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Smith H, Giulivi C. Starch treatment improves the salivary proteome for subject identification purposes. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2024; 20:117-128. [PMID: 37084127 PMCID: PMC10944386 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-023-00629-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Identification of subjects, including perpetrators, is one of the most crucial goals of forensic science. Saliva is among the most common biological fluids found at crime scenes, containing identifiable components. DNA has been the most prominent identifier to date, but its analysis can be complex due to low DNA yields and issues preserving its integrity at the crime scene. Proteins are emerging as viable candidates for subject identification. Previous work has shown that the salivary proteome of the least-abundant proteins may be helpful for subject identification, but more optimized techniques are needed. Among them is removing the most abundant proteins, such as salivary α-amylase. Starch treatment of saliva samples elicited the removal of this enzyme and that of glycosylated, low-molecular-weight proteins, proteases, and immunoglobulins, resulting in a saliva proteome profile enriched with a subset of proteins, allowing a more reliable and nuanced subject identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Smith
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Cecilia Giulivi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
- MIND Institute, University of California at Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA.
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Tengler L, Tiedtke M, Schütz J, Bieback K, Uhlig S, Theodoraki MN, Nitschke K, Worst TS, Seiz E, Scherl C, Rotter N, Ludwig S. Optimization of extracellular vesicles preparation from saliva of head and neck cancer patients. Sci Rep 2024; 14:946. [PMID: 38200037 PMCID: PMC10781729 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50610-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles from saliva (SEVs) have high potential as biomarkers in Head and Neck cancer (HNC). However, there is no common consensus on the ideal method for their isolation. This study compared different ultracentrifugation (UC) methods (durations and + /- additional purification) with size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and investigated the potential of SEVs as diagnostic biomarkers and their biological activity on NK and CD8+ T cells. SEVs from 19 HNC patients and 8 healthy donors (HDs) were thoroughly characterized. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the isolation of vesicles by all methods. The average size determined via nanoparticle-tracking analysis was smaller for SEVs isolated by SEC than UC. The highest particle-to-protein yield was achieved by UC (3 h + 3 h) (UCopt) and SEC. However, SEC yielded considerably fewer SEVs. Comparing the surface marker cargo, SEVs isolated by UCopt from HNC patients carried more PD-L1, FasL, and TGF-β than SEVs from HDs. These levels correlated with tumor stage and HPV status. SEVs downregulated NKG2D expression on primary NK cells. HNC SEVs accelerated CD8+ T cell death compared to HD SEVs. This study suggests that UCopt is preferable when isolation of a high particle-to-protein load is required. Especially PD-L1 and FasL on SEVs hold substantial potential as diagnostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Tengler
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Moritz Tiedtke
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Julia Schütz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Karen Bieback
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, German Red Cross Blood Service, Baden‑Württemberg‑Hessen, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stefanie Uhlig
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, German Red Cross Blood Service, Baden‑Württemberg‑Hessen, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marie-Nicole Theodoraki
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katja Nitschke
- Department of Urology and Urosurgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Stefan Worst
- Department of Urology and Urosurgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Elena Seiz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Claudia Scherl
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nicole Rotter
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sonja Ludwig
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
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LaCasse Z, Chivte P, Kress K, Seethi VDR, Bland J, Alhoori H, Kadkol SS, Gaillard ER. Enhancing saliva diagnostics: The impact of amylase depletion on MALDI-ToF MS profiles as applied to COVID-19. J Mass Spectrom Adv Clin Lab 2024; 31:59-71. [PMID: 38323116 PMCID: PMC10846328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmsacl.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Human saliva contains a wealth of proteins that can be monitored for disease diagnosis and progression. Saliva, which is easy to collect, has been extensively studied for the diagnosis of numerous systemic and infectious diseases. However, the presence of amylase, the most abundant protein in saliva, can obscure the detection of low-abundance proteins by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF MS), thus reducing its diagnostic utility. Objectives In this study, we used a device to deplete salivary amylase from water-gargle samples by affinity adsorption. Following depletion, saliva proteome profiling was performed using MALDI-ToF MS on gargle samples from individuals confirmed to have COVID-19 based on nasopharyngeal (NP) swab reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Results The depletion of amylase led to increased signal intensities of various peaks and the detection of previously unobserved peaks in the MALDI-ToF MS spectra. The overall specificity and sensitivity after amylase depletion were 100% and 85.17%, respectively, for detecting COVID-19. Conclusion This simple, rapid, and inexpensive technique for depleting salivary amylase can reveal spectral diversity in saliva using MALDI-ToF MS, expose low-abundance proteins, and assist in establishing novel biomarkers for diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zane LaCasse
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
| | - Prajkta Chivte
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
| | - Kari Kress
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Rockford, IL 61101, USA
| | | | - Joshua Bland
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Hamed Alhoori
- Departments of Computer Science, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
| | - Shrihari S. Kadkol
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Elizabeth R. Gaillard
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
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Teja KV, Ramesh S, Janani K, Srivastava KC, Shrivastava D, Natoli V, Di Blasio M, Cicciù M, Minervini G. Clinical correlation of salivary alpha-amylase levels with pain intensity in patients undergoing emergency endodontic treatment. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:562. [PMID: 37573306 PMCID: PMC10423407 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03195-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain is usually subjective and thus it is challenging to describe its characteristics such as nature, intensity, and origin. Non-invasive methods such as assessing salivary alpha-amylase (SAA) may aid the practitioner to evaluate the pain intensity. Hence, the current study aimed to correlate the levels of SAA with the pain intensity in patients presenting with varied endodontic pain levels. METHODS Sixty patients who presented with varied intensities of endodontic pain were selected for the present study out of which seven patients were excluded/dropped, leaving a total sample of fifty-five patients for assessment. Mandibular molar with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis without periapical pathology were included in the study. A 5ml of un-stimulated was obtained from the patients, following which the local anesthesia was administered. Root canal treatment was then performed and the pain scores at pre-operative and post-operative were recorded. Additionally, salivary samples were collected after emergency endodontic treatment and sent for sialochemical analysis. IBM.SPSS statistics software 23.0 was employed to assess the obtained data. RESULTS A statistically significant drop in the pain score (P < 0.001) and SAA levels (P < 0.001) were observed post-operatively in the contract to pre-operative state. A strong positive correlation was reported between SAA levels and pain scores in patients undergoing emergency endodontic treatment at both time intervals namely pre-operative (P < 0.001) and post-operative (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The results of this preliminary showed a strong association between the pain score and SAA levels in patients undergoing an emergency endodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavalipurapu Venkata Teja
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hopitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sindhu Ramesh
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hopitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Krishnamachari Janani
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SRM Dental College, Ramapuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kumar Chandan Srivastava
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery & Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72345, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Deepti Shrivastava
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72345, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, 602105, Chennai, India.
