1
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He N, Li Z, Hu C, Chen Z. In situ synthesis of a spherical covalent organic framework as a stationary phase for capillary electrochromatography. J Pharm Anal 2022; 12:610-616. [PMID: 36105161 PMCID: PMC9463497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a novel type of crystalline porous organic polymer materials recently developed. It has several advantages in chromatographic separation field, such as high thermal stability, porosity, structural regularity, and large specific surface area. Here, a novel spherical COF 1,3,5-tris(4-aminophenyl)benzene (TAPB) and 2,5-bis(2-propyn-1-yloxy)-1,4-benzenedicarboxaldehyde (BPTA) was developed as an electrochromatographic stationary phase for capillary electrochromatography separation. The COF TAPB-BPTA modified capillary column was fabricated via a facile in situ growth method at room temperature. The characterization results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed that COF TAPB-BPTA were successfully modified onto the capillary inner surface. The electrochromatography separation performance of the COF TAPB-BPTA modified capillary was investigated. The prepared column demonstrated outstanding separation performance toward alkylbenzenes, phenols, and chlorobenzenes compounds. Furthermore, the baseline separations of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and parabens with good efficiency and high resolution were achieved. Also, the prepared column possessed satisfactory precision of the intra-day runs (n = 5), inter-day runs (n = 3), and parallel columns (n = 3), and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the retention times of tested alkylbenzenes were all less than 2.58%. Thus, this new COF-based stationary phase shows tremendous application potential in chromatographic separation field. COF TAPB–BPTA was studied as OT-CEC stationary phase. In situ, room-temperature growth method was quite facile and efficient. Excellent separation performances toward various hydrophobic compounds. The maximum column efficiency was 1.78 × 105 plates/m. Reproducibility and stability were found to be satisfactory.
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2
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Xie Y, Dai L, Yang Y. Microfluidic technology and its application in the point-of-care testing field. BIOSENSORS & BIOELECTRONICS: X 2022; 10:100109. [PMID: 35075447 PMCID: PMC8769924 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosx.2022.100109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Since the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), countries around the world have suffered heavy losses of life and property. The global pandemic poses a challenge to the global public health system, and public health organizations around the world are actively looking for ways to quickly and efficiently screen for viruses. Point-of-care testing (POCT), as a fast, portable, and instant detection method, is of great significance in infectious disease detection, disease screening, pre-disease prevention, postoperative treatment, and other fields. Microfluidic technology is a comprehensive technology that involves various interdisciplinary disciplines. It is also known as a lab-on-a-chip (LOC), and can concentrate biological and chemical experiments in traditional laboratories on a chip of several square centimeters with high integration. Therefore, microfluidic devices have become the primary implementation platform of POCT technology. POCT devices based on microfluidic technology combine the advantages of both POCT and microfluids, and are expected to shine in the biomedical field. This review introduces microfluidic technology and its applications in combination with other technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Xie
- Sansure Biotech Inc., Changsha, 410205, PR China
- School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Lizhong Dai
- Sansure Biotech Inc., Changsha, 410205, PR China
| | - Yijia Yang
- Sansure Biotech Inc., Changsha, 410205, PR China
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3
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Abdollahi-Aghdam A, Majidi MR, Veladi H, Omidi Y. SU8/glass microchip capillary electrophoresis integrated with Pt electrodes for separation and simultaneous detection of phenylephrine and acetaminophen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 11:263-269. [PMID: 34631488 PMCID: PMC8494256 DOI: 10.34172/bi.2021.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
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Introduction: A new microfluidic-based method with electrochemical detection was developed for the simultaneous quantification of acetaminophen (AP) and phenylephrine (PHE) pharmaceuticals in the human blood and pharmaceuticals (e.g. tablet and drop).
Methods: The separation was achieved on a SU8/glass microchip with a 100 µm Pt working electrode that was positioned out of the channel and 2-(N-morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid was used as a running buffer (pH 7, 10 mM). Home designed modulated high voltage power supply and dual time switcher was used for controlling the injection and separation of the analytes in the unpinched injection mode.
Results: The injection was carried out using +750 V for 7 seconds, and the separation and detection voltages were set at +1000 V and +0.9 V, respectively. Critical parameters such as detection potential, buffer concentration, injection, and separation voltage were studied in terms of their effects on the resolution, peak height, and migration times. For each analyte, the correlation coefficients were over 0.99 (n = 6). The developed microchip was able to detect AP and phenylephrine simultaneously with the limit of detection of 7.9 and 5.2 (µg/mL) respectively for PHE and AP and excellent linear range of 10-200 (µg/mL). The recovery of the drugs ranged from 96% to 103%, while the repeatability of the method through inter- and intra-day was lower than 7%.
