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Mantellatto Grigoli M, Pelegrini LNC, Whelan R, Cominetti MR. Present and Future of Blood-Based Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease: Beyond the Classics. Brain Res 2024; 1830:148812. [PMID: 38369085 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The field of blood-based biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease (AD) has advanced at an incredible pace, especially after the development of sensitive analytic platforms that can facilitate large-scale screening. Such screening will be important when more sophisticated diagnostic methods are scarce and expensive. Thus, blood-based biomarkers can potentially reduce diagnosis inequities among populations from different socioeconomic contexts. This large-scale screening can be performed so that older adults at risk of cognitive decline assessed using these methods can then undergo more complete assessments with classic biomarkers, increasing diagnosis efficiency and reducing costs to the health systems. Blood-based biomarkers can also aid in assessing the effect of new disease-modifying treatments. This paper reviews recent advances in the area, focusing on the following leading candidates for blood-based biomarkers: amyloid-beta (Aβ), phosphorylated tau isoforms (p-tau), neurofilament light (NfL), and glial fibrillary acidic (GFAP) proteins, as well as on new candidates, Neuron-Derived Exosomes contents (NDEs) and Transactive response DNA-binding protein-43 (TDP-43), based on data from longitudinal observational cohort studies. The underlying challenges of validating and incorporating these biomarkers into routine clinical practice and primary care settings are also discussed. Importantly, challenges related to the underrepresentation of ethnic minorities and socioeconomically disadvantaged persons must be considered. If these challenges are overcome, a new time of cost-effective blood-based biomarkers for AD could represent the future of clinical procedures in the field and, together with continued prevention strategies, the beginning of an era with a lower incidence of dementia worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert Whelan
- Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marcia R Cominetti
- Department of Gerontology, Federal University of São Carlos, Brazil; Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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2
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Cozachenco D, Zimmer ER, Lourenco MV. Emerging concepts towards a translational framework in Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 152:105246. [PMID: 37236385 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, significant efforts have been made to understand the precise mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia. However, clinical trials targeting AD pathological hallmarks have consistently failed. Refinement of AD conceptualization, modeling, and assessment is key to developing successful therapies. Here, we review critical findings and discuss emerging ideas to integrate molecular mechanisms and clinical approaches in AD. We further propose a refined workflow for animal studies incorporating multimodal biomarkers used in clinical studies - delineating critical paths for drug discovery and translation. Addressing unresolved questions with the proposed conceptual and experimental framework may accelerate the development of effective disease-modifying strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Cozachenco
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eduardo R Zimmer
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry (PPGBioq), UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Pharmacology and Therapeutics (PPGFT), UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; McGill Centre for Studies in Aging, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Mychael V Lourenco
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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3
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Liu L, Lauro BM, He A, Lee H, Bhattarai S, Wolfe MS, Bennett DA, Karch CM, Young-Pearse T, Selkoe DJ. Identification of the Aβ37/42 peptide ratio in CSF as an improved Aβ biomarker for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:79-96. [PMID: 35278341 PMCID: PMC9464800 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Identifying CSF-based biomarkers for the β-amyloidosis that initiates Alzheimer's disease (AD) could provide inexpensive and dynamic tests to distinguish AD from normal aging and predict future cognitive decline. METHODS We developed immunoassays specifically detecting all C-terminal variants of secreted amyloid β-protein and identified a novel biomarker, the Aβ 37/42 ratio, that outperforms the canonical Aβ42/40 ratio as a means to evaluate the γ-secretase activity and brain Aβ accumulation. RESULTS We show that Aβ 37/42 can distinguish physiological and pathological status in (1) presenilin-1 mutant vs wild-type cultured cells, (2) AD vs control brain tissue, and (3) AD versus cognitively normal (CN) subjects in CSF, where 37/42 (AUC 0.9622) outperformed 42/40 (AUC 0.8651) in distinguishing CN from AD. DISCUSSION We conclude that the Aβ 37/42 ratio sensitively detects presenilin/γ-secretase dysfunction and better distinguishes CN from AD than Aβ42/40 in CSF. Measuring this novel ratio alongside promising phospho-tau analytes may provide highly discriminatory fluid biomarkers for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Bianca M. Lauro
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Amy He
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Hyo Lee
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Sanjay Bhattarai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS USA
| | - Michael S. Wolfe
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS USA
| | - David A. Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Celeste M. Karch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St. Louis, MO USA
- Hope Center for Neurologic Disorders, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Tracy Young-Pearse
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | | | - Dennis J. Selkoe
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
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Whelan R, Barbey FM, Cominetti MR, Gillan CM, Rosická AM. Developments in scalable strategies for detecting early markers of cognitive decline. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:473. [PMID: 36351888 PMCID: PMC9645320 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02237-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective strategies for early detection of cognitive decline, if deployed on a large scale, would have individual and societal benefits. However, current detection methods are invasive or time-consuming and therefore not suitable for longitudinal monitoring of asymptomatic individuals. For example, biological markers of neuropathology associated with cognitive decline are typically collected via cerebral spinal fluid, cognitive functioning is evaluated from face-to-face assessments by experts and brain measures are obtained using expensive, non-portable equipment. Here, we describe scalable, repeatable, relatively non-invasive and comparatively inexpensive strategies for detecting the earliest markers of cognitive decline. These approaches are characterized by simple data collection protocols conducted in locations outside the laboratory: measurements are collected passively, by the participants themselves or by non-experts. The analysis of these data is, in contrast, often performed in a centralized location using sophisticated techniques. Recent developments allow neuropathology associated with potential cognitive decline to be accurately detected from peripheral blood samples. Advances in smartphone technology facilitate unobtrusive passive measurements of speech, fine motor movement and gait, that can be used to predict cognitive decline. Specific cognitive processes can be assayed using 'gamified' versions of standard laboratory cognitive tasks, which keep users engaged across multiple test sessions. High quality brain data can be regularly obtained, collected at-home by users themselves, using portable electroencephalography. Although these methods have great potential for addressing an important health challenge, there are barriers to be overcome. Technical obstacles include the need for standardization and interoperability across hardware and software. Societal challenges involve ensuring equity in access to new technologies, the cost of implementation and of any follow-up care, plus ethical issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. .,Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Florentine M. Barbey
- grid.8217.c0000 0004 1936 9705School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland ,Cumulus Neuroscience Ltd, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marcia R. Cominetti
- grid.8217.c0000 0004 1936 9705Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland ,grid.411247.50000 0001 2163 588XDepartment of Gerontology, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Claire M. Gillan
- grid.8217.c0000 0004 1936 9705School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland ,grid.8217.c0000 0004 1936 9705Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anna M. Rosická
- grid.8217.c0000 0004 1936 9705School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Klafki HW, Vogelgsang J, Manuilova E, Bauer C, Jethwa A, Esselmann H, Jahn-Brodmann A, Osterloh D, Lachmann I, Breitling B, Rauter C, Hansen N, Bouter C, Palme S, Schuchhardt J, Wiltfang J. Diagnostic performance of automated plasma amyloid-β assays combined with pre-analytical immunoprecipitation. Alzheimers Res Ther 2022; 14:127. [PMID: 36071505 PMCID: PMC9450259 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-022-01071-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Measurements of the amyloid-β (Aβ) 42/40 ratio in blood plasma may support the early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease and aid in the selection of suitable participants in clinical trials. Here, we compared the diagnostic performance of fully automated prototype plasma Aβ42/40 assays with and without pre-analytical sample workup by immunoprecipitation.
Methods
A pre-selected clinical sample comprising 42 subjects with normal and 38 subjects with low cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Aβ42/40 ratios was studied. The plasma Aβ42/40 ratios were determined with fully automated prototype Elecsys® immunoassays (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany) by direct measurements in EDTA plasma or after pre-analytical Aβ immunoprecipitation. The diagnostic performance for the detection of abnormal CSF Aβ42/40 was analyzed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. In an additional post hoc analysis, a biomarker-supported clinical diagnosis was used as a second endpoint.
