P, Leskinen H, Ramin M, Huhtanen P. Effects of replacement of barley with oats on milk fatty acid composition in dairy cows fed grass silage-based diets. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:2347-2360. [PMID: 36823002 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
This study consists of milk fatty acid (FA) data collected during 2 in vivo experiments. For this study, 8 cows from each experiment were included in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design. At the start of experiment 1 (Exp1) cows were at (mean ± standard deviation) 87 ± 34.6 d in milk, 625 ± 85.0 kg of body weight, and 32.1 ± 4.17 kg/d milk yield and at the start of experiment 2 (Exp2) cows were at 74 ± 18.2 d in milk, 629 ± 87.0 kg of body weight, and 37.0 ± 3.2 kg/d milk yield. In Exp1, we examined the effects of gradual replacement of barley with hulled oats (oats with hulls) on milk FA composition. The basal diet was grass silage and rapeseed meal (58 and 10% of diet DM, respectively), and the 4 grain supplements were formulated so that barley was gradually replaced by hulled oats at levels of 0, 33, 67, and 100% on dry matter basis. In Exp2, we examined (1) the effects of replacing barley with both hulled and dehulled oats (oats without hulls) and (2) the effects of gradual replacement of hulled oats with dehulled oats on milk FA composition. The basal diet was grass silage and rapeseed meal (60 and 10% of diet DM, respectively), and the 4 pelleted experimental concentrates were barley, hulled oats, a 50:50 mixture of hulled and dehulled oats, and dehulled oats on dry matter basis. In Exp1, gradual replacement of barley with hulled oats decreased relative proportions of 14:0, 16:0, and total saturated FA (SFA) in milk fat linearly, whereas proportions of 18:0, 18:1, total monounsaturated FA, and total cis unsaturated FA increased linearly. Transfer efficiency of total C18 decreased linearly when barley was replaced by hulled oats in Exp1. In Exp2, relative proportions of 14:0, 16:0, and total SFA were lower, whereas proportions of 18:0, 18:1, monounsaturated FA, and cis unsaturated FA were higher in milk from cows fed the oat diets than in milk from cows fed the barley diet. Moreover, in Exp2, gradual replacement of hulled oats with dehulled oats slightly decreased the relative proportion of 14:0 in milk fat but did not affect the proportions of 16:0, 18:0, 18:1, total SFA, monounsaturated FA, trans FA, or polyunsaturated FA. In Exp2, transfer efficiency of total C18 was lower when cows were fed the oat diets than when fed the barley diet and decreased linearly when hulled oats were replaced with dehulled oats. Predictions of daily CH4 emissions (g/d) using the on-farm available variables energy-corrected milk yield and body weight were not markedly improved by including milk concentrations of individual milk FA in prediction equations. In conclusion, replacement of barley with oats as a concentrate supplement for dairy cows fed a grass silage-based diet could offer a practical strategy to change the FA composition of milk to be more in accordance with international dietary guidelines regarding consumption of SFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Fant
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - H Leskinen
- Animal Nutrition, Production Systems Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - M Ramin
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - P Huhtanen
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden; Animal Nutrition, Production Systems Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
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Zeng X, Li S, Liu L, Cai S, Ye Q, Xue B, Wang X, Zhang S, Chen F, Cai C, Wang F, Zeng X. Role of functional fatty acids in modulation of reproductive potential in livestock. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:24. [PMID: 36788613 PMCID: PMC9926833 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00818-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids are not only widely known as energy sources, but also play important roles in many metabolic pathways. The significance of fatty acids in modulating the reproductive potential of livestock has received greater recognition in recent years. Functional fatty acids and their metabolites improve follicular development, oocyte maturation and embryo development, as well as endometrial receptivity and placental vascular development, through enhancing energy supply and precursors for the synthesis of their productive hormones, such as steroid hormones and prostaglandins. However, many studies are focused on the impacts of individual functional fatty acids in the reproductive cycle, lacking studies involved in deeper mechanisms and optimal fatty acid requirements for specific physiological stages. Therefore, an overall consideration of the combination and synergy of functional fatty acids and the establishment of optimal fatty acid requirement for specific stages is needed to improve reproductive potential in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzhou Zeng
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Center, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, P. R. China ,Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio feed Additives, 100193 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Siyu Li
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Center, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, P. R. China ,Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio feed Additives, 100193 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Lu Liu
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Center, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, P. R. China ,Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio feed Additives, 100193 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Cai
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Center, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, P. R. China ,Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio feed Additives, 100193 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Qianhong Ye
- grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Bangxin Xue
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Center, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, P. R. China ,Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio feed Additives, 100193 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Center, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, P. R. China ,Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio feed Additives, 100193 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Shihai Zhang
- grid.20561.300000 0000 9546 5767Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, 510642 Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Chen
- grid.20561.300000 0000 9546 5767Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, 510642 Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuanjiang Cai
- grid.144022.10000 0004 1760 4150College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, Shaanxi China
| | - Fenglai Wang
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Center, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, P. R. China ,Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio feed Additives, 100193 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xiangfang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Center, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio feed Additives, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China.
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Renna M, Coppa M, Lussiana C, Le Morvan A, Gasco L, Maxin G. Full-fat insect meals in ruminant nutrition: in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics and lipid biohydrogenation. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:138. [PMID: 36536465 PMCID: PMC9764709 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00792-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most used protein sources in ruminant nutrition are considered as having negative impacts in terms of environmental sustainability and competition with human nutrition. Therefore, the investigation of alternative and sustainable feedstuffs is becoming a priority in ruminant production systems. RESULTS This trial was designed to evaluate eight full-fat insect meals (Acheta domesticus - ACD; Alphitobius diaperinus - ALD; Blatta lateralis - BL; Gryllus bimaculatus - GB; Grylloides sygillatus - GS; Hermetia illucens - HI; Musca domestica - MD; and Tenebrio molitor - TM) as potential protein and lipid sources in ruminant nutrition. Fermentation parameters and fatty acids (FA) of rumen digesta after 24-h in vitro ruminal incubation of the tested insect meals were measured and compared with those of three plant-based meals (soybean meal, rapeseed meal and sunflower meal) and fishmeal (FM). Similarly to FM, the insect meals led to a significantly lower total gas production (on average, 1.75 vs. 4.64 mmol/g dry matter-DM), methane production (on average, 0.33 vs. 0.91 mmol/g DM), volatile FA production (on average, 4.12 vs. 7.53 mmol/g DM), and in vitro organic matter disappearance (on average, 0.32 vs. 0.59 g/g) than those observed for the plant meals. The insect meals also led to lower ammonia of rumen fluid, when expressed as a proportion of total N (on average, 0.74 vs. 0.52 for the plant and insect meals, respectively), which could be an advantage provided that intestinal digestibility is high. Differences in ruminal fermentation parameters between the insect meals could be partially explained by their chitin, crude protein and ether extract contents, as well as by their FA profile. In particular, high content of polyunsaturated FA, or C12:0 (in HI), seems to partially inhibit the ruminal fermentations. CONCLUSIONS The tested full-fat insect meals appear to be potentially an interesting protein and lipid source for ruminants, alternative to the less sustainable and commonly used ones of plant origin. The FA profile of the rumen digesta of ACD, ALD, GB, GS and TM, being rich in n-6 polyunsaturated FA, could be interesting to improve the quality of ruminant-derived food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Renna
- grid.7605.40000 0001 2336 6580Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO Italy
| | - Mauro Coppa
- grid.510767.2Independent Researcher, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR 1213 Herbivores, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Carola Lussiana
- grid.7605.40000 0001 2336 6580Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO Italy
| | - Aline Le Morvan
- grid.510767.2Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR 1213 Herbivores, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Laura Gasco
- grid.7605.40000 0001 2336 6580Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO Italy
| | - Gaelle Maxin
- grid.510767.2Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR 1213 Herbivores, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
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Shazly AB, Khattab MSA, Fouad MT, Abd El Tawab AM, Saudi EM, El-Aziz MA. Probiotic Yoghurt Made from Milk of Ewes Fed a Diet Supplemented with Spirulina platensis or Fish Oil. ANN MICROBIOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s13213-022-01686-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Yoghurt is a widely consumed dairy product around the world. It has healing properties and characteristics that are important for human health. Our goal was to see how using ewes' milk fed Spirulina platensis (SP) or fish oil (FO)-supplemented diets affected the chemical, physical, and nutritional properties of yoghurt, as well as the activity and survival of starter and probiotic bacteria during storage.
Methods
The collected milk from each ewe group was preheated to 65 °C and homogenized in a laboratory homogenizer, then heated to 90 °C for 5 min, cooled to 42 °C, and divided into two equal portions. The first portion was inoculated with 2.0% mixed starter culture (Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus, 1:1), whereas the second was inoculated with 2% mixed starter culture and 1% Bifidobacterium longum as a probiotic bacteria.
Results
SP yoghurt had the highest levels of short chain-FA, medium chain-FA, mostly C10:0, and long chain-FA, namely C16:0, C18:2 and the lowest levels of C18:0 and C18:1, followed by FO yoghurt. The addition of SP or FO to ewes' diets resulted in yoghurt with higher viable counts of L. bulgaricus and S. thermophilus, which were still >107 cfu/g at the end of storage, as well as a higher level of acetaldehyde content (P<0.05) as a flavor compound, than the control (C) yoghurt. The viscosity of SP yoghurt was higher than that of FO and C yoghurt; the difference was not significant. The addition of B. longum, a probiotic bacteria, to all yoghurt samples, improved antioxidant activities, particularly against ABTS• radicals, but reduced SP yoghurt viscosity. When B. longum was added, acetaldehyde content increased from 39.91, 90.47, and 129.31 μmol/100g in C, FA, and SP yoghurts to 46.67, 135.55, and 144.1 μmol/100g in probiotic C, FA, and SP yoghurts, respectively. There was no significant difference in sensory qualities among all the yoghurt samples during all storage periods.
Conclusions
Supplementing the ewes' diets with Spirulina platensis or fish oil can change the fatty acid composition of the resulting yoghurt. The starter culture's activity, flavor compounds, and some chemical, physical, and antioxidant properties of milk produced from these diets can all be improved, particularly in yoghurt treated with probiotic bacteria (B. longum).