Conclusion: The developed method offers several advantages, including easy sample pretreatment process, simplicity, very fast analysis compared to other typical chromatographic methods. Thus, the proposed microfluidic-based method is proposed to be used as a time- and cost-effective monitoring method for the analysis of AP and PHE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdollah Abdollahi-Aghdam
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.,Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mir Reza Majidi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hadi Veladi
- Microsystem Fabrication Lab., Faculty of Electric and Computer Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
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4
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Kimani MK, Mwangi J, Goluch ED. Electrophoresis on a polyester thread coupled with an end-channel pencil electrode detector. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:1974-1982. [PMID: 34333778 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We present the design and characterization of a low cost, thread-based electrophoretic device with integrated electrochemical detection. The device has an end-channel pencil graphite electrode placement system for performing electrochemical detection on the thread electrophoresis platform with direct sample pipetting onto the thread. We also established the use of methylene blue and neutral red as a pair of reference migration markers for separation techniques coupled with electrochemical detection, as they have different colors for visual analysis and are both electroactive. Importantly, neutral red was also found to migrate at a similar rate to the EOF, indicating that it can be used as a visual identifier of EOF. The utility of our system was demonstrated by electrophoretic separation and electrochemical detection of physiologically relevant concentrations of pyocyanin in a solution containing multiple electroactive compounds. Pyocyanin is a biomarker for the detection of pathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa and has a redox potential that is similar to that of methylene blue. The system was able to effectively resolve methylene blue, neutral red, and pyocyanin in less than 7 min of electrophoretic separation. The theoretical limit of detection for pyocyanin was determined to be 559 nM. The electrophoretic mobilities of methylene blue (0.0236 ± 0.0007 mm2 /V·s), neutral red (0.0149 ± 0.0007 mm2 /V·s), and pyocyanin (0.0107 ± 0.0003 mm2 /V·s) were also determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin K Kimani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John Mwangi
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edgar D Goluch
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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5
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Takekawa VS, Marques LA, Strubinger E, Segato TP, Bogusz S, Brazaca LC, Carrilho E. Development of low-cost planar electrodes and microfluidic channels for applications in capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C 4 D). Electrophoresis 2021; 42:1560-1569. [PMID: 34080201 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical techniques are commonly applied to micro total analysis system (μTAS) devices mainly due to its high sensitivity and miniaturization capacity. Among many electrochemical techniques, capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C4 D) stands out for not requiring direct electrode-solution contact, avoiding several problems such as electrolysis, bubble formation, and metal degradation. Furthermore, the instrumentation required for C4 D measurements is compact, low cost, and easy to use, allowing in situ measurements to be performed even by nonspecialized personal. Contrarily, the production of metallic electrodes and microchannels adequate for C4 D measurements commonly requires specialized facilities and workers, increasing the costs of applying these methods. We propose alternatives to batch manufacture metallic electrodes and polymeric microchannels for C4 D analysis using more straightforward equipment and lower-cost materials. Three devices with different dielectric layer compositions and electrode sizes were tested and compared regarding their analytical performance. The constructed platforms have shown a reduction of more than 64% in cost when compared to traditional techniques and displayed good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.994), reproducibility (RSD ≤ 4.07%, n = 3), and limits of detection (≤0.26 mmol/L) when measuring standard NaCl samples. Therefore, the proposed methods were successfully validated and are available for further C4 D applications such as diagnosis of dry-eye syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Sadanory Takekawa
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica-INCTBio, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Letícia Aparecida Marques
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica-INCTBio, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ethan Strubinger
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica-INCTBio, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Thiago Pinotti Segato
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica-INCTBio, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stanislau Bogusz
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laís Canniatti Brazaca
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica-INCTBio, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emanuel Carrilho
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica-INCTBio, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
Miniaturization is an important trend in modern analytical instrument development, including miniaturized gas chromatography and liquid chromatography, as well as micro bore columns and capillary-to-microfluidics-based platforms. Apart from the miniaturization of the separation column, which is the core part of a chromatographic system, other parts of the system, including the sampler, pumping system, gradient generation, and detection systems, have been miniaturized. Miniaturized liquid chromatography significantly reduces solvent and sample consumption while providing comparable or even better separation efficiency. When liquid chromatography is coupled with mass spectroscopy, a low flow rate can increase the ionization efficiency, leading to enhanced sensitivity of the mass spectrometer. In contrast, normal-scale liquid chromatography suffers from its relatively high volumetric flow rate, which challenges the scanning frequency of the mass spectrometer. On the other hand because of the small sample size, other detection strategies such as spectrometric methods cannot provide sufficient sensitivity and limits of detection. In this sense, mass spectrometry has become the detection method of choice for micro-scale liquid-phase chromatography. Miniaturized liquid chromatography can diminish sample dilution efficiently when extremely small amounts of samples are used. The main driving force for this miniaturization trend, especially in liquid-phase separations, is the desperate need for microscale analyses of biological and clinical samples, given these samples are precious and the sample size is usually very small. At present, microscale liquid-phase chromatography is the only method of choice for such small, precious, and highly informative samples. The miniaturization of liquid chromatography systems, especially chromatographic columns, would be advantageous to the modularization and integration of liquid chromatography instrumental systems. Chip liquid chromatography is an integration of chromatography columns, liquid control systems, and detection methods on a single microfluidic chip. Chip liquid chromatography is an excellent format for the miniaturization of liquid chromatography systems, and it has already attracted significant attention from academia and industry. However, this attempt is challenging, and great effort is required on fundamental techniques, such as the substrate material of the microfluidic chip, structure of the micro-chromatography column, fluid control method, and detection methods, in order to make the chips suitable for liquid chromatography. Currently, the major problem in chip liquid chromatography is that the properties of the chip substrate materials cannot meet the requirements for further miniaturization and integration of chip liquid chromatography. The