Results
Pre-analytical immunoprecipitation resulted in a significant increase in the area under the ROC curve (AUC) from 0.73 to 0.88 (p = 0.01547) for identifying subjects with abnormal CSF Aβ42/40. A similar improvement in the diagnostic performance by pre-analytical immunoprecipitation was also observed when a biomarker-supported clinical diagnosis was used as a second endpoint (AUC increase from 0.77 to 0.92, p = 0.01576).
Conclusions
Our preliminary observations indicate that pre-analytical Aβ immunoprecipitation can improve the diagnostic performance of plasma Aβ assays for detecting brain amyloid pathology. The findings may aid in the further development of blood-based immunoassays for Alzheimer’s disease ultimately suitable for screening and routine use.
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Spodzieja M, Rodziewicz-Motowidło S, Szymanska A. Hyphenated Mass Spectrometry Techniques in the Diagnosis of Amyloidosis. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:104-120. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666171003113019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Amyloidoses are a group of diseases caused by the extracellular deposition of proteins forming amyloid fibrils. The amyloidosis is classified according to the main protein or peptide that constitutes the amyloid fibrils. The most effective methods for the diagnosis of amyloidosis are based on mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometry enables confirmation of the identity of the protein precursor of amyloid fibrils in biological samples with very high sensitivity and specificity, which is crucial for proper amyloid typing. Due to the fact that biological samples are very complex, mass spectrometry is usually connected with techniques such as liquid chromatography or capillary electrophoresis, which enable the separation of proteins before MS analysis. Therefore mass spectrometry constitutes an important part of the so called “hyphenated techniques” combining, preferentially in-line, different analytical methods to provide comprehensive information about the studied problem. Hyphenated methods are very useful in the discovery of biomarkers in different types of amyloidosis. In systemic forms of amyloidosis, the analysis of aggregated proteins is usually performed based on the tissues obtained during a biopsy of an affected organ or a subcutaneous adipose tissue. In some cases, when the diagnostic biopsy is not possible due to the fact that amyloid fibrils are formed in organs like the brain (Alzheimer’s disease), the study of biomarkers presented in body fluids can be carried out. Currently, large-scale studies are performed to find and validate more effective biomarkers, which can be used in diagnostic procedures. We would like to present the methods connected with mass spectrometry which are used in the diagnosis of amyloidosis based on the analysis of proteins occurring in tissues, blood and cerebrospinal fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Spodzieja
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Sylwia Rodziewicz-Motowidło
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Aneta Szymanska
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
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Shahpasand-Kroner H, Klafki HW, Bauer C, Schuchhardt J, Hüttenrauch M, Stazi M, Bouter C, Wirths O, Vogelgsang J, Wiltfang J. A two-step immunoassay for the simultaneous assessment of Aβ38, Aβ40 and Aβ42 in human blood plasma supports the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio as a promising biomarker candidate of Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2018; 10:121. [PMID: 30526652 PMCID: PMC6286509 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-018-0448-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background The quantification of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides in blood plasma as potential biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is hampered by very low Aβ concentrations and the presence of matrix components that may interfere with the measurements. Methods We developed a two-step immunoassay for the simultaneous measurement of the relative levels of Aβ38, Aβ40 and Aβ42 in human EDTA plasma. The assay was employed for the study of 23 patients with dementia of the Alzheimer’s type (AD-D) and 17 patients with dementia due to other reasons (OD). We examined relationships with the clinical diagnosis, cerebral Aβ load as quantified by amyloid-positron emission tomography, apolipoprotein E genotype, Aβ levels and Tau protein in cerebrospinal fluid. Results Preconcentration of plasma Aβ peptides by immunoprecipitation substantially facilitated their immunological measurements. The Aβ42/Aβ40 and Aβ42/Aβ38 ratios were statistically significantly lower in the AD-D patients than in the OD group. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves reached 0.87 for the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio and 0.80 for the Aβ42/Aβ38 ratio. Conclusions The measurement of plasma Aβ peptides with an immunological assay can be improved by preconcentration via immunoprecipitation with an antibody against the Aβ amino-terminus and elution of the captured peptides by heating in a mild detergent-containing buffer. Our findings support the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio in blood plasma as a promising AD biomarker candidate which correlates significantly with the validated core biomarkers of AD. Further studies will be needed for technical advancement of the assay and validation of the biomarker findings. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13195-018-0448-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedieh Shahpasand-Kroner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen (UMG), Georg-August-University, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, D-37075, Goettingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Von-Siebold-Str. 3a, D-37075, Goettingen, Germany.,Present address: Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Neuroscience Research Building, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Hans-W Klafki
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen (UMG), Georg-August-University, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, D-37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Chris Bauer
- MicroDiscovery GmbH, Marienburger Strasse 1, D-10405, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Melanie Hüttenrauch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen (UMG), Georg-August-University, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, D-37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Martina Stazi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen (UMG), Georg-August-University, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, D-37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Caroline Bouter
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Goettingen (UMG), Georg-August-University, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, D-37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Wirths
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen (UMG), Georg-August-University, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, D-37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jonathan Vogelgsang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen (UMG), Georg-August-University, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, D-37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jens Wiltfang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen (UMG), Georg-August-University, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, D-37075, Goettingen, Germany. .,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Von-Siebold-Str. 3a, D-37075, Goettingen, Germany. .,Department of Medical Science, iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
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Hampel H, O'Bryant SE, Molinuevo JL, Zetterberg H, Masters CL, Lista S, Kiddle SJ, Batrla R, Blennow K. Blood-based biomarkers for Alzheimer disease: mapping the road to the clinic. Nat Rev Neurol 2018; 14:639-652. [PMID: 30297701 PMCID: PMC6211654 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-018-0079-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Biomarker discovery and development for clinical research, diagnostics and therapy monitoring in clinical trials have advanced rapidly in key areas of medicine - most notably, oncology and cardiovascular diseases - allowing rapid early detection and supporting the evolution of biomarker-guided, precision-medicine-based targeted therapies. In Alzheimer disease (AD), breakthroughs in biomarker identification and validation include cerebrospinal fluid and PET markers of amyloid-β and tau proteins, which are highly accurate in detecting the presence of AD-associated pathophysiological and neuropathological changes. However, the high cost, insufficient accessibility and/or invasiveness of these assays limit their use as viable first-line tools for detecting patterns of pathophysiology. Therefore, a multistage, tiered approach is needed, prioritizing development of an initial screen to exclude from these tests the high numbers of people with cognitive deficits who do not demonstrate evidence of underlying AD pathophysiology. This Review summarizes the efforts of an international working group that aimed to survey the current landscape of blood-based AD biomarkers and outlines operational steps for an effective academic-industry co-development pathway from identification and assay development to validation for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Hampel
- AXA Research Fund and Sorbonne University Chair, Paris, France.
- Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France.
- Brain & Spine Institute (ICM), INSERM U 1127, Paris, France.
- Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A), Department of Neurology, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France.
| | - Sid E O'Bryant
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - José L Molinuevo
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Colin L Masters
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Simone Lista
- AXA Research Fund and Sorbonne University Chair, Paris, France
- Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
- Brain & Spine Institute (ICM), INSERM U 1127, Paris, France
- Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A), Department of Neurology, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Steven J Kiddle
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.