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The Effect of Dietary Inclusion of Microalgae Schizochytrium spp. on Ewes’ Milk Quality and Oxidative Status. Foods 2022; 11:foods11192950. [PMID: 36230027 PMCID: PMC9563034 DOI: 10.3390/foods11192950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An unprecedented challenge for nutritionists arises during the 21st century in order to produce highly nutritious and functional food which promotes human health. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) that are highly contained in microalgae have broadly been confirmed for preventing cardiovascular diseases and regulating immune-oxidative status. However, their optimum dietary inclusion level needs to be defined since PUFA are prone to oxidation. For this purpose, 24 cross-bred dairy ewes, were separated into four groups (n = 6) and were fed with different levels of microalgae Schizochytrium spp. [0 (CON, no microalgae), 20 (SC20), 30 (SC30) and 40 (SC40) g/ewe/day] for 60 days. The results showed that although the production parameters were not impaired, milk fat content was decreased in medium and high-level supplemented groups while protein content was suppressed only for the medium one. Concerning the fatty acids (FA) profile, the proportions of C14:0, trans C18:1, trans-11 C18:1, cis-9, trans-11 C18:2, trans-10, cis-12 C18:2, C20:5 (EPA), C22:5n-6 (DPA), C22:6n-3 (DHA), the total ω3 FA and PUFA were significantly increased, while those of C18:0, cis-9 C18:1 and C18:2n-6c were decreased in the milk of treated ewes. Additionally, in the S40 group an oxidative response was induced, observed by the increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in milk and blood plasma. In conclusion, the dietary inclusion of 20 g Schizochytrium spp./ewe/day, improves milks’ fatty acid profile and seems to be a promising way for producing ω3 fatty acid-enriched dairy products.
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Netto A, Gama M, Guido S, Bessa R, Inácio J, Monteiro C, Melo G, Ribeiro E, Ferreira M. Replacing Corn With Full-fat Corn Germ in a Basal Diet Containing Cactus (Opuntia strica) Cladodes and Sugarcane as Forage Sources Induces Milk Fat Depression Associated With the trans-10 Shift in Dairy Cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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10
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Turek K, Wszołek M. Effect of walnut oil on the fatty acid content of probiotic kefir produced either with kefir grains or kefir starter cultures. Int Dairy J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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11
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Lima Maciel D, Castillo Vargas JA, Mezzomo R, Sundfeld da Gama MA, Leite LC, Rodrigues de Castro ÍR, Sampaio Oliveira LR, Costa Farias ML, dos Santos Luz WB, Alves KS. Physicochemical, nutritional, and sensory attributes of Minas frescal cheese from grazing cows fed a supplement containing different levels of babassu coconut (Orbignya speciosa). Int Dairy J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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12
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Markey O, Vasilopoulou D, Kliem KE, Fagan CC, Grandison AS, Sutton R, Humphries DJ, Todd S, Jackson KG, Givens DI, Lovegrove JA. Effect of fat-reformulated dairy food consumption on postprandial flow-mediated dilatation and cardiometabolic risk biomarkers compared with conventional dairy: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2022; 115:679-693. [PMID: 35020795 PMCID: PMC8895219 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Longer-term consumption of SFA-reduced, MUFA-enriched dairy products has been reported to improve fasting flow-mediated dilatation (FMD). Yet, their impact on endothelial function in the postprandial state warrants investigation. OBJECTIVES The aim was to compare the impact of a fatty acid (FA) modified with a conventional (control) dairy diet on the postprandial %FMD (primary outcome) and systemic cardiometabolic responses to representative meals, and retrospectively explore whether treatment effects differ by apolipoprotein E (APOE) or endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) Glu298Asp gene polymorphisms. METHODS In a crossover-design randomized controlled study, 52 adults with moderate cardiovascular disease risk consumed dairy products [38% of total energy intake (%TE) from fat: FA-modified (target: 16%TE SFAs; 14%TE MUFAs) or control (19%TE SFAs; 11%TE MUFAs)] for 12 wk, separated by an 8-wk washout. Blood sampling and FMD measurements (0-480 min) were performed pre- and postintervention after sequential mixed meals that were representative of the assigned dairy diets (0 min, ∼50 g fat; 330 min, ∼30 g fat). RESULTS Relative to preintervention (∆), the FA-modified dairy diet and meals (treatment) attenuated the increase in the incremental AUC (iAUC), but not AUC, for the %FMD response observed with the conventional treatment (-135 ± 69% vs. +199 ± 82% × min; P = 0.005). The ∆ iAUC, but not AUC, for the apoB response decreased after the FA-modified treatment yet increased after the conventional treatment (-4 ± 3 vs. +3 ± 3 mg/mL × min; P = 0.004). The ∆ iAUC decreased for plasma total SFAs (P = 0.003) and trans 18:1 (P < 0.0001) and increased for cis-MUFAs (P < 0.0001) following the conventional relative to the FA-modified treatment. No treatment × APOE or eNOS genotype interactions were evident for any outcome. CONCLUSIONS This study provides novel insights into the longer-term effects of FA-modified dairy food consumption on postprandial cardiometabolic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oonagh Markey
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Dafni Vasilopoulou
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty E Kliem
- Animal, Dairy, and Food Chain Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom,Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Colette C Fagan
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom,Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair S Grandison
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Sutton
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - David J Humphries
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom,Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Todd
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Kim G Jackson
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom,Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - David I Givens
- Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
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13
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Palm Kernel Cake in Diets for Lactating Goats: Qualitative Aspects of Milk and Cheese. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123501. [PMID: 34944277 PMCID: PMC8697908 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Feedlotting lactating goats is a strategy to improve their productivity and the quality of their milk and dairy products. However, feedlotting is associated with increases in production costs, due mainly to the concentrate component of the diet. The use of agro-industrial byproducts allows the reduction of feed costs by replacing costly ingredients, as the former are more easily accessible. We tested the dietary inclusion of palm kernel cake (PKC), a byproduct of the biofuel industry, at the levels of 0, 80, 160 and 240 g kg−1, to evaluate its impact on the qualitative aspects of milk and cheese. The inclusion of up to 80 g kg−1 PKC is recommended for the diet of goats whose milk will be used in the production of Minas Frescal cheese. Abstract We investigated the effect of including palm kernel cake (PKC) at the levels of 0, 80, 160 and 240 g kg−1 in the diet of lactating goats on the quality and sensory parameters of Minas Frescal cheese. Twelve goats were used in a triple 4 × 4 Latin square design. The dietary addition of PKC was associated with a reduction in moisture (p = 0.004), which compromised the cheese yield (p = 0.030). The ether extract content showed a quadratic response. There was a decrease in caproic (p = 0.014), caprylic (p = 0.011), capric (p = 0.003) and palmitic (p = 0.049) acids and an increase in lauric (p = 0.012) and myristic (p = 0.02) acids. Monounsaturated fatty acids increased (p = 0.008), whereas the ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids (p = 0.022) and thrombogenicity index (p = 0.023) decreased. Principal component analysis indicated that control treatment and the treatment with 80 g kg−1 PKC were the most acceptable to the cheese tasters. The use of palm kernel cake is a good alternative for lactating goats when added to the diet at levels up to 80 g kg−1.
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14
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Effectiveness of two different at-line instruments for the assessment of cheese composition, major minerals and fatty acids content. Int Dairy J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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15
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Bayat AR, Vilkki J, Razzaghi A, Leskinen H, Kettunen H, Khurana R, Brand T, Ahvenjärvi S. Evaluating the effects of high-oil rapeseed cake or natural additives on methane emissions and performance of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 105:1211-1224. [PMID: 34799103 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the potential of feeding high-oil rapeseed cake or natural additives as rumen modifiers on enteric methane (CH4) emissions, nutrient utilization, performance, and milk fatty acid (FA) profile of dairy cows. Eight Nordic Red dairy cows averaging (mean ± SD) 81 ± 21 d in milk and 41.0 ± 1.9 kg of milk yield at the beginning of the study were randomly assigned to a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with 21-d periods. Treatments comprised grass silage-based diets (45:55 forage to concentrate ratio on dry matter basis) including (1) control containing 19.3% rapeseed meal (CON), (2) CON with full replacement of rapeseed meal with rapeseed cake (RSC), (3) supplementation of CON with 50 g/d of yeast hydrolysate product plus coniferous resin acid-based compound (YHR), and (4) supplementation of CON with 20 g/d of combination of garlic-citrus extract and essential oils in a pellet (GCE). Apparent total-tract digestibility was measured using total collection of feces, and CH4 emissions were measured in respiratory chambers on 4 consecutive days. Data collected during d 17 and 21 in each period were used for ANOVA analysis using a mixed model. Treatments did not affect dry matter intake (DMI), whereas feeding RSC increased crude protein and ether extract digestibility compared with the other diets. Emissions of CH4 per day, per kilogram of DMI, and per kilogram of energy-corrected milk, and gross energy intake were lower for RSC compared with other diets. We found no effect of YHR on daily CH4 emissions, whereas CH4 yield (g of CH4/kg of DMI or as percentage of gross energy intake) decreased with GCE compared with CON. Treatments did not influence energy balance. Further, RSC reduced the proportion of N intake excreted in feces, and YHR improved N balance compared with CON diet. Feeding RSC resulted in greatest yields of milk and energy-corrected milk, and feed efficiency. Relative to the CON diet, RSC decreased saturated FA by 10% in milk fat by increasing cis-monounsaturated FA but also increased the proportion of trans FA. Proportion of odd- and branched-chain FA increased with GCE and YHR compared with CON. We conclude that replacing rapeseed meal by rapeseed cake decreased CH4 emissions, whereas YHR or GCE had no effect on CH4 emissions in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Bayat
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Jokioinen 31600, Finland.
