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Dale CJ, Young TW. FRACTIONATION OF HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT POLYPEPTIDES FROM BEER USING TWO DIMENSIONAL GEL ELECTROPHORESIS. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.1988.tb04550.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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2
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Cho JH, Cho MH, Hwang H, Bhoo SH, Hahn TR. Improvement of plant protein solubilization and 2-DE gel resolution through optimization of the concentration of Tris in the solubilization buffer. Mol Cells 2010; 29:611-6. [PMID: 20496115 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-010-0076-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Revised: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is important to solubilize acetone-precipitated proteins before isoelectric focusing (IEF) to achieve high resolution 2-DE gels. To resolve the maximum possible number of plant protein spots, we developed an improved solubilization buffer for plant proteins. We demonstrated that the resolution of 2-DE gels increased dramatically as the concentration of Tris-base increased, with maximum solubilization obtained at 200 mM Tris-base (Ly200T). The Ly200T buffer was more effective than the commonly used solubilization buffer containing 40 mM Tris at solubilizing acetone-precipitated plant proteins. Use of the Ly200T buffer to solubilize proteins resulted in an increase in intensity of approximately 30% of plant protein spots in the larger-than-40 kDa region of the gel. The Ly200T buffer also improved the resolution of abundant and basic proteins. Thus, the Ly200T buffer can be used to achieve greater resolution of protein spots in plant proteomics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hwan Cho
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Plant Metabolism Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Suwon, 446-701, Korea
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3
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Abstract
Protein solubilization for two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) has to break molecular interactions to separate the biological contents of the material of interest into isolated and intact polypeptides. This must be carried out in conditions compatible with the first dimension of 2DE, namely isoelectric focusing. In addition, the extraction process must enable easy removal of any nonprotein component interfering with the isoelectric focusing. The constraints brought in this process by the peculiar features of isoelectric focusing are discussed, as well as their consequences in terms of possible solutions and limits for the solubilization process.
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Righetti PG, Gianazza E. Isoelectric focusing in immobilized pH gradients: theory and newer methodology. METHODS OF BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS 2006; 32:215-78. [PMID: 3553855 DOI: 10.1002/9780470110539.ch4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Natarajan S, Xu C, Caperna TJ, Garrett WM. Comparison of protein solubilization methods suitable for proteomic analysis of soybean seed proteins. Anal Biochem 2005; 342:214-20. [PMID: 15953580 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2005.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2005] [Revised: 04/26/2005] [Accepted: 04/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Extraction of soybean seed proteins for two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) and mass spectrometry analysis is challenging and inconsistent. In this study, we compared four different protein extraction/solubilization methods-urea, thiourea/urea, phenol, and a modified trichloroacetic acid (TCA)/acetone-to determine their efficacy in separating soybean seed proteins by 2D-PAGE. In all four methods, seed storage proteins were well separated by 2D-PAGE with minor variations in the intensity of the spots. The thiourea/urea and TCA methods showed higher protein resolution and spot intensity of all proteins compared with the other two methods. In addition, several less abundant and high molecular weight proteins were clearly resolved and strongly detected using the thiourea/urea and TCA methods. Protein spots obtained from the TCA method were subjected to mass spectrometry analysis to test their quality and compatibility. Fifteen protein spots were selected, digested with trypsin, and analyzed using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The proteins identified were beta-conglycinin, glycinin, Kunitz trypsin inhibitor, alcohol dehydrogenase, Gly m Bd 28K allergen, and sucrose binding proteins. These results suggest that the thiourea/urea and TCA methods are efficient and reliable methods for 2D separation of soybean seed proteins and subsequent identification by mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savithiry Natarajan
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, PSI, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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7
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Chapter 15 Electrophoresis of proteins and peptides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(04)80028-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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8
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Galvani M, Rovatti L, Hamdan M, Herbert B, Righetti PG. Protein alkylation in the presence/absence of thiourea in proteome analysis: a matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry investigation. Electrophoresis 2001; 22:2066-74. [PMID: 11465507 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200106)22:10<2066::aid-elps2066>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Although it is highly recommended that reduction and alkylation of free -SH groups in proteins should be performed prior to any electrophoretic step (including the first isoelectric focusing/immobilized pH gradient (IEF/IPG) dimension), it is here reported that one component of the sample solubilization cocktail adopted recently (namely thiourea) strongly quenches such alkylation process (as typically carried out with iodoacetamide, IAA). The present matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) analysis demonstrates that thiourea is an effective scavenger of IAA, since its sulfur atom reacts as efficiently as the ionized, free -SH group of Cys in proteins at alkaline pH values (pH 8.5-9.0). As a result of this reaction, free IAA is quickly depleted by thiourea, via the formation of an intermediate adduct, which is rapidly deamidated to form the cyclic compound thiazolinidone monoimine. This reaction strongly competes with the direct addition reaction of IAA onto the -SH group in proteins, resulting in poorly alkylated proteins. It is, therefore, recommended that, whenever possible and compatible with the type of sample, thiourea should be omitted from the solubilizing cocktail in proteome analysis. However, after proper sample reduction and alkylation, thiourea can be incorporated into the IEF/IPG gel, where it will have the beneficial effect of augmenting protein solubility at their pI values and scavenging the excess of free IAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Galvani
- GlaxoWellcome SpA, Medicines Research Center, Verona, Italy