| | - Valentino Natoli
- Department of Dentistry, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, European University of Madrid, Madrid, 28670, Spain
- Private Dental Practice, Fasano, 72015, Italy
| | - Marco Di Blasio
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Center of Dentistry, University of Parma, Parma, 43126, Italy
| | - Marco Cicciù
- Department of Biomedical and Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Catania University, Catania, 95123, CT, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Minervini
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania, Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, 80138, Italy
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Westreich R, Tsaban G, Neumann Y, Abu Salman A, Braver O, Braiman D, Zamed T, Neuhaus ZF, Deutsch O, Palmon A, Maimon N, Zahger D, Abramowitz Y. Development of saliva-based cardiac troponin I point-of-care test using alpha-amylase depletion: a feasibility study. Coron Artery Dis 2023; 34:351-355. [PMID: 37335230 DOI: 10.1097/mca.0000000000001257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiac troponin (cTn) is the biomarker of choice for detection of myocardial injury. There is a great need for simple point-of-care (POC) troponin testing among patients with chest pain, mainly in the prehospital setting. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the presence of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) in saliva of patients with myocardial injury using alpha-amylase depletion technique. METHODS Saliva samples were collected from 40 patients with myocardial injury who were tested positive for conventional high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (cTnT) blood tests, and from 66 healthy volunteers. Saliva samples were treated for the removal of salivary alpha-amylase. Treated and untreated samples were tested with blood cTnI Rapid Diagnostic Test. Salivary cTnI levels were compared to blood cTnT levels. RESULTS Thirty-six of 40 patients with positive blood cTnT had positive salivary samples for cTnI following alpha-amylase depletion treatment (90.00% sensitivity). Moreover, three of the four negative saliva samples were obtained from patients with relatively low blood cTnT levels of 100 ng/L or less (96.88% sensitivity for 100 ng/L and above). The negative predictive value was 93.65% and rose up to 98.33% considering the 100 ng/L cutoff. Positive predictive values were 83.72% and 81.58%, respectively. Among 66 healthy volunteers and 7 samples yielded positive results (89.39% specificity). CONCLUSION In this preliminary work, the presence of cTnI in saliva was demonstrated for the first time to be feasibly identified by a POC oriented assay. The specific salivary alpha-amylase depletion technique was shown to be crucial for the suggested assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roi Westreich
- Department of Cardiology, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva
| | - Gal Tsaban
- Department of Cardiology, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva
| | - Yoav Neumann
- Department of D&R, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amjad Abu Salman
- Department of Cardiology, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva
| | - Omri Braver
- Department of Cardiology, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva
| | - Dana Braiman
- Department of Cardiology, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva
| | - Tali Zamed
- Department of Cardiology, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva
| | - Zipora Feiga Neuhaus
- Department of Cardiology, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva
| | - Omer Deutsch
- Department of D&R, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Aaron Palmon
- Department of D&R, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nimrod Maimon
- Department of Cardiology, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva
| | - Doron Zahger
- Department of Cardiology, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva
| | - Yigal Abramowitz
- Department of Cardiology, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva
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Franco-Martínez L, Cerón JJ, Martínez-Subiela S, Tvarijonaviciute A. Effects of filtration and alpha-amylase depletion on salivary biochemical composition measurements. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286092. [PMID: 37235564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of filtration (F) and alpha-amylase depletion (AD) were assessed in n = 34 saliva samples. Each saliva sample was split into three aliquots and treated as follows: (1) no treatment; (2) 0.45μm commercial filter; and (3) 0.45μm commercial filter and affinity depletion of alpha-amylase. Then, a panel of biochemical biomarkers consisting of amylase, lipase, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatine kinase (CK), calcium, phosphorus, total protein, albumin, urea, creatinine, cholesterol, triglycerides, and uric acid was measured. Differences between the different aliquots were observed in all measured analytes. The most marked changes were found in triglycerides and lipase data for filtered samples, and in alpha-amylase, uric acid, triglycerides, creatinine, and calcium results in alpha-amylase-depleted aliquots. In conclusion, the salivary filtration and amylase depletion methods employed in this report caused significant changes in saliva composition measurements. Based on these results, it would be recommended to consider the possible effects of these treatments in salivary biomarkers when filtration or amylase depletion is performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Franco-Martínez
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - José J Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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A review on comparative studies addressing exosome isolation methods from body fluids. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:1239-1263. [PMID: 35838769 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04174-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes emerged as valuable sources of disease biomarkers and new therapeutic tools. However, extracellular vesicles isolation with exosome-like characteristics from certain biofluids is still challenging which can limit their potential use in clinical settings. While ultracentrifugation-based procedures are the gold standard for exosome isolation from cell cultures, no unique and standardized method for exosome isolation from distinct body fluids exists. The complexity, specific composition, and physical properties of each biofluid constitute a technical barrier to obtain reproducible and pure exosome preparations, demanding a detailed characterization of both exosome isolation and characterization methods. Moreover, some isolation procedures can affect downstream proteomic or RNA profiling analysis. This review compiles and discussed a set of comparative studies addressing distinct exosome isolation methods from human biofluids, including cerebrospinal fluid, plasma, serum, saliva, and urine, also focusing on body fluid specific challenges, physical properties, and other potential variation sources. This summarized information will facilitate the choice of exosome isolation methods, based on the type of biological samples available, and hopefully encourage the use of exosomes in translational and clinical research.
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Mangolini V, Gualerzi A, Picciolini S, Rodà F, Del Prete A, Forleo L, Rossetto RA, Bedoni M. Biochemical Characterization of Human Salivary Extracellular Vesicles as a Valuable Source of Biomarkers. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020227. [PMID: 36829504 PMCID: PMC9953587 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are natural nanoparticles secreted under physiological and pathological conditions. Thanks to their diagnostic potential, EVs are increasingly being studied as biomarkers of a variety of diseases, including neurological disorders. To date, most studies on EV biomarkers use blood as the source, despite different disadvantages that may cause an impure isolation of the EVs. In the present article, we propose the use of saliva as a valuable source of EVs that could be studied as biomarkers in an easily accessible biofluid. Using a comparable protocol for the isolation of EVs from both liquid biopsies, salivary EVs showed greater purity in terms of co-isolates (evaluated by nanoparticle tracking analysis and Conan test). In addition, Raman spectroscopy was used for the identification of the overall biochemical composition of EVs coming from the two different biofluids. Even considering the limited amount of EVs that can be isolated from saliva, the use of Raman spectroscopy was not hampered, and it was able to provide a comprehensive characterization of EVs in a high throughput and repeatable manner. Raman spectroscopy can thus represent a turning point in the application of salivary EVs in clinics, taking advantage of the simple method of collection of the liquid biopsy and of the quick, sensitive and label-free biophotonics-based approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Mangolini
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 20148 Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Brescia, 25122 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alice Gualerzi
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 20148 Milano, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (M.B.)
| | | | - Francesca Rodà
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 20148 Milano, Italy
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 42100 Modena, Italy
| | | | - Luana Forleo
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 20148 Milano, Italy
| | | | - Marzia Bedoni
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 20148 Milano, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (M.B.)
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Influence of different sample preparation strategies on hypothesis-driven shotgun proteomic analysis of human saliva. OPEN CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2022-0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
This research aimed to find an efficient and repeatable bottom-up proteolytic strategy to process the unstimulated human saliva. The focus is on monitoring immune system activation via the cytokine and interleukin signaling pathways. Carbohydrate metabolism is also being studied as a possible trigger of inflammation and joint damage in the context of the diagnostic procedure of temporomandibular joint disorder. The preparation of clean peptide mixtures for liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis was performed considering different aspects of sample preparation: the filter-aided sample preparation (FASP) with different loadings of salivary proteins, the unfractionated saliva, amylase-depleted, and amylase-enriched salivary fractions. To optimize the efficiency of the FASP method, the protocols with the digestion in the presence of 80% acetonitrile and one-step digestion in the presence of 80% acetonitrile were used, omitting protein reduction and alkylation. The digestion procedures were repeated in the standard in-solution mode. Alternatively, the temperature of 24 and 37°C was examined during the trypsin digestion. DyNet analysis of the hierarchical networks of Gene Ontology terms corresponding to each sample preparation method for the bottom-up assay revealed the wide variability in protein properties. The method can easily be tailored to the specific samples and groups of proteins to be examined.