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Hassan M, Abbas Q, Seo SY, Shahzadi S, Ashwal HA, Zaki N, Iqbal Z, Moustafa AA. Computational modeling and biomarker studies of pharmacological treatment of Alzheimer's disease (Review). Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:639-655. [PMID: 29845262 PMCID: PMC6059694 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex and multifactorial disease. In order to understand the genetic influence in the progression of AD, and to identify novel pharmaceutical agents and their associated targets, the present study discusses computational modeling and biomarker evaluation approaches. Based on mechanistic signaling pathway approaches, various computational models, including biochemical and morphological models, are discussed to explore the strategies that may be used to target AD treatment. Different biomarkers are interpreted on the basis of morphological and functional features of amyloid β plaques and unstable microtubule‑associated tau protein, which is involved in neurodegeneration. Furthermore, imaging and cerebrospinal fluids are also considered to be key methods in the identification of novel markers for AD. In conclusion, the present study reviews various biochemical and morphological computational models and biomarkers to interpret novel targets and agonists for the treatment of AD. This review also highlights several therapeutic targets and their associated signaling pathways in AD, which may have potential to be used in the development of novel pharmacological agents for the treatment of patients with AD. Computational modeling approaches may aid the quest for the development of AD treatments with enhanced therapeutic efficacy and reduced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubashir Hassan
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungcheongnam 32588, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Molecular Science and Bioinformatics, Dyal Singh Trust Library, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Qamar Abbas
- Department of Physiology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan
| | - Sung-Yum Seo
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungcheongnam 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Saba Shahzadi
- Institute of Molecular Science and Bioinformatics, Dyal Singh Trust Library, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Virtual University Davis Road Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Hany Al Ashwal
- College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nazar Zaki
- College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zeeshan Iqbal
- Institute of Molecular Science and Bioinformatics, Dyal Singh Trust Library, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed A. Moustafa
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2751, Australia
- MARCS Institute for Brain, Behavior and Development, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2751, Australia
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Pereira CD, Martins F, Wiltfang J, da Cruz e Silva OA, Rebelo S. ABC Transporters Are Key Players in Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 61:463-485. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-170639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cátia D. Pereira
- Department of Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Signalling Laboratory, Institute for Biomedicine – iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Filipa Martins
- Department of Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Signalling Laboratory, Institute for Biomedicine – iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jens Wiltfang
- Department of Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Signalling Laboratory, Institute for Biomedicine – iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Odete A.B. da Cruz e Silva
- Department of Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Signalling Laboratory, Institute for Biomedicine – iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sandra Rebelo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Signalling Laboratory, Institute for Biomedicine – iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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11
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Schönherr C, Bien J, Isbert S, Wichert R, Prox J, Altmeppen H, Kumar S, Walter J, Lichtenthaler SF, Weggen S, Glatzel M, Becker-Pauly C, Pietrzik CU. Generation of aggregation prone N-terminally truncated amyloid β peptides by meprin β depends on the sequence specificity at the cleavage site. Mol Neurodegener 2016; 11:19. [PMID: 26895626 PMCID: PMC4759862 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-016-0084-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The metalloprotease meprin β cleaves the Alzheimer's Disease (AD) relevant amyloid precursor protein (APP) as a β-secretase reminiscent of BACE-1, however, predominantly generating N-terminally truncated Aβ2-x variants. RESULTS Herein, we observed increased endogenous sAPPα levels in the brains of meprin β knock-out (ko) mice compared to wild-type controls. We further analyzed the cellular interaction of APP and meprin β and found that cleavage of APP by meprin β occurs prior to endocytosis. The N-terminally truncated Aβ2-40 variant shows increased aggregation propensity compared to Aβ1-40 and acts even as a seed for Aβ1-40 aggregation. Additionally, we observed that different APP mutants affect the catalytic properties of meprin β and that, interestingly, meprin β is unable to generate N-terminally truncated Aβ peptides from Swedish mutant APP (APPswe). CONCLUSION Concluding, we propose that meprin β may be involved in the generation of N-terminally truncated Aβ2-x peptides of APP, but acts independently from BACE-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Schönherr
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jessica Bien
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Simone Isbert
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Rielana Wichert
- Institute of Biochemistry, Unit for Degradomics of the Protease Web, Christian-Albrechts-University, Otto-Hahn-Platz 9, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Johannes Prox
- Institute of Biochemistry, Unit for Degradomics of the Protease Web, Christian-Albrechts-University, Otto-Hahn-Platz 9, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hermann Altmeppen
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sathish Kumar
- Department of Neurology, Molecular Cell Biology, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jochen Walter
- Department of Neurology, Molecular Cell Biology, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and Neuroproteomics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Sascha Weggen
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Becker-Pauly
- Institute of Biochemistry, Unit for Degradomics of the Protease Web, Christian-Albrechts-University, Otto-Hahn-Platz 9, 24118, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Claus U Pietrzik
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
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12
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Baird AL, Westwood S, Lovestone S. Blood-Based Proteomic Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease Pathology. Front Neurol 2015; 6:236. [PMID: 26635716 PMCID: PMC4644785 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and its long prodromal phase poses challenges for early diagnosis and yet allows for the possibility of the development of disease modifying treatments for secondary prevention. It is, therefore, of importance to develop biomarkers, in particular, in the preclinical or early phases that reflect the pathological characteristics of the disease and, moreover, could be of utility in triaging subjects for preventative therapeutic clinical trials. Much research has sought biomarkers for diagnostic purposes by comparing affected people to unaffected controls. However, given that AD pathology precedes disease onset, a pathology endophenotype design for biomarker discovery creates the opportunity for detection of much earlier markers of disease. Blood-based biomarkers potentially provide a minimally invasive option for this purpose and research in the field has adopted various “omics” approaches in order to achieve this. This review will, therefore, examine the current literature regarding blood-based proteomic biomarkers of AD and its associated pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison L Baird
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Sarah Westwood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Simon Lovestone
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
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13
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Gronewold J, Klafki HW, Baldelli E, Kaltwasser B, Seidel UK, Todica O, Volsek M, Haußmann U, Wiltfang J, Kribben A, Bruck H, Hermann DM. Factors Responsible for Plasma β-Amyloid Accumulation in Chronic Kidney Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:3136-3145. [PMID: 26019016 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9218-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Disturbed brain-to-blood elimination of β-amyloid (Aβ) promotes cerebral Aβ accumulation in Alzheimer's disease. Considering that the kidneys are involved in Aβ elimination from the blood, we evaluated how chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects plasma Aβ. In 106 CKD patients stages 3-5 (including 19 patients on hemodialysis and 15 kidney recipients), 53 control subjects with comparable vascular risk profile and 10 kidney donors, plasma Aβ was determined using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay and gel electrophoresis followed by Western blotting. Plasma Aβ increased with CKD stage (control = 182.98 ± 76.73 pg/ml; CKD3A = 248.34 ± 103.77 pg/ml; CKD3B = 259.25 ± 97.74 pg/ml; CKD4 = 489.16 ± 154.16 pg/ml; CKD5 = 721.19 ± 291.69 pg/ml) and was not influenced by hemodialysis (CKD5D = 697.97 ± 265.91 pg/ml). Renal transplantation reduced plasma Aβ (332.57 ± 162.82 pg/ml), whereas kidney donation increased it (251.51 ± 34.34 pg/ml). Gel electrophoresis confirmed stage-dependent elevation namely of Aβ1-40, the most abundant Aβ peptide. In a multivariable regression including age, sex, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), potassium, hemoglobin, urine urea, and urine total protein, the factors eGFR (β = -0.42, p < 0.001), hemoglobin (β = -0.17, p = 0.020), and urine protein (β = 0.26, p = 0.008) were associated with plasma Aβ. In a regression including age, sex, eGFR, potassium, hemoglobin and the vascular risk factors systolic blood pressure, smoking, LDL, HDL, HbA1c, body mass index, brain-derived natriuretic peptide and fibrinogen, the factors eGFR (β = -0.53, p < 0.001), body mass index (β = -0.17, p = 0.022), and fibrinogen (β = 0.18, p = 0.024) were associated with plasma Aβ. Our results demonstrate a stage-dependent plasma Aβ increase that is augmented by loss of glomerulotubular integrity, low body weight, and inflammation, demonstrating a multifaceted role of renal dysfunction in Aβ retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Gronewold
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Hans-Wolfgang Klafki
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LVR-Hospital Essen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstraße 174, 45147, Essen, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen, von-Siebold-Straße 5, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Enrico Baldelli
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Britta Kaltwasser
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulla K Seidel
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Olga Todica
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Michaela Volsek
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Ute Haußmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LVR-Hospital Essen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstraße 174, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Jens Wiltfang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen, von-Siebold-Straße 5, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Kribben
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Heike Bruck
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45122, Essen, Germany.