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9
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Kim ST, Cho KS, Jang YS, Kang KY. Two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis of rice proteins by polyethylene glycol fractionation for protein arrays. Electrophoresis 2001; 22:2103-9. [PMID: 11465512 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200106)22:10<2103::aid-elps2103>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) is known as the most effective as well as one of the simplest methods for separating proteins. However, a few hundred plant leaf proteins out of thousands visualized on a 2-DE gel can be identified by chemical analysis due to the presence of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) that limits protein loading. We describe the extraction and fractionation technique with polyethylene glycol (PEG) to analyze rice leaf proteins. Rice proteins were extracted with Mg/NP-40 extraction buffer. The Mg/Nonidet P-40 (NP-40) buffer extract was further fractionated with PEG into three fractions: 10% PEG and 10-20% PEG precipitants and the final supernatant fraction that was precipitated with acetone. Rubisco, the most abundant rice leaf protein, was enriched in the 20% PEG precipitant. This fractionation technique analyzed at least 2,600 well-separated protein spots and exhibited less than 1.2% of noticeable overlapping spots. An immunological approach was used to verify the efficiency whether PEG fractionation technique can detect or enrich signal transduction components such as Galpha, ADP ribosylation factor, small GTP binding protein and 14-3-3. The ADP ribosylation factor (ARF) and Galpha were only detected in the PEG supernatant fraction not in the total protein fraction. The small GTP binding protein (Rab 7) was identified in the 10% PEG fraction and only faintly in the total protein fraction. The 14-3-3 protein was detected in all fractions but was especially prevalent in the 20% PEG fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Kim
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Gyeongsang National University, Chinju, Korea
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10
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Chapter 14 Two-dimensional maps. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(01)80046-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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11
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12
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Hennan JK, Diamond J. An updated two-dimensional gel electrophoresis technique for the detection of drug-induced changes in protein phosphorylation in intact smooth muscle. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 1999; 42:49-57. [PMID: 10715603 DOI: 10.1016/s1056-8719(99)00049-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis is widely used in many areas of scientific research. The necessity for greater resolution and more sensitive protein detection with this technique have resulted in a steadily changing methodology. Complete descriptions of some aspects of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis are available in the earlier literature. However, simplified methods incorporating recent advances specifically designed to use two-dimensional gel electrophoresis for the measurement of protein phosphorylation in intact tissue are lacking. This report describes, in detail, each of the steps involved in carrying out such measurements including intact tissue labeling with 32P, homogenization and protein sample preparation, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis using isoelectric focusing followed by vertical second-dimension SDS-PAGE, staining, autoradiography, and quantitative analysis of changes in phosphorylation of specific proteins. This method incorporates a number of modifications taken from other published sources and includes several novel changes developed in our laboratory. To illustrate the utility of this technique we have included a set of results analyzing the phosphorylation patterns induced by the addition of a nitric oxide donor, sodium nitroprusside, to intact strips of rat aorta. We were able to demonstrate SNP-induced phosphorylation of a number of proteins, several of which have not been previously described in earlier reports in which the patterns of PKG-mediated phosphorylation were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Hennan
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2146 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Wollscheid B, Reth M, Wienands J. Characterization of the B cell-specific adaptor SLP-65 and other protein tyrosine kinase substrates by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Immunol Lett 1999; 68:95-9. [PMID: 10397162 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(99)00036-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The identification of substrates for protein tyrosine kinases in B cells is a critical step to a better understanding of the molecular mechanism(s) of lymphocyte activation through the antigen receptor. The substrate proteins were immunopurified from stimulated B cells and separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis techniques using either the isoelectric focussing (IEF)/SDS-PAGE or the non-equilibrium PH gradient electrophoresis (NEPHGE)/SDS-PAGE method. The biochemical characteristics of the proteins (isoelectric point and relative molecular mass) obtained and the subsequent use of antibodies that are specific for different cellular proteins confirmed the participation of HS1, Vav, Ig-alpha, Lyn and Btk in antigen receptor-mediated signal transduction. The heat shock cognate protein HSC70 was identified as a novel substrate protein in activated B cells. An important signaling function has previously been suggested for a 65-kDa protein (p65), whose phosphorylation can be detected before that of other substrate proteins. The analysis identified p65 as a so far unknown protein. Based on p65 peptide sequences, the full length cDNA was isolated and found to encode a B cell-specific adaptor protein, called SLP-65.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wollscheid
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Biology III, University of Freiburg and Max-Planck-Institute for Immunobiology, Germany
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14
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Abstract
Two-dimensional (2-D) electrophoresis remains the highest resolution technique for protein separation and is the method of choice when complex samples need to be arrayed for characterisation, as in proteomics. However, in current proteome projects the total number of proteins identified from 2-D gels is often only a small percentage of the predicted proteome. In addition, there is an almost complete lack of hydrophobic proteins on 2-D gels, especially those using immobilised pH gradients. Recently there have been a number of publications reporting reagents which improve protein solubilisation prior to isoelectric focusing. The improved solubilization possible with these reagents has increased the total number of proteins able to be visualised on 2-D gels and also allowed the separation of hydrophobic proteins, such as integral membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Herbert
- Proteome Systems Ltd., North Ryde, Sydney, Australia.