| | - J Vilkki
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Jokioinen 31600, Finland
| | - A Razzaghi
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Jokioinen 31600, Finland
| | - H Leskinen
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Jokioinen 31600, Finland
| | - H Kettunen
- Hankkija Oy, Peltokuumolantie 4, 05801 Hyvinkää, Finland
| | - R Khurana
- Mootral SA, Z.A. La Pièce 1 - A5, 1180 Rolle, Switzerland
| | - T Brand
- Mootral SA, Z.A. La Pièce 1 - A5, 1180 Rolle, Switzerland
| | - S Ahvenjärvi
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Jokioinen 31600, Finland
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16
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Muñoz C, Villalobos R, Peralta AMT, Morales R, Urrutia NL, Ungerfeld EM. Long-Term and Carryover Effects of Supplementation with Whole Oilseeds on Methane Emission, Milk Production and Milk Fatty Acid Profile of Grazing Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2978. [PMID: 34679995 PMCID: PMC8532947 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Research is ongoing to find nutritional methane (CH4) mitigation strategies with persistent effects that can be applied to grazing ruminants. Lipid addition to dairy cow diets has shown potential as means to decrease CH4 emissions. This study evaluated the effects of oilseeds on CH4 emission and production performance of grazing lactating dairy cows. Sixty Holstein Friesian cows grazing pasture were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 treatments (n = 15): supplemented with concentrate without oilseeds (CON), with whole cottonseed (CTS), rapeseed (RPS) or linseed (LNS). Oilseeds were supplemented during weeks 1-16 (spring period) and 17-22 (summer period), and the autumn period (wk 23-27) was used to evaluate treatment carryover effects. Cows fed CTS decreased CH4 yield by 14% compared to CON in spring, but these effects did not persist after 19 weeks of supplementation (summer). Compared to CON, RPS decreased milk yield and CTS increased milk fat concentration in both spring and summer. In summer, CTS also increased milk protein concentration but decreased milk yield, compared to CON. In spring, compared to CON, CTS decreased most milk medium-chain fatty acids (FA; 8:0, 12:0, 14:0 and 15:0) and increased stearic, linoleic and rumenic FA, and LNS increased CLA FA. There were no carry-over effects into the autumn period. In conclusion, supplementation of grazing dairy cows with whole oilseeds resulted in mild effects on methane emissions and animal performance. In particular, supplementing with CTS can decrease CH4 yield without affecting milk production, albeit with a mild and transient CH4 decrease effect. Long term studies conducted under grazing conditions are important to provide a comprehensive overview of how proposed nutritional CH4 mitigation strategies affect productivity, sustainability and consumer health aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Muñoz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA Remehue, Osorno 5290000, Chile; (A.M.T.P.); (R.M.); (N.L.U.)
| | - Rodrigo Villalobos
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile;
| | | | - Rodrigo Morales
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA Remehue, Osorno 5290000, Chile; (A.M.T.P.); (R.M.); (N.L.U.)
| | - Natalie Louise Urrutia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA Remehue, Osorno 5290000, Chile; (A.M.T.P.); (R.M.); (N.L.U.)
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17
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Hervás G, Toral PG, Fernández-Díez C, Badia AD, Frutos P. Effect of Dietary Supplementation with Lipids of Different Unsaturation Degree on Feed Efficiency and Milk Fatty Acid Profile in Dairy Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2476. [PMID: 34438933 PMCID: PMC8388673 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids of different unsaturation degree were added to dairy ewe diet to test the hypothesis that unsaturated oils would modulate milk fatty acid (FA) profile without impairing or even improving feed efficiency. To this aim, we examined milk FA profile and efficiency metrics (feed conversion ratio (FCR), energy conversion ratio (ECR), residual feed intake (RFI), and residual energy intake (REI)) in 40 lactating ewes fed a diet with no lipid supplementation (Control) or supplemented with 3 fats rich in saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated FA (i.e., purified palmitic acid (PA), olive oil (OO), and soybean oil (SBO)). Compared with PA, addition of OO decreased milk medium-chain saturated FA and improved the concentration of potentially health-promoting FA, such as cis-9 18:1, trans-11 18:1, cis-9 trans-11 CLA, and 4:0, with no impact on feed efficiency metrics. Nevertheless, FA analysis and decreases in FCR and ECR suggested that SBO supplementation would be a better nutritional strategy to further improve milk FA profile and feed efficiency in dairy ewes. The paradox of differences observed depending on the metric used to estimate feed efficiency (i.e., the lack of variation in RFI and REI vs. changes in FCR and ECR) does not allow solid conclusions to be drawn in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Hervás
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, Finca Marzanas s/n, 24346 Grulleros, Spain; (P.G.T.); (C.F.-D.); (A.D.B.); (P.F.)
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18
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Mollica MP, Trinchese G, Cimmino F, Penna E, Cavaliere G, Tudisco R, Musco N, Manca C, Catapano A, Monda M, Bergamo P, Banni S, Infascelli F, Lombardi P, Crispino M. Milk Fatty Acid Profiles in Different Animal Species: Focus on the Potential Effect of Selected PUFAs on Metabolism and Brain Functions. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041111. [PMID: 33800688 PMCID: PMC8066999 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk contains several important nutrients that are beneficial for human health. This review considers the nutritional qualities of essential fatty acids (FAs), especially omega-3 (ω-3) and omega-6 (ω-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) present in milk from ruminant and non-ruminant species. In particular, the impact of milk fatty acids on metabolism is discussed, including its effects on the central nervous system. In addition, we presented data indicating how animal feeding—the main way to modify milk fat composition—may have a potential impact on human health, and how rearing and feeding systems strongly affect milk quality within the same animal species. Finally, we have presented the results of in vivo studies aimed at supporting the beneficial effects of milk FA intake in animal models, and the factors limiting their transferability to humans were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria P. Mollica
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.P.M.); (G.T.); (F.C.); (E.P.); (G.C.); (A.C.); (M.C.)
- BAT Center—Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, 80055 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Trinchese
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.P.M.); (G.T.); (F.C.); (E.P.); (G.C.); (A.C.); (M.C.)
- BAT Center—Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, 80055 Naples, Italy
| | - Fabiano Cimmino
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.P.M.); (G.T.); (F.C.); (E.P.); (G.C.); (A.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Eduardo Penna
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.P.M.); (G.T.); (F.C.); (E.P.); (G.C.); (A.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Gina Cavaliere
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.P.M.); (G.T.); (F.C.); (E.P.); (G.C.); (A.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Raffaella Tudisco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, 80100 Naples, Italy; (R.T.); (N.M.); (F.I.); (P.L.)
| | - Nadia Musco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, 80100 Naples, Italy; (R.T.); (N.M.); (F.I.); (P.L.)
| | - Claudia Manca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (C.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Angela Catapano
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.P.M.); (G.T.); (F.C.); (E.P.); (G.C.); (A.C.); (M.C.)
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Marcellino Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Paolo Bergamo
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, 83100 Avellino, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-08-2529-9506
| | - Sebastiano Banni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (C.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Federico Infascelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, 80100 Naples, Italy; (R.T.); (N.M.); (F.I.); (P.L.)
| | - Pietro Lombardi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, 80100 Naples, Italy; (R.T.); (N.M.); (F.I.); (P.L.)
| | - Marianna Crispino
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.P.M.); (G.T.); (F.C.); (E.P.); (G.C.); (A.C.); (M.C.)
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Vargas-Bello-Pérez E, Darabighane B, Miccoli FE, Gómez-Cortés P, Gonzalez-Ronquillo M, Mele M. Effect of Dietary Vegetable Sources Rich in Unsaturated Fatty Acids on Milk Production, Composition, and Cheese Fatty Acid Profile in Sheep: A Meta-Analysis. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:641364. [PMID: 33778040 PMCID: PMC7994345 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.641364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A meta-analysis was conducted to analyze the effects of different dietary vegetable sources rich in unsaturated FA (UFA) on sheep cheese FA profile. This study also quantified the overall effect of feeding sheep with vegetable sources rich in UFA (linseed, flaxseed, sunflower seed, canola, olive oil, bran oil, and olive cake), on milk yield (MY) and milk composition. A literature search was conducted to identify papers published from 2000 to 2019. Effect size for all parameters was calculated as standardized mean difference. Heterogeneity was determined using I 2 statistic, while meta-regression was used to examine factors influencing heterogeneity. Effect size was not significant for MY, milk fat percentage (MFP), and milk protein percentage (MPP). Dietary inclusion of vegetable sources rich in UFA decreased the effect size for C12:0, C14:0, and C16:0 and increased the effect size for C18:0, C18:1 t-11, C18:1 c-9, C18:2 c-9, t-11, C18:2 n-6, and C18:3 n-3. Heterogeneity was significant for MY, MFP, MPP, and overall cheese FA profile. Meta-regression revealed days in milk as a contributing factor to the heterogeneity observed in MFP and MPP. Meta-regression showed that ripening time is one of the factors affecting cheese FA profile heterogeneity while the type of feeding system(preserved roughages vs. pasture) had no effect on heterogeneity. Overall, inclusion of dietary vegetable sources rich in UFA in sheep diets would be an effective nutritional strategy to decrease saturated FA and increase polyunsaturated FA contents in cheeses without detrimental effects on MY, MFF, and MPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Babak Darabighane
- Department of Animal Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Florencia E Miccoli
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Lomas de Zamora (UNLZ), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pilar Gómez-Cortés
- Departamento de Bioactividad y Análisis de Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Gonzalez-Ronquillo
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Mexico
| | - Marcello Mele
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Agro-ambientali, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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20
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Ghavi Hossein-Zadeh N. A meta-analysis of heritability estimates for milk fatty acids and their genetic relationship with milk production traits in dairy cows using a random-effects model. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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21