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14
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Tikhonova LA, Kaminsky YG, Reddy VP, Li Y, Solomadin IN, Kosenko EA, Aliev G. Impact of amyloid β25-35 on membrane stability, energy metabolism, and antioxidant enzymes in erythrocytes. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2014; 29:685-95. [PMID: 24838531 PMCID: PMC10852921 DOI: 10.1177/1533317514534757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid β25-35 (Aβ25-35) represents a neurotoxic fragment of Aβ1-40 or Aβ1-42, and is implicated in the progressive neurodegeneration in cases of the Alzheimer disease (AD). Amyloid β25-35 was shown to lyse rat erythrocytes (RBCs) of all ages, and the extent of the RBC toxicity is directly correlated with Aβ25-35 concentration and cell age. Activities of glycolytic, antioxidant, and Na(+)/K(+)-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) enzymes, in vivo, are significantly decreased in older RBCs as compared to the young RBCs. In vitro, Aβ25-35 reduced activities of hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione transferase and increased Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity; these effects are significantly greater in aged RBCs as compared to those of the younger cells. The diminution in activity of certain enzymes may determine the life span of the RBCs in vivo and may be relevant to the human AD; higher sensitivity of older RBCs to Aβ25-35 toxicity may contribute to the ultimate death of the RBCs in patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila A Tikhonova
- Pushchino State Institute of Natural Sciences, Pushchino, Russia Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Yury G Kaminsky
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - V Prakash Reddy
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Human Sciences, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, TX, USA
| | - Ilya N Solomadin
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Elena A Kosenko
- Pushchino State Institute of Natural Sciences, Pushchino, Russia Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Gjumrakch Aliev
- School of Health Science and Healthcare Administration, University of Atlanta, Johns Creek, GA, USA GALLY International Biomedical Research Consulting LLC, San Antonio, TX, USA
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15
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Tikhonova LA, Kaminskii YG, Kosenko EA. Effects of amyloid-β peptide Aβ25–35 on glycolytic and antioxidant enzymes in erythrocytes of different ages. BIOL BULL+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359014040116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Wang Y, Zhou TH, Zhi Z, Barakat A, Hlatky L, Querfurth H. Multiple effects of β-amyloid on single excitatory synaptic connections in the PFC. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:129. [PMID: 24027495 PMCID: PMC3759796 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Prefrontal cortex (PFC) is recognized as an AD-vulnerable region responsible for defects in cognitive functioning. Pyramidal cell (PC) connections are typically facilitating (F) or depressing (D) in PFC. Excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs) were recorded using patch-clamp from single connections in PFC slices of rats and ferrets in the presence of β-amyloid (Aβ). Synaptic transmission was significantly enhanced or reduced depending on their intrinsic type (facilitating or depressing), Aβ species (Aβ 40 or Aβ 42) and concentration (1-200 nM vs. 0.3-1 μ M). Nanomolar Aβ 40 and Aβ 42 had opposite effects on F-connections, resulting in fewer or increased EPSP failure rates, strengthening or weakening EPSPs and enhancing or inhibiting short-term potentiation [STP: synaptic augmentation (SA) and post-tetanic potentiation (PTP)], respectively. High Aβ 40 concentrations induced inhibition regardless of synaptic type. D-connections were inhibited regardless of Aβ species or concentration. The inhibition induced with bath application was hard to recover by washout, but a complete recovery was obtained with brief local application and prompt washout. Our data suggests that Aβ 40 acts on the prefrontal neuronal network by modulating facilitating and depressing synapses. At higher levels, both Aβ 40 and Aβ 42 inhibit synaptic activity and cause irreversible toxicity once diffusely accumulated in the synaptic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China ; Steward St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts Medical School, Tufts University Boston, MA, USA
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17
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Haußmann U, Jahn O, Linning P, Janßen C, Liepold T, Portelius E, Zetterberg H, Bauer C, Schuchhardt J, Knölker HJ, Klafki H, Wiltfang J. Analysis of Amino-Terminal Variants of Amyloid-β Peptides by Capillary Isoelectric Focusing Immunoassay. Anal Chem 2013; 85:8142-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac401055y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ute Haußmann
- LVR-Klinikum Essen, Department
of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, D-45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Olaf Jahn
- Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Proteomics Group, D-37075
Göttingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Linning
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01069 Dresden,
Germany
| | - Christin Janßen
- LVR-Klinikum Essen, Department
of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, D-45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas Liepold
- Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Proteomics Group, D-37075
Göttingen, Germany
| | - Erik Portelius
- Department of Psychiatry
and
Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska
Academy, University of Gothenburg, 431
80 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry
and
Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska
Academy, University of Gothenburg, 431
80 Mölndal, Sweden
- UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, U.K
| | - Chris Bauer
- MicroDiscovery GmbH, D-10405 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Hans-Joachim Knölker
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01069 Dresden,
Germany
| | - Hans Klafki
- LVR-Klinikum Essen, Department
of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, D-45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Jens Wiltfang
- LVR-Klinikum Essen, Department
of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, D-45147 Essen, Germany
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18
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Toledo JB, Shaw LM, Trojanowski JQ. Plasma amyloid beta measurements - a desired but elusive Alzheimer's disease biomarker. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2013; 5:8. [PMID: 23470128 PMCID: PMC3706955 DOI: 10.1186/alzrt162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid and positron emission tomography biomarkers accurately predict an underlying Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology; however, they represent either invasive or expensive diagnostic tools. Therefore, a blood-based biomarker like plasma amyloid beta (Aβ) that could correlate with the underlying AD pathology and serve as a prognostic biomarker or an AD screening strategy is urgently needed as a cost-effective and non-invasive diagnostic tool. In this paper we review the demographic, biologic, genetic and technical aspects that affect plasma Aβ levels. Findings of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of plasma Aβ, including autosomal dominant AD cases, sporadic AD cases, Down syndrome cases and population studies, are also discussed. Finally, we review the association between cerebrovascular disease and Aβ plasma levels and the responses observed in clinical trials. Based on our review of the current literature on plasma Aβ, we conclude that further clinical research and assay development are needed before measures of plasma Aβ can be interpreted so they can be applied as trait, risk or state biomarkers for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon B Toledo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Leslie M Shaw
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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19
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Bibl M, Welge V, Schmidt H, Esselmann H, Mollenhauer B, Lewczuk P, Otto M, Kornhuber J, Wiltfang J. Plasma amyloid-beta peptides in acute cerebral ischemia: a pilot study. J Clin Lab Anal 2013; 26:238-45. [PMID: 22811355 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood-based tests for a rapid and valid diagnosis as well as outcome prognosis of acute stroke are desirable. Recently, plasma Aβ40 was suggested as an independent cerebrovascular risk factor candidate. METHODS We investigated eight plasma samples of patients with clinical signs of acute cerebral ischemia for derangements of plasma amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide patterns as compared to 13 patients with other neuropsychiatric diseases. For the analysis of plasma, we used immunoprecipitation followed by the quantitative Aβ-SDS-PAGE/immunoblot. RESULTS The major outcome was a striking decrease of Aβ1-40 in plasma paralleled by an increase in the ratio of Aβ1-38/Aβ1-40 in two patients with acute stroke. Interestingly, these patients had an onset of symptoms within only 2-4 hr before venous puncture and there was a strong correlation of Aβ1-38/Aβ1-40 levels with the time span between onset of symptoms and venous puncture. CONCLUSION From these results, we suggest the ratio of plasma Aβ1-38/Aβ1-40 as a possible biomarker for the early diagnosis of acute stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Bibl
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Addiction Medicine, Kliniken Essen-Mitte, University of Duisburg-Essen, Henricistrasse 92, Essen, Germany.