strength of the existing chip substrate materials is generally below 60 MPa, and the material properties limit further advances in the miniaturization and integration of chromatographic chips. Therefore, new chip substrate materials and the standard of chip channel design such as channel size and channel structure should be the key for further development of chip liquid chromatography. Mainstream instrumentation companies as well as new start-up innovation companies are now undertaking efforts toward the development of microchip liquid chromatographic products. Agilent, the first instrumentation company that introduced commercial microchip liquid chromatographic columns to the market, has led this field. Apart from microchip-based columns, Agilent introduced trap columns for different kinds of biological molecules as well as gradient generation systems for microchip-based liquid phase chromatography. Recently, another start-up company introduced microchip columns based on the in situ microfabrication of the column bed rather than packing the column with a particulate material. Such developments in microfabrication may further propel the advancement of micro-scale liquid-phase chromatography to an unprecedented level, which is beyond the conventional components and materials employed in normal-scale liquid chromatography. This review introduces the recent research progress in microchip liquid chromatography technologies, and briefly discusses the current state of commercialization of microchips for liquid chromatography by major instrumentation companies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanrong WEN
- 厦门大学化学化工学院, 福建 厦门 361005
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jue ZHU
- 厦门大学化学化工学院, 福建 厦门 361005
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Bo ZHANG
- 厦门大学化学化工学院, 福建 厦门 361005
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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7
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Tong X, Ga L, Zhao R, Ai J. Research progress on the applications of paper chips. RSC Adv 2021; 11:8793-8820. [PMID: 35423393 PMCID: PMC8695313 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10470a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the modern pursuit of the quality of life, science and technology have rapidly developed, resulting in higher requirements for various detection methods based on analytical technology. Herein, the development, fabrication, detection and application of paper-based microfluidic chips (μPAD) are summarized. We aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of paper chips, and then discuss challenges and future prospects in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tong
- College of Chemistry and Enviromental Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis, Inner Mongolia Normal University 81 zhaowudalu Hohhot 010022 China
| | - Lu Ga
- College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Jinchuankaifaqu Hohhot 010110 China
| | - Ruiguo Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Inner Mongolia University Hohhot 010020 China
| | - Jun Ai
- College of Chemistry and Enviromental Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis, Inner Mongolia Normal University 81 zhaowudalu Hohhot 010022 China
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8
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Lu N, Kutter JP. Recent advances in microchip enantioseparation and analysis. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:2122-2135. [PMID: 32949465 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent developments (over the past decade) in the field of microfluidics-based solutions for enantiomeric separation and detection. The progress in various formats of microchip electrodriven separations, such as MCE, microchip electrochromatography, and multidimensional separation techniques, is discussed. Innovations covering chiral stationary phases, surface coatings, and modification strategies to improve resolution, as well as integration with detection systems, are reported. Finally, combinations with other microfluidic functional units are also presented and highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jörg P Kutter
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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9
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Gunasekara DB, Wijesinghe MB, Pichetsurnthorn P, Lunte SM. Evaluation of dual electrode configurations for microchip electrophoresis used for voltammetric characterization of electroactive species. Analyst 2020; 145:865-872. [PMID: 31820743 DOI: 10.1039/c9an02112d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Microchip electrophoresis coupled with amperometric detection is more popular than voltammetric detection due to the lower limits of detection that can be achieved. However, voltammetry provides additional information about the redox properties of the analyte that can be used for peak identification. In this paper, two dual electrode configurations for microchip electrophoresis are described and evaluated for obtaining voltammetric information using amperometry. The dual-series electrode configuration was first evaluated to generate current ratios in a single run by applying two different potentials to the working electrodes placed perpendicular to the separation channel. However, it was found that it is difficult to obtain realistic current ratios with this configuration, primarily due to the relative placement of electrodes with respect to the channel end of the simple-t microchip. Correction factors were needed to obtain current ratios similar to those that would be obtained for sequential injections at two different potentials using a single electrode. A second approach using a dual-channel chip with two parallel electrodes was then developed and evaluated for obtaining voltammetric identification. The newly developed microchip permitted the injection of same amount of sample into two unique separation channels, each with an electrode at a different detection potential. Migration times and current ratios for several biologically important molecules and potential interferences including nitrite, tyrosine, hydrogen peroxide, and azide were obtained and compared to the responses obtained for analytes found in macrophage cell lysates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulan B Gunasekara
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
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10
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Arvinte A, Sesay AM, Virtanen V. Designing carbon reinforced PMMA composites for integrated electrodes as electrochemical detectors in PMMA microchips. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Schilly KM, Gunawardhana SM, Wijesinghe MB, Lunte SM. Biological applications of microchip electrophoresis with amperometric detection: in vivo monitoring and cell analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:6101-6119. [PMID: 32347360 PMCID: PMC8130646 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02647-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Microchip electrophoresis with amperometric detection (ME-EC) is a useful tool for the determination of redox active compounds in complex biological samples. In this review, a brief background on the principles of ME-EC is provided, including substrate types, electrode materials, and electrode configurations. Several different detection approaches are described, including dual-channel systems for dual-electrode detection and electrochemistry coupled with fluorescence and chemiluminescence. The application of ME-EC to the determination of catecholamines, adenosine and its metabolites, and reactive nitrogen and oxygen species in microdialysis samples and cell lysates is also detailed. Lastly, approaches for coupling of ME-EC with microdialysis sampling to create separation-based sensors that can be used for near real-time monitoring of drug metabolism and neurotransmitters in freely roaming animals are provided. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelci M Schilly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA
| | - Shamal M Gunawardhana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA
| | - Manjula B Wijesinghe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA
| | - Susan M Lunte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA.
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2010 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA.