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Liu H, Huang Y, Huang M, Huang Z, Wang Q, Qing L, Li L, Xu S, Jia B. Current Status, Opportunities, and Challenges of Exosomes in Oral Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:2679-2705. [PMID: 35733418 PMCID: PMC9208818 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s365594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world, with more than 300,000 cases diagnosed each year, of which oral squamous cell carcinoma accounts for more than 90%, with a 5-year survival rate of only 40–60%, and poor prognosis. Exploring new strategies for the early diagnosis and treatment of oral cancer is key to improving the survival rate. Exosomes are nanoscale lipid bilayer membrane vesicles that are secreted by almost all cell types. During the development of oral cancer, exosomes can transport their contents (DNA, RNA, proteins, etc) to target cells and promote or inhibit the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of oral cancer cells by influencing the host immune response, drug-resistant metastasis, and tumour angiogenesis. Therefore, exosomes have great potential and advantages as biomarkers for oral cancer diagnosis, and as drug delivery vehicles or targets for oral cancer therapy. In this review, we first describe the biogenesis, biological functions, and isolation methods of exosomes, followed by their relationship with oral cancer. Here, we focused on the potential of exosomes as oral cancer biomarkers, drug carriers, and therapeutic targets. Finally, we provide an insightful discussion of the opportunities and challenges of exosome application in oral cancer diagnosis and treatment, intending to offer new ideas for the clinical management of oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Liu
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yisheng Huang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingshu Huang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijie Huang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Qing
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaimei Xu
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Jia
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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A Disposable Saliva Electrochemical MIP-Based Biosensor for Detection of the Stress Biomarker α-Amylase in Point-of-Care Applications. ELECTROCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/electrochem2030028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The design and synthesis of artificial receptors based on molecular imprinting (MI) technology for the development of a new MIP-based biosensor for detection of the stress biomarker α-amylase in human saliva in point-of-care (PoC) applications is described in this work. The portable electrochemical devices for monitoring α-amylase consists of cost-effective and disposable gold screen-printed electrodes (AuSPEs). To build the electrochemical device, the template biomolecule was firstly immobilized directly over the working area of the gold chip previously activated with a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of cysteamine (CA). Then, pyrrole (Py) monomer was selected as building block of a polymeric network prepared by CV electropolymerization. After the electropolymerization process, the enzyme was removed from the polymer film in order to build the specific recognition sites for the target enzyme. The MIP biosensor showed a very wide linear concentration range (between 3.0 × 10−4 to 0.60 mg mL−1 in buffer solution and between 3.0 × 10−4 to 3.0 × 10−2 mg mL−1 in human saliva) and low detection levels were achieved (LOD < 3.0 × 10−4 mg mL−1) using square wave voltammetry (SWV) as the electroanalytical technique.
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12
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A Simple Paper-Based α-Amylase Separating System for Potential Application in Biological Sciences. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-021-00022-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Deutsch O, Haviv Y, Krief G, Keshet N, Westreich R, Stemmer SM, Zaks B, Navat SP, Yanko R, Lahav O, Aframian DJ, Palmon A. Possible proteomic biomarkers for the detection of pancreatic cancer in oral fluids. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21995. [PMID: 33319845 PMCID: PMC7738525 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78922-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The 80% mortality rate of pancreatic-cancer (PC) makes early diagnosis a challenge. Oral fluids (OF) may be considered the ultimate body fluid for non-invasive examinations. We have developed techniques to improve visualization of minor OF proteins thereby overcoming major barriers to using OF as a diagnostic fluid. The aim of this study was to establish a short discriminative panel of OF biomarkers for the detection of PC. Unstimulated OF were collected from PC patients and controls (n = 30). High-abundance-proteins were depleted and the remaining proteins were analyzed by two-dimensional-gel-electrophoresis and quantitative dimethylation-liquid-chromatography-tandem mass-spectrometry. Label-free quantitative-mass-spectrometry analysis (qMS) was performed on 20 individual samples (n = 20). More than 100 biomarker candidates were identified in OF samples, and 21 had a highly differential expression profile. qMS analysis yielded a ROC-plot AUC value of 0.91 with 90.0% sensitivity and specificity for a combination of five biomarker candidates. We found a combination of five biomarkers for PC. Most of these proteins are known to be related to PC or other gastric cancers, but have never been detected in OF. This study demonstrates the importance of novel OF depletion methodologies for increased protein visibility and highlights the clinical applicability of OF as a diagnostic fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Deutsch
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Y Haviv
- Salivary Gland Clinic and Saliva Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Oral Medicine, Sedation and Maxillofacial Radiology, Sjogren's Syndrome Center, Hadassah Medical Center, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - G Krief
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - N Keshet
- Salivary Gland Clinic and Saliva Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Oral Medicine, Sedation and Maxillofacial Radiology, Sjogren's Syndrome Center, Hadassah Medical Center, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - R Westreich
- Department of Internal Medicine B, Soroka Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - S M Stemmer
- Rabin Medical Center, Davidoff Center, Petach Tiqwa, Affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - B Zaks
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - S P Navat
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - R Yanko
- Salivary Gland Clinic and Saliva Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Oral Medicine, Sedation and Maxillofacial Radiology, Sjogren's Syndrome Center, Hadassah Medical Center, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - O Lahav
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - D J Aframian
- Salivary Gland Clinic and Saliva Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Oral Medicine, Sedation and Maxillofacial Radiology, Sjogren's Syndrome Center, Hadassah Medical Center, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - A Palmon
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel. .,Department of Oral Medicine, Sedation and Maxillofacial Imaging, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University - Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel.
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14
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Monteleone MC, Billi SC, Viale L, Catoira NP, Frasch AC, Brocco MA. Search of brain-enriched proteins in salivary extracellular vesicles for their use as mental disease biomarkers: A pilot study of the neuronal glycoprotein M6a. JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jadr.2020.100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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15
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Cristaldi M, Mauceri R, Di Fede O, Giuliana G, Campisi G, Panzarella V. Salivary Biomarkers for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Diagnosis and Follow-Up: Current Status and Perspectives. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1476. [PMID: 31920689 PMCID: PMC6914830 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer is the sixth most common cancer type in the world, and 90% of it is represented by oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Despite progress in preventive and therapeutic strategies, delay in OSCC diagnosis remains one of the major causes of high morbidity and mortality; indeed the majority of OSCC has been lately identified in the advanced clinical stage (i.e., III or IV). Moreover, after primary treatment, recurrences and/or metastases are found in more than half of the patients (80% of cases within the first 2 years) and the 5-year survival rate is still lower than 50%, resulting in a serious issue for public health. Currently, histological investigation represents the “gold standard” of OSCC diagnosis; however, recent studies have evaluated the potential use of non-invasive methods, such as “liquid biopsy,” for the detection of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in body fluids of oral cancer patients. Saliva is a biofluid containing factors such as cytokines, DNA and RNA molecules, circulating and tissue-derived cells, and extracellular vesicles (EVs) that may be used as biomarkers; their analysis may give us useful information to do early diagnosis of OSCC and improve the prognosis. Therefore, the aim of this review is reporting the most recent data on saliva biomarker detection in saliva liquid biopsy from oral cancer patients, with particular attention to circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), EVs, and microRNAs (miRNAs). Our results highlight that saliva liquid biopsy has several promising clinical uses in OSCC management; it is painless, accessible, and low cost and represents a very helpful source of diagnostic and prognostic biomarker detection. Even if standardized protocols for isolation, characterization, and evaluation are needed, recent data suggest that saliva may be successfully included in future clinical diagnostic processes, with a considerable impact on early treatment strategies and a favorable outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Cristaldi
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Mauceri
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Olga Di Fede
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanna Giuliana
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Campisi
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Vera Panzarella
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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16
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Amado F, Calheiros-Lobo MJ, Ferreira R, Vitorino R. Sample Treatment for Saliva Proteomics. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1073:23-56. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-12298-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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17
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Proteomic profiling of whole-saliva reveals correlation between Burning Mouth Syndrome and the neurotrophin signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4794. [PMID: 30886243 PMCID: PMC6423135 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41297-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is characterized by a spontaneous and chronic sensation of burning in the oral mucosa, with no apparent signs. The underlying pathophysiological and neuropathic mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we attempt to elucidate some of these mechanisms using proteomic profiling and bioinformatic analyses of whole-saliva (WS) from BMS patients compared to WS from healthy individuals. Qualitative and quantitative proteomic profiling was performed using two dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and quantitative mass spectrometry (q-MS). In order to improve protein visibility, 21 high abundance proteins were depleted before proteomic profiling. Quantitative proteomic analysis revealed 100 BMS specific proteins and an additional 158 proteins up-regulated by more than threefold in those with BMS. Bioinformatic analyses of the altered protein expression profile of BMS group indicated high correlations to three cellular mechanisms including the neurotrophin signaling pathway. Based on this finding, we suggest that neurotrophin signaling pathway is involved in the pathophysiology of BMS by amplifying P75NTR activity, which in turn increases neural apoptosis thereby reducing sub-papillary nerve fiber density in the oral mucosa.