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Samková E, Kalač P. Rapeseed supplements affect propitiously fatty acid composition of cow milk fat: A meta-analysis. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Stergiadis S, Cabeza-Luna I, Mora-Ortiz M, Stewart RD, Dewhurst RJ, Humphries DJ, Watson M, Roehe R, Auffret MD. Unravelling the Role of Rumen Microbial Communities, Genes, and Activities on Milk Fatty Acid Profile Using a Combination of Omics Approaches. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:590441. [PMID: 33552010 PMCID: PMC7859430 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.590441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk products are an important component of human diets, with beneficial effects for human health, but also one of the major sources of nutritionally undesirable saturated fatty acids (SFA). Recent discoveries showing the importance of the rumen microbiome on dairy cattle health, metabolism and performance highlight that milk composition, and potentially milk SFA content, may also be associated with microorganisms, their genes and their activities. Understanding these mechanisms can be used for the development of cost-effective strategies for the production of milk with less SFA. This work aimed to compare the rumen microbiome between cows producing milk with contrasting FA profile and identify potentially responsible metabolic-related microbial mechanisms. Forty eight Holstein dairy cows were fed the same total mixed ration under the same housing conditions. Milk and rumen fluid samples were collected from all cows for the analysis of fatty acid profiles (by gas chromatography), the abundances of rumen microbiome communities and genes (by whole-genome-shotgun metagenomics), and rumen metabolome (using 500 MHz nuclear magnetic resonance). The following groups: (i) 24 High-SFA (66.9-74.4% total FA) vs. 24 Low-SFA (60.2-66.6%% total FA) cows, and (ii) 8 extreme High-SFA (69.9-74.4% total FA) vs. 8 extreme Low-SFA (60.2-64.0% total FA) were compared. Rumen of cows producing milk with more SFA were characterized by higher abundances of the lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, and Weissella, the acetogenic Proteobacteria Acetobacter and Kozakia, Mycobacterium, two fungi (Cutaneotrichosporon and Cyphellophora), and at a lesser extent Methanobrevibacter and the protist Nannochloropsis. Cows carrying genes correlated with milk FA also had higher concentrations of butyrate, propionate and tyrosine and lower concentrations of xanthine and hypoxanthine in the rumen. Abundances of rumen microbial genes were able to explain between 76 and 94% on the variation of the most abundant milk FA. Metagenomics and metabolomics analyses highlighted that cows producing milk with contrasting FA profile under the same diet, also differ in their rumen metabolic activities in relation to adaptation to reduced rumen pH, carbohydrate fermentation, and protein synthesis and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sokratis Stergiadis
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Reading, Animal, Dairy and Food Chain Sciences, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Irene Cabeza-Luna
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Reading, Animal, Dairy and Food Chain Sciences, Reading, United Kingdom
- Beef and Sheep Research Centre, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Roslin Institute Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Marina Mora-Ortiz
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Reading, Animal, Dairy and Food Chain Sciences, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Robert D. Stewart
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Dewhurst
- Dairy Research and Innovation Centre, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Dumfries, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Humphries
- Centre for Dairy Research, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Mick Watson
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rainer Roehe
- Beef and Sheep Research Centre, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Roslin Institute Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Marc D. Auffret
- Beef and Sheep Research Centre, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Roslin Institute Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Gama MAS, de Paula TA, Véras ASC, Guido SI, Borges CAV, Antoniassi R, Lopes FCF, Neves MLMW, Ferreira MDA. Partially replacing sorghum silage with cactus (Opuntia stricta) cladodes in a soybean oil-supplemented diet markedly increases trans-11 18:1, cis-9, trans-11 CLA and 18:2 n-6 contents in cow milk. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020; 105:232-246. [PMID: 33111420 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Based on low 18:0 contents observed in milk fat of cows fed cactus cladodes (CC), we hypothesized that including Opuntia stricta cladodes in a soybean oil (SO)-supplemented diet would promote incomplete rumen biohydrogenation of supplemental PUFA, leading to increased trans-11 18:1 and cis-9, trans-11 CLA contents in milk. Twelve Holstein cows were used in a two-period study: (a) Baseline: all cows received a total mixed ration (TMR) composed of sorghum silage (SS) and a concentrate containing no SO for 14 days; (b) Treatment: cows received one of the following SO-supplemented diets for 21 days: (1) SS-TMR: a TMR composed of SS and a SO-enriched concentrate, (2) CC-TMR: a TMR containing CC as a partial substitute for SS plus the SO-enriched concentrate, and (3) CC-PMR: same diet as in treatment 2, but CC were mixed with the SO-enriched concentrate and fed as a partial mixed ration (PMR). Both CC diets increased relative abundances of trans-11 18:1, cis-9, trans-11 CLA, and 18:2 n-6 in milk fat, whereas opposite effects were observed on 18:0 and cis-9 18:1. Proportion of 18:2 n-6 increased, and cis-9, trans-11 CLA tended to increase with CC-PMR as compared to CC-TMR, whereas 18:3 n-3 was higher with CC-PMR than with SS-TMR. Proportions of several odd- and branched-chain fatty acids, certain 18:1 isomers, and trans-9, cis-11 CLA changed with CC diets, notably with CC-PMR. Milk yield and intake of most nutrients (except fibre) increased or tended to increase with the CC diets, whereas gross milk composition was unaltered. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 index for C18 (SCD18 ) was higher with CC-PMR than with SS-TMR, and milk n-6:n-3 FA ratio and apparent transfer of 18:2 n-6 to milk increased with CC diets. These results indicate that Opuntia stricta cladodes can be a valuable feed ingredient for improving the nutraceutical value of milk fat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Talita A de Paula
- Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, USA
| | - Antônia S C Véras
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Maria L M W Neves
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Marcelo de A Ferreira
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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Mohan MS, O'Callaghan TF, Kelly P, Hogan SA. Milk fat: opportunities, challenges and innovation. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:2411-2443. [PMID: 32649226 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1778631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Milk fat is a high-value milk component that is processed mainly as butter, cheese, cream and whole milk powder. It is projected that approximately 35 million tonnes of milk fat will be produced globally by 2025. This surplus, enhances the need for diversification of milk fat products and the milk pool in general. Infant milk formula producers, for instance, have incorporated enzyme modified ("humanised") milk fat and fat globule phospholipids to better mimic human milk fat structures. Minor components like mono- and di-glycerides from milk fat are increasingly utilized as emulsifiers, replacing palm esters in premium-priced food products. This review examines the chemistry of milk fat and the technologies employed for its modification, fractionation and enrichment. Emerging processing technologies such as ultrasound, high pressure processing, supercritical fluid extraction and fractionation, can be employed to improve the nutritional and functional attributes of milk fat. The potential of recent developments in biological intervention, through dietary manipulation of milk fatty acid profiles in cattle also offers significant promise. Finally, this review provides evidence to help redress the imbalance in reported associations between milk fat consumption and human health, and elucidates the health benefits associated with consumption of milk fat and dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maneesha S Mohan
- Food Chemistry and Technology Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Tom F O'Callaghan
- Food Chemistry and Technology Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Phil Kelly
- Food Chemistry and Technology Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Sean A Hogan
- Food Chemistry and Technology Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
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Bhandari SD, Delmonte P, Honigfort M, Yan W, Dionisi F, Fleith M, Iassonova D, Bergeson LL. Regulatory Changes Affecting the Production and Use of Fats and Oils: Focus on Partially Hydrogenated Oils. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sneh D. Bhandari
- Mérieux NutriSciences, Silliker Food Science Center 3600 Eagle Nest Drive, Crete IL 60417 USA
| | - Pierluigi Delmonte
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration5001 Campus Drive, College, Park MD 20740 USA
| | - Mical Honigfort
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration5001 Campus Drive, College, Park MD 20740 USA
| | - William Yan
- Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, Food Directorate, Health Canada251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway Ottawa K1A 0K9 Ontario Canada
| | - Fabiola Dionisi
- Societé des Produits Nestlé SA, Route du Jorat 57, 1000 Lausanne 26 Switzerland
| | - Mathilde Fleith
- Societé des Produits Nestlé SA, Route du Jorat 57, 1000 Lausanne 26 Switzerland
| | - Diliara Iassonova
- Oils&Shortening R&D, Cargill, 14305 21st Ave North Minneapolis, MN 55447 USA
| | - Lynn L. Bergeson
- Bergeson & Campbell, P.C. (B&C®), 2200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Suite 100W Washington, D.C. 20037 USA
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Toral P, Gervais R, Hervás G, Létourneau-Montminy MP, Frutos P. Relationships between trans-10 shift indicators and milk fat traits in dairy ewes: Insights into milk fat depression. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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27
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Silva LSE, Fernandes Lima Cavalcanti JV, Rodrigues Magalhães AL, Santoro KR, Dias Gonçalves G, Vasconcelos Santana LP, Silva JKBD, Almeida OCD. Soybean oil modulates the fatty acid synthesis in the mammary gland, improving nutritional quality of the goat milk. Small Rumin Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.106041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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28
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Correddu F, Lunesu MF, Buffa G, Atzori AS, Nudda A, Battacone G, Pulina G. Can Agro-Industrial By-Products Rich in Polyphenols be Advantageously Used in the Feeding and Nutrition of Dairy Small Ruminants? Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10010131. [PMID: 31947543 PMCID: PMC7022336 DOI: 10.3390/ani10010131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In the Mediterranean area, where dairy sheep and goats are widespread, the use of by-products in the diet of small ruminants is an ancient practice. Today the great availability of industrial by-products produced at the local level (e.g., grape, olive, tomato and myrtle residues), appears to be a promising strategy for reducing competition with human edible foods and the cost of off-farm produced feeds since they are imported worldwide. Moreover, these co-feeds can contribute to reducing the ecological and water footprint associated with crop cultivation. The presence of bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, confers added value to these materials. Several positive aspects are apparent when such by-products are included in the diets of small dairy ruminants, in particular on ruminal metabolism, animal health, and the quality of derived products. Abstract Recently, the interest in industrial by-products produced at the local level in Mediterranean areas, resulting from fruit and vegetable processes, has increased because of their considerable amounts of bioactive compounds, including polyphenols. In this review, we analyze the most recent scientific results concerning the use of agro-industrial by-products, naturally rich in polyphenols (BPRP), in the diets of small dairy ruminants. Effects on milk production, milk and rumen liquor fatty acid profile, metabolic parameters, and methane production are reviewed. The feed intake and digestibility coefficients were generally depressed by BPRP, even though they were not always reflected in the milk yield. The main observed positive effects of BPRP were on quality of the milk’s FA profile, antioxidant activity in milk and blood, a reduction of rumen ammonia, and, consequently, a reduction of milk and blood urea. The expected beneficial effects of dietary polyphenols in small ruminants were not always observed because of their complex and variable matrices. However, owing to the large quantities of these products available at low prices, the use of BPRB in small ruminant nutrition offers a convenient solution to the valorization of residues arising from agricultural activities, reducing feed costs for farmers and conferring added value to dairy products at the local level, in a sustainable way.