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12
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Ragab MAA, El-Kimary EI. Recent Advances and Applications of Microfluidic Capillary Electrophoresis: A Comprehensive Review (2017-Mid 2019). Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 51:709-741. [PMID: 32447968 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1765729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic capillary electrophoresis (MCE) is the novel technique resulted from the CE mininaturization as planar separation and analysis device. This review presents and discusses various application fields of this advanced technology published in the period 2017 till mid-2019 in eight different sections including clinical, biological, single cell analysis, environmental, pharmaceuticals, food analysis, forensic and ion analysis. The need for miniaturization of CE and the consequence advantages achieved are also discussed including high-throughput, miniaturized detection, effective separation, portability and the need for micro- or even nano-volume of samples. Comprehensive tables for the MCE applications in the different studied fields are provided. Also, figure comparing the number of the published papers applying MCE in the eight discussed fields within the studied period is included. The future investigation should put into consideration the possibility of replacing conventional CE with the MCE after proper validation. Suitable validation parameters with their suitable accepted ranges should be tailored for analysis methods utilizing such unique technique (MCE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa A A Ragab
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Alexandria University, El-Messalah, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Eman I El-Kimary
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Alexandria University, El-Messalah, Alexandria, Egypt
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13
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Jiang J, Wu H, Su Y, Liang Y, Shu B, Zhang C. Electrochemical Cloth-Based DNA Sensors (ECDSs): A New Class of Electrochemical Gene Sensors. Anal Chem 2020; 92:7708-7716. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Hongyang Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yan Su
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yi Liang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Bowen Shu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, China
| | - Chunsun Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
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14
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Hassan SU, Zhang X. Design and Fabrication of Optical Flow Cell for Multiplex Detection of β-lactamase in Microchannels. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11040385. [PMID: 32260509 PMCID: PMC7230666 DOI: 10.3390/mi11040385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Miniaturized quantitative assays offer multiplexing capability in a microfluidic device for high-throughput applications such as antimicrobial resistance (AMR) studies. The detection of these multiple microchannels in a single microfluidic device becomes crucial for point-of-care (POC) testing and clinical diagnostics. This paper showcases an optical flow cell for detection of parallel microchannels in a microfluidic chip. The flow cell operates by measuring the light intensity from the microchannels based on Beer-Lambert law in a linearly moving chip. While this platform could be tailored for a wide variety of applications, here we show the design, fabrication and working principle of the device. β-lactamase, an indicator of bacterial resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, especially in milk, is shown as an example. The flow cell has a small footprint and uses low-powered, low-cost components, which makes it ideally suited for use in portable devices that require multiple sample detection in a single chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sammer-ul Hassan
- Bioengineering Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- Correspondence: (S.-u.H.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xunli Zhang
- Bioengineering Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- Correspondence: (S.-u.H.); (X.Z.)
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15
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Gouyon J, d’Orlyé F, Griveau S, Bedioui F, Varenne A. Characterization of home-made graphite/PDMS microband electrodes for amperometric detection in an original reusable glass-NOA®-PDMS electrophoretic microdevice. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Tan Y, Song Q, Liu W, Li M, Xiao J, Chen C. Dual-channel Microchip Electrophoresis with Amperometric Detection System for Rapid Analysis of Cefoperazone and Sulbactam. ANAL SCI 2019; 35:1103-1109. [PMID: 31231088 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.19p088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A dual-channel microchip electrophoresis (ME) with in-channel amperometric detection was developed for cefoperazone and sulbactam determination simultaneously. In this study, a microelectrode detector was made of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) modified indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated poly-ethylene terephthalate (PET) film. The parameters including detection potential applied on working electrode, buffer concentration and pH value were optimized to improve the detection sensitivity and separation efficiency of cefoperazone and sulbactam. Under the optimal conditions, sensitive detection of cefoperazone and sulbactam was obtained with limits of detection (LODs) (S/N = 3) of 0.52 and 0.75 μg/mL, respectively. The plasma sample, which was from a patient with a brain injury taking Sulperazone, was successfully detected with a simple sample pretreatment process by dual-channel ME amperometric detection. This rapid and sensitive method possesses practical potential in clinical applications, and could provide a guidance for clinical rational drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Tan
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University
| | - Qianhui Song
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University
| | - Wenfang Liu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University
| | - Ming Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University
| | - Jian Xiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University
| | - Chuanpin Chen
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University
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17
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Prospects of pulsed amperometric detection in flow-based analytical systems - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1052:10-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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18
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da Silva ENT, Ferreira VS, Lucca BG. Rapid and inexpensive method for the simple fabrication of PDMS‐based electrochemical sensors for detection in microfluidic devices. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:1322-1330. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Valdir Souza Ferreira
- Instituto de QuímicaUniversidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul Campo Grande MS Brazil
| | - Bruno Gabriel Lucca
- Instituto de QuímicaUniversidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul Campo Grande MS Brazil
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19
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Buyuktuncel E. Microchip Electrophoresis and Bioanalytical Applications. CURR PHARM ANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412914666180831100533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Microanalytical systems have aroused great interest because they can analyze extremely
small sample volumes, improve the rate and throughput of chemical and biochemical analysis in a way
that reduces costs. Microchip Electrophoresis (ME) represents an effective separation technique to perform
quick analytical separations of complex samples. It offers high resolution and significant peak
capacity. ME is used in many areas, including biology, chemistry, engineering, and medicine. It is established
the same working principles as Capillary Electrophoresis (CE). It is possible to perform electrophoresis
in a more direct and convenient way in a microchip. Since the electric field is the driving
force of the electrodes, there is no need for high pressure as in chromatography. The amount of the voltage
that is applied in some electrophoresis modes, e.g. Micelle Electrokinetic Chromatography (MEKC)
and Capillary Zone Electrophoresis (CZE), mainly determines separation efficiency. Therefore, it is
possible to apply a higher electric field along a considerably shorter separation channel, hence it is possible
to carry out ME much quicker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Buyuktuncel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Inonu University, 44280, Malatya, Turkey
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20
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Zhu G, Bao C, Liu W, Yan X, Liu L, Xiao J, Chen C. Rapid Detection of AGs using Microchip Capillary Electrophoresis Contactless Conductivity Detection. CURR PHARM ANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412913666170918160004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background:
In order to realize current aminoglycosides supervision in food and environment,
our team improved the sensitivity and separation efficiency of the portable ITO detector, based on
the technology of microchip capillary electrophoresis and contactless conductivity detection.
Experiment:
Parameters (the separation voltage, buffer concentration, electrodes gap, elicitation frequency,
elicitation voltage) were optimized for the detection of three aminoglycosides, gentamicin,
kanamycin and streptomycin and the separation of their mixture in background electrolyte consists of
2-(N-Morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid (MES) and L-Histidine (His). The enhanced method was also
applied to other types of aminoglycosides.
Results:
Under optimal conditions, the monitoring of three types of aminoglycosides obtained such a
sensitive response that the limits of detection of gentamicin sulfate, kanamycin sulfate and streptomycin
sulfate were calculated as 3.1 µg/ml, 0.89 µg/ml and 0.96 µg/ml, at signal-to-noise ratio 3, respectively.