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18
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Identification of salivary peptidomic biomarkers in chronic kidney disease patients undergoing haemodialysis. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 489:154-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a complex and heterogeneous disorder characterized by different clinical subsets. Recently, great efforts have been made searching for reliable biomarkers able to ameliorate the diagnostic algorithm and the prognostic stratification of pSS patients and ultimately allowing the scientific community to address some of the unmet needs for the disease. In this review, we have summarized the state of the art of 'traditional' widely acknowledged clinical, serological and histologic biomarkers for pSS with the aim of highlighting their relevance and limitations in clinical practice. We have also explored some of the novel potential biomarkers that have been proposed more recently, potentially able to open new ways in the assessment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Baldini
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126, Italy
| | - Francesco Ferro
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126, Italy
| | - Elena Elefante
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126, Italy
| | - Stefano Bombardieri
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126, Italy
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20
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Revealing the Amylase Interactome in Whole Saliva Using Proteomic Approaches. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:6346954. [PMID: 29662892 PMCID: PMC5831883 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6346954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Understanding proteins present in saliva and their function when isolated is not enough to describe their real role in the mouth. Due to protein-protein interactions, structural changes may occur in macromolecules leading to functional modulation or modification. Besides amylase's function in carbohydrate breakdown, amylase can delay proteolytic degradation of protein partners (e.g., histatin 1) when complexed. Due to its biochemical characteristics and high abundance in saliva, amylase probably interacts with several proteins acting as a biological carrier. This study focused on identifying interactions between amylase and other proteins found in whole saliva (WS) using proteomic approaches. Affinity chromatography was used, followed by gel electrophoresis methods, sodium dodecyl sulfate and native, tryptic in-solution and in-gel digestion, and mass spectrometry. We identified 66 proteins that interact with amylase in WS. Characterization of the identified proteins suggests that acidic (pI < 6.8) and low molecular weight (MW < 56 kDa) proteins have preference during amylase complex formation. Most of the identified proteins present biological functions related to host protection. A new protein-amylase network was constructed using the STRING database. Further studies are necessary to investigate individualities of the identified amylase interactors. These observations open avenues for more comprehensive studies on not yet fully characterized biological function of amylase.
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21
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Laputková G, Schwartzová V, Bánovčin J, Alexovič M, Sabo J. Salivary Protein Roles in Oral Health and as Predictors of Caries Risk. Open Life Sci 2018; 13:174-200. [PMID: 33817083 PMCID: PMC7874700 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2018-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This work describes the current state of research on the potential relationship between protein content in human saliva and dental caries, which remains among the most common oral diseases and causes irreversible damage in the oral cavity. An understanding the whole saliva proteome in the oral cavity could serve as a prerequisite to obtaining insight into the etiology of tooth decay at early stages. To date, however, there is no comprehensive evidence showing that salivary proteins could serve as potential indicators for the early diagnosis of the risk factors causing dental caries. Therefore, proteomics indicates the promising direction of future investigations of such factors, including diagnosis and thus prevention in dental therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Laputková
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of P. J. Šafárik in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, Košice, 040 11, Slovakia
| | - Vladimíra Schwartzová
- 1st Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of P. J. Šafárik in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, Košice, 040 11, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Bánovčin
- Department of Stomatology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of P. J. Šafárik in Košice, Rastislavova 43, Košice, 041 90, Slovakia
| | - Michal Alexovič
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of P. J. Šafárik in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, Košice, 040 11, Slovakia
| | - Ján Sabo
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of P. J. Šafárik in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, Košice, 040 11, Slovakia
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22
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Proctor GB, André P, Lopez‐Garcia E, Gomez Cabrero Lopez D, Neyraud E, Feart C, Rodriguez Artalejo F, García‐Esquinas E, Morzel M. The SALAMANDER project: SALivAry bioMarkers of mediterraneAN Diet associated with long‐tERm protection against type 2 diabetes. NUTR BULL 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - P. André
- University of Bordeaux Bordeaux France
| | - E. Lopez‐Garcia
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain
- IMDEA‐Food Institute Madrid Spain
| | | | - E. Neyraud
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) Dijon France
| | - C. Feart
- University of Bordeaux Bordeaux France
| | | | | | - M. Morzel
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) Dijon France
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23
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Saliva-Exosomics in Cancer: Molecular Characterization of Cancer-Derived Exosomes in Saliva. Enzymes 2017; 42:125-151. [PMID: 29054268 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin that are secreted by most cells and detected in saliva. Pathophysiological roles for salivary exosomes are beginning to be recognized in diseases including cancer, highlighting potential biomarkers and biological functions. Since early detection of cancer is vital for successful treatment, salivary exosomes would be advantageous in achieving a better survival rate due to their ready availability and noninvasiveness. The use of salivary exosomes may therefore be promising in the accurate detection of premalignant lesions and early-stage cancers, also for better our understanding of the molecular basis of tumorigenesis. In this chapter, we review our current knowledge of salivaomics, focusing on nucleic acids and proteins in saliva as potential cancer biomarkers. Since salivaomics is a rapidly evolving field, we hope to expand frameworks toward salivary exosomes, integrate new and existing information, and bridge salivaomics with other biomedical researches. Furthermore, we would like to coin the term "saliva-exosomics" as the next-generation salivaomics. Our goal in this chapter is to provide the most updated information on cancer-derived exosomes in the saliva as natural carriers of biomarkers and signaling molecules. Major advances include definitive structure analysis and molecular characterization of salivary exosomes. We also highlight the exosome biogenesis and cargo trafficking mechanisms in which recent animal studies have expanded our understanding of exosome-mediated transfer of cancer-derived products from distal tumor to salivary gland. The potential roles of the salivary exosomes in cancer progression and immune surveillance are also addressed.