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Vargas JE, Andrés S, López-Ferreras L, López S. Effects of supplemental plant oils on rumen bacterial community profile and digesta fatty acid composition in a continuous culture system (RUSITEC). Anaerobe 2019; 61:102143. [PMID: 31896059 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2019.102143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Lipid supplementation of ruminant diets may trigger changes in the ruminal microbiota and in anaerobic digestion. Changes in the bacterial community composition and in the fatty acid hydrogenation caused by the addition of different supplemental plant oils to a high concentrate diet were investigated in vitro using RUSITEC (rumen simulation technique) fermenters. The control (CTR) diet was a high-concentrate total mixed ration for dairy sheep, with no supplementary oil. The other experimental diets were supplemented with olive (OLV), sunflower (SFL) or linseed (LNS) oils at 6% (dry matter basis). Four RUSITEC fermenters were used for each experimental diet, all inoculated with rumen digesta of sheep. Extent of dry matter and fat degradation, composition of the bacterial community and long-chain fatty acids in digesta were determined. The addition of plant oils increased (P < 0.001) apparent degradation of fat in the fermenters, whereas fermentation kinetics (gas production and average fermentation rate) were lower (P < 0.05) with the LNS than with the CTR diet. Hydrogenation of C18 unsaturated fatty acids (P < 0.05), in particular that of oleic acid (P < 0.001), and stearic acid proportion (P < 0.001) were reduced, and oleic acid proportion was increased (P < 0.001) with all oil supplements. Addition of OLV decreased linoleic and LNS increased α-linolenic (P < 0.001), whereas conjugated linoleic was increased with SFL oil (P = 0.025) and vaccenic increased with both SFL and LNS oils (P = 0.008). Addition of 6% OLV and LNS reduced (P < 0.05) microbial community diversity and quantity of total bacteria relative to the control. Some specific microbial groups were affected (P < 0.001) by oil addition, with less relative abundance of Clostridiales and Actinobacteria and increased Bacteroidales, Aeromonadales and Lactobacillales species. In conclusion, the supplementation of high-concentrate ruminant diets with plant oils, in particular from sunflower or linseed, causes shifts in the rumen microbiota and fatty acid hydrogenation in the rumen increasing the formation of vaccenic and conjugated linoleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Ernesto Vargas
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de León, E-24007, León, Spain; Universidad de Caldas, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Grupo CIENVET, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Sonia Andrés
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de León, E-24007, León, Spain
| | - Lorena López-Ferreras
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de León, E-24007, León, Spain; Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 11, PO Box 434, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Secundino López
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de León, E-24007, León, Spain.
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Cruz VAR, Oliveira HR, Brito LF, Fleming A, Larmer S, Miglior F, Schenkel FS. Genome-Wide Association Study for Milk Fatty Acids in Holstein Cattle Accounting for the DGAT1 Gene Effect. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E997. [PMID: 31752271 PMCID: PMC6912218 DOI: 10.3390/ani9110997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of genomic regions and candidate genes associated with milk fatty acids contributes to better understand the underlying biology of these traits and enables breeders to modify milk fat composition through genetic selection. The main objectives of this study were: (1) to perform genome-wide association analyses for five groups of milk fatty acids in Holstein cattle using a high-density (777K) SNP panel; and (2) to compare the results of GWAS accounting (or not) for the DGAT1 gene effect as a covariate in the statistical model. The five groups of milk fatty acids analyzed were: (1) saturated (SFA); (2) unsaturated (UFA); (3) short-chain (SCFA); (4) medium-chain (MCFA); and (5) long-chain (LCFA) fatty acids. When DGAT1 was not fitted as a covariate in the model, significant SNPs and candidate genes were identified on BTA5, BTA6, BTA14, BTA16, and BTA19. When fitting the DGAT1 gene in the model, only the MGST1 and PLBD1 genes were identified. Thus, this study suggests that the DGAT1 gene accounts for most of the variability in milk fatty acid composition and the PLBD1 and MGST1 genes are important additional candidate genes in Holstein cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valdecy A. R. Cruz
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (V.A.R.C.); (H.R.O.); (L.F.B.); (A.F.); (S.L.); (F.M.)
| | - Hinayah R. Oliveira
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (V.A.R.C.); (H.R.O.); (L.F.B.); (A.F.); (S.L.); (F.M.)
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Luiz F. Brito
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (V.A.R.C.); (H.R.O.); (L.F.B.); (A.F.); (S.L.); (F.M.)
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Allison Fleming
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (V.A.R.C.); (H.R.O.); (L.F.B.); (A.F.); (S.L.); (F.M.)
- Lactanet Canada, Guelph, Ontario, ON N1K 1E5, Canada
| | - Steven Larmer
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (V.A.R.C.); (H.R.O.); (L.F.B.); (A.F.); (S.L.); (F.M.)
| | - Filippo Miglior
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (V.A.R.C.); (H.R.O.); (L.F.B.); (A.F.); (S.L.); (F.M.)
- Ontario Genomics, Toronto, Ontario, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Flavio S. Schenkel
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (V.A.R.C.); (H.R.O.); (L.F.B.); (A.F.); (S.L.); (F.M.)
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Till BE, Huntington JA, Posri W, Early R, Taylor-Pickard J, Sinclair LA. Influence of rate of inclusion of microalgae on the sensory characteristics and fatty acid composition of cheese and performance of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:10934-10946. [PMID: 31563312 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Modification of milk and cheese fat to contain long-chain n-3 fatty acids (FA) by feeding microalgae (ALG) to dairy cows has the potential to improve human health, but the subsequent effect on the sensory attributes of dairy products is unclear. The objective was to determine the effect of feeding dairy cows different amounts of ALG that was rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on milk and cheese FA profile, cheese sensory attributes, and cow performance. Twenty Holstein dairy cows were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 dietary treatments in a 4 × 4 row and column design, with 4 periods of 28 d, with cheddar cheese production and animal performance measurements undertaken during the final 7 d of each period. Cows were fed a basal diet that was supplemented with ALG (Schizochytrium limancinum) at 4 rates: 0 (control, C), 50 (LA), 100 (MA), or 150 g (HA) of ALG per cow per day. We found that both milk and cheese fat content of DHA increased linearly with ALG feed rate and was 0.29 g/100 g FA higher in milk and cheese from cows fed HA compared with C. Supplementation with ALG linearly reduced the content of saturated FA and the ratio of n-6:n-3 FA in milk and cheese. Supplementation with ALG altered 20 out of the 32 sensory attributes, with a linear increase in cheese air holes, nutty flavor, and dry mouth aftertaste with ALG inclusion. Creaminess of cheese decreased with ALG inclusion rate and was positively correlated with saturated FA content. We also observed a quadratic effect on fruity odor, which was highest in cheese from cows fed HA and lowest in LA, and firmness and crumbliness texture, being highest in MA and lowest in HA. Supplementation with ALG had no effect on the dry matter intake, milk yield, or live weight change of the cows, with mean values of 23.1, 38.5, and 0.34 kg/d respectively, but milk fat content decreased linearly, and energy-corrected milk yield tended to decrease linearly with rate of ALG inclusion (mean values of 39.6, 38.4, 37.1, and 35.9 g/kg, and 41.3, 41.3, 40.5, and 39.4 kg/d for C, LA, MA, and HA, respectively). We conclude that feeding ALG to high-yielding dairy cows improved milk and cheese content of DHA and altered cheese taste but not cow performance, although milk fat content reduced as inclusion rate increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Till
- Department of Animal Production, Welfare and Veterinary Sciences, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire, TF10 8NB, UK
| | - J A Huntington
- Department of Animal Production, Welfare and Veterinary Sciences, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire, TF10 8NB, UK
| | - W Posri
- Department of Food Technology and Innovation, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire, TF10 8NB, UK
| | - R Early
- Department of Food Technology and Innovation, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire, TF10 8NB, UK
| | - J Taylor-Pickard
- Alltech Biotechnology Centre, Summerhill Road, Dunboyne, Ireland A86 X006
| | - L A Sinclair
- Department of Animal Production, Welfare and Veterinary Sciences, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire, TF10 8NB, UK.