In addition they got separated completely from each other only in 40 s. The results of other varieties of
aminoglycosides including tobramycin sulfate and amikacin sulfate also met the standard.
Conclusion:
We successfully proposed here an unprecedentedly portable, miniaturized and rapid
microchip capillary electrophoresis contactless conductivity detection system to realize current
aminoglycosides supervision in food and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangzhi Zhu
- Haikou People's Hospital and Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Haikou, Hainan 570208, China
| | - Chunjie Bao
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Wenfang Liu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Xingxing Yan
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Lili Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Chuanpin Chen
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
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21
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Kecskemeti A, Gaspar A. Particle-based liquid chromatographic separations in microfluidic devices - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1021:1-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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22
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Hantschke M, Sideris D, Panayiotis Kyriacou A, Triantis AIF. Optimization of Tetrapolar Impedance Electrodes in Microfluidic Devices for Point of Care Diagnostics using Finite Element Modeling. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2018; 2018:5321-5324. [PMID: 30441538 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2018.8513467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Electrophoresis is widely applied in the field of biochemistry and molecular biology. Tetrapolar electrical impedance sensing (TEIS) has been shown capable of replacing the conventional detection technology in order to develop a point of care electrophoretic analyzer. Besides the advantages of reduced influence of electrode polarization, TEIS is affected by sensitivity distribution depending on the electrode design. A well reported practice outside of electrophoresis, systematic investigation of the effects of sensitivity distribution on the TEIS in microfluidic devices has not been conducted. Here we utilize finite element modeling, backed by experimental results, to optimize the sensor design within an electrophoretic separation device. Numerous sensor designs were validated regarding detectability, sensitivity and spatial resolution. The results show, that minimizing the distance between the central/pick-up electrodes increases sensitivity and spatial resolution whereas the distance between the central electrodes and the outer electrode do not influence sensitivity and spatial resolution.
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23
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Kimlinger MJ, Martin RS. The Use of a 3D-Printed Microfluidic Device and Pressure Mobilization for Integrating Capillary Electrophoresis with Electrochemical Detection. ELECTROANAL 2018; 30:2241-2249. [PMID: 30930594 DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis coupled with electrochemical detection can be a powerful analysis tool; however, previous methods developed to integrate these two techniques can often times be fragile and have alignment issues such that there are no commercially available approaches. In this paper, we present the use of a 3D-printed Wall-Jet Electrode device for integrating capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection. A pressure mobilization step was also utilized to further reduce noise by allowing the electrophoresis separation step to continue only until the first analyte was close to elution. Then, the separation voltage was terminated and pressure-based flow was used for elution of the analyte bands onto the electrode surface with a wall-jet configuration. It is shown that the pressure-based elution is beneficial for the reduction of baseline noise and elimination of field effects. A mixture of catecholamines were separated to demonstrate effectiveness of the system. In addition, the system was coupled with a Beckman Coulter commercial capillary electrophoresis instrument in a straightforward manner. The system was also shown to be effective in separations done with a high ionic strength physiological buffer. This 3D printing approach can be used by researchers to utilize electrochemical detection on commercial capillary electrophoresis systems by downloading the provided STL and/or CAD files.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Kimlinger
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, 3501 Laclede Ave, St. Louis, MO 63103
| | - R Scott Martin
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, 3501 Laclede Ave, St. Louis, MO 63103
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24
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Kecskemeti A, Gaspar A. Particle-based immobilized enzymatic reactors in microfluidic chips. Talanta 2018; 180:211-228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Xilong Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Richard D Oleschuk
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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26
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Abstract
As the future of health care diagnostics moves toward more portable and personalized techniques, there is immense potential to harness the power of electrical signals for biological sensing and diagnostic applications at the point of care. Electrical biochips can be used to both manipulate and sense biological entities, as they can have several inherent advantages, including on-chip sample preparation, label-free detection, reduced cost and complexity, decreased sample volumes, increased portability, and large-scale multiplexing. The advantages of fully integrated electrical biochip platforms are particularly attractive for point-of-care systems. This review summarizes these electrical lab-on-a-chip technologies and highlights opportunities to accelerate the transition from academic publications to commercial success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobby Reddy
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
- Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Eric Salm
- Department of Bioengineering, and
- Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Rashid Bashir
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
- Department of Bioengineering, and
- Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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27
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Zhao M, Zhou MF, Feng H, Cong XX, Wang XL. Determination of Tryptophan, Glutathione, and Uric Acid in Human Whole Blood Extract by Capillary Electrophoresis with a One-Step Electrochemically Reduced Graphene Oxide Modified Microelectrode. Chromatographia 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-016-3115-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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28
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Food Microfluidics Biosensors. BIOSENSORS FOR SUSTAINABLE FOOD - NEW OPPORTUNITIES AND TECHNICAL CHALLENGES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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29
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Lee HY, Barber C, Minerick AR. Platinum electrode modification: Unique surface carbonization approach to improve performance and sensitivity. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:1666-73. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hwi Yong Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Michigan Technological University; Houghton MI USA
| | - Cedrick Barber
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Michigan Technological University; Houghton MI USA
| | - Adrienne R. Minerick
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Michigan Technological University; Houghton MI USA
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30
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Xu Y, Liu J, Zhang J, Zong X, Jia X, Li D, Wang E. Chip-based generation of carbon nanodots via electrochemical oxidation of screen printed carbon electrodes and the applications for efficient cell imaging and electrochemiluminescence enhancement. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:9421-9426. [PMID: 25959400 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr01765c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A portable lab-on-a-chip methodology to generate ionic liquid-functionalized carbon nanodots (CNDs) was developed via electrochemical oxidation of screen printed carbon electrodes. The CNDs can be successfully applied for efficient cell imaging and solid-state electrochemiluminescence sensor fabrication on the paper-based chips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhong Xu
- College of Chemical Science and Engineering, Laboratory of Fiber Materials and Modern Textile, the Growing Base for State Key Laboratory, Collaborative Innovation Center for Marine Biomass Fibers, Materials and Textiles of Shandong Province, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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31
