Preparation of the Myricetin-Loaded PEGylated Niosomes and Evaluation of their in vitro Anti-Cancer Potentials

Several edible plants contain flavonoids, including myricetin (Myr), which perform a wide range of biological activities. Myr has antitumor properties against various tumor cells. In this study Myr-loaded PEGylated niosomes (Myr-PN) were prepared and their anti-cancer activities were evaluated in vitro. Myr-PNs were prepared as a tool for drug delivery to the tumor site. Myr-PN was characterized in terms of size, zeta potential, and functional groups using dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The Myr-PN size was 241 nm with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.20, and zeta potential -32.7±6.6 mV. Apoptotic properties of Myr-PN against normal and cancer cell lines were determined by flow cytometry and real-time quantitative PCR. Cancer cells showed higher cytotoxicity when treated with Myr-PN compared with normal cells, indicating that the synthesized nanoparticles pose no adverse effects. Apoptosis was induced in cells treated with 250 μg/mL of Myr-PN, in which 45.2 % of cells were arrested in subG1, suggesting that Myr-PN can induce apoptosis. In vitro, the synthesized Myr-PN demonstrated potent anticancer properties. Furthermore, more research should be conducted in vitro and in vivo to study the more details of Myr-PN anti-cancer effects.

Novel formulation of parthenolide-loaded liposome coated with chitosan and evaluation of its potential anticancer effects in vitro

BACKGROUND

In this study the formulation of parthenolide (PN), an anticancer agent extracted from a natural product, into a liposome (PN-liposome), was examined. The surface of the PN-liposome was modified using chitosan (PN-chitosome). By using real-time quantitative PCR and flow cytometry, we examined the release of PN-chitosomes, cytotoxicity, and ability to induce apoptosis in vitro.

METHODS AND RESULTS

According to the present study, PN-chitosomes had a size of 251 nm which is acceptable for efficient enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) performance. PN-chitosomes were confirmed to be spherical in shape and size through FESEM analysis. In terms of encapsulation efficiency, 94.5% was achieved. PN-chitosome possessed a zeta potential of 34.72 mV, which was suitable for its stability. According to the FTIR spectra of PN and PN-chitosome, PN was chemically stable due to the intermolecular interaction between the liposome and the drug. After 48 h, only 10% of the PN was released from the PN-chitosome in PBS (pH 7.4), and less than 20% was released after 144 h.

CONCLUSION

In a dose-dependent manner, PN-chitosome exhibited anticancer properties that were more cytotoxic against cancer cells than normal cells. Moreover, the formulation activated both the apoptosis pathway and cytotoxic genes in real-time qPCR experiments. According to the cytotoxicity and activating apoptosis of the prepared modified particle, PN-chitosome may be helpful in the treatment of cancer.

A novel nanoformulation of parthenolide coated with polydopamine shows selective cytotoxicity and induces apoptosis in gastric cancer cells

An anticancer agent derived from a natural product, parthenolide (PN), was studied to formulate PN into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). Polydopamine (PDA) was employed to modify the surface of PN-PLGA. Following characterization, the PN-PLGA-PDA was evaluated for its in vitro release, cytotoxicity, and ability to induce apoptosis using flow cytometry and real-time quantitative PCR. According to the present study, PN-PLGA-PDA had a size of 195.5 nm which is acceptable for efficient enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) performance. The SEM results confirmed the size and spherical shape of the nanoparticles. The percentage of encapsulation efficiency was 96.9%. The zeta potential of PN-PLGA-PDA was - 31.8 mV which was suitable for its stability. FTIR spectra of the PN-PLGA-PDA indicated the chemical stability of the PN due to intermolecular hydrogen bonds between polymer and drug. The release of PN from PN-PLGA-PDA in PBS (pH 7.4) was only 20% during the first 48 h and less than 40% during 144 h. PN-PLGA-PDA exhibited anticancer properties in a dose-dependent manner that was more cytotoxic against cancer cells than normal cells. Moreover, real-time qPCR results indicated that the formulation activated apoptosis genes to exert its cytotoxic effect and activate the NF-kB pathway. Based on our findings, PN-PLGA-PDA could serve as a potential treatment for cancer.