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Silveira SR, Terry SA, Biffin TE, Maurício RM, Pereira LGR, Ferreira AL, Ribeiro RS, Sacramento JP, Tomich TR, Machado FS, Campos MM, Gama MAS, Chaves AV. Replacement of Soybean Meal With Soybean Cake Reduces Methane Emissions in Dairy Cows and an Assessment of a Face-Mask Technique for Methane Measurement. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:295. [PMID: 31552283 PMCID: PMC6738022 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to (a) evaluate the effect of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with soybean cake (SBC) on feeding behavior, rumen fermentation, milk production, nutrient digestibility and CH4 emissions and (b) investigate whether a face-mask technique could be used to predict daily methane (CH4) emissions in dairy cattle. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design, with 32 crossbred Holstein × Gyr cows (days in milk (DIM): 112 ± 25.1) randomly assigned to the following treatments (n = 8/group) for 75 days: (1) 0% SBC, (2) 6% SBC, (3) 14% SBC, and (4) 23% SBC, in place of SBM on a dry matter (DM) basis. Across the final 4 weeks of the study, CH4 production was estimated using the proposed face-mask technique subsequent to a respiration chamber measurement for an evaluation of treatment efficacy and face-mask accuracy. There was no effect of SBM replacement by SBC on intake, feeding or drinking behavior (P > 0.21). Total VFA concentration, the individual proportions of VFA and blood metabolites were not altered (P > 0.17) by SBC, however there was a tendency for decreased (P = 0.08) lactate and plasma urea nitrogen (P = 0.07) concentration associated with SBC addition. Fat-corrected milk yield (FCM4%) and composition was not affected (P > 0.27) by SBC; however, there was a tendency for decreased total milk solids (P = 0.07) and milk fat (P = 0.08) associated with 23% SBC treatment. There was no treatment × technique interaction (P > 0.05) effect on gas measurements. A maximum reduction (P = 0.01) in CH4 yield (g/kg DM) and intensity (g/kg milk) of 11 and 20%, respectively, was observed for the 14% SBC inclusion. Compared to the week of mask measurements, chambers decreased (P = 0.01) intake (kg/d, %BW) and increased (P = 0.05) FCM4%. The face-mask method over estimated O2 consumption by 5%. The face-mask method accurately predicted daily CH4 emissions when compared to the chamber at the same time-point. However, there was a linear bias of CH4 outputs so further evaluation of the calculation of total CH4 from a spot measurement is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Rocha Silveira
- Bioengineering Department, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, São João del-Rei, Brazil
| | - Stephanie Amelia Terry
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tamara Elaine Biffin
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Rafael Sandin Ribeiro
- Bioengineering Department, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, São João del-Rei, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Sacramento
- Bioengineering Department, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, São João del-Rei, Brazil
| | | | - Fernanda S Machado
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation-Embrapa Dairy Cattle, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Mariana M Campos
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation-Embrapa Dairy Cattle, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandre Vieira Chaves
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Vargas-Bello-Pérez E, Cancino-Padilla N, Geldsetzer-Mendoza C, Vyhmeister S, Morales MS, Leskinen H, Romero J, Garnsworthy PC, Ibáñez RA. Effect of Feeding Cows with Unsaturated Fatty Acid Sources on Milk Production, Milk Composition, Milk Fatty Acid Profile, and Physicochemical and Sensory Characteristics of Ice Cream. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9080568. [PMID: 31426475 PMCID: PMC6720294 DOI: 10.3390/ani9080568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementation of dairy cows’ diets with different fatty acid (FA) sources on milk production, milk composition, milk fatty acid profile, and physicochemical and sensory characteristics of ice cream. Supplementation (3% dry matter (DM)) of diets with soybean oil (SO) and fish oil (FO) did not have detrimental effects on milk production, milk composition, or ice cream physicochemical and sensory characteristics. From a human standpoint, SO and FO improved the FA profile of milk. Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementation of dairy cows with different fatty acid sources (soybean oil (SO) and fish oil (FO)) on milk production, milk composition, milk fatty acid profile, and physicochemical and sensory characteristics of ice cream. During 63 days, fifteen Holstein cows averaging 198 ± 35 days in milk were assigned to three groups: control diet with no added lipid (n = 5 cows); and supplemented diets with SO (n = 5 cows; unrefined SO; 30 g/kg DM) or FO (n = 5 cows; FO from unrefined salmon oil; 30 g/kg DM). Milk production, milk fat, and milk protein were not affected by treatments. Saturated fatty acids in milk fat were decreased with SO and FO compared with control. C18:2 cis-9, cis-12 was increased with SO whereas C18:2 cis-9, trans-11, C20:3n-3, C20:3n-6, C20:5n-3, and C22:6n-3 were the highest with FO. Draw temperature and firmness were higher in SO compared to control and FO ice creams. Melting resistance was higher in FO compared with control and SO ice creams. Supplementation of cow diets with SO and FO did not have detrimental effects on milk production, or ice cream physicochemical and sensory characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez
- Departamento de Ciencias Animales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla-306 Santiago, Chile.
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 3, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Nathaly Cancino-Padilla
- Departamento de Ciencias Animales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla-306 Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Geldsetzer-Mendoza
- Departamento de Ciencias Animales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla-306 Santiago, Chile
| | - Stefanie Vyhmeister
- Departamento de Ciencias Animales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla-306 Santiago, Chile
| | - María Sol Morales
- Departamento de Fomento de la Producción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa 11735, La Pintana, Chile
| | - Heidi Leskinen
- Milk Production, Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Jaime Romero
- Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, El Líbano 5524, Santiago, Chile
| | - Philip C Garnsworthy
- School of Biosciences, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Rodrigo A Ibáñez
- Departamento de Ciencias Animales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla-306 Santiago, Chile
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Vegetable Oils Rich in Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Supplementation of Dairy Cows' Diets: Effects on Productive and Reproductive Performance. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9050205. [PMID: 31052193 PMCID: PMC6562551 DOI: 10.3390/ani9050205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Ruminants milk contains some bioactive lipids that have a beneficial effect on human health. The present study aimed to evaluate the benefit of incorporating polyunsaturated fatty acids rich vegetable oils on productive and reproductive performance of dairy cows. The results show that including polyunsaturated fatty acids and rich vegetable oils in rations of dairy cows improve the nutritional profile of milk and some reproductive parameters. Ruminant milk often has a negative image for health because of its fat content and its composition. A way to improve the nutritional profile of the milk is to supplement dairy cows’ diets with polyunsaturated vegetable oils, which makes it healthier for the consumer and improves the commercial value of the milk in view of the continued decline in fertility among dairy cows. The possibility of supplementing the diet with vegetable oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids as a means of improving reproductive performance has considerable interest for dairy producers. Abstract The aim of this study was to determine how polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) supplementation can affect the productive and reproductive performance in dairy cows subjected to a fixed-time artificial insemination (TAI) protocol under farm conditions. One hundred and ninety-eight Holstein non-pregnant cows were used. Treatments consisted of a control diet (CON), without added oil, and two diets supplemented with either 2.3% soybean oil (SOY) or 2.3% linseed oil (LIN) as dry matter. The diets were formulated to be isoenergetic and isoproteic. Dry matter intake and milk yield were similar among treatments (p > 0.05). Both the percentage of fat (p = 0.011) and protein (p = 0.022) were higher in milk from animals not fed with oil (CON). The greatest saturated fatty acid (SFA) concentration (p < 0.0001) was observed in milk from cows fed the control diet, without added oil. The monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), PUFA, and the n-3 PUFA content was higher (p < 0.0001) in the milk from animals fed with oil with respect to the control treatment. The C18:2 cis-9, trans-11 in the milk of animals fed with oil supplements was significantly higher (p < 0.0001) than in that of the control group. Animals supplemented with linseed oil tended to show higher plasma progesterone level (p = 0.09) and a higher number of pregnant cows on the first artificial insemination (p = 0.07). These animals tended to reduce the number of TAI (p = 0.08). In brief, results showed that vegetable oils rich in PUFA supplementation considerably improve the nutritional profile of milk. PUFA n-3 supplementation slightly improves some reproductive parameters in dairy cows subjected to the fixed-time artificial insemination (TAI) protocol.
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Mahdavi A, Mahdavi A, Darabighane B, Mead A, Lee MRF. Effects of soybean oil supplement to diets of lactating dairy cows, on productive performance, and milk fat acids profile: a meta-analysis. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2019.1585211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mahdavi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Iran
| | - Ata Mahdavi
- Faculty College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Darabighane
- Department of Animal Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Andrew Mead
- Department of Computational and Analytical Science, Rothamsted Research, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Michael R. F. Lee
- Department of Sustainable Agriculture Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Devon, UK
- University of Bristol, Bristol Veterinary School, Langford, Somerset, UK
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Leskinen H, Ventto L, Kairenius P, Shingfield KJ, Vilkki J. Temporal changes in milk fatty acid composition during diet-induced milk fat depression in lactating cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:5148-5160. [PMID: 30904304 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Diet-induced milk fat depression (MFD) in lactating cows has been attributed to alterations in ruminal lipid metabolism leading to the formation of specific fatty acid (FA) biohydrogenation intermediates that directly inhibit milk fat synthesis. However, the mechanisms responsible for decreased lipid synthesis in the mammary gland over time are not well defined. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of diet on milk FA composition and milk fat production over time, especially during MFD, and explore the associations between MFD and FA biohydrogenation intermediates in omasal digesta and milk. Four lactating Finnish Ayrshire cows used in a 4 × 4 Latin square with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments and 35-d experimental periods were fed diets formulated to cause differences in ruminal and mammary lipid metabolism. Treatments consisted of an iso-nitrogenous total mixed ration based on grass silage with a forage to concentrate ratio of 65:35 or 35:65 without added oil, or with sunflower oil at 50 g/kg of diet dry matter. The high-concentrate diet with sunflower oil (HSO) induced a 2-stage drop in milk fat synthesis that was accompanied by specific temporal changes in the milk FA composition. The MFD on HSO was associated especially with trans-10 18:1 and also with trans-9,cis-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in milk and omasal digesta across all diets and was accompanied by the appearance of trans-10,cis-15 18:2. Trans-10,cis-12 CLA was increased in HSO, but milk fat secretion was not associated with omasal or milk trans-10,cis-12 CLA. The temporal changes in milk fat content and yield and milk FA composition reflect the shift from the predominant ruminal biohydrogenation pathway to an alternative pathway. The ambiguous role of trans-10,cis-12 CLA suggests that trans-10 18:1, trans-9,cis-11 CLA and trans-10,cis-15 18:2 or additional mechanisms contributed to the diet-induced MFD in lactating cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Leskinen
- Milk Production, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland.
| | - L Ventto
- Milk Production, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - P Kairenius
- Milk Production, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - K J Shingfield
- Milk Production, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - J Vilkki
- Animal Genetics, Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
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Stergiadis S, Berlitz CB, Hunt B, Garg S, Ian Givens D, Kliem KE. An update to the fatty acid profiles of bovine retail milk in the United Kingdom: Implications for nutrition in different age and gender groups. Food Chem 2019; 276:218-230. [PMID: 30409587 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.09.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of UK dairy production system, month, and their interaction, on retail milk fatty acid (FA) profile throughout the year. Milk samples (n = 120) from four conventional (CON), four organic (ORG) and two free-range (FR) brands were collected monthly. ORG milk had more nutritionally-desirable polyunsaturated FA, including rumenic acid and the omega-3 PUFA α-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic and docosapentaenoic acids, and less of the nutritionally-undesirable palmitic acid. Milk FA profile was similar between FR and CON systems, but FR milk had less saturated FA (SFA) and/or palmitic acid, and/or greater α-linolenic and rumenic acids in certain months within the peak-grazing season. According to the measured milk FA profiles and UK milk fat intakes, milk and dairy products contribute around one-third of the maximum recommended SFA intake. A small increased intake of beneficial PUFA may be expected by consuming ORG milk but human health implications from such differences are unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sokratis Stergiadis
- University of Reading, Animal, Dairy and Food Chain Sciences, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, PO Box 237, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6AR, United Kingdom.