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Adkins J, Boehle K, Henry C. Electrochemical paper-based microfluidic devices. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:1811-24. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn Adkins
- Department of Chemistry; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Katherine Boehle
- Department of Chemistry; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Charles Henry
- Department of Chemistry; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO USA
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32
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Staal S, Ungerer M, Floris A, Ten Brinke HW, Helmhout R, Tellegen M, Janssen K, Karstens E, van Arragon C, Lenk S, Staijen E, Bartholomew J, Krabbe H, Movig K, Dubský P, van den Berg A, Eijkel J. A versatile electrophoresis-based self-test platform. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:712-21. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hans Krabbe
- Medlon BV; Enschede The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine; Medical Spectrum Twente; Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Kris Movig
- Departement of Clinical Pharmacy; Medical Spectrum Twente; Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Pavel Dubský
- Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Prague Czech Republic
| | | | - Jan Eijkel
- Bios Lab-on-a-Chip Group; University of Twente; Enschede The Netherlands
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33
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Saylor RA, Lunte SM. A review of microdialysis coupled to microchip electrophoresis for monitoring biological events. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1382:48-64. [PMID: 25637011 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.12.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Microdialysis is a powerful sampling technique that enables monitoring of dynamic processes in vitro and in vivo. The combination of microdialysis with chromatographic or electrophoretic methods with selective detection yields a "separation-based sensor" capable of monitoring multiple analytes in near real time. For monitoring biological events, analysis of microdialysis samples often requires techniques that are fast (<1 min), have low volume requirements (nL-pL), and, ideally, can be employed on-line. Microchip electrophoresis fulfills these requirements and also permits the possibility of integrating sample preparation and manipulation with detection strategies directly on-chip. Microdialysis coupled to microchip electrophoresis has been employed for monitoring biological events in vivo and in vitro. This review discusses technical considerations for coupling microdialysis sampling and microchip electrophoresis, including various interface designs, and current applications in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Saylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA; Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA.
| | - Susan M Lunte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA; Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA.
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34
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Lucca BG, Lunte SM, Tomazelli Coltro WK, Ferreira VS. Separation of natural antioxidants using PDMS electrophoresis microchips coupled with amperometric detection and reverse polarity. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:3363-70. [PMID: 25224541 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the use of PDMS ME coupled with amperometric detection for rapid separation of ascorbic, gallic , ferulic, p-coumaric acids using reverse polarity. ME devices were fabricated in PDMS by soft lithography and detection was accomplished using an integrated carbon fiber working electrode aligned in the end-channel configuration. Separation and detection parameters were investigated and the best conditions were obtained using a run buffer consisting of 5 mM phosphate buffer (pH 6.9) and a detection voltage of 1.0 V versus Ag/AgCl reference electrode. All compounds were separated within 70 s using gated injection mode with baseline resolution and separation efficiencies between 1200 and 9000 plates. Calibration curves exhibited good linearity and the LODs achieved ranged from 1.7 to 9.7 μM. The precision for migration time and peak height provided maximum values of 4% for the intrachip studies. Lastly, the analytical method was successfully applied for the analysis of ascorbic and gallic acids in commercial beverage samples. The results achieved using ME coupled with amperometric detection were in good agreement with the values provided by the supplier. Based on the data reported here, the proposed method shows suitability to be applied for the routine analysis of beverage samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Gabriel Lucca
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
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35
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Sasaki N, Maekawa C, Sato K. Alternating current cloud point extraction on a microchip: the effect of electrode geometry. Electrophoresis 2014; 36:424-7. [PMID: 25224325 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We report on the effect of electrode geometry on alternating current cloud point extraction (ACPE). ACPE is a technique utilized to extract membrane-associated biomolecules in an electrode-integrated microfluidic channel. In this study, we investigated the effect of gap size (4∼22 μm) between microband electrodes on ACPE. A decrease in gap size resulted in efficient and rapid concentration of fluorescent-labeled phospholipids, a model of membrane-associated biomolecules. We also investigated the effect of applied voltage amplitude on ACPE using devices with decreased electrode gap size. When the gap was small, ACPE was achieved with low applied voltages. ACPE of membrane proteins extracted from HeLa cells was also studied to demonstrate the applicability of the ACPE to real samples. The results provide a guideline to improve the performance of ACPE and facilitate application of the ACPE technique as part of an overall analytical process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Sasaki
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
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36
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Trouillon R, Gijs MAM. Delayed voltammetric with respect to amperometric electrochemical detection of concentration changes in microchannels. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:2929-2940. [PMID: 24990070 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00493k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The time response of an electrode incorporated into a fluidic channel to variations in analyte concentration of the outer-sphere redox probe ferrocenemethanol was investigated both for amperometry (AMP) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The experimental data show that the temporal resolution of CV is not as good as that of AMP, as CV cannot properly detect fast concentration transients. The delayed response of CV was previously reported, for neurotransmitters, and mostly attributed to the adsorption of the analyte on the electrode surface. By using an outer-sphere redox couple, we show that mass transport also significantly delays the response of CV. The experimental delay time in CV was understood from mass transfer limitations due to the relaxation of the diffusion layer during repeated potential scanning. Furthermore, a robust protocol for the analysis of fast concentration transients was established, using the impulse and modulation transfer functions of the system. This method was found to be more precise than the mere analysis of undifferentiated traces in the time domain. As a proof of concept, the effect of increased viscosity was investigated, showing that AMP was more sensitive than CV to these variations. Overall, this analysis underlines further the enhanced temporal sensitivity of AMP over CV, at the expense of decreased chemical resolution, potentially having implications for in situ electrochemical detection of biologically relevant molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Trouillon
- Laboratory of Microsystems, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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37
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Contento NM, Bohn PW. Tunable electrochemical pH modulation in a microchannel monitored via the proton-coupled electro-oxidation of hydroquinone. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2014; 8:044120. [PMID: 25379105 PMCID: PMC4189302 DOI: 10.1063/1.4894275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry is a promising tool for microfluidic systems because it is relatively inexpensive, structures are simple to fabricate, and it is straight-forward to interface electronically. While most widely used in microfluidics for chemical detection or as the transduction mechanism for molecular probes, electrochemical methods can also be used to efficiently alter the chemical composition of small (typically <100 nl) microfluidic volumes in a manner that improves or enables subsequent measurements and sample processing steps. Here, solvent (H2O) electrolysis is performed quantitatively at a microchannel Pt band electrode to increase microchannel pH. The change in microchannel pH is simultaneously tracked at a downstream electrode by monitoring changes in the i-V characteristics of the proton-coupled electro-oxidation of hydroquinone, thus providing real-time measurement of the protonated forms of hydroquinone from which the pH can be determined in a straightforward manner. Relative peak heights for protonated and deprotonated hydroquinone forms are in good agreement with expected pH changes by measured electrolysis rates, demonstrating that solvent electrolysis can be used to provide tunable, quantitative pH control within a microchannel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Contento