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20
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Bien J, Jefferson T, Causević M, Jumpertz T, Munter L, Multhaup G, Weggen S, Becker-Pauly C, Pietrzik CU. The metalloprotease meprin β generates amino terminal-truncated amyloid β peptide species. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:33304-13. [PMID: 22879596 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.395608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The amyloid β (Aβ) peptide, which is abundantly found in the brains of patients suffering from Alzheimer disease, is central in the pathogenesis of this disease. Therefore, to understand the processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) is of critical importance. Recently, we demonstrated that the metalloprotease meprin β cleaves APP and liberates soluble N-terminal APP (N-APP) fragments. In this work, we present evidence that meprin β can also process APP in a manner reminiscent of β-secretase. We identified cleavage sites of meprin β in the amyloid β sequence of the wild type and Swedish mutant of APP at positions p1 and p2, thereby generating Aβ variants starting at the first or second amino acid residue. We observed even higher kinetic values for meprin β than BACE1 for both the wild type and the Swedish mutant APP form. This enzymatic activity of meprin β on APP and Aβ generation was also observed in the absence of BACE1/2 activity using a β-secretase inhibitor and BACE knock-out cells, indicating that meprin β acts independently of β-secretase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Bien
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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21
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Bibl M, Gallus M, Welge V, Lehmann S, Sparbier K, Esselmann H, Wiltfang J. Characterization of cerebrospinal fluid aminoterminally truncated and oxidized amyloid-β peptides. Proteomics Clin Appl 2012; 6:163-9. [PMID: 22532452 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201100082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Carboxyterminally elongated and aminoterminally truncated Aβ peptides as well as their pyroglutamate and oxidized derivates are major constituents of human amyloid plaques. The objective of the present study was to characterize aminoterminally truncated or oxidized Aβ38, Aβ40, and Aβ42 peptide species in immunoprecipitated human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We invented a novel sequential aminoterminally and carboxyterminally specific immunoprecipitation protocol and used the Aβ-SDS-PAGE/immunoblot for subsequent analysis of CSF Aβ peptide patterns. RESULTS In the present study, we identified the aminoterminally truncated Aβ peptides 2-40 and 2-42 as well as oxidized forms of Aβ1-38 and Aβ1-42 in CSF. Our protocol allowed the quantification of a pattern of Aβ peptides 1-38(ox), 2-40, and 2-42 in addition to the well known panel of Aβ 1-37, 1-38, 1-39, 1-40, 1-40(ox), and 1-42 in a group of seven patients with peripheral polyneuropathy. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In the present approach, we could broaden the range of quantifiable Aβ peptides described in previous studies (i.e., 1-37, 1-38, 1-39, 1-40, 1-40(ox), and 1-42) by Aβ 1-38(ox), 2-40, and 2-42. An exact analysis of CSF Aβ peptides regarding their carboxy- and aminoterminus as well as posttranslational modification seems promising with respect to diagnostic and pathogenic aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Bibl
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Addiction Medicine, Kliniken Essen-Mitte, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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Schieb H, Kratzin H, Jahn O, Möbius W, Rabe S, Staufenbiel M, Wiltfang J, Klafki HW. Beta-amyloid peptide variants in brains and cerebrospinal fluid from amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic mice: comparison with human Alzheimer amyloid. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:33747-58. [PMID: 21795681 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.246561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report a detailed analysis of the different variants of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides in the brains and the cerebrospinal fluid from APP23 transgenic mice, expressing amyloid precursor protein with the Swedish familial Alzheimer disease mutation, at different ages. Using one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, immunoblotting, and mass spectrometry, we identified the Aβ peptides Aβ(1-40), -(1-42), -(1-39), -(1-38), -(1-37), -(2-40), and -(3-40) as well as minor amounts of pyroglutamate-modified Aβ (Aβ(N3pE)) and endogenous murine Aβ in brains from 24-month-old mice. Chemical modifications of the N-terminal amino group of Aβ were identified that had clearly been introduced during standard experimental procedures. To address this issue, we additionally applied amyloid extraction in ultrapure water. Clear differences between APP23 mice and Alzheimer disease (AD) brain samples were observed in terms of the relative abundance of specific variants of Aβ peptides, such as Aβ(N3pE), Aβ(1-42), and N-terminally truncated Aβ(2/3-42). These differences to human AD amyloid were also noticed in a related mouse line transgenic for human wild type amyloid precursor protein. Taken together, our findings suggest different underlying molecular mechanisms driving the amyloid deposition in transgenic mice and AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinke Schieb
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LVR-Klinikum, Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, D-45147 Essen, Germany
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Transient increase of plasma concentrations of amyloid β peptides after electroconvulsive therapy. Brain Stimul 2011; 5:25-9. [PMID: 22037136 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2011.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is applied to effectively treat depressive episodes, and it can be considered an ideal model of generalized seizures induced and performed under precisely controllable conditions. OBJECTIVE We hypothesize that ECT causes a transiently increased blood-brain barrier permeability. METHODS We measured plasma concentrations of amyloid β (Aβ) peptides: 1-42, 1-40, x-42, and x-40 before ECT, within 30 minutes after 2, and 24 hours after ECT treatment in 33-36 sessions of n=13 different patients. RESULTS We observed a significant increase of the plasma concentrations of all four peptides within 30 minutes after the ECT, followed by the normalization of the peptides concentrations 2 hours after the ECT. CONCLUSION Different physiologic phenomena may be responsible for the transient increase of the Aβ peptides concentrations in plasma shortly after ECT session, and further studies are necessary to explain these mechanisms. For example, decreased integrity of the blood-brain barrier permeability, an increased release from neurons due to their activation or increased release from peripheral sources, like thrombocytes or muscles, or a combination of different factors must be taken into consideration.
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Härtig W, Goldhammer S, Bauer U, Wegner F, Wirths O, Bayer TA, Grosche J. Concomitant detection of beta-amyloid peptides with N-terminal truncation and different C-terminal endings in cortical plaques from cases with Alzheimer's disease, senile monkeys and triple transgenic mice. J Chem Neuroanat 2010; 40:82-92. [PMID: 20347032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2010.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The disturbed metabolism of beta-amyloid peptides generated from amyloid precursor protein is widely considered as a main factor during the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. A neuropathological hallmark in the brains from cases with Alzheimer's disease are senile plaques mainly composed of hardly soluble beta-amyloid peptides comprising up to 43 amino acids. Age-dependent cortical beta-amyloidosis was also shown in several transgenic mice and old individuals from various mammalian species, e.g., non-human primates. Beta-amyloid(1-42) is believed to be the main component in the core of senile plaques, whereas less hydrophobic beta-amyloid(1-40) predominantly occurs in the outer rim of plaques. Amino-terminally truncated pyroglutamyl-beta-amyloid(pE3-x) was recently found to be a beta-amyloid species of high relevance to the progression of the disease. While a few biochemical studies provided data on the co-occurrence of several beta-amyloid forms, their concomitant histochemical detection is still lacking. Here, we present a novel triple immunofluorescence labelling of amino- and differently carboxy-terminally truncated beta-amyloid peptides in cortical plaques from a case with Alzheimer's disease, senile macaques and baboons, and triple transgenic mice with age-dependent beta-amyloidosis and tau hyperphosphorylation. Additionally, beta-amyloid(pE3-x) and total beta-amyloid were concomitantly detected with beta-amyloid peptides ending with amino acid 40 or 42, respectively. Simultaneous staining of several beta-amyloid species reveals for instance vascular amyloid containing beta-amyloid(pE3-x) in Alzheimer's disease and monkeys, and may contribute to the further elucidation of beta-amyloidosis in neurodegenerative disorders and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Härtig
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Jahnallee 59, 04109 Leipzig, Germany.
