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Karimi SA, Zahra FT, Martin LJ. IUPHAR review: Navigating the role of preclinical models in pain research. Pharmacol Res 2024; 200:107073. [PMID: 38232910 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Chronic pain is a complex and challenging medical condition that affects millions of people worldwide. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of chronic pain is a key goal of preclinical pain research so that more effective treatment strategies can be developed. In this review, we explore nociception, pain, and the multifaceted factors that lead to chronic pain by focusing on preclinical models. We provide a detailed look into inflammatory and neuropathic pain models and discuss the most used animal models for studying the mechanisms behind these conditions. Additionally, we emphasize the vital role of these preclinical models in developing new pain-relief drugs, focusing on biologics and the therapeutic potential of NMDA and cannabinoid receptor antagonists. We also discuss the challenges of TRPV1 modulation for pain treatment, the clinical failures of neurokinin (NK)- 1 receptor antagonists, and the partial success story of Ziconotide to provide valuable lessons for preclinical pain models. Finally, we highlight the overall success and limitations of current treatments for chronic pain while providing critical insights into the development of more effective therapies to alleviate the burden of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Asaad Karimi
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Fatama Tuz Zahra
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Loren J Martin
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada; Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada.
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2
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Bourgeois JR, Feustel PJ, Kopec AM. Sex differences in choice-based thermal nociceptive tests in adult rats. Behav Brain Res 2022; 429:113919. [PMID: 35525338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Interest in the role of sex as a biological variable has increased, including a mandate for the study of both sexes in NIH-funded research. As sex differences exist in both human chronic pain conditions and rodent models of nociception, it is critical to understand the impact of sex in nociceptive assays. Choice-based thermal nociceptive tests permit the study of avoidance responses to thermal stimuli compared to traditional nociceptive assays, which measure nocifensive reactions. However, to date no comparison of male and female responses to choice-based tests has been published. Herein, we examined the effect of sex on two choice-based thermal nociceptive tests, the thermal gradient test and the temperature place preference test, in adult rats. The activation of a 10 °C-to-47 °C thermal gradient results in an increase in time spent in the 10 °C zone in females, compared to a reduction in males. Additionally, in a temperature place preference test pairing a surface temperature of 22 °C with either 5 °C, 10 °C, 47 °C, or 50 °C, females appeared to have overall greater tolerance for non-ambient temperatures. Males spent less than 50% of their time in every non-22 °C zone, whereas in females this was only observed when testing 5 °C and 50 °C. Together, these results suggest that male rats show more avoidance behavior than females to both hot and cold non-ambient temperatures when given free access to multiple zones, including at milder temperatures than those typically used to evoke a nociceptive response in traditional hot and cold plate tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Bourgeois
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - P J Feustel
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - A M Kopec
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA.
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3
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Eitan S, Madison CA, Kuempel J. The self-serving benefits of being a good host: A role for our micro-inhabitants in shaping opioids' function. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127:284-295. [PMID: 33894242 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Opioids are highly efficacious in their ability to relieve pain, but they are liable for abuse, dependence, and addiction. Risk factors to develop opioid use disorders (OUD) include chronic stress, socio-environment, and preexisting major depressive disorders (MDD) and posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD). Additionally, opioids reduce gut motility, induce loss of gut barrier function, and alter the composition of the trillions of microbes hosted in the gastrointestinal tract, known as the gut microbiota. The microbiota are significant contributors to the reciprocal communication between the central nervous system (CNS) and the gut, termed the gut-brain axis. They have strong influences on their host behaviors, including the ability to cope with stress, sociability, affect, mood, and anxiety. Thus, they are implicated in the etiology of MDD and PTSD. Here we review the latest studies demonstrating that intestinal flora can, directly and indirectly, by affecting sociability levels, responses to stress, and mental state, alter the responses to opioids. It suggests that microbiota can potentially be used to increase the resilience to develop analgesic tolerance and OUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoshana Eitan
- Behavioral and Cellular Neuroscience, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4235 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Caitlin A Madison
- Behavioral and Cellular Neuroscience, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4235 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Jacob Kuempel
- Behavioral and Cellular Neuroscience, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4235 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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Uddin O, Jenne C, Fox ME, Arakawa K, Keller A, Cramer N. Divergent profiles of fentanyl withdrawal and associated pain in mice and rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 200:173077. [PMID: 33316293 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.173077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Opioid abuse has devastating effects on patients, their families, and society. Withdrawal symptoms are severely unpleasant, prolonged, and frequently hinder recovery or lead to relapse. The sharp increase in abuse and overdoses arising from the illicit use of potent and rapidly-acting synthetic opioids, such as fentanyl, highlights the urgency of understanding the withdrawal mechanisms related to these drugs. Progress is impeded by inconsistent reports on opioid withdrawal in different preclinical models. Here, using rats and mice of both sexes, we quantified withdrawal behaviors during spontaneous and naloxone-precipitated withdrawal, following two weeks of intermittent fentanyl exposure. We found that both mice and rats lost weight during exposure and showed increased signs of distress during spontaneous and naloxone precipitated withdrawal. However, these species differed in their expression of withdrawal associated pain, a key contributor to relapse in humans. Spontaneous or ongoing pain was preferentially expressed in rats in both withdrawal conditions, while no change was observed in mice. In contrast, withdrawal associated thermal hyperalgesia was found only in mice. These data suggest that rats and mice diverge in how they experience withdrawal and which aspects of the human condition they most accurately model. These differences highlight each species' strengths as model systems and can inform experimental design in studies of opioid withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Uddin
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
| | - Carleigh Jenne
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
| | - Megan E Fox
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
| | - Keiko Arakawa
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
| | - Asaf Keller
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
| | - Nathan Cramer
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America.