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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38
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Nearingburg B, Elias AL. Patterning multilayer microfluidic electrochemical devices by maskless laminar flow lithography. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra05106h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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39
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Monticelli D, Laglera LM, Caprara S. Miniaturization in voltammetry: ultratrace element analysis and speciation with twenty-fold sample size reduction. Talanta 2014; 128:273-7. [PMID: 25059160 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Voltammetric techniques have emerged as powerful methods for the determination and speciation of trace and ultratrace elements without any preconcentration in several research fields. Nevertheless, large sample volumes are typically required (10 mL), which strongly limits their application and/or the precision of the results. In this work, we report a 20-fold reduction in sample size for trace and ultratrace elemental determination and speciation by conventional voltammetric instrumentation, introducing the lowest amount of sample (0.5 mL) in which ultratrace detection has been performed up to now. This goal was achieved by a careful design of a new sample holder. Reliable, validated results were obtained for the determination of trace/ultratrace elements in rainwater (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb) and seawater (Cu). Moreover, copper speciation in seawater samples was consistently determined by competitive ligand equilibration-cathodic stripping voltammetry (CLE-CSV). The proposed apparatus showed several advantages: (1) 20-fold reduction in sample volume (the sample size is lowered from 120 to 6 mL for the CLE-CSV procedure); (2) decrease in analysis time due to the reduction in purging time up to 2.5 fold; (3) 20-fold drop in reagent consumption. Moreover, the analytical performances were not affected: similar detection capabilities, precision and accuracy were obtained. Application to sample of limited availability (e.g. porewaters, snow, rainwater, open ocean water, biological samples) and to the description of high resolution temporal trends may be easily foreseen.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Monticelli
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de las Islas Baleares, Cra. de Valldemossa, km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain; Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta tecnologia, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy.
| | - L M Laglera
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de las Islas Baleares, Cra. de Valldemossa, km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - S Caprara
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta tecnologia, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
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Nagy A, Baranyai E, Gaspar A. Interfacing microfluidic chip-based chromatography with flame atomic absorption spectrometry for the determination of chromium(VI). Microchem J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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41
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Lin X, Hu X, Bai Z, He Q, Chen H, Yan Y, Ding Z. A microfluidic chip capable of switching W/O droplets to vertical laminar flow for electrochemical detection of droplet contents. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 828:70-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Nejdl L, Kudr J, Cihalova K, Chudobova D, Zurek M, Zalud L, Kopecny L, Burian F, Ruttkay-Nedecky B, Krizkova S, Konecna M, Hynek D, Kopel P, Prasek J, Adam V, Kizek R. Remote-controlled robotic platform ORPHEUS as a new tool for detection of bacteria in the environment. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:2333-45. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Nejdl
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Faculty of Agronomy; Mendel University in Brno; Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Kudr
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Faculty of Agronomy; Mendel University in Brno; Czech Republic
| | - Kristyna Cihalova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Faculty of Agronomy; Mendel University in Brno; Czech Republic
| | - Dagmar Chudobova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Faculty of Agronomy; Mendel University in Brno; Czech Republic
| | - Michal Zurek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Faculty of Agronomy; Mendel University in Brno; Czech Republic
| | - Ludek Zalud
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Kopecny
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Burian
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Czech Republic
| | - Branislav Ruttkay-Nedecky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Faculty of Agronomy; Mendel University in Brno; Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Czech Republic
| | - Sona Krizkova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Faculty of Agronomy; Mendel University in Brno; Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Czech Republic
| | - Marie Konecna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Faculty of Agronomy; Mendel University in Brno; Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Czech Republic
| | - David Hynek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Faculty of Agronomy; Mendel University in Brno; Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kopel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Faculty of Agronomy; Mendel University in Brno; Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Czech Republic
| | - Jan Prasek
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Faculty of Agronomy; Mendel University in Brno; Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Czech Republic
| | - Rene Kizek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Faculty of Agronomy; Mendel University in Brno; Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Czech Republic
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Yang Z, Sweedler JV. Application of capillary electrophoresis for the early diagnosis of cancer. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:4013-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7722-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Regel A, Lunte S. Integration of a graphite/poly(methyl-methacrylate) composite electrode into a poly(methylmethacrylate) substrate for electrochemical detection in microchips. Electrophoresis 2014; 34:2101-6. [PMID: 23670816 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Traditional fabrication methods for polymer microchips, the bonding of two substrates together to form the microchip, can make the integration of carbon electrodes difficult. We have developed a simple and inexpensive method to integrate graphite/PMMA composite electrodes (GPCEs) into a PMMA substrate. These substrates can be bonded to other PMMA layers using a solvent-assisted thermal bonding method. The optimal composition of the GPCEs for electrochemical detection was determined using cyclic voltammetry with dopamine as a test analyte. Using the optimized GPCEs in an all-PMMA flow cell with flow injection analysis, it was possible to detect 50 nM dopamine under the best conditions. These electrodes were also evaluated for the detection of dopamine and catechol following separation by MCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Regel
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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Martinez-Cisneros CS, Sanchez S, Xi W, Schmidt OG. Ultracompact three-dimensional tubular conductivity microsensors for ionic and biosensing applications. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:2219-24. [PMID: 24655094 PMCID: PMC3985718 DOI: 10.1021/nl500795k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We present ultracompact three-dimensional tubular structures integrating Au-based electrodes as impedimetric microsensors for the in-flow determination of mono- and divalent ionic species and HeLa cells. The microsensors show an improved performance of 2 orders of magnitude (limit of detection = 0.1 nM for KCl) compared to conventional planar conductivity detection systems integrated in microfluidic platforms and the capability to detect single HeLa cells in flowing phosphate buffered saline. These highly integrated conductivity tubular sensors thus open new possibilities for lab-in-a-tube devices for bioapplications such as biosensing and bioelectronics.