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15
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Evaluation of commonly used electrophoretic methods for the analysis of proteins and peptides and their application to biotechnology. Anal Chim Acta 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(98)00487-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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16
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Hermann T, Wersch G, Uhlemann EM, Schmid R, Burkovski A. Mapping and identification of Corynebacterium glutamicum proteins by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and microsequencing. Electrophoresis 1998; 19:3217-21. [PMID: 9932818 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150191827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
As a prerequisite for proteome analyses of Corynebacterium glutamicum separation of the cytoplasm and the membrane fraction was optimized and two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis was established. The resulting 2-D protein maps revealed over 1000 silver-stained protein spots separated by isoelectric point and molecular mass for cytoplasmic proteins and approximately 700 silver-stained spots for proteins of the membrane fraction. Proposing a mean size of 1 kbp per gene the complete C. glutamicum genome of 3 Mbp encodes 3000 different proteins; more than half of these can be located using the maps which are presently available. In this study 10 proteins were identified by N-terminal microsequencing, namely the 35 kDa antigen, antigen 84, ATP synthase subunits alpha, gamma and delta, cysteine synthase, elongation factor G and Ts, enolase, and rotamase. For seven sequences, corresponding proteins could not be identified. Additionally, two proteins were specifically detected by immunoblotting, a corynebacterial porin and the cytoplasmic protein threonine dehydratase. The methods and 2-D maps established in this study will be the basis for comparative studies of protein expression and a detailed proteome analysis of C. glutamicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hermann
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität zu Köln, Germany
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17
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Sazuka T, Ohara O. Towards a proteome project of cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803: linking 130 protein spots with their respective genes. Electrophoresis 1997; 18:1252-8. [PMID: 9298645 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150180806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Following the complete sequencing of the genome of the univellular cyanobacterium, Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803 within our institute, a protein-gene linkage map of this photosynthetic microorganism was successfully constructed for 130 high abundance proteins present on two-dimensional gels. An additional six proteins were analyzed, but were probably encoded extrachromosomally. In order to demonstrate the usefulness of this protein-gene linkage map, we analyzed the changes that occur in cellular proteins after illumination of PCC6803 cells. The results indicate that this protein-gene linkage map greatly simplifies the identification process of such modulated genes. After illumination, at least three distinctive spots with reduced intensity were detected on two-dimensional gels and the corresponding genes of two of these were successfully identified as chaperonin 2 and a Tortula ruralis rehydrin-related gene. Thus, the combination of the protein-gene linkage map and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis should permit a comprehensive analyses of the proteins encoded by the genome (i.e., "proteome") of this photosynthetic autotroph. This post-genome project represents a productive way of exploiting the information obtained from the sequencing of the cyanobacterium genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sazuka
- Laboratory of DNA Technology, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
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Teixeira-Gomes AP, Cloeckaert A, Bézard G, Dubray G, Zygmunt MS. Mapping and identification of Brucella melitensis proteins by two-dimensional electrophoresis and microsequencing. Electrophoresis 1997; 18:156-62. [PMID: 9059838 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150180128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis was used to map Brucella melitensis proteins. The 2-D proteins map of B. melitensis B115 revealed 595 silver-stained protein spots separated by both isoelectric point and molecular mass. Twenty-five proteins were identified either by immunoblotting using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) or by N-terminal microsequencing. The protein spots identified by MAbs were the 89 kDa outer membrane protein, DnaK, bacterioferritin, CP24, and BP26. Some spots were identified by N-terminal microsequencing as proteins whose sequences had been reported previously from Brucella, such as three heat-shock proteins, namely DnaK, GroEL and GroES; bacterioferritin; Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase; and the 50S ribosomal protein L7/L12. Other proteins had amino acid sequences homologous with those of various proteins from other bacteria found in protein databases: ClpP; the 10K-S protein; the ORFU phosphoprotein; succinyl-CoA synthetase alpha sub-unit; an inorganic pyrophosphatase; the Fe and/or Mn superoxide dismutase; the nucleoside diphosphate kinase, an amino acid ABC type transporter, and an electron transfer flavoprotein small subunit. Seven proteins were identified with N-terminal sequences not yet reported in databases. The 2-D map established in this study will be the basis for comparative studies of protein expression in Brucella.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Teixeira-Gomes
- Laboratoire de Pathologie Infectieuse et Immunologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Nouzilly, France
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20
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Anderson NG, Anderson NL. Twenty years of two-dimensional electrophoresis: past, present and future. Electrophoresis 1996; 17:443-53. [PMID: 8740157 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150170303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N G Anderson
- Large Scale Biology Corporation, Rockville, MD 20850-3338, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Dunn
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, Heart Science Centre, Harefield Hospital, Middlesex, United Kingdom
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22