| | - Carolina B Berlitz
- University of Reading, Animal, Dairy and Food Chain Sciences, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, PO Box 237, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6AR, United Kingdom; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Department of Animal Science, Av Bento Gonçalves, 7712, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Benjamin Hunt
- University of Reading, Animal, Dairy and Food Chain Sciences, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, PO Box 237, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6AR, United Kingdom
| | - Sneha Garg
- University of Reading, Animal, Dairy and Food Chain Sciences, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, PO Box 237, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6AR, United Kingdom
| | - D Ian Givens
- University of Reading, Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, PO Box 237, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6AR, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty E Kliem
- University of Reading, Animal, Dairy and Food Chain Sciences, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, PO Box 237, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6AR, United Kingdom; University of Reading, Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, PO Box 237, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6AR, United Kingdom
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Effects of feeding unprocessed oilseeds on methane emission, nitrogen utilization efficiency and milk fatty acid profile of lactating dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Salles MSV, D'Abreu LF, Júnior LCR, César MC, Guimarães JGL, Segura JG, Rodrigues C, Zanetti MA, Pfrimer K, Netto AS. Inclusion of Sunflower Oil in the Bovine Diet Improves Milk Nutritional Profile. Nutrients 2019; 11:E481. [PMID: 30823572 PMCID: PMC6412345 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk and its derivatives are important foods that contribute to daily nutrient requirements and improve consumers' health. This study evaluated the effects of supplementing the diet of lactating dairy cows with sunflower oil (SFO), selenium, and vitamin E on the milk's fatty acid profile and fat oxidative stability as well as the acceptability of the milk by consumers. For this purpose, 32 Jersey dairy cows were allocated to four treatment groups for 60 days, as follows: C (control diet); A (3.5 mg/kg DM (dry matter) organic selenium + 2000 IU vitamin E/cow per day); O (4% SFO DM); OA (equal doses of A and O treatments). The inclusion of SFO decreased the contents of 10:0, 10:1, 11:0, 12:0, 12:1, 14:0, and 9c-14:1 fatty acids as well as odd- and branched-chain fatty acids (13:0, iso 13:0, anteiso 13:0, 15:0, iso 15:0, and 17:0). There was also a tendency for 8:0 and 16:0 fatty acid concentrations to decrease when SFO was included in the cows´ diet. SFO decreased the concentration of 10:0 to 15:0 fatty acids in milk. The sum of the conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs), conjugated alpha-linolenic acid intermediates (CLnAs; 18:3 ω6 + 18:3 ω3), and 22:0 fatty acids in milk tended to increase, and there were significant increases in 18:0 and 9c11t-18:2 with SFO. In terms of the effects of SFO on the health-related lipid indices, the atherogenicity index tended to decrease and h/H tended to increase. When cows were supplemented with antioxidants, the concentration of 20:2 fatty acids decreased, the 6 + 7 + 8 + 9t-18:1, 16t-18:1, 20:0, 22:2, and 24:0 fatty acid concentrations increased, and there was a trend for the 22:1 ω9 fatty acid concentration to increase with antioxidants plus oil. There was a tendency for ω6 fatty acids and ω6/ω3 to increase with milk treated with antioxidants plus oil. The oxidative stability of milk was not influenced by the presence of SFO or antioxidants in the diet of dairy cows. Consumers desired the color and mouthfeel of the milk that was treated with SFO. Cows fed with 4% sunflower oil produced milk with an improved fatty acid profile for human nutrition, containing a higher CLA content and an improved ratio of hypocholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic fatty acids, without increasing the milk's susceptibility to oxidation. The milk was also rated as being more acceptable by consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia S V Salles
- Animal Science Institute (IZ), Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP: 14030-670, Brazil.
| | - Léa F D'Abreu
- Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA), University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP CEP: 13635-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Marcelo C César
- Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA), University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP CEP: 13635-900, Brazil.
| | - Judite G L Guimarães
- Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA), University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP CEP: 13635-900, Brazil.
| | - Julio G Segura
- Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA), University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP CEP: 13635-900, Brazil.
| | - Cintia Rodrigues
- Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA), University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP CEP: 13635-900, Brazil.
| | - Marcus A Zanetti
- Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA), University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP CEP: 13635-900, Brazil.
| | - Karina Pfrimer
- Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP: 14049-900, Brazil.
| | - Arlindo Saran Netto
- Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA), University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP CEP: 13635-900, Brazil.
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Engelke SW, Daş G, Derno M, Tuchscherer A, Wimmers K, Rychlik M, Kienberger H, Berg W, Kuhla B, Metges CC. Methane prediction based on individual or groups of milk fatty acids for dairy cows fed rations with or without linseed. J Dairy Sci 2018; 102:1788-1802. [PMID: 30594371 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Milk fatty acids (MFA) are a proxy for the prediction of CH4 emission from cows, and prediction differs with diet. Our objectives were (1) to compare the effect of diets on the relation between MFA profile and measured CH4 production, (2) to predict CH4 production based on 6 data sets differing in the number and type of MFA, and (3) to test whether additional inclusion of energy-corrected milk (ECM) yield or dry matter intake (DMI) as explanatory variables improves predictions. Twenty dairy cows were used. Four diets were used based on corn silage (CS) or grass silage (GS) without (L0) or with linseed (LS) supplementation. Ten cows were fed CS-L0 and CS-LS and the other 10 cows were fed GS-L0 and GS-LS in random order. In feeding wk 5 of each diet, CH4 production (L/d) was measured in respiration chambers for 48 h and milk was analyzed for MFA concentrations by gas chromatography. Specific CH4 prediction equations were obtained for L0-, LS-, GS-, and CS-based diets and for all 4 diets collectively and validated by an internal cross-validation. Models were developed containing either 43 identified MFA or a reduced set of 7 groups of biochemically related MFA plus C16:0 and C18:0. The CS and LS diets reduced CH4 production compared with GS and L0 diets, respectively. Methane yield (L/kg of DMI) reduction by LS was higher with CS than GS diets. The concentrations of C18:1 trans and n-3 MFA differed among GS and CS diets. The LS diets resulted in a higher proportion of unsaturated MFA at the expense of saturated MFA. When using the data set of 43 individual MFA to predict CH4 production (L/d), the cross-validation coefficient of determination (R2CV) ranged from 0.47 to 0.92. When using groups of MFA variables, the R2CV ranged from 0.31 to 0.84. The fit parameters of the latter models were improved by inclusion of ECM or DMI, but not when added to the data set of 43 MFA for all diets pooled. Models based on GS diets always had a lower prediction potential (R2CV = 0.31 to 0.71) compared with data from CS diets (R2CV = 0.56 to 0.92). Models based on LS diets produced lower prediction with data sets with reduced MFA variables (R2CV = 0.62 to 0.68) compared with L0 diets (R2CV = 0.67 to 0.80). The MFA C18:1 cis-9 and C24:0 and the monounsaturated FA occurred most often in models. In conclusion, models with a reduced number of MFA variables and ECM or DMI are suitable for CH4 prediction, and CH4 prediction equations based on diets containing linseed resulted in lower prediction accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie W Engelke
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Gürbüz Daş
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Michael Derno
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Armin Tuchscherer
- Institute of Genetics and Biometry, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Klaus Wimmers
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Hermine Kienberger
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Werner Berg
- Department of Technology Assessment and Substance Cycles, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Björn Kuhla
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Cornelia C Metges
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; Nutritional Physiology and Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
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41
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Protection of emulsified polyunsaturated fatty acids against in vitro ruminal biohydrogenation by polyphenol oxidase: Characterization of the cross-linked emulsion. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Guzatti GC, Duchini PG, Gama MA, Ribeiro-Filho HM. Red clover silage improves milk fatty acid composition in dairy ewes. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2017-0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of two isoproteic total mixed rations containing either red clover (Trifolium pratense L.; RC diet) or lucerne (Medicago sativa L.; LU diet) silage as the major forage source on milk yield, milk composition, and milk fatty acid (FA) profile in dairy ewes. Sixteen dairy ewes were housed individually to receive the drawn diet (eight ewes eating each diet) and milked twice a day (0700 and 1500). Total dry matter intake, milk yield, milk composition, and nitrogen use efficiency were unaffected by treatments. The n-6/n-3 FA ratio tended to decrease, whereas the total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and PUFAs/saturated fatty acids ratio increased in the milk fat of ewes fed the RC diet compared with ewes fed the LU diet. The presence of α-linolenic (C18:3n-3) and linoleic (C18:2n-6) acids in the milk fat was 22% higher in ewes fed the RC diet than in those fed the LU diet. Compared with the LU diet, the RC diet had no effect on milk yield and composition, but improved the milk FA profile in dairy ewes due to an increased proportion of PUFAs (in particular C18:3n-3 and, to a lesser extent, C18:2n-6) and a decreased n-6/n-3 FA ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela C. Guzatti
- Department of Animal Production, University of Santa Catarina State, Lages, Santa Catarina, 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Paulo G. Duchini
- Department of Animal Production, University of Santa Catarina State, Lages, Santa Catarina, 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Marco A.S. Gama
- Embrapa Dairy Cattle, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, 36038-300, Brazil
| | - Henrique M.N. Ribeiro-Filho
- Department of Animal Production, University of Santa Catarina State, Lages, Santa Catarina, 88520-000, Brazil
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Kliem KE, Humphries DJ, Grandison AS, Morgan R, Livingstone KM, Givens DI, Reynolds CK. Effect of a whey protein and rapeseed oil gel feed supplement on milk fatty acid composition of Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 102:288-300. [PMID: 30447978 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Isoenergetic replacement of dietary saturated fatty acids (SFA) with cis-monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) can reduce cardiovascular disease risk. Supplementing dairy cow diets with plant oils lowers milk fat SFA concentrations. However, this feeding strategy can also increase milk fat trans fatty acids (FA) and negatively affect rumen fermentation. Protection of oil supplements from the rumen environment is therefore needed. In the present study a whey protein gel (WPG) of rapeseed oil (RO) was produced for feeding to dairy cows, in 2 experiments. In experiment 1, four multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows in mid-lactation were used in a change-over experiment, with 8-d treatment periods separated by a 5-d washout period. Total mixed ration diets containing 420 g of RO or WPG providing 420 g of RO were fed and the effects on milk production, composition, and FA concentration were measured. Experiment 2 involved 4 multiparous mid-lactation Holstein-Friesian cows in a 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment, with 28-d periods, to investigate the effect of incremental dietary inclusion (0, 271, 617, and 814 g/d supplemental oil) of WPG on milk production, composition, and FA concentration in the last week of each period. Whey protein gel had minimal effects on milk FA profile in experiment 1, but trans-18:1 and total trans-MUFA were higher after 8 d of supplementation with RO than with WPG. Incremental diet inclusion of WPG in experiment 2 resulted in linear increases in milk yield, cis- and trans-MUFA and PUFA, and linear decreases in SFA (from 73 to 58 g/100 g of FA) and milk fat concentration. The WPG supplement was effective at decreasing milk SFA concentration by replacement with MUFA and PUFA in experiment 2, but the increase in trans FA suggested that protection was incomplete.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Kliem
- Centre for Dairy Research, Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems Division, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom, RG6 6AR; Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom, RG6 6AR.