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24
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Contreras-Aguilar MD, Tecles F, Martínez-Subiela S, Escribano D, Bernal LJ, Cerón JJ. Detection and measurement of alpha-amylase in canine saliva and changes after an experimentally induced sympathetic activation. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:266. [PMID: 28830550 PMCID: PMC5568211 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1191-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) is considered a biomarker of sympathetic activation in humans, but there is controversy regarding the existence of sAA in dogs. The hypothesis of this study was that sAA exists in dogs and it could change in situations of sympathetic stimulation. Therefore, the aims of this study were: 1) to demonstrate the presence of alpha-amylase in saliva of dogs by Western-Blot, 2) to validate an spectrophotometric method for the measurement of sAA activity and 3) to evaluate the possible changes in sAA activity after the induction of an ejaculation in dogs which is known to produce a sympathetic activation. RESULTS Western-Blot demonstrated a band in dog saliva specimens between 60 kDa and 50 kDa, similar to purified sAA. The spectrophotometric assay validated showed an adequate inter- and intra-assay precision, and a high correlation coefficient (r = 0.999) in the linearity under dilution study. sAA median activity significantly increased just after ejaculation compared with just before the ejaculation (2.06-fold, P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the existence of alpha-amylase in saliva of dogs and that this enzyme can be measured by a spectrophotometric assay. In addition, results showed that sAA increase after a sympathetic activation and could be potentially used as non-invasive biomarker of sympathetic activity in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Dolores Contreras-Aguilar
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Tecles
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Damián Escribano
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.,Department of Food and Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Jesús Bernal
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Joaquín Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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25
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Baldini C, Cecchettini A, Gallo A, Bombardieri S. Updates on Sjögren's syndrome: from proteomics to protein biomarkers. Expert Rev Proteomics 2017; 14:491-498. [PMID: 28532233 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2017.1333904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a complex heterogeneous autoimmune disorder, typically affecting exocrine glands. Recently, a great interest has arisen in searching for novel biomarkers able to improve the diagnostic work-up of the disease as well as the general assessment and the prognostic stratification of pSS patients. From this perspective, salivary proteomics has appeared as a promising tool considering that salivary proteins may closely reflect the underlying disease processes in the salivary glands. Areas covered: Here we will provide an update on the state of the art of proteomics in pSS, focusing in particular on putative novel biomarkers for the disease. There is a special focus on candidate salivary protein and their role in non-invasive diagnosis of pSS. Expert commentary: Proteomics represents an emerging throughput omics-based approach for use in diagnosis of pSS. The studies that have been presented in this review have provided major contributions towards the identification of putative protein biomarkers, that once validated, could be able not only to contribute to a non-invasive diagnosis of pSS but also to the stratification of different disease subsets, ultimately allowing a better comprehension of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Baldini
- a Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Antonella Cecchettini
- a Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Alessia Gallo
- b Department of Laboratory Medicine and Advanced Biotechnologies , IRCCS - ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione) , Palermo , Italy
| | - Stefano Bombardieri
- a Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
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26
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Kaczor-Urbanowicz KE, Deutsch O, Zaks B, Krief G, Chaushu S, Palmon A. Identification of salivary protein biomarkers for orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption. Proteomics Clin Appl 2017; 11. [PMID: 28371361 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201600119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption (OIIRR) is one of the most prevalent and unavoidable consequence of orthodontic tooth movement. The aim of this study was to discover potential diagnostic protein biomarkers for detection of OIIRR in whole saliva (WS). MATERIAL AND METHODS Unstimulated WS was collected from 72 subjects: 48 OIIRR patients and 24 untreated, generally healthy, age and gender matched controls. Radiographic assessment of periapical x-rays of four upper incisors taken before and 9 months after bonding was done. High-abundance proteins were depleted followed by two-dimensional-gel-electrophoresis and quantitative mass spectrometry (qMS). Finally, to initially validate qMS results, Western blotting was performed. RESULTS qMS revealed differentially expressed proteins in the moderate-to-severe OIIRR group, which have never been found in WS before. Additionally, in the moderate-to-severe young OIIRR group, the pathogenetic mechanisms related to actin cytoskeleton regulation and Fc gamma R- mediated phagocytosis were detected, while in adults- to focal adhesion. Preliminary validation by Western blotting of fetuin-A and p21-ARC indicated expression profile trends similar to those identified by qMS. CONCLUSION The significance of WS novel proteomic methodologies is clearly demonstrated for detecting new OIIRR biomarkers as well as for unveiling possible novel pathogenetic mechanisms in both young and adult patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Elżbieta Kaczor-Urbanowicz
- Department of Orthodontics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Israel.,Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Omer Deutsch
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Batia Zaks
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Guy Krief
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Stella Chaushu
- Department of Orthodontics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Israel
| | - Aaron Palmon
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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27
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Ao S, Sun X, Shi X, Huang X, Chen F, Zheng S. Longitudinal investigation of salivary proteomic profiles in the development of early childhood caries. J Dent 2017; 61:21-27. [PMID: 28438560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate differentially expressed salivary peptides in the development of early childhood caries (ECC) in 3-4 year-old children. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty-two caries-free children at baseline were followed-up for 1year, during which period 15 of them had developed ECC (Group C), whilst another 15 cases out of the 31 individuals who remained healthy were marked as Group H. Stimulated whole saliva samples were collected at 0, 6 and 12 months, and analyzed using weak cation exchange magnetic beads combined with matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Corresponding peptide mass fingerprints were obtained to develop a discriminating model for ECC development. Q-Exactive mass spectrometry was then performed to identify the possible proteins where these peptides might derive from. RESULTS Nine peptide peaks were found to be significantly different in Group C among the three sampling time points and might correlate with development of caries. Levels of three of them increased over time, whilst that of the other six decreased gradually. We chose three peptides (1346.6, 2603.5 and 3192.8Da) which exhibited the best capability of classification, to establish a model for children at high risk of caries. One peptide (1346.6Da) was identified to be salivary histatin-rich peptide. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that peptidomic methods can be applied to help identify new candidate biomarkers for the occurrence and development of ECC. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The change of salivary peptides may be an indicator of ECC, facilitating more effective measures to be taken in prevention of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Ao
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiangyu Sun
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiangru Shi
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Feng Chen
- Central laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Shuguo Zheng
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, PR China.