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Correia MT, Coelho LC. Purification of a glucose/mannose specific lectin, isoform 1, from seeds of Cratylia mollis Mart. (Camaratu bean). Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1995; 55:261-73. [PMID: 8579345 DOI: 10.1007/bf02786865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A quantitatively main molecular form of Cratylia mollis lectin, isoform 1 (iso 1) was purified by affinity chromatography on Sephadex G-75, followed by ion exchange chromatography on CM-cellulose. Another lectin form was identified in the latter step. Iso 1 is specific for glucose/mannose, with a main subunit of 31 kDa mol wt; the native protein is basic (pI 8.5-8.6) and the constituent polypeptides had a pI range of 5.15-7.75. An antibody to the protein was raised in a rabbit, and the conjugate was active in an immunosorbent assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Correia
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, UFPE, PE, Brazil
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24
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Hillebrandt S, Streffer C. Protein patterns in tissues of fetuses with radiation-induced gastroschisis. Mutat Res 1994; 308:11-22. [PMID: 7516479 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(94)90194-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We have used two-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with computer-assisted data analysis to monitor protein expression in the liver of mouse fetuses with and without gastroschisis after X-irradiation of embryos during the 1-cell stage. A significantly higher frequency of changes in protein expression was observed in liver from irradiated fetuses with gastroschisis than from irradiated fetuses without gastroschisis. It was found that the frequency of abnormal protein patterns in the malformed fetuses is higher by approximately a factor of 2. Two proteins showed changes simultaneously in liver, kidney and/or skin of one individual fetus. The changes in protein expression probably result from mutations induced by the radiation exposure of the embryos at the 1-cell stage of prenatal development. We discuss these results in terms of increased mutation frequencies in irradiated fetuses with gastroschisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hillebrandt
- Institut für Medizinische Strahlenbiologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Germany
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25
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Posch A, van den Berg BM, Duranton C, Görg A. Polymorphism of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seed proteins studied by two-dimensional electrophoresis with immobilized pH gradients: methodical and genetic aspects. Electrophoresis 1994; 15:297-304. [PMID: 8026447 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150150150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A population of ten morphologically similar inbred lines of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) has been investigated for polymorphism of seed proteins by two-dimensional (2-D) electrophoresis with immobilized pH gradients. To reveal as much variation as possible, both the water- and the urea/detergent-soluble protein fraction were electrophoretically analyzed and subsequently visualized by silver staining. The 2-D patterns were subjected to computer analysis to be able to establish genetic variation. A high number of the seed proteins were found to be variable as to presence/absence: these were 68 out of 184 reproducible water-soluble proteins and 34 out of 419 reproducible urea/detergent-soluble proteins. Comparison of the 2-D data of the water-soluble and the urea/detergent-soluble proteins, which represent the biggest part of all extractable seed proteins, showed that both protein fractions have proteins in common, but the variable proteins found in both fractions were non-identical. The difference of variability scored in both solubility fractions was discussed. Genetic distances between all pairs of inbred pepper lines were calculated and a genetic tree was constructed. A correlation analysis was carried out to correct for genetic linkage and for secondary modifications, to have a more proper estimate of genetic distances. In both cases the dendrograms showed two distinct genetic groups of five inbred lines. This electrophoretic study was done in order to utilize the genetic distance data in breeding for heterosis. The genetic distance data presented will be used to validate the assumption that there is a higher chance to achieve better hybrid performance when the genetic distance between the parents is as great as possible.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- A Posch
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine Lebensmitteltechnologie, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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26
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Collet J, Baguñá J. Optimizing a method of protein extraction for two-dimensional electrophoretic separation of proteins from planarians (Platyhelminthes, Turbellaria). Electrophoresis 1993; 14:1054-9. [PMID: 8125055 DOI: 10.1002/elps.11501401168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Different procedures for microscale extraction of proteins from small amounts of tissue of planarians (Platyhelminthes, Turbellaria) to be analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE) are compared. Three extraction methods were assessed: (i) extraction of soluble proteins with nondenaturing Tris buffers, (ii) extraction with Tris buffer containing the anionic detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and (iii) denaturing extraction under reducing conditions in the presence of urea and Nonidet P-40 (NP-40) with or without SDS. Buffers combining minute concentrations of SDS (0.01%), denaturing concentrations of urea (8M) and alkaline pH solubilized the greatest number of proteins without detectable proteolysis. Neither the presence of protease inhibitors nor higher concentrations of SDS improved protein extraction. We have applied this method to planarians to detect proteins specific to the pharynx. The resulting two-dimensional pattern shows a larger number of specific spots than in previous extraction methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Collet
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona
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27
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Gianazza E, Righetti PG. Biomedical relevance of two-dimensional protein mapping. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1991; 569:43-62. [PMID: 1939497 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(91)80226-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
State-of-the-art and future perspectives are discussed for the application of two-dimensional protein maps to basic medical research and routine clinical chemistry problems. Despite the technical advances that allow effective processing of a large number of samples and the refinement of devices and procedures for image analysis, at present two-dimensional maps are mostly confined to research purposes, i.e. to the inventory of normal constituents of body fluids and tissues on the one hand, and to qualitative-quantitative alterations of some protein spots in a number of instances (genetic, degenerative, infectious or xenobiotic diseases) on the other. It is hoped that in some instances a single primarily affected component will be able to be identified and then specifically tested (for instance by immunological means) as a diagnostic marker, but complex pathological patterns would still require the analysis of a large number of peptides at the resolution level only afforded by two dimensions. Further simplification of the protocols, for example with ready-made gels, and data reduction systems might then allow the application of the technique to be extended to general clinical laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gianazza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University of Milan, Italy