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Lewczuk P, Kamrowski-Kruck H, Peters O, Heuser I, Jessen F, Popp J, Bürger K, Hampel H, Frölich L, Wolf S, Prinz B, Jahn H, Luckhaus C, Perneczky R, Hüll M, Schröder J, Kessler H, Pantel J, Gertz HJ, Klafki HW, Kölsch H, Reulbach U, Esselmann H, Maler JM, Bibl M, Kornhuber J, Wiltfang J. Soluble amyloid precursor proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid as novel potential biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease: a multicenter study. Mol Psychiatry 2010; 15:138-45. [PMID: 18663368 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2008.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we present the results of a multicenter study to test analytic and diagnostic performance of soluble forms of amyloid precursor proteins alpha and beta (sAPP alpha and sAPP beta) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with different forms of dementing conditions. CSF samples were collected from 188 patients with early dementia (mini-mental state examination >or=20 in majority of cases) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in 12 gerontopsychiatric centers, and the clinical diagnoses were supported by neurochemical dementia diagnostic (NDD) tools: CSF amyloid beta peptides, Tau and phospho-Tau. sAPP alpha and sAPP beta were measured with multiplexing method based on electrochemiluminescence. sAPP alpha and sAPP beta CSF concentrations correlated with each other with very high correlation ratio (R=0.96, P<0.001). We observed highly significantly increased sAPP alpha and sAPP beta CSF concentrations in patients with NDD characteristic for Alzheimer's disease (AD) compared to those with NDD negative results. sAPP alpha and sAPP beta highly significantly separated patients with AD, whose diagnosis was supported by NDD findings (sAPP alpha: cutoff, 117.4 ng ml(-1), sensitivity, 68%, specificity, 85%, P<0.001; sAPP beta: cutoff, 181.8 ng ml(-1), sensitivity, 75%, specificity, 85%, P<0.001), from the patients clinically assessed as having other dementias and supported by NDD untypical for AD. We conclude sAPP alpha and sAPP beta might be regarded as novel promising biomarkers supporting the clinical diagnosis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lewczuk
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Mollenhauer B, Trenkwalder C. Neurochemical biomarkers in the differential diagnosis of movement disorders. Mov Disord 2009; 24:1411-26. [PMID: 19412961 DOI: 10.1002/mds.22510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the neurochemical analysis of neuronal proteins in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has become increasingly accepted for the diagnosis of neurodegenerative dementia diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. CSF surrounds the central nervous system, and in the composition of CSF proteins one finds brain-specific proteins that are prioritized from blood-derived proteins. Levels of specific CSF proteins could be very promising biomarkers for central nervous system diseases. We need the development of more easily accessible biomarkers, in the blood. In neurodegenerative diseases with and without dementia, studies on CSF and blood proteins have investigated the usefulness of biomarkers in differential diagnosis. The clinical diagnoses of Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, and corticobasal degeneration still rely mainly on clinical symptoms as defined by international classification criteria. In this article, we review CSF biomarkers in these movement disorders and discuss recent published reports on the neurochemical intra vitam diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorders (including recent CSF alpha-synuclein findings).
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Smirnov A, Trupp A, Henkel A, Bloch E, Reulbach U, Lewczuk P, Riggert J, Kornhuber J, Wiltfang J. Differential processing and secretion of Aβ peptides and sAPPα in human platelets is regulated by thrombin and prostaglandine 2. Neurobiol Aging 2009; 30:1552-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2007] [Revised: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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29
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Abbood A, Smadja C, Herrenknecht C, Alahmad Y, Tchapla A, Taverna M. Retention mechanism of peptides on a stationary phase embedded with a quaternary ammonium group: A liquid chromatography study. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:3244-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2008] [Revised: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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30
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Kosenko EA, Solomadin IN, Kaminsky YG. Effect of the β-amyloid peptide Aβ25–35 and fullerene C60 on the activity of enzymes in erythrocytes. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2009; 35:172-7. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162009020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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31
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Kosenko EA, Solomadin IN, Marov NV, Venediktova NI, Pogosian AS, Kaminskiĭ IG. [Role of glycolysis and antioxidant enzymes in the toxicity of amyloid beta peptide Abeta25-35 to erythrocytes]. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2009; 34:654-60. [PMID: 19060940 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162008050087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The role of glycolysis and antioxidant enzymes in amyloid beta peptide Abeta(25-35) toxicity to human and rat erythrocytes was studied. The erythrotoxicity of Abeta(25-35) was shown to increase two- to fourfold both in the absence of glucose in the incubation medium and upon the addition of sodium fluoride, an enolase inhibitor. Potassium cyanide, a Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase inhibitor, abolishes the toxic effect of Abeta(25-35) to erythrocytes, whereas mercaptosuccinate, a glutathione peroxidase inhibitor, and ouabain, a Na+,K+-ATPase inhibitor, promote it. Sodium azide, a catalase inhibitor, did not affect the cell lysis under the action of Abeta(25-35) . The results support the hypothesis that H2O2, Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase are involved in the toxicity mechanism rather than superoxide radical. Glycolysis and Na+,K+-ATPase play a substantial protective role. Fullerene C(60) nanoparticles are toxic to erythrocytes of both types; their toxicity is not related to enhanced oxidative stress and the mechanism of toxicity differs from that of Abeta(25-35) .
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Walsh DM, Thulin E, Minogue AM, Gustavsson N, Pang E, Teplow DB, Linse S. A facile method for expression and purification of the Alzheimer's disease-associated amyloid beta-peptide. FEBS J 2009; 276:1266-81. [PMID: 19175671 PMCID: PMC2702495 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06862.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Revised: 12/10/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the development of a high-level bacterial expression system for the Alzheimer's disease-associated amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta), together with a scaleable and inexpensive purification procedure. Abeta(1-40) and Abeta(1-42) coding sequences together with added ATG codons were cloned directly into a Pet vector to facilitate production of Met-Abeta(1-40) and Met-Abeta(1-42), referred to as Abeta(M1-40) and Abeta(M1-42), respectively. The expression sequences were designed using codons preferred by Escherichia coli, and the two peptides were expressed in this host in inclusion bodies. Peptides were purified from inclusion bodies using a combination of anion-exchange chromatography and centrifugal filtration. The method described requires little specialized equipment and provides a facile and inexpensive procedure for production of large amounts of very pure Abeta peptides. Recombinant peptides generated using this protocol produced amyloid fibrils that were indistinguishable from those formed by chemically synthesized Abeta1-40 and Abeta1-42. Formation of fibrils by all peptides was concentration-dependent, and exhibited kinetics typical of a nucleation-dependent polymerization reaction. Recombinant and synthetic peptides exhibited a similar toxic effect on hippocampal neurons, with acute treatment causing inhibition of MTT reduction, and chronic treatment resulting in neuritic degeneration and cell loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic M Walsh
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, Belfield, University College Dublin, Republic of Ireland.
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Exploring the mechanism of beta-amyloid toxicity attenuation by multivalent sialic acid polymers through the use of mathematical models. J Theor Biol 2009; 258:189-97. [PMID: 19217912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Revised: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
beta-Amyloid peptide (A beta), the primary protein component in senile plaques associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), has been implicated in neurotoxicity associated with AD. Previous studies have shown that the A beta-neuronal membrane interaction plays a role in the mechanism of A beta toxicity. More specifically, it is thought that A beta interacts with ganglioside rich and sialic acid rich regions of cell surfaces. In light of such evidence, we have used a number of different sialic acid compounds of different valency or number of sialic acid moieties per molecule to attenuate A beta toxicity in a cell culture model. In this work, we proposed various mathematical models of A beta interaction with both the cell membrane and with the multivalent sialic acid compounds, designed to act as membrane mimics. These models allow us to explore the mechanism of action of this class of sialic acid membrane mimics in attenuating the toxicity of A beta. The mathematical models, when compared with experimental data, facilitate the discrimination between different modes of action of these materials. Understanding the mechanism of action of A beta toxicity inhibitors should provide insight into the design of the next generation of molecules that could be used to prevent A beta toxicity associated with AD.