Relationship Between Human FCγRIIA rs1801274 G Allele and Risk of Death Among Different SARS-CoV-2 Variants

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the illness caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged in late 2019 and spread very quickly across the world. Different responses to infections have been related to fragment crystallizable gamma-receptor II alpha (FcγRIIA) polymorphisms. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if FCγRIIA rs1801274 polymorphism was related to COVID-19 mortality among different variants of SARS-CoV-2. The FCγRIIA rs1801274 polymorphism was genotyped using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique in 1,734 recovered and 1,450 deceased patients. Deceased patients had significantly higher minor allele frequency of the FCγRIIA rs1801274 G allele than in the recovered cases. The COVID-19 mortality was associated with FCγRIIA rs1801274 GG and AG genotypes in the Delta variant and with FCγRIIA rs1801274 GG genotypes in the Alpha and Omicron BA.5 variants. The reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction Ct values revealed statistically significant differences between individuals with a G allele and those with an A allele. In conclusion, among the several SARS-CoV-2 variants, there may be a correlation between the mortality rate of COVID-19 and the G allele of FCγRIIA rs1801274. To confirm our findings, thorough research is still required.

The Oxidative and Cytotoxic Effects of Resveratrol Compared With Cisplatin in the LNCap Prostate Cancer Cell Line

Introduction: Prostate cancer is one of the most common diseases worldwide, and many efforts are made to treat this disease; however, these efforts seem to be futile. Accordingly, this study tends to compare the cytotoxic and oxidative (as shown by the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS)) effects of resveratrol in comparison with cisplatin in a prostate cancer cell line (LNCap). Methods: After treatment of LNCap cells with the concentrations of 1, 10, 100, 500, and 1000 µg/mL of resveratrol, and 1, 5, 10, and 50 µg/mL of cisplatin, the viability percentage of cells was analyzed using MTT and spectrophotometry. Also, ROS production in this cell line at the IC50 concentrations of cisplatin and resveratrol was analyzed using flow cytometry. Results: The results of the MTT test showed that cisplatin and resveratrol could both reduce cell viability at high concentrations because of increased cytotoxicity. Measurement of ROS production showed that cisplatin and resveratrol increased ROS levels compared to control cells.Conclusion: The results obtained from this study showed that resveratrol, as a plant derivative, had anticancer and antioxidant properties against the LNCap prostate cancer cell line. Because of the side effects of cisplatin, it can be replaced by resveratrol as a good candidate to be used in chemotherapy.

Effects of curcumin and metformin on oxidative stress and apoptosis in heart tissue of type 1 diabetic rats

Introduction: Hyperglycemia enhances oxidative stress and apoptosis and induces damages in heart tissue. Based on antioxidant properties of curcumin and metformin, we hypothesized that these agents may exhibit cardioprotective effects by attenuating oxidative stress and modulating expression of the genes involved in apoptosis in type-1 diabetes.

Methods: Thirty-six male rats were randomly divided into six groups; (N): control; (D): streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats; (D+Cur50) and (D+Cur150): diabetic rats treated with 50 and 150 milligram of curcumin per kilogram of body weight (mg/kg.bw), respectively; (D+Met300) and (D+Met500): diabetic rats received 300 and 500 mg/kg.bw of metformin, respectively. Heart tissues were dissected and gene expression levels of Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3 were analyzed. Total anti-oxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant status (TOS), and malondialdehyde (MDA) level, and activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were measured.