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28
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Perrett CW, Whatley SA. An estimation of the sensitivity of in vitro translation using two-dimensional gel analysis. Electrophoresis 1991; 12:584-8. [PMID: 1680675 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150120719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Poly (A+ mRNA species, isolated from 100-day-old rat brain, were analysed by in vitro translation and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The synthesis of selected protein species was compared to actin on the basis of [35S]methionine incorporation. The estimated molar abundance of translation products varied from abundant species at 0.78% of the total to several are species, detectable below the 0.02% level. If these synthesis rates reflect the abundance of particular mRNAs in the mixture, this sensitivity limit compares well with accepted values using differential cDNA screening techniques. This analysis provides evidence that in vitro translation methodology is able to detect rarer mRNA species than is usually expected--these include similar abundance classes to library screening procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Perrett
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
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29
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Easty DJ, Patel K, Otto WR, Dunn MJ, Kiil J, Evans DJ. A study of protein synthesis in cells cultured from involved psoriatic skin. Electrophoresis 1991; 12:579-84. [PMID: 1915249 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150120718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Using histochemical techniques an abnormal programme of epidermal differentiation has been well documented in psoriasis. In order to characterise further the biochemistry of this process we have cultured dermal fibroblasts and epidermal keratinocytes from involved psoriatic skin. This has facilitated metabolic radiolabelling of skin cells and analysis of protein synthesis by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The expression of keratin and differentiation markers was identical to that of normal keratinocytes, suggesting that psoriatic epidermal differentiation is not truncated in vitro as has been postulated to be the case in vivo. Low molecular mass components (5-8.5 kDa), previously shown to be upregulated in suprabasal keratinocytes, were detected in epidermal fractions from psoriatic skin enriched for basal cells. Of special interest was a component of 26 kDa, pI 5.9, which was highly upregulated in psoriatic as compared to normal cultured keratinocytes and was not detected in fibroblasts. These findings are in accord with a qualitatively abnormal pattern of differentiation for keratinocytes in the involved psoriatic epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Easty
- Department of Histopathology, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London, UK
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30
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Miller I, Gemeiner M. Two-dimensional electrophoresis in small gels for applications in veterinary medicine. Electrophoresis 1991; 12:303-6. [PMID: 1712723 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150120413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A versatile method for two-dimensional electrophoresis that can be performed easily, even in small routine laboratories, is described. The procedure combines a first-dimensional isoelectric focusing run in a PhastSystem with denaturing electrophoresis in a small vertical electrophoresis chamber. The described arrangement of two first-dimensional gel strips in the second dimension allows direct comparison of two related samples, eliminating most of the artifacts that usually lead to misinterpretations. The presented procedure can be conveniently adapted to the needs of each laboratory; at present, it is being extensively used to establish protein patterns of healthy individuals of different species, a prerequisite with regard to help and support diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Miller
- Institute for Medical Chemistry, Veterinary University Vienna, Austria
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31
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Persson H, Overholm T. Two-dimensional electrophoresis of membrane proteins: separation of myelin proteins. Electrophoresis 1990; 11:642-8. [PMID: 2289465 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150110812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A method for two-dimensional electrophoretic separation of myelin proteins is presented. The first dimension consists of isoelectric focusing of lyophilized and delipidated membrane proteins, solubilized in a mixture of the nonionic detergent Triton X-100, the zwitterionic detergent CHAPS, 9 M urea and carrier ampholytes, and incorporated into a slab gel before separation. Subsequent discontinuous sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was performed by moulding the isoelectric focusing slab gel with its supporting glass plate into the stacking gel. This method proved to give highly reproducible results since mechanical forces and thus the risk of stretching, folding or rupture of the isoelectric focusing slab gel is minimized. Furthermore, by immunoblotting, the positions of myelin-associated glycoprotein and 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase were established with specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Persson
- Department of Anatomy, Gothenburg University, Göteborg
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32
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Häder DP, Kauer G. Image analysis techniques for automatic evaluation of two-dimensional electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 1990; 11:407-15. [PMID: 1694758 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150110510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Techniques for automatic analysis of two-dimensional electrophoresis gels by computer-aided image analysis are described. Original gels or photographic films are scanned using a laser scanner and the files are transferred to a microcomputer. The program package first performs a compression and preevaluation of the files. Spot identification and quantification is performed by the chain code algorithm after appropriate zooming and cutting. Labeling facilitates spot identification and quantification in numerical and graphical (pseudocolor) representation on peripheral devices for camera ready output. Interpolation between measured basepoints is performed by cubic spline algorithms which are automatically switched on and off, depending on the need by the program. High speed analysis and graphic representation is achieved using fast Assembler language routines rather than high level languages. One-dimensional gels can be analyzed using the same software. Spot matching between parallel two-dimensional gels has not yet been implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Häder