| | - D J Humphries
- Centre for Dairy Research, Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems Division, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom, RG6 6AR
| | - A S Grandison
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom, RG6 6AP
| | - R Morgan
- Centre for Dairy Research, Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems Division, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom, RG6 6AR
| | - K M Livingstone
- Centre for Dairy Research, Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems Division, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom, RG6 6AR; Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom, RG6 6AP
| | - D I Givens
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom, RG6 6AR
| | - C K Reynolds
- Centre for Dairy Research, Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems Division, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom, RG6 6AR; Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom, RG6 6AR
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44
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Kliem KE, Humphries DJ, Markey O, Vasilopoulou D, Fagan CC, Grandison AS, Jackson KG, Todd S, Givens DI, Lovegrove JA. Food chain approach to lowering the saturated fat of milk and dairy products. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty E Kliem
- Animal, Dairy and Food Chain Sciences; School of Agriculture, Policy and Development; University of Reading; Reading RG6 6AR UK
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health; University of Reading; Reading RG6 6AR UK
| | - David J Humphries
- Animal, Dairy and Food Chain Sciences; School of Agriculture, Policy and Development; University of Reading; Reading RG6 6AR UK
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health; University of Reading; Reading RG6 6AR UK
| | - Oonagh Markey
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR); University of Reading; Reading RG6 6AP UK
- Food and Nutritional Sciences; School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy; University of Reading; Reading RG6 6AP UK
| | - Dafni Vasilopoulou
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR); University of Reading; Reading RG6 6AP UK
- Food and Nutritional Sciences; School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy; University of Reading; Reading RG6 6AP UK
| | - Colette C. Fagan
- Food and Nutritional Sciences; School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy; University of Reading; Reading RG6 6AP UK
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health; University of Reading; Reading RG6 6AR UK
| | - Alistair S Grandison
- Food and Nutritional Sciences; School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy; University of Reading; Reading RG6 6AP UK
| | - Kim G Jackson
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR); University of Reading; Reading RG6 6AP UK
- Food and Nutritional Sciences; School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy; University of Reading; Reading RG6 6AP UK
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health; University of Reading; Reading RG6 6AR UK
| | - Susan Todd
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics; School of Mathematical, Physical and Computational Sciences; University of Reading; Reading RG6 6AX UK
| | - D Ian Givens
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health; University of Reading; Reading RG6 6AR UK
| | - Julie A Lovegrove
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR); University of Reading; Reading RG6 6AP UK
- Food and Nutritional Sciences; School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy; University of Reading; Reading RG6 6AP UK
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health; University of Reading; Reading RG6 6AR UK
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Uzun P, Masucci F, Serrapica F, Napolitano F, Braghieri A, Romano R, Manzo N, Esposito G, Di Francia A. The inclusion of fresh forage in the lactating buffalo diet affects fatty acid and sensory profile of mozzarella cheese. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:6752-6761. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Differential effects of oilseed supplements on methane production and milk fatty acid concentrations in dairy cows. Animal 2018; 13:309-317. [PMID: 29914588 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731118001398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that supplementing dairy cow diets with full-fat oilseeds can be used as a strategy to mitigate methane emissions, through their action on rumen fermentation. However, direct comparisons of the effect of different oil sources are very few, as are studies implementing supplementation levels that reflect what is commonly fed on commercial farms. The objective was to investigate the effect of feeding different forms of supplemental plant oils on both methane emissions and milk fatty acid (FA) profile. Four multiparous, Holstein-Friesian cows in mid-lactation were randomly allocated to one of four treatment diets in a 4×4 Latin square design with 28-day periods. Diets were fed as a total mixed ration with a 50 : 50 forage : concentrate ratio (dry matter (DM) basis) with the forage consisting of 75 : 25 maize silage : grass silage (DM). Dietary treatments were a control diet containing no supplemental fat, and three treatment diets containing extruded linseed (EL), calcium salts of palm and linseed oil (CPLO) or milled rapeseed (MR) formulated to provide each cow with an estimated 500 g additional oil/day (22 g oil/kg diet DM). Dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield, milk composition and methane production were measured at the end of each experimental period when cows were housed in respiration chambers for 4 days. There was no effect of treatment diet on DMI or milk protein or lactose concentration, but oilseed-based supplements increased milk yield compared with the control diet and milk fat concentration relative to control was reduced by 4 g/kg by supplemental EL. Feeding CPLO reduced methane production, and both linseed-based supplements decreased methane yield (by 1.8 l/kg DMI) and intensity (by 2.7 l/kg milk yield) compared with the control diet, but feeding MR had no effect on methane emission. All the fat supplements decreased milk total saturated fatty acid (SFA) concentration compared with the control, and SFA were replaced with mainly cis-9 18:1 but also trans FA (and in the case of EL and CPLO there were increases in polyunsaturated FA concentration). Supplementing dairy cow diets with these oilseed-based preparations affected milk FA profile and increased milk yield. However, only the linseed-based supplements reduced methane production, yield or intensity, whereas feeding MR had no effect.
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Fleming A, Schenkel F, Malchiodi F, Ali R, Mallard B, Sargolzaei M, Jamrozik J, Johnston J, Miglior F. Genetic correlations of mid-infrared-predicted milk fatty acid groups with milk production traits. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:4295-4306. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Bayat A, Tapio I, Vilkki J, Shingfield K, Leskinen H. Plant oil supplements reduce methane emissions and improve milk fatty acid composition in dairy cows fed grass silage-based diets without affecting milk yield. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:1136-1151. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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SNP co-association and network analyses identify E2F3, KDM5A and BACH2 as key regulators of the bovine milk fatty acid profile. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17317. [PMID: 29230020 PMCID: PMC5725496 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17434-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The fatty acid (FA) profile has a considerable impact on the nutritional and technological quality of milk and dairy products. The molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of fat metabolism in bovine mammary gland have been not completely elucidated. We conducted genome-wide association studies (GWAS) across 65 milk FAs and fat percentage in 1,152 Brown Swiss cows. In total, we identified 175 significant single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) spanning all chromosomes. Pathway analyses revealed that 12:0 was associated with the greatest number of overrepresented categories/pathways (e.g. mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity and protein phosphorylation), suggesting that it might play an important biological role in controlling milk fat composition. An Associated Weight Matrix approach based on SNP co-associations predicted a network of 791 genes related to the milk FA profile, which were involved in several connected molecular pathways (e.g., MAPK, lipid metabolism and hormone signalling) and undetectable through standard GWAS. Analysis of transcription factors and their putative target genes within the network identified BACH2, E2F3 and KDM5A as key regulators of milk FA metabolism. These findings contribute to increasing knowledge of FA metabolism and mammary gland functionality in dairy cows and may be useful in developing targeted breeding practices to improve milk quality.
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Alves SP, Araujo CM, Queiroga RC, Madruga MS, Parente MOM, Medeiros AN, Bessa RJB. New insights on the metabolism of ricinoleic acid in ruminants. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:8018-8032. [PMID: 28803011 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Dairy goats were fed a total mixed ration with or without the inclusion of castor oil [40 g/kg of dry matter (DM)] to study the metabolism of ricinoleic acid (12-OH,cis-9-18:1). Ten goats, at 39.7 ± 4.0 d in milk, were individually penned and allocated at random to the 2 experimental diets. Goats were manually milked twice a day. Milk fatty acids (FA) were analyzed as methyl esters and hydroxyl groups were derivatized in trimethylsilyl ethers. Apart from ricinoleic acid, 6 FA were only detected in the milk of the castor oil group. Ricinoleic acid composed 0.3% of total FA in milk of the castor oil group, whereas the hydroxy-FA (8-OH-14:0, 10-OH-16:0, and 12-OH-18:0) and oxo-FA (8-oxo-14:0, 10-oxo-16:0, and 12-oxo-18:0) reached 7.5% of total FA in milk. We anticipate that these FA were derived from the metabolism of ricinoleic acid, although it was not clear if they were produced in the rumen or in the tissues. To confirm that, we conducted in vitro batch incubations repeated for 3 consecutive weeks with castor oil (40 g/kg of DM) and strained rumen fluid from 2 fistulated sheep. To examine the products formed over time, incubation tubes were stopped at 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h. The results of the in vitro experiment showed that ricinoleic acid was metabolized in the rumen at a slow rate and the main products formed were 12-OH-18:0 and 12-oxo-18:0, by hydrogenation of the cis-9 double bond, followed by oxidation of the hydroxyl group, respectively. Our results suggest that the 12-OH-18:0 and 12-oxo-18:0 escape rumen and are further metabolized through partial β-oxidation in ruminant tissues. We propose that the 10-OH-16:0 and 8-OH-14:0 found in goat milk of the castor oil group are successive products of the β-oxidation of 12-OH-18:0, and the 10-oxo-16:0 and 8-oxo-14:0 are successive products of the 12-oxo-18:0 in tissues. Overall, our results indicate that ricinoleic acid is extensively metabolized in the rumen and tissues, producing mainly oxo- and hydroxy-FA that are further excreted in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana P Alves
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Cintia M Araujo
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia-PB 58397-000, Brazil
| | - Rita C Queiroga
- Department of Nutrition, Technology Centre, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa-PB 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Marta S Madruga
- Department of Food Engineering, Technology Centre, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa-PB 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Michelle O M Parente
- Center for Agrarian and Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, Chapadinha-MA 65500-000, Brazil
| | - Ariosvaldo N Medeiros
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia-PB 58397-000, Brazil
| | - Rui J B Bessa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
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