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Andreou C, Hoonejani MR, Barmi MR, Moskovits M, Meinhart CD. Rapid detection of drugs of abuse in saliva using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy and microfluidics. ACS NANO 2013; 7:7157-64. [PMID: 23859441 DOI: 10.1021/nn402563f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We present a microfluidic device that detects trace concentrations of drugs of abuse in saliva within minutes using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Its operation is demonstrated using methamphetamine. The detection scheme exploits concentration gradients of chemicals, fostered by the laminar flow in the device, to control the interactions between the analyte, silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs), and a salt. Also, since all species interact while advecting downstream, the relevant reaction coordinates occur with respect to the position in the channel. The system was designed to allow the analyte first to diffuse into the side stream containing the Ag-NPs, on which it is allowed to adsorb, before salt ions are introduced, causing the Ag-NPs to aggregate, and so creating species with strong SERS signal. The device allows partial separation via diffusion of the analyte from the complex mixture. Also, the reproducible salt-induced NP aggregation decouples the aggregation reaction (necessary for strong SERS) from the analyte concentration or charge. This method enables the creation of a region where detection of the analyte of interest via SERS is optimal, and dramatically extends the classes of molecules and quality of signals that can be measured using SERS, compared to bulk solution methods. The spatial distribution of the SERS signals was used to map the degree of nanoparticle aggregation and species diffusion in the channel, which, together with numerical simulations, was used to describe the kinetics of the colloid aggregation reaction, and to determine the optimal location in the channel for SERS interrogation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysafis Andreou
- Interdepartmental Program in Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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Benavidez TE, Garcia CD. Spectroscopic and electrochemical characterization of nanostructured optically transparent carbon electrodes. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:1998-2006. [PMID: 23595607 PMCID: PMC3860877 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The present paper describes the results related to the optical and electrochemical characterization of thin carbon films fabricated by spin coating and pyrolysis of AZ P4330-RS photoresist. The goal of this paper is to provide comprehensive information allowing for the rational selection of the conditions to fabricate optically transparent carbon electrodes (OTCE) with specific electrooptical properties. According to our results, these electrodes could be appropriate choices as electrochemical transducers to monitor electrophoretic separations. At the core of this manuscript is the development and critical evaluation of a new optical model to calculate the thickness of the OTCE by variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry. Such data were complemented with topography and roughness (obtained by atomic force microscopy), electrochemical properties (obtained by cyclic voltammetry), electrical properties (obtained by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy), and structural composition (obtained by Raman spectroscopy). Although the described OTCE were used as substrates to investigate the effect of electrode potential on the real-time adsorption of proteins by ellipsometry, these results could enable the development of other biosensors that can be then integrated into various CE platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas E. Benavidez
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Carlos D. Garcia
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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Li T, Jia F, Fan Y, Ding Z, Yang J. Fabrication of nanoporous thin-film working electrodes and their biosensingapplications. Biosens Bioelectron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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49
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Microchip-based electrochemical detection for monitoring cellular systems. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:3013-20. [PMID: 23340999 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6682-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The use of microchip devices to study cellular systems is a rapidly growing research area. There are numerous advantages of using on-chip integrated electrodes to monitor various cellular processes. The purpose of this review is to give examples of advancements in microchip-based cellular analysis, specifically where electrochemistry is used for the detection scheme. These examples include on-chip detection of single-cell quantal exocytosis, electrochemical analysis of intracellular contents, the ability to integrate cell culture/immobilization with electrochemistry, and the use of integrated electrodes to ensure cell confluency in longer-term cell culture experiments. A perspective on future trends in this area is also given.
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Kulinsky L, Noroozi Z, Madou M. Present technology and future trends in point-of-care microfluidic diagnostics. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 949:3-23. [PMID: 23329432 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-134-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This work reviews present technologies and developing trends in Point-of-Care (POC) microfluidic diagnostics platforms. First, various fluidics technologies such as pressure-driven flows, capillary flows, electromagnetically driven flows, centrifugal fluidics, acoustically driven flows, and droplet fluidics are categorized. Then three broad categories of POC microfluidic testing devices are considered: lateral flow devices, desktop and handheld POC diagnostic platforms, and emergent molecular diagnostic POC systems. Such evolving trends as miniaturization, multiplexing, networking, new more sensitive detection schemes, and the importance of sample processing are discussed. It is concluded that POC microfluidic diagnostics has a potential to improve patient treatment outcome and bring substantial savings in overall healthcare costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Kulinsky
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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