- Institut für Botanik und Pharmazeutische Biologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen, Federal Republic of Germany
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33
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34
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Destro-Bisol G, Spinella A. Non-equilibrium pH gradient electrophoresis (NEPHGE) on ultrathin polyacrylamide gels containing separators: improved erythrocyte phosphoglucomutase (PGM) and esterase D (EsD) diagnosis in red cell lysates and bloodstains. Forensic Sci Int 1989; 42:43-50. [PMID: 2527190 DOI: 10.1016/0379-0738(89)90197-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Two rapid and reliable electrophoretic techniques for PGM1 and EsD typing on ultrathin polyacrylamide gels are described. They have been based on non-equilibrium pH gradient electrophoresis and on the addition of chemical spacers (EPPS for PGM1 and HEPES for EsD) to the gel mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Destro-Bisol
- Istituto di Medicina Legale e delle Assicurazioni dell'Universitá Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Italy
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35
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Marlow GC, Wurst DE, Loschke DC. The use of ultrathin-layer polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing in two-dimensional analysis of plant and fungal proteins. Electrophoresis 1988; 9:693-704. [PMID: 2471635 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150091104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Although use of ultrathin polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing in the first dimension of two-dimensional analysis bestows a number of advantages, it has been little used by the plant science community. Nonstandardization along with problems unique to the format have probably delayed wider adoption. Relevant parameters were therefore tested in order to optimize resolution, reproducibility, economy and ease of use. Ultrathin-layer gels (200 microns in this study) used in the first dimension require a semirigid backing for support. Widely available matte-finished thin polyester film without chemical pretreatment was found to bind the gel adequately. The gel adheres to the film through all processing steps, yet, if desired, can be easily transferred to Whatman 3MM paper for special applications such as Western blotting. The ultrathin first-dimensional gels can be quickly dried on the polyester backing for convenient handling and long term storage. Strips cut from the dried gel for use in the second dimension are more easily manipulated than their tube format counterparts. The difficulty of disrupting and recovering microsamples of labeled leaf and root tissue prompted the invention of an efficient and simple communition device. An economical and efficient silver stain process is also described. This analytical technique was applied in an attempt to detect resistance gene products in different genetic backgrounds of maize. Although the ultrathin flatbed format provides as good as or better resolution than the tube gel system, the level of sensitivity was still inadequate to reveal the apparently rare resistance gene product.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Marlow
- Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
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36
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Görg A, Postel W, Domscheit A, Günther S. Two-dimensional electrophoresis with immobilized pH gradients of leaf proteins from barley (Hordeum vulgare): method, reproducibility and genetic aspects. Electrophoresis 1988; 9:681-92. [PMID: 3250872 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150091103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Leaf proteins from 14 barley cultivars (Hordeum vulgare) were analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis with immobilized pH gradients (IPG 4-7 and IPG 6-10) in the first dimension. Highly reproducible two-dimensional patterns were obtained, owing to constant spot positions along the isoelectric focusing axis. A number of variety-specific protein spots were detected, allowing us to discriminate barley cultivars not only into main groups but into individual cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Görg
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine, Lebensmitteltechnologie, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Federal Republic of Germany
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37
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Görg A, Postel W, Günther S. The current state of two-dimensional electrophoresis with immobilized pH gradients. Electrophoresis 1988; 9:531-46. [PMID: 3072185 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150090913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 638] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Görg
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine, Lebensmitteltechnologie, Technische Universität München, Federal Republic of Germany
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38
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Asakawa J. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of platelet polypeptides with immobilized pH gradients in capillary tubes. Electrophoresis 1988; 9:562-8. [PMID: 3243251 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150090916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) with immobilized pH gradient (IPG) gels in capillary tubes was used in the first-dimensional isoelectric focusing (IEF) for the separation of human platelet polypeptides. Two types of IPG tube gels, pH ranges 4-8 and 7-10, containing 8 M urea, 1% Nonidet P-40 and 0.1% pH 3.5-10 Ampholine carrier ampholytes (CA) were prepared by a simple method not requiring special equipment. The addition of CA to both gel and sample solutions was essential in the tube gel IPG system. Proteins were visualized by a modification of Wray's silver-staining technique. The degree of resolution and the number of spots observed on an IPG 2-DE gel with pH 4-8 were comparable with those obtained with O'Farrell's high-resolution 2-DE. Approximately 200 basic polypeptides, which are difficult to separate by conventional CA-based IEF 2-DE or the non-equilibrium pH gradient system, were well resolved by 2-DE with a pH 7-10 IPG tube gel in the first-dimension. The gel patterns with either pH gradient 4-8 or 7-10 were highly reproducible among gels prepared and run simultaneously. These results demonstrated the potential and usefulness of the 2-DE system with IPG gels in capillary tubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Asakawa