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Maler JM, Spitzer P, Klafki HW, Esselmann H, Lewczuk P, Kornhuber J, Herrmann M, Wiltfang J. Distinct fractional Aβ release patterns in human mononuclear phagocytes. J Neuroimmunol 2009; 206:1-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Revised: 08/21/2008] [Accepted: 08/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Lewczuk P, Hornegger J, Zimmermann R, Otto M, Wiltfang J, Kornhuber J. Neurochemical dementia diagnostics: assays in CSF and blood. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2008; 258 Suppl 5:44-9. [PMID: 18985294 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-008-5005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this review, current neurochemical dementia diagnostics (NDD) procedures are presented with a focus on biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood: amyloid beta peptides, tau protein, and its phosphorylated form (pTau). CSF analysis is an increasingly important tool for early and differential diagnosis of dementia syndromes. Although lumbar puncture is a mildly invasive procedure with a low incidence of complications, establishing blood assays capable of reliably measuring NDD biomarkers is an aim of several studies worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Lewczuk
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Schwabachanlage 6, Erlangen, Germany
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36
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Maler JM, Spitzer P, Klafki HW, Esselmann H, Bibl M, Lewczuk P, Kornhuber J, Herrmann M, Wiltfang J. Adherence-dependent shifts in the patterns of beta-amyloid peptides secreted by human mononuclear phagocytes. Brain Behav Immun 2008; 22:1044-1048. [PMID: 18511234 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2008.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2008] [Revised: 04/01/2008] [Accepted: 04/09/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system are closely associated with vascular and neuritic beta-amyloid deposits in Alzheimer's disease. Using one-dimensional and newly developed two-dimensional Abeta-SDS-PAGE Western immunoblot techniques (1D/2D-Abeta-WIB) we investigated the patterns of Abeta peptides released by primary non-adherent and adherence-activated human mononuclear phagocytes in vitro. An overall increase of total released Abeta peptides (Abeta(total)) was observed in adherence-activated mononuclear phagocyte cultures. 2D-Abeta-WIB revealed that the proportion of Abeta(1-40) decreased significantly to 50.2+/-5.4% (n=10) of Abeta(total) compared to 65.9+/-5.6% (n=7) in non-adherent cultures (p<0.0001, t=5.82). Abeta(1-42) accounted for only 3.0+/-2.1% of Abeta(total) and its proportion did not change significantly upon adherence (2.8+/-0.5% of Abeta(total)). In adherence-activated cultures we detected pronounced shifts in the fractional pattern of released Abeta peptides in favour of N-truncated species. The second most prominent Abeta peptide accounted for as much as 12.7+/-3.0% of Abeta(total) (2.0+/-1.2% in non-adherent cultures; p<0.0001, t=9.00) and was identified as Abeta(2-40) by comigration with a synthetic peptide and by N-terminal-specific antibodies. A strong increase of a further Abeta immunoreactive spot migrating at pI 5.45 was observed. It accounted for 9.2+/-1.7% of Abeta(total) as compared to 1.0+/-0.9% in non-adherent cultures (p<0.0001, t=11.61) and presumably represented a variant of Abeta(2-40) as determined by C-terminal Abeta(40)-specific immunoprecipitation and N-terminal-specific immunodetection. Thus, mononuclear phagocytes might be one source of the N-truncated Abeta peptides regularly found in human plasma and are less likely to contribute substantially to plasma Abeta(1-42).
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Maler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Philipp Spitzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Wolfgang Klafki
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hermann Esselmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Essen, Virchowstr. 174, D-45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Mirko Bibl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Essen, Virchowstr. 174, D-45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Piotr Lewczuk
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Department of Medicine III, Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Glückstr. 4a, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jens Wiltfang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Essen, Virchowstr. 174, D-45147 Essen, Germany
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37
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Solomadin IN, Marov NV, Venediktova NI, Kosenko EA, Kaminsky YG. Toxic effect of Aβ25–35 and fullerene C60 on erythrocytes. BIOL BULL+ 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359008040171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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38
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Krolak-Salmon P, Seguin J, Perret-Liaudet A, Desestret V, Vighetto A, Bonnefoy M. [Near a biological diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and related disorders]. Rev Med Interne 2008; 29:785-93. [PMID: 18584921 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2008.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Revised: 12/24/2007] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To review the current concepts in the biological diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related disorders. CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND KEY POINTS As new therapeutics specific of AD may be available soon, early diagnosis of AD in the context of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia appears to be challenging. The high amount of atypical clinical forms of AD leads to develop new tools allowing in vivo diagnosis. New CerebroSpinal Fluid (CSF) biomarkers seem to reflect specific aspects of deep neuropathological changes observed in AD, i.e. amyloid deposits and neurofibrillary tangles. Amyloid beta-peptide 1-42 (Abeta(1-42)) and hyperphosphorylated tubulin associated unit (tau) isoforms appear to be the most sensitive and specific CSF biomarkers, the combination of these biomarkers depicting the best diagnosis value for AD. These molecules are also efficient in the prediction of the conversion from the MCI state to the dementia state of AD. Combined to clinical and neuro-imaging information, CSF biomarkers appear thus to be highly relevant in improving the early etiological diagnosis of dementia. FUTURE PROSPECTS AND PROJECTS The current research focalises on the development of new molecules coming from Abeta and tau protein families, in the CSF and in the serum, as well as molecules reflecting other pathological metabolism changes, as alpha-synuclein in Lewy Body Disease. The diagnosis value of CSF biological markers is so promising that they have been recently included in the research diagnosis criteria of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Krolak-Salmon
- Service de médecine gériatrique, centre hospitalier Lyon-Sud, hospices civils de Lyon, Pierre-Bénite cedex, France.
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39
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Lewczuk P, Wiltfang J. Neurochemical dementia diagnostics: State of the art and research perspectives. Proteomics 2008; 8:1292-301. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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40
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Maler JM, Klafki HW, Paul S, Spitzer P, Groemer TW, Henkel AW, Esselmann H, Lewczuk P, Kornhuber J, Wiltfang J. Urea-based two-dimensional electrophoresis of beta-amyloid peptides in human plasma: evidence for novel Abeta species. Proteomics 2007; 7:3815-20. [PMID: 17924594 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The detailed analysis of beta-amyloid (Abeta) peptides in human plasma is still hampered by the limited sensitivity of available mass spectrometric methods and the lack of appropiate ELISAs to measure Abeta peptides other than Abeta(1-38), Abeta(1-40), and Abeta(1-42). By combining high-yield Abeta immuno- precipitation (IP), IEF, and urea-based Abeta-SDS-PAGE-immunoblot, at least 30 Abeta-immuno-reactive spots were detected in human plasma samples as small as 1.6 mL. This approach clearly resolved Abeta peptides Abeta(1-40), Abeta(1-42), Abeta(1-37), Abeta(1-38), Abeta(1-39), the N-truncated Abeta(2-40), Abeta(2-42), and, for the first time, also Abeta(1-41). Relative quantification indicated that Abeta(1-40) and Abeta(1-42) accounted for less than 60% of the total amount of Abeta peptides in plasma. All other Abeta peptides appear to be either C-terminally or N-terminally truncated forms or as yet uncharacterized Abeta species which migrated as trains of spots with distinct pIs. The Abeta pattern found in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was substantially less complex. This sensitive method (2-D Abeta-WIB) might help clarifying the origin of distinct Abeta species from different tissues, cell types, or intracellular pools as well as their amyloidogenicity. It might further help identifying plasma Abeta species suitable as biomarkers for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Maler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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41
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Bibl M, Esselmann H, Mollenhauer B, Weniger G, Welge V, Liess M, Lewczuk P, Otto M, Schulz JB, Trenkwalder C, Kornhuber J, Wiltfang J. Blood-based neurochemical diagnosis of vascular dementia: a pilot study. J Neurochem 2007; 103:467-74. [PMID: 17662050 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04763.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Blood-based tests for the differential diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are under intensive investigation and have shown promising results with regard to Abeta40 and Abeta42 peptide species in incipient AD. Moreover, plasma Abeta40 was suggested as an independent cerebrovascular risk factor candidate. These considerations prompted us to analyse a total of 72 plasma samples in vascular dementias (VAD, n = 15), AD with cerebrovascular disease (AD with CVD, n = 7), AD (n = 15), Parkinson's disease and Parkinson's disease dementia (PD/PDD, n = 20) and 15 patients with depression that served as controls (DC) for distinct plasma amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptide patterns. For the analysis of plasma we used immunoprecipitation followed by the quantitative Abeta-SDS-PAGE/immunoblot. For comparison, CSF tau and Abeta1-42 analyses were performed. The major outcome was an increase in Abeta1-40 in plasma of VAD paralleled by a decrease in the ratio of Abeta1-38/Abeta1-40. The ratio Abeta1-38/Abeta1-40 in plasma enabled contrasts of beyond 85% and 80% for discriminating VAD from DC and all other patients, respectively. In CSF, we confirmed the typical CSF biomarker constellation of increased tau and diminished Abeta1-42 levels for AD. The diagnostic accuracy of plasma Abeta1-38/Abeta1-40 for VAD resembled the accuracy of CSF biomarkers for AD. From the presented results, we consider the ratio of plasma Abeta1-38/Abeta1-40 peptides to be a blood-based biomarker candidate for VAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Bibl
- Department of Psychiatry University of Goettingen, von-Siebold-Str, Goettingen, Germany.