Results: Enhancement in TOS, OSI, and MDA levels as well as increased in the activity of CAT and reduction in SOD and GPx activities were observed in diabetic group (D) compared with control rats. Treatment of diabetic animals with either curcumin or metformin normalized TOS, OSI, and MDA levels and restored CAT, SOD, and GPx activities. Diabetes caused extensive damages in heart tissue of rats (group D) and increased expression of caspase-3 and Bax genes and enhanced ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 expression compared with controls. Treatment with curcumin or metformin mitigated histopathological changes and dampened apoptosis by normalizing Bax and caspase-3 expression.

Conclusion: Curcumin and metformin modulated diabetes-induced cardiac damage probably by reducing oxidative stress.

The effects of metformin monotherapy and combination of metformin and glibenclamide therapy on the expression of RAGE, Sirt1, and Nrf2 genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of type 2 diabetic patients

Purpose

Although metformin is the first-line treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a few studies have evaluated the benefits of monotherapies (metformin) versus combination therapy (metformin and glibenclamide) for treatment of T2DM patients. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of monotherapy with metformin compared to combination therapy with metformin and glibenclamide on the expression of RAGE, Nrf 2, and Sirt1genes.

Methods

EightyT2DM patients and 40 healthy individuals participated in this case-control study. The patients in the treatment group were divided into two groups who received either metformin alone (n = 40) or metformin in combination with glibenclamide (n = 40). FBS, HbA1c, and fructosamine were measured. The expression of RAGE, Nrf 2, and Sirt 1 genes in PBMC of all subjects were assessed using real-time PCR.

Results

RAGE gene expression in both treatment groups was significantly lower than the control (P < 0.05). RAGE gene expression was significantly reduced in the combination of metformin and glibenclamide treated group compared to metformin group (P < 0.05). Additionally, the expression of Sirt 1 and Nrf 2 genes in both treatment groups was higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05). The expression of Sirt 1 and Nrf 2 genes in metformin and glibenclamide treated group were higher than the metformin group (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Combination therapy (metformin and glibenclamide) showed stronger effect on repression of the RAGE gene and activation of Nrf 2 and Sirt 1 genes compared to monotherapy (metformin); therefore, it can be concluded that combination therapy may have more protective effects on the T2DM patients. No significant correlation was observed between HbA1c and RAGE, Sirt 1, and Nrf 2 genes expression.

Hyaluronic acid-coated chitosan nanoparticles as targeted-carrier of tamoxifen against MCF7 and TMX-resistant MCF7 cells

Tamoxifen (TMX) is used to treat hormone-receptor-positive breast cancers at early stages. This research aimed to assess the potential of NPs in targeted delivery of TMX against MCF7 and TMX-resistant MCF7 breast cancer cell lines. For this purpose, a targeted delivery system including chitosan NPs coated with hyaluronic acid (HA-CS NPs) was created and examined in vitro. Chitosan NPs were first fabricated and loaded with TMX using the ionic-gelation method to prepare a drug-delivery system. Then, TMX-loaded CS NPs were coated by crosslinking the amino groups of chitosan to the carboxylic group of hyaluronic acid. The developed TMX delivery system was then optimized and characterized for particle fabrication, drug release, and targeting against cancer cells. The HA-CS particle size was 210 nm and its zeta potential was +25 mv. The encapsulation efficiency of TMX in NPs was 55%. TMX released from the NPs in acidic pH (5-6) was higher than the physiological pH (7.4). The cytotoxic effect of TMX-loaded HA-CS NPs on MCF7 and TMX-resistant MCF7 cells was significantly higher than TMX-loaded CS NPs and free drug. The findings confirmed the significant suppressive impact of TMX-loaded HA-CS NPs on MCF7 and TMX-resistant MCF7 cancer cells compared to the TMX-loaded CS NPs and free TMX. Graphical abstract.

Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of PLGA Nanoparticles Produced From Kombucha Extract on A2780 Human Ovarian Cancer Cell Line

Background: Anti-cancer agents encapsulated in nanoparticles (NPs) can result in higher efficiency. Kombucha is a fermented tea beverage, and previous reports support its anti-cancer properties. Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) loaded Kombucha NPs (PLGA-K-NPs) against the A2780 human ovarian cancer cell line. Methods: The antioxidant activity was analyzed using ferric reducing ability of plasma and 2,2’-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assays, along with the measurement of catalase (CAT) gene expression. The gene expression of three interleukins (IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10) was also determined to demonstrate the anti-inflammatory properties of NPs. Results: The results revealed the antioxidant effects of PLGA-K-NPs on the studied cell lines by increasing Fe3+ reduction, inhibiting the free radical formation (P<0.001), and increasing the expression of the CAT gene (P<0.001). In addition, NPs could significantly elevate the gene expression of IL-10 (P<0.01) as an anti-inflammatory cytokine at a 40 µg/mL concentration, while reducing the expression of IL-1β and IL-6, and inflammatory cytokines at all tested concentrations (P<0.01). Conclusion: According to the obtained results, PLGA-K-NPs have anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties, therefore, they can be considered as a compound in the treatment of ovarian cancer. However, it needs to be further investigated in animal studies to clarify more details.

Adiponectin gene polymorphisms and risk of type 2 diabetes: an updated evidence for meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Growing body of evidence suggest the association between SNP - 11377 C > G and SNP + 276 G > T polymorphisms of adiponectin gene with type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, these findings have not been conclusive and consistent. The present study quantitatively evaluates the data on the association between DIPOQ - 11377C/G, and + 276G/T polymorphisms and risk of T2D through a meta-analysis.

METHODS

A systematic search was performed in the PubMed, Web of science, Scopus and Cochrane library databases to extract published studies according to the inclusion criteria. Among the 741 studies, 391 of them were screened as full text and 31 studies were finally included in the meta-analysis. Analysis of data was performed using random-effects model. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to analyze the strength of association. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses were performed to identify the potential source of heterogeneity.

RESULTS

The pooled analysis showed that there was no statistically significant association between genotypes of CC (OR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.53-1.09, P = 0.14), CG (OR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.72-1.20, P = 0.58) and GG (OR = 1, 95% CI: 0.80-1.26, P = 0.94) ADIPO - 11377 polymorphism with increased risk of T2D. In addition, the results revealed a trend toward an increased risk of T2D for the SNP + 276 TT genotype (OR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.77-0.98, P = 0.026) as compared with the GT and GG genotypes. Subgroup analysis by ethnicity indicated significant association between the TT genotype of the SNP + 276 and increased risk of T2D among Europeans. Met-regression demonstrated significant association between the GT genotype of + 276 polymorphism with risk of T2D in male individuals (slope: 0.0006; 95% CI: 0.0002-0.0009; P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Collectively, our findings demonstrated a positive association between ADIPOQ + 276 G > T polymorphism with increased risk of T2D in male individuals with European ethnicity.

Favorable effects of Anethum graveolens on liver oxidative stress and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase levels in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) rat models

Background

High-fat high-cholesterol diet induces a phenotype similar to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in humans. In NAFLD and NASH, cholesterol and bile acid metabolisms are impaired to accumulate lipids and toxic bile acids along with cholestatic hepatic damage. Recently, the use of herbal-derived cholesterol lowering products has attracted much attention as possible therapeutic strategies for NAFLD. Hence, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of an Anethum graveolens (dill) on liver cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase and liver fat accumulation in rats.

Method

Thirty-six rats were randomly divided into 6 groups (n = 6) and received normal diet (ND) or a mixture of chow diet+2% cholesterol+0.5% cholic acid + 20% corn oil as high cholesterol/fat (HC–HF) diet (NAFLD model). Animals were also treated daily with dill tablet or dill extract (300 mg/kg). At the end of the 30 days experiments, serum and liver lipid profile and liver total antioxidant capacity were determined. Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase mRNA and protein expression levels were determined in the liver and histopathological changes in liver tissues were analyzed by microscope.