- Department of Genetics, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
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39
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Abstract
The differentiation and analysis of urinary proteins has substantially contributed to our knowledge of physiological and pathophysiological processes during glomerular filtration and tubular catabolism of plasma constituents. By use of high-resolution biochemical separation techniques, several urinary polypeptides could be identified as plasma proteins, tissue antigens, tubular enzymes and protein breakdown products. With regard to clinical application, the separation results of conventional gel chromatography and agarose electrophoresis were surpassed by fast protein liquid chromatography and polyacrylamide electrophoresis in one- and two-dimensional systems. In contrast to early one-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) methods using homogeneous gels on a macro scale, modern gradient slab gels achieve better resolution over the entire relative molecular mass range of urinary proteins. For clinical demands, the use of micro-scale gradient gels, either laboratory-made or pre-cast, together with an improved Coomassie Brillant Blue staining, offers several advantages, including rapidity, sensitivity and economy. Isoelectric focusing and two-dimensional PAGE, combined with sensitive silver staining and immunoblotting methods, have proved to be valuable tools for the identification and characterization of urinary proteins in defined renal and extra-renal diseases. The quantitative determination of urinary indicator proteins such as albumin and alpha 1- and beta 2-microglobulin can be regarded as a reasonable complement to the pattern diagnosis, especially in the long-term course of renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Weber
- Zentrum Innere Medizin der Universität Göttingen, F.R.G
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40
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Abstract
A technique for the analysis of plant proteins from seed, leaf, root, and coleoptile tissues by high resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis is described. This technique is based primarily on the procedure of P. O'Farrell (1975, J. Biol. Chem. 250, 4007-4021); however, a number of improvements and simplifications have been introduced. We have found that resolution of polypeptides from a range of plant tissues is improved if the concentrations of nonionic detergent and ampholytes used in the isoelectric focusing (IEF) step are increased to 4 and 5% (w/v), respectively. Further increase in the concentrations of these two components results in gels of decreased resolution and low mechanical strength. We have also found that substitution of n-octyl beta-D-glucopyranoside or 3-[(cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate for Triton X-100 or Nonidet-P40 in the IEF dimension significantly increases the resolution of polypeptides in these gels. This technique also allows minor polypeptide differences between closely related cultivars of plants to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Holloway
- State Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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41
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Burton WG, Nugent KD, Slattery TK, Summers BR, Snyder LR. Separation of proteins by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. I. Optimizing the column. J Chromatogr A 1988; 443:363-79. [PMID: 2844841 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)94808-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In the process of developing a new analytical technology (the chromatophoresis process) which couples reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in a real-time automated system, it was apparent that improvements in resolving power for the first-dimension (HPLC) separation were necessary. The present paper describes the optimization of the column for our initial work on reversed-phase HPLC separations. Polymeric (polystyrene) packings having particle diameters of 5 micron and pore diameters of 300 A were generally superior in terms of resolution, sample recovery and minimization of "ghosting". Optimum column dimensions were 50 x 1.0 mm I.D. for the flow-rates required in our system (10-100 microliter/min).
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42
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Gianazza E, Tedesco G, Cattò N, Bontempi L, Righetti PG. Properties of thin-rod immobilized pH gradients. Electrophoresis 1988; 9:172-82. [PMID: 3234352 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150090405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Immobilized pH gradient gel rods, 1.5 mm in diameter, were cast with a manifold connected to high-precision burettes. The reproducibility of gel length was ca. 1.7 mm. The average standard deviation sigma x for spot position was 2 mm after one-dimensional and 5.8 mm after two-dimensional runs. In order to bring to completion the elution of the salt fronts into the electrode compartments, carrier ampholytes had to be included in the gel formulation at concentrations of at least 0.5-1%, depending on the pH range. The presence of carrier ampholytes, however, was troublesome in two respects: the gel tended to shrink and the cathodic bands drifted with time. Ionic components in the sample were tolerated up to the following concentrations: NaCl 8 mumoles, sodium dodecyl sulfate 10 micrograms per tube. In presence of non-ionic detergents, the gels moved as a whole towards the cathode.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gianazza
- Chair of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Milano, Italy
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43
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Destro-Bisol G, Ranalletta D. Low voltage isoelectric focusing for the study of red cell acid phosphatase polymorphism: improved phenotyping and better agreement with the Hardy Weinberg distribution. Electrophoresis 1988; 9:106-8. [PMID: 3234338 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150090211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A low voltage isoelectric focusing (IEF) method for typing human red cell acid phosphatase (ACPl) polymorphism is reported. A clear differentiation of the ACPl*A, ACPl*B and ACPl*C allelic products is obtained by minimizing diffusion of the bands during electrophoresis and during enzyme visualization by using a hydrophilic cellophane film soaked with the substrate solution, heated to 50 degrees C, and by reading without incubation in a moist chamber. A population study of ACPl, carried out with this method, on a sample of 624 unrelated individuals of the population of Rome (gene frequencies: ACPl*A = 0.267; ACPl*B = 0.680; ACPl*C = 0.053), showed a good agreement between the observed and expected phenotype distribution (chi 2/2 = 1.35; 0.70 greater than p greater than 0.50).