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28
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Zarabadi AS, Huang T, Mielke JG. Capillary isoelectric focusing with whole column imaging detection (iCIEF): A new approach to the characterization and quantification of salivary α-amylase. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1053:65-71. [PMID: 28411466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Saliva is an easily collected biological fluid with potentially important diagnostic value. While gel electrophoresis is generally used for salivary analysis, we employed the capillary isoelectric focusing technique to allow for a rapid, automated mode of electrophoresis. Capillary isoelectric focusing coupled with UV whole column imaging detection (iCIEF) was used to develop a robust protocol to characterize salivary α-amylase collected from various glands. Notably, three sample preparation methods were examined: ultrafiltration, gel-filtration, and starch affinity interaction with salivary amylase. Salivary α-amylase separated into two major peaks before sample treatment; while both filtration methods and starch affinity interaction of salivary amylase enhanced the resolution of isozymes, desalting with gel-filtration displayed the best recovery and the highest resolution of isozymes. Good agreement existed between the observed isoelectric points and the values reported in the literature. In addition, a high level of precision was apparent, and the relative standard deviation for replicates was less than 0.5% for pIs (peak positions) and below 10% for peak area. Furthermore, saliva secreted from the parotid gland proved to have a higher amylase content compared to either secretions from the submandibular/sublingual complex, or whole saliva, as well as amylase enhancement under stimulation. The results suggest that the iCIEF technique can be used to accurately resolve and quantitate amylase isozymes in a rapid and automated fashion, and that gel-filtration should be applied to saliva samples beforehand to allow for optimal purification and characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh S Zarabadi
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Tiemin Huang
- Advanced Electrophoresis Solutions Ltd., Cambridge, ON, Canada
| | - John G Mielke
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
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Martini D, Gallo A, Vella S, Sernissi F, Cecchettini A, Luciano N, Polizzi E, Conaldi PG, Mosca M, Baldini C. Cystatin S—a candidate biomarker for severity of submandibular gland involvement in Sjögren’s syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2017; 56:1031-1038. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kew501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Marvin RK, Saepoo MB, Ye S, White DB, Liu R, Hensley K, Rega P, Kazan V, Giovannucci DR, Isailovic D. Salivary protein changes in response to acute stress in medical residents performing advanced clinical simulations: a pilot proteomics study. Biomarkers 2017; 22:372-382. [PMID: 28055279 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2017.1279215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Quantitative changes of salivary proteins due to acute stress were detected. OBJECTIVE To explore protein markers of stress in saliva of eight medical residents who performed emergency medicine simulations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Saliva was collected before the simulations, after the simulations, and following morning upon waking. Proteins were separated by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), identified by mass spectrometry (MS), and relatively quantified by densitometry. RESULTS Salivary alpha-amylase and S-type cystatins significantly increased, while the ∼26 kDa and low-molecular weight (MW) (<10 kDa) SDS-PAGE bands exhibited changes after stress. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Alpha-amylase and cystatins are potential salivary markers of acute stress, but further validation should be performed using larger sample populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Marvin
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Toledo , Toledo , OH , USA
| | | | - Simiao Ye
- c Department of Mathematics and Statistics , University of Toledo , Toledo , OH , USA
| | - Donald B White
- c Department of Mathematics and Statistics , University of Toledo , Toledo , OH , USA
| | - Rong Liu
- c Department of Mathematics and Statistics , University of Toledo , Toledo , OH , USA
| | - Kenneth Hensley
- d Department of Pathology , University of Toledo, Toledo , OH, USA
| | - Paul Rega
- e Department of Emergency Medicine , University of Toledo , Toledo , OH , USA
| | - Viviane Kazan
- e Department of Emergency Medicine , University of Toledo , Toledo , OH , USA
| | | | - Dragan Isailovic
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Toledo , Toledo , OH , USA
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Kaczor-Urbanowicz KE, Martin Carreras-Presas C, Aro K, Tu M, Garcia-Godoy F, Wong DT. Saliva diagnostics - Current views and directions. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 242:459-472. [PMID: 27903834 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216681550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we provide an update on the current and future applications of saliva for diagnostic purposes. There are many advantages of using saliva as a biofluid. Its collection is fast, easy, inexpensive, and non-invasive. In addition, saliva, as a "mirror of the body," can reflect the physiological and pathological state of the body. Therefore, it serves as a diagnostic and monitoring tool in many fields of science such as medicine, dentistry, and pharmacotherapy. Introduced in 2008, the term "Salivaomics" aimed to highlight the rapid development of knowledge about various "omics" constituents of saliva, including: proteome, transcriptome, micro-RNA, metabolome, and microbiome. In the last few years, researchers have developed new technologies and validated a wide range of salivary biomarkers that will soon make the use of saliva a clinical reality. However, a great need still exists for convenient and accurate point-of-care devices that can serve as a non-invasive diagnostic tool. In addition, there is an urgent need to decipher the scientific rationale and mechanisms that convey systemic diseases to saliva. Another promising technology called liquid biopsy enables detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and fragments of tumor DNA in saliva, thus enabling non-invasive early detection of various cancers. The newly developed technology-electric field-induced release and measurement (EFIRM) provides near perfect detection of actionable mutations in lung cancer patients. These recent advances widened the salivary diagnostic approach from the oral cavity to the whole physiological system, and thus point towards a promising future of salivary diagnostics for personalized individual medicine applications including clinical decisions and post-treatment outcome predictions. Impact statement The purpose of this mini-review is to make an update about the present and future applications of saliva as a diagnostic biofluid in many fields of science such as dentistry, medicine and pharmacotherapy. Using saliva as a fluid for diagnostic purposes would be a huge breakthrough for both patients and healthcare providers since saliva collection is easy, non-invasive and inexpensive. We will go through the current main diagnostic applications of saliva, and provide a highlight on the emerging, newly developing technologies and tools for cancer screening, detection and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Katri Aro
- 1 School of Dentistry, Center for Oral/Head & Neck Oncology Research, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael Tu
- 1 School of Dentistry, Center for Oral/Head & Neck Oncology Research, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Franklin Garcia-Godoy
- 3 College of Dentistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Bioscience Research Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - David Tw Wong
- 1 School of Dentistry, Center for Oral/Head & Neck Oncology Research, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Iwai K, Minamisawa T, Suga K, Yajima Y, Shiba K. Isolation of human salivary extracellular vesicles by iodixanol density gradient ultracentrifugation and their characterizations. J Extracell Vesicles 2016; 5:30829. [PMID: 27193612 PMCID: PMC4871899 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v5.30829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic methods that focus on the extracellular vesicles (EVs) present in saliva have been attracting great attention because of their non-invasiveness. EVs contain biomolecules such as proteins, messenger RNA (mRNA) and microRNA (miRNA), which originate from cells that release EVs, making them an ideal source for liquid biopsy. Although there have been many reports on density-based fractionation of EVs from blood and urine, the number of reports on EVs from saliva has been limited, most probably because of the difficulties in separating EVs from viscous saliva using density gradient centrifugation. This article establishes a protocol for the isolation of EVs from human saliva using density gradient centrifugation. The fractionated salivary EVs were characterized by atomic force microscopy, western blot and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The results indicate that salivary EVs have a smaller diameter (47.8±12.3 nm) and higher density (1.11 g/ml) than EVs isolated from conditioned cell media (74.0±23.5 nm and 1.06 g/ml, respectively). Additionally, to improve the throughput of density-based fractionation of EVs, the original protocol was further modified by using a fixed angle rotor instead of a swinging rotor. It was also confirmed that several miRNAs were expressed strongly in the EV-marker-expressing fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Iwai
- Division of Protein Engineering, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Implantology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tamiko Minamisawa
- Division of Protein Engineering, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanako Suga
- Division of Protein Engineering, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasutomo Yajima
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Implantology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Shiba
- Division of Protein Engineering, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan;
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Sun Y, Xia Z, Shang Z, Sun K, Niu X, Qian L, Fan LY, Cao CX, Xiao H. Facile preparation of salivary extracellular vesicles for cancer proteomics. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24669. [PMID: 27091080 PMCID: PMC4835767 DOI: 10.1038/srep24669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane surrounded structures released by cells, which have been increasingly recognized as mediators of intercellular communication. Recent reports indicate that EVs participate in important biological processes and could serve as potential source for cancer biomarkers. As an attractive EVs source with merit of non-invasiveness, human saliva is a unique medium for clinical diagnostics. Thus, we proposed a facile approach to prepare salivary extracellular vesicles (SEVs). Affinity chromatography column combined with filter system (ACCF) was developed to efficiently remove the high abundant proteins and viscous interferences of saliva. Protein profiling in the SEVs obtained by this strategy was compared with conventional centrifugation method, which demonstrated that about 70% more SEVs proteins could be revealed. To explore its utility for cancer proteomics, we analyzed the proteome of SEVs in lung cancer patients and normal controls. Shotgun proteomic analysis illustrated that 113 and 95 proteins have been identified in cancer group and control group, respectively. Among those 63 proteins that have been consistently discovered only in cancer group, 12 proteins are lung cancer related. Our results demonstrated that SEVs prepared through the developed strategy are valuable samples for proteomics and could serve as a promising liquid biopsy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Bioseparation, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhijun Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Bioseparation, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhi Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Bioseparation, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Kaibo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Bioseparation, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaomin Niu