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42
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Wiltfang J, Esselmann H, Bibl M, Hüll M, Hampel H, Kessler H, Frölich L, Schröder J, Peters O, Jessen F, Luckhaus C, Perneczky R, Jahn H, Fiszer M, Maler JM, Zimmermann R, Bruckmoser R, Kornhuber J, Lewczuk P. Amyloid beta peptide ratio 42/40 but not A beta 42 correlates with phospho-Tau in patients with low- and high-CSF A beta 40 load. J Neurochem 2007; 101:1053-9. [PMID: 17254013 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04404.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neurochemical dementia diagnostics (NDD) can significantly improve the clinically based categorization of patients with early dementia disorders, and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of amyloid beta peptides ending at the amino acid position of 42 (A beta x-42 and A beta 1-42) are widely accepted biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, in subjects with constitutively high- or low-CSF concentrations of total A beta peptides (tA beta), the NDD interpretation might lead to erroneous conclusions as these biomarkers seem to correlate better with the total A beta load than with the pathological status of a given patient in such cases. In this multicenter study, we found significantly increased CSF concentrations of phosphorylated Tau (pTau181) and total Tau in the group of subjects with high CSF A beta x-40 concentrations and decreased A beta x-42/x-40 concentration ratio compared with the group of subjects with low CSF A beta x-40 and normal A beta ratio (p<0.001 in both cases). Furthermore, we observed significantly decreased A beta ratio (p<0.01) in the group of subjects with APOE epsilon 4 allele compared with the group of subjects without this allele. Surprisingly, patients with low-A beta x-40 and the decreased A beta ratio characterized with decreased pTau181 (p<0.05), and unaltered total Tau compared with the subjects with high A beta x-40 and the A beta ratio in the normal range. We conclude that the amyloid beta concentration ratio should replace the 'raw' concentrations of corresponding A beta peptides to improve reliability of the neurochemical dementia diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Wiltfang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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43
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Mehta PD, Pirttila T. Increased cerebrospinal fluid A beta38/A beta42 ratio in Alzheimer disease. NEURODEGENER DIS 2006; 2:242-5. [PMID: 16909004 DOI: 10.1159/000090363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2005] [Accepted: 09/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We quantitated amyloid beta peptide (A beta) 38, A beta40 and A beta42 levels in matched CSF and plasma from Alzheimer disease (AD) patients and controls. CSF A beta38 and A beta40 levels were similar in AD patients and in controls; however, they were higher in controls with APOE upsilon4 allele than those without. CSF A beta42 levels were lower in AD patients than in controls. The CSF A beta38/42 ratio was higher in AD patients than controls, consistent with the previously reported higher A beta40/42 ratio. A beta38, A beta40 and A beta42 levels in plasma were similar in AD patients and in controls and showed no relationship to levels in CSF. Our findings suggest that the increased CSF A beta38/42 ratio found in AD patients is derived entirely from reduction of CSF A beta42 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj D Mehta
- Institute for Basic Research, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA.
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44
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Oe T, Ackermann BL, Inoue K, Berna MJ, Garner CO, Gelfanova V, Dean RA, Siemers ER, Holtzman DM, Farlow MR, Blair IA. Quantitative analysis of amyloid beta peptides in cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer's disease patients by immunoaffinity purification and stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography/negative electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2006; 20:3723-35. [PMID: 17117458 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The 40 and 42 amino-acid residue forms of amyloid beta (Abeta(1-40) and Abeta(1-42)) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) have been proposed as potential biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Quantitative analyses of Abeta peptides in CSF have relied almost exclusively on the use of immunoassay-based assays such as the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) procedure. However, due to the ability of the Abeta peptides to readily self-aggregate or bind to other proteins and glassware, such analyses are extremely challenging. Analyses are further complicated by the potential of the peptides to undergo post-translational modifications and the possibilities for cross-reaction in the ELISA assays with endogenous components of the CSF. An approach based on liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) has now been developed which overcomes these methodological issues. The key steps in implementing this new approach involved immunoaffinity purification coupled with the use of [15N]-labeled Abeta peptides as internal standards, a basic LC mobile phase, negative ion electrospray ionization, and a basic solvent for dissolving the peptides and washing the injection needle to prevent carryover of analytes during multiple injections on the LC/MS system. The validated method had limits of quantitation of 44 fmol/mL (200 pg/mL) for Abeta(1-42) and 92 fmol/mL (400 pg/mL) for Abeta(1-40). An excellent correlation was found between the LC/MS/MS assay and an ELISA assay for Abeta(1-42) in human CSF (r2 = 0.915), although less correlation was observed for Abeta(1-40) (r2 = 0.644). Mean CSF Abeta(1-42) concentrations for samples collected 2 weeks apart from a limited number of AD patients provided additional confidence in the reproducibility of the LC/MS/MS assay. Concentrations for duplicate samples from AD patients were slightly higher than most previously reported values (mean 1.06 +/- 0.25 ng/mL; n = 7). Abeta(1-40) concentrations in duplicate samples obtained from AD patients were also reproducible but were found to be slightly lower than most previously reported values (mean 6.36 +/- 3.07 ng/mL; n = 7). Consistent with literature reports, mean Abeta(1-42) concentrations were found to be lower in AD patients compared with the normal subjects (mean 1.49 +/- 0.59 ng/mL; n = 7), whereas there was no difference in Abeta(1-40) concentrations between AD patients and normal subjects (mean 5.88 +/- 3.03 ng/mL; n = 7). The accuracy and precision of the LC/MS assay mean that it will be a useful complement to existing ELISA assays for monitoring therapeutic interventions designed to modulate CSF Abeta(1-42) concentrations in individual AD patients. Moreover, the introduction of stable isotope labeled internal standards offers the potential to achieve a more rigorous account of the influence of methodological effects related to sample collection and processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Oe
- Centers for Cancer Pharmacology and Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Departments of Pharmacology and Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
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Vanmechelen E, Grognet P, Vandecasteele L, Sergeant N, Ghestem A, Decraemer H, Catry C, Demeyer L, Callebaut P, Gompel M, Olsson A, Vanderstichele H, Kostanjevecki V, Blennow K, Delacourte A. S1-6 Perspectives on potential biomarkers in blood for Alzheimer diagnosis. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0035-3787(05)85250-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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