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Affiliation(s)
- G Destro-Bisol
- Immunohematology Laboratory, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
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44
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Vincens P, Tarroux P. Two-dimensional electrophoresis computerized processing. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1988; 20:499-509. [PMID: 3286313 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(88)90498-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes various methods suitable for implementation of two-dimensional processing software. The different steps leading to a complete processing are described, from the digitalization of the image to the processing of the resulting data. The characteristics of a convenient digitalization system are discussed. The different software devoted to spot detection is reviewed with respect to the presence or otherwise of a spot model and its characteristics. The major techniques for gel matching are compared as are designs for database structures suitable for tabulation of measurements. Finally, the need for a sophisticated system of data processing is stressed and its main requirements are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vincens
- Ecole Normale Supérieure UA 686 CNRS, Paris, France
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45
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Görg A, Postel W, Günther S, Friedrich C. Horizontal two-dimensional electrophoresis with immobilized pH gradients using PhastSystem. Electrophoresis 1988; 9:57-9. [PMID: 3234335 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150090111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Protocols for horizontal two-dimensional electrophoresis with immobilized pH gradients in the first dimension were modified for horizontal micro two-dimensional electrophoresis using PhastSystem. Different equilibration conditions of the first-dimensional immobilized pH gradient gel strip prior to second-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were evaluated. Silver stained two-dimensional patterns were obtained within 3.5 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Görg
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine Lebensmitteltechnologie, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Federal Republic of Germany
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46
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Görg A, Postel W, Günther S, Weser J, Strahler JR, Hanash SM, Somerlot L, Kuick R. Approach to stationary two-dimensional pattern: influence of focusing time and immobiline/carrier ampholytes concentrations. Electrophoresis 1988; 9:37-46. [PMID: 2466646 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150090108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Horizontal two-dimensional (2-D) electrophoresis with immobilized pH gradients (IPG) in the first dimension for buffer soluble proteins and for complex proteins solubilized in the presence of Nonidet P-40 (Görg et al., Electrophoresis 1987, 8, 45-51), has been extended to analyze basic proteins of yeast cells focused under non-equilibrium and equilibrium conditions. Transient state isoelectric focusing (IEF) in IPG gels revealed sample smearing and background staining, displaying horizontal streaks in the resultant 2-D patterns. Inclusion of 0.5% carrier ampholytes (CA) to the IPG gel (IPG-CA), resulted in the formation of many sharp protein bands after transient state IEF with resultant distinct spots in the 2-D patterns; however, resolution was poor and the gel contained heavy background staining. With prolonged focusing time, background staining disappeared and there was less difference in the final steady state IEF patterns obtained with IPG and IPG-CA. Reduction of the Immobiline concentration to one third the manufacturer's recommended amount did not improve IEF resolution with respect to streaking and background staining under either transient state or equilibrium conditions. In general, spot intensities were less on 2-D gels using diluted IPG gels than with "standard" IPG gels. Optimization of 2-D electrophoresis with IPGs in the first dimension was strongly related to IEF conditions. The use of IPG gels focused to equilibrium should not only improve inter-gel reproducibility and resolution but also the quality of the final 2-D patterns with respect to background staining and horizontal streaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Görg
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine Lebensmitteltechnologie, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Federal Republic of Germany
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47
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Worton RG, Burghes AH. Molecular genetics of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1988; 29:1-76. [PMID: 3042661 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(08)60083-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R G Worton
- Genetics Department, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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48
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Rademacher BE, Steele WJ. Modifications and additions to the ISO-DALT system for two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Anal Biochem 1987; 167:37-46. [PMID: 3434799 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(87)90131-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Modifications of ISO-DALT devices that further enhance the efficiency and reproducibility of two-dimensional mapping of proteins are described. The principal changes in ISO system devices include the introduction of a gel casting trough with a removable panel to permit the removal of excess gel without introducing air into the electrofocusing gels and the introduction of an upper electrode compartment with a separate watertight septum for each electrofocusing tube to permit tube removal for cleaning and replacement. The principal changes in DALT system devices include the use of modified powder funnels to introduce acrylamide solutions into the slab gel gradient former without aeration; the introduction of a flexible outlet system for the gradient former to facilitate the removal of air bubbles; the introduction of an inexpensive two-part mixing chamber to permit disassembly for cleaning; the use of split gel holders to eliminate deformation and breakage of electrofocusing gels during loading onto slab gels; the introduction of an inexpensive integrated slab gel casting/rotating apparatus; and the introduction of a simple, water-cooled slab gel electrophoresis apparatus to reduce the volume of running buffer used in electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Rademacher
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242
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49
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Abstract
The high-resolution capacity of two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE) makes it an excellent tool for the analysis and characterisation of complex protein mixtures. The evolution of two-dimensional electrophoresis is briefly described. The various steps involved in 2-D PAGE, the identification and characterization of proteins separated by 2-D PAGE and the quantitative and qualitative analysis of 2-D patterns are discussed in detail and some new approaches are described. In the final section a brief outline of some of the biomedical applications of 2-D PAGE to screening of body fluids, genetic diseases, inborn errors of metabolism, cancer and neoplastic transformation are discussed.
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50
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Dunn BE, Blaser MJ, Snyder EL. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting of Campylobacter outer membrane proteins. Infect Immun 1987; 55:1564-72. [PMID: 3298060 PMCID: PMC260559 DOI: 10.1128/iai.55.7.1564-1572.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We characterized outer membrane proteins (OMPs) from selected Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli, and C. fetus strains by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DGE), using isoelectric focusing and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and by immunoblotting with immune rabbit serum. The flagellar band with a molecular mass of 63 kilodaltons (kDa) demonstrated previously by one-dimensional SDS-PAGE was shown by 2DGE to consist of one or several charge trains, depending upon the species, strain, and type of preparation studied; each of the individual peptides was found to be antigenic by immunoblotting. In contrast, in all of the strains studied, the major OMP (43 to 44 kDa) of C.jejuni and C. coli consisted of a single isomeric form which was weakly immunogenic. Several minor proteins (29 to 31 kDa) were found to be strongly immunogenic by immunoblotting. C. fetus strains possessed two major OMPs of 45 to 47 kDa, each of which consisted of either a single isomer or a major isomer comprising at least 90% of the major OMP. Serum-resistant strains of C. fetus possessed an acid-labile 100-kDa glycoprotein (pI, 4.1) which was markedly diminished or absent in serum-sensitive strains. These 2DGE analyses provide information that is useful in taxonomic and epidemiologic studies and for the purification of surface antigens for the development of campylobacter vaccines and may also facilitate the identification of specific virulence factors.
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