- Department of Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Liqiang Qian
- Department of Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Liu-Yin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Bioseparation, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Cheng-Xi Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Bioseparation, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hua Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Bioseparation, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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Xiao H, Zhang Y, Kim Y, Kim S, Kim JJ, Kim KM, Yoshizawa J, Fan LY, Cao CX, Wong DTW. Differential Proteomic Analysis of Human Saliva using Tandem Mass Tags Quantification for Gastric Cancer Detection. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22165. [PMID: 26911362 PMCID: PMC4766442 DOI: 10.1038/srep22165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel biomarkers and non-invasive diagnostic methods are urgently needed for the screening of gastric cancer to reduce its high mortality. We employed quantitative proteomics approach to develop discriminatory biomarker signatures from human saliva for the detection of gastric cancer. Salivary proteins were analyzed and compared between gastric cancer patients and matched control subjects by using tandem mass tags (TMT) technology. More than 500 proteins were identified with quantification, and 48 of them showed significant difference expression (p < 0.05) between normal controls and gastric cancer patients, including 7 up-regulated proteins and 41 down-regulated proteins. Five proteins were selected for initial verification by ELISA and three were successfully verified, namely cystatin B (CSTB), triosephosphate isomerase (TPI1), and deleted in malignant brain tumors 1 protein (DMBT1). All three proteins could differentiate gastric cancer patients from normal control subjects, dramatically (p < 0.05). The combination of these three biomarkers could reach 85% sensitivity and 80% specificity for the detection of gastric cancer with accuracy of 0.93. This study provides the proof of concept of salivary biomarkers for the non-invasive detection of gastric cancer. It is highly encouraging to turn these biomarkers into an applicable clinical test after large scale validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Laboratory of Bioseparation and Analytical Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yong Kim
- Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Sung Kim
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 030031, Korea
| | - Jae Joon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 030031, Korea
| | - Kyoung Mee Kim
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 030031, Korea
| | - Janice Yoshizawa
- Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Liu-Yin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Laboratory of Bioseparation and Analytical Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Cheng-Xi Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Laboratory of Bioseparation and Analytical Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - David T W Wong
- Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
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Sivadasan P, Gupta MK, Sathe GJ, Balakrishnan L, Palit P, Gowda H, Suresh A, Kuriakose MA, Sirdeshmukh R. Human salivary proteome--a resource of potential biomarkers for oral cancer. J Proteomics 2015; 127:89-95. [PMID: 26073025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Proteins present in human saliva offer an immense potential for clinical applications. However, exploring salivary proteome is technically challenged due to the presence of amylase and albumin in high abundance. In this study, we used four workflows to analyze human saliva from healthy individuals which involved depletion of abundant proteins using affinity-based separation methods followed by protein or peptide fractionation and high resolution mass spectrometry analysis. We identified a total of 1256 human salivary proteins, 292 of them being reported for the first time. All identifications were verified for any shared proteins/peptides from the salivary microbiome that may conflict with the human protein identifications. On integration of our results with the analyses reported earlier, we arrived at an updated human salivary proteome containing 3449 proteins, 808 of them have been reported as differentially expressed proteins in oral cancer tissues. The secretory nature of 598 of the 808 proteins has also been supported on the basis of the presence of signal sequence, transmembrane domain or association with exosomes. From this subset, we provide a priority list of 139 proteins along with their proteotypic peptides, which may serve as a reference for targeted investigations as secretory markers for clinical applications in oral malignancies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Proteomics in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Sivadasan
- Head and Neck Oncology, Mazumdar Shaw Medical Center, Narayana Health, Bangalore 560099, India; Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560066, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Gupta
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560066, India
| | - Gajanan J Sathe
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560066, India
| | | | - Priyanka Palit
- Head and Neck Oncology, Mazumdar Shaw Medical Center, Narayana Health, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Harsha Gowda
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560066, India
| | - Amritha Suresh
- Head and Neck Oncology, Mazumdar Shaw Medical Center, Narayana Health, Bangalore 560099, India; Mazumdar Shaw Center for Translational Research, Mazumdar Shaw Medical Foundation, Narayana Health, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Moni Abraham Kuriakose
- Head and Neck Oncology, Mazumdar Shaw Medical Center, Narayana Health, Bangalore 560099, India; Mazumdar Shaw Center for Translational Research, Mazumdar Shaw Medical Foundation, Narayana Health, Bangalore 560099, India.
| | - Ravi Sirdeshmukh
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560066, India; Mazumdar Shaw Center for Translational Research, Mazumdar Shaw Medical Foundation, Narayana Health, Bangalore 560099, India.
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Wang Q, Yu Q, Lin Q, Duan Y. Emerging salivary biomarkers by mass spectrometry. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 438:214-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Ahmadi-Motamayel F, Shahriari S, Goodarzi MT, Moghimbeigi A, Jazaeri M, Babaei P. The relationship between the level of salivary alpha amylase activity and pain severity in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. Restor Dent Endod 2013; 38:141-5. [PMID: 24010080 PMCID: PMC3761122 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2013.38.3.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Assessment of dental pain severity is very challenging in dentistry. Previous studies have suggested that elevated salivary alpha amylase may contribute to increased physical stresses. There is a close association between salivary alpha amylase and plasma norepinephrine under stressful physical conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between pain severity and salivary alpha amylase levels in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. Materials and Methods Thirty-six patients (20 females and 16 males) with severe tooth pain due to symptomatic irreversible pulpitis were selected. The visual analogue scale (VAS) score was used to assess the pain severity in each patient. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected, and the level of alpha amylase activity was assessed by the spectrophotometric method. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 13. Results The level of alpha amylase was significantly increased in the saliva in association with pain severity assessed by VAS. The salivary alpha amylase was also elevated with increased age and in males. Conclusions There was a significant correlation between the VAS pain scale and salivary alpha amylase level, which indicates this biomarker may be a good index for the objective assessment of pain intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ahmadi-Motamayel
- Dental Research Center, Department of Oral Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences Faculty of Dentistry, Hamadan, Iran
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Principe S, Hui ABY, Bruce J, Sinha A, Liu FF, Kislinger T. Tumor-derived exosomes and microvesicles in head and neck cancer: Implications for tumor biology and biomarker discovery. Proteomics 2013; 13:1608-23. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Principe
- Ontario Cancer Institute; University Health Network; Toronto Canada
| | | | - Jeff Bruce
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto; Toronto Canada
| | - Ankit Sinha
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto; Toronto Canada
| | - Fei-Fei Liu
- Ontario Cancer Institute; University Health Network; Toronto Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto; Toronto Canada
- Department of Radiation Oncology; University of Toronto; Toronto Canada
| | - Thomas Kislinger
- Ontario Cancer Institute; University Health Network; Toronto Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto; Toronto Canada
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Oblath EA, Henley WH, Alarie JP, Ramsey JM. A microfluidic chip integrating DNA extraction and real-time PCR for the detection of bacteria in saliva. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:1325-32. [PMID: 23370016 PMCID: PMC3617581 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc40961a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A microfluidic chip integrating DNA extraction, amplification, and detection for the identification of bacteria in saliva is described. The chip design integrated a monolithic aluminum oxide membrane (AOM) for DNA extraction with seven parallel reaction wells for real-time polymerase chain reaction (rtPCR) amplification of the extracted DNA. Samples were first heated to lyse target organisms and then added to the chip and filtered through the nanoporous AOM to extract the DNA. PCR reagents were added to each of the wells and the chip was thermocycled. Identification of Streptococcus mutans in a saliva sample is demonstrated along with the detection of 300 fg (100-125 copies) of both methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) genomic DNA (gDNA) spiked into a saliva sample. Multiple target species and strains of bacteria can be simultaneously identified in the same sample by varying the primers and probes used in each of the seven reaction wells. In initial tests, as little as 30 fg (8-12 copies) of MSSA gDNA in buffer has been successfully amplified and detected with this device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Oblath
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Effect of irradiation on cell transcriptome and proteome of rat submandibular salivary glands. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40636. [PMID: 22792391 PMCID: PMC3391292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary glands (SGs) are irreversibly damaged by irradiation (IR) treatment in head and neck cancer patients. Here, we used an animal irradiation model to investigate and define the molecular mechanisms affecting SGs following IR, focusing on saliva proteome and global transcription profile of submandibular salivary gland (SSG) tissue.We show that saliva secretion was gradually reduced to 50% of its initial level 12 weeks post-IR. Saliva protein composition was further examined by proteomic analysis following mass spectrometry (MS) analysis that revealed proteins with reduced expression originating from SSGs and proteins with increased expression derived from the serum, both indicating salivary tissue damage. To examine alterations in mRNA expression levels microarray analysis was performed. We found significant alterations in 95 genes, including cell-cycle arrest genes, SG functional genes and a DNA repair gene.Tissue damage was seen by confocal immunofluorescence of α-amylase and c-Kit that showed an increase and decrease, respectively, in protein expression. This was coherent with real-time PCR results.This data indicates that IR damages the SSG cells' ability to produce and secrete saliva and proteins, and maintain the physiological barrier between serum and saliva. The damage does not heal due to cell-cycle arrest, which prevents tissue regeneration. Taken together, our results reveal a new insight into IR pathobiology.