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Windisch KA, Kreek MJ. Review of addiction risk potential associated with adolescent opioid use. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 198:173022. [PMID: 32871141 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.173022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Adolescence is a critical period of development with robust behavioral, morphological, hormonal, and neurochemical changes including changes in brain regions implicated in the reinforcing effects of drugs such as opioids. Here we examine the preclinical and, where appropriate complementary clinical literature, for the behavioral and neurological changes induced by adolescent opioid exposure/use and their long-term consequences during adulthood. Adolescent opioid exposure results in a widened biphasic shift in reinforcement with increased impact of positive rewarding aspects during initial use and profound negative reinforcement during adulthood. Females may have enhanced vulnerability due to fast onset of antinociceptive tolerance and reduced severity of somatic withdrawal symptoms during adolescence. Overall, adolescent opioid exposure, be it legally prescribed protracted intake or illicit consumption, results in significant and prolonged consequences of increased opioid reward concomitant with reduced analgesic efficacy and exacerbated somatic withdrawal severity during opioid use/exposure in adulthood. These findings are highly relevant to physicians, parents, law makers, and the general public as adolescent opioid exposure/misuse results in heightened risk for substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A Windisch
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Mary Jeanne Kreek
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Emery MA, Akil H. Endogenous Opioids at the Intersection of Opioid Addiction, Pain, and Depression: The Search for a Precision Medicine Approach. Annu Rev Neurosci 2020; 43:355-374. [PMID: 32109184 PMCID: PMC7646290 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-110719-095912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Opioid addiction and overdose are at record levels in the United States. This is driven, in part, by their widespread prescription for the treatment of pain, which also increased opportunity for diversion by sensation-seeking users. Despite considerable research on the neurobiology of addiction, treatment options for opioid abuse remain limited. Mood disorders, particularly depression, are often comorbid with both pain disorders and opioid abuse. The endogenous opioid system, a complex neuromodulatory system, sits at the neurobiological convergence point of these three comorbid disease states. We review evidence for dysregulation of the endogenous opioid system as a mechanism for the development of opioid addiction and/or mood disorder. Specifically, individual differences in opioid system function may underlie differences in vulnerability to opioid addiction and mood disorders. We also review novel research, which promises to provide more detailed understanding of individual differences in endogenous opioid neurobiology and its contribution to opioid addiction susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Emery
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA;
| | - Huda Akil
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA;
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Bates MLS, Hofford RS, Emery MA, Wellman PJ, Eitan S. The role of the vasopressin system and dopamine D1 receptors in the effects of social housing condition on morphine reward. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 188:113-118. [PMID: 29772497 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association with opioid-abusing individuals or even the perception of opioid abuse by peers are risk factors for the initiation and escalation of abuse. Similarly, we demonstrated that morphine-treated animals housed with only morphine-treated animals (referred to as morphine only) acquire morphine conditioned place-preference (CPP) more readily than morphine-treated animals housed with drug-naïve animals (referred to as morphine cage-mates). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects are still elusive. METHODS Mice received repeated morphine or saline while housed as saline only, morphine only, or cage-mates. Then, they were examined for the expression levels of D1 dopamine receptor (D1DR), D2 dopamine receptor (D2DR), dopamine transporter (DAT), oxytocin, and Arginine-vasopressin (AVP) in the striatum using qPCR. Additionally, we examined the effects of the AVP-V1b receptor antagonist, SSR149415, on the acquisition of morphine conditioned place-preference (CPP). RESULTS Increased striatal expression of D1DR and AVP was observed in morphine only animals, but not morphine cage-mates. No significant effects were observed on the striatal expression of D2DR, DAT, or oxytocin. Antagonizing the AVP-V1b receptors decreased the acquisition of morphine CPP in the morphine only mice, but did not alter the acquisition of morphine CPP in the morphine cage-mate mice. CONCLUSIONS Housing with drug-naïve animals protects against the increase in striatal expression of D1DR and AVP elicited by morphine exposure. Moreover, our studies suggest that the protective effect of housing with drug-naïve animals on the acquisition of morphine reward might be, at least partially, mediated by AVP.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Shawn Bates
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Behavioral and Cellular Neuroscience, Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience (TAMIN), Texas A&M University, 4235 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Rebeca S Hofford
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Behavioral and Cellular Neuroscience, Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience (TAMIN), Texas A&M University, 4235 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Michael A Emery
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Behavioral and Cellular Neuroscience, Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience (TAMIN), Texas A&M University, 4235 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Paul J Wellman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Behavioral and Cellular Neuroscience, Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience (TAMIN), Texas A&M University, 4235 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Shoshana Eitan
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Behavioral and Cellular Neuroscience, Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience (TAMIN), Texas A&M University, 4235 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Eitan S, Emery MA, Bates M, Horrax C. Opioid addiction: Who are your real friends? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 83:697-712. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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10
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Inhibiting social support from massage-like stroking increases morphine dependence. Behav Pharmacol 2017; 28:642-647. [DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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12
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Weinbroum AA. Postoperative hyperalgesia—A clinically applicable narrative review. Pharmacol Res 2017; 120:188-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Emery MA, Shawn Bates M, Wellman PJ, Eitan S. Hydrocodone is More Effective than Morphine or Oxycodone in Suppressing the Development of Burn-Induced Mechanical Allodynia. PAIN MEDICINE 2017; 18:2170-2180. [DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnx050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Hydrocodone, but Neither Morphine nor Oxycodone, Is Effective in Suppressing Burn-Induced Mechanical Allodynia in the Uninjured Foot Contralateral to the Burn. J Burn Care Res 2017; 38:319-326. [DOI: 10.1097/bcr.0000000000000517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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