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Huang H, Mackeen MM, Cook M, Oriero E, Locke E, Thézénas ML, Kessler BM, Nwakanma D, Casals-Pascual C. Proteomic identification of host and parasite biomarkers in saliva from patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Malar J 2012; 11:178. [PMID: 22640863 PMCID: PMC3407698 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria cases attributed to Plasmodium falciparum account for approximately 600,000 deaths yearly, mainly in African children. The gold standard method to diagnose malaria requires the visualization of the parasite in blood. The role of non-invasive diagnostic methods to diagnose malaria remains unclear. Methods A protocol was optimized to deplete highly abundant proteins from saliva to improve the dynamic range of the proteins identified and assess their suitability as candidate biomarkers of malaria infection. A starch-based amylase depletion strategy was used in combination with four different lectins to deplete glycoproteins (Concanavalin A and Aleuria aurantia for N-linked glycoproteins; jacalin and peanut agglutinin for O-linked glycoproteins). A proteomic analysis of depleted saliva samples was performed in 17 children with fever and a positive–malaria slide and compared with that of 17 malaria-negative children with fever. Results The proteomic signature of malaria-positive patients revealed a strong up-regulation of erythrocyte-derived and inflammatory proteins. Three P. falciparum proteins, PFL0480w, PF08_0054 and PFI0875w, were identified in malaria patients and not in controls. Aleuria aurantia and jacalin showed the best results for parasite protein identification. Conclusions This study shows that saliva is a suitable clinical specimen for biomarker discovery. Parasite proteins and several potential biomarkers were identified in patients with malaria but not in patients with other causes of fever. The diagnostic performance of these markers should be addressed prospectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglei Huang
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics and Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
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Castagnola M, Cabras T, Iavarone F, Fanali C, Nemolato S, Peluso G, Bosello SL, Faa G, Ferraccioli G, Messana I. The human salivary proteome: a critical overview of the results obtained by different proteomic platforms. Expert Rev Proteomics 2012; 9:33-46. [PMID: 22292822 DOI: 10.1586/epr.11.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The development of new separation techniques and different mass spectrometry instrumental devices, as well as the great availability of specific reactants, offers ample choice to scientists for carrying out high-throughput proteomic studies and being competitive in the field today. However, the different options available often do not provide comparable results, which can be linked to factors such as the strategy adopted, the nature of the sample and the instrumental availability. In this critical review, the results obtained so far in the study of human saliva by different proteomic approaches will be compared and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Castagnola
- Istituto di Biochimica e di Biochimica Clinica, Facoltà di Medicina, Università Cattolica, Largo F. Vito, 00168, Roma, Italy.
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Krief G, Deutsch O, Zaks B, Wong DT, Aframian DJ, Palmon A. Comparison of diverse affinity based high-abundance protein depletion strategies for improved bio-marker discovery in oral fluids. J Proteomics 2012; 75:4165-75. [PMID: 22609514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oral fluids (OF) have been suggested as a source of biomarkers for oral and systemic health, but as with other bio-fluids, the presence of high-abundance proteins interferes with the detection of lower-abundance biomarkers. Here, we compared the performance of four depletion treatments: triple depletion (TD) of amylases, albumins and immunoglobulin G; multiple depletion (MD) of amylases and a panel of 20 proteins, a combination of the two (EMD) and combinatorial peptide ligand library based depletion termed CPLL. TD, MD, EMD and CPLL removed 76%, 83%, 85% and 94% of total proteins, respectively, coupled with increased low abundance protein detection and narrowed dynamic range. 2-DE revealed that all depletion pretreatments successfully clarified areas hampered by high-abundance proteins; however, EMD and CPLL exposed the highest number of proteins. Quantitative MS of EMD samples relative to none treated samples indicated that most of downregulated proteins (>90%) were EMD target proteins. In conclusion, a multiple step EMD and CPLL depletion approaches bring about the highest number of protein detection ability and the best hampered-area clearance. As CPLL requires at least 10 fold more protein starting material, we suggest EMD pretreatment as a new detection tool in instances of low protein starting material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Krief
- Institute of Dental Sciences, The Hebrew University, Israel
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Xiao H, Wong DT. Method development for proteome stabilization in human saliva. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 722:63-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Fleissig Y, Reichenberg E, Redlich M, Zaks B, Deutsch O, Aframian DJ, Palmon A. Comparative proteomic analysis of human oral fluids according to gender and age. Oral Dis 2011; 16:831-8. [PMID: 20561216 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2010.01696.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, interest in finding disease bio-markers in human body fluids including oral fluids (OF), mainly saliva has increased. However, the physiologic differences in salivary proteins according to gender and age should be explored to establish a clinical diagnostic tool. OBJECTIVE To compare OF protein expression according to gender and age, using proteomic approaches. MATERIALS AND METHODS Oral fluids from 27 healthy volunteers (14 males, 13 females) was collected and divided into three age-groups. OF proteins were separated by means of 2D-SDS-PAGE. A total of 51 proteins in 37 protein spots were identified by ESI-MS/MS. RESULTS Gender differences revealed six proteins with significant higher expression in females, including β-2-microglobulin and transferrin. Age differences revealed decrease in expression of eight proteins with aging among males and seven proteins differentially expressed with aging among females including prolactin inducible protein, Ig-k light chain, transferrin, and calgranulin-B. CONCLUSION Proteomic analysis of OF revealed differences in protein expression according to gender and age and therefore can highlight future use of this technique for diagnostic purposes in health and in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Fleissig
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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Krief G, Deutsch O, Gariba S, Zaks B, Aframian DJ, Palmon A. Improved visualization of low abundance oral fluid proteins after triple depletion of alpha amylase, albumin and IgG. Oral Dis 2010; 17:45-52. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2010.01700.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Feldman M, Weiss EI, Ofek I, Shemesh M, Steinberg D. In VitroReal-Time Interactions of Cranberry Constituents with Immobilized Fructosyltransferase. J Med Food 2010; 13:1153-60. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2009.0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Feldman
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ervin I. Weiss
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Itzhak Ofek
- Department of Human Microbiology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Moshe Shemesh
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Doron Steinberg
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel
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Proteomic analysis of porcine saliva. Vet J 2010; 187:356-62. [PMID: 20093058 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 12/19/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Saliva contains a number of proteins that may be useful as biomarkers of health and disease and can be easily obtained from large numbers of animals in a non-invasive, stress-free way. The objective of this study was to explore the protein composition of porcine saliva from 10 specific pathogen free pigs using first one-dimensional SDS-PAGE and then two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. A reference proteome pattern for porcine saliva was established with the identification of 13 different, mainly saliva-specific, proteins. These reference data will facilitate the investigation of salivary proteins potentially altered in disease and could serve as novel diagnostic biomarkers.
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