Results

Lipid profiles significantly decreased in dill treated groups (p < 0.05). Liver total antioxidant capacity significantly (p < 0.05) increased and MDA levels markedly (p < 0.05) reduced both in dill tablet and dill extract treated groups (p < 0.05). Both types of treatments caused significant increases in liver cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase gene expression (p < 0.05). Histopathological examinations showed that treatment with dill normalized the hypercholesterolemia-induced changes in liver histology.

Conclusion

Administration of dill significantly reduced liver fat, oxidative stress and increased cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase enzyme at the both mRNA and protein levels. Dill extract was found more effective than its commercially available tablet.

Impacts of garlic extract on testicular oxidative stress and sperm characteristics in type 1 and 2 diabetic rats: An experimental study

BACKGROUND

Hyperglycemia damages various tissues such as the testes through oxidative stress and inflammation, which can eventually lead to infertility.

OBJECTIVE

Garlic extract effects on the testicular tissue of diabetic rats were investigated.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this experimental study, 36 male Wistar rats (8-wk old, weighing 230-300 gr) were randomly divided into 6 groups (n = 6/each) including; C: control rats, G: received 0.4 gr of garlic extract/100 gr body weight, D1: Streptozotocin-induced-diabetic rats or type 1, D1+G: D1 rats that were treated with garlic, D2: Streptozotocin + nicotinamide-induced-diabetic rats or type 2, D2+G: D2 rats treated with garlic. At the end of the study, serum testosterone was assayed by ELISA. Also, sperm quality and quantity were evaluated. For determination of oxidative stress status, total antioxidant capacity, total oxidative status, lipid peroxidation, and thiol groups were assayed in the testis tissues of the rats by colorimetric methods. Also, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression and the protein level of interleukin-1 β (IL-1 β ) were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively.

RESULTS

In diabetic rats, glucose, total oxidative status and lipid peroxidation, iNOS gene expression, and IL-1 β were higher than in non-diabetic rats, whereas testosterone, total antioxidant capacity and thiol groups, and sperm quality were significantly lower compared with control rats. These alterations were normalized by garlic intervention.

CONCLUSION

In diabetic rats, garlic was associated with reduced glucose, oxidative stress, IL-1 β , and iNOS gene expression and increased testosterone and sperm quality. So, the results suggest that garlic can reduce the severity of damage in testicular tissues of diabetic rats through its hypoglycemic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties.

Ameliorative Effect of Trigonella Foenum Graecum L. on Lipid Profile, Liver Histology and LDL-Receptor Gene Expression in High Cholesterol-Fed Hamsters

Background

Trigonella foenum graecum L. (Fenugreek, FG) is used in many countries as a medicinal plant. Evidence has suggested the hypolipidemic effect of Fenugreek; however, its actual mechanism has not been determined yet.

Objectives

The purpose of our research was to investigate the effect of Fenugreek on lipid profile, liver histology and LDL receptor gene expression in male hamsters fed with high cholesterol diet.

Methods

These animals were given normal diet (ND), high cholesterol diet (HCD: 2% cholesterol and 0.5% cholic acid added to ND), HCD supplemented with 2g and 8g fenugreek per 100g ND (HCD+FG2 and HCD+FG8) respectively for four weeks. At the end of treatment, serum lipids, lipoproteins and liver enzymes were measured. Finally, LDL receptor (LDLR) gene expression was determined in the liver of the studied animals using Real Time-PCR method and liver histological changes were evaluated by H&E staining method.

Results

A significant reduction was observed in serum triglyceride (p<0.01), total cholesterol, low and very low density cholesterol, aspartate and alanine transaminases in HCD+FG8 group (p<0.05) compared with HCD group, while serum level of HDL-c (p<0.01) increased. In addition, LDLR gene expression in HCD+FG8 group increased 7.8 folds. The results confirm the protection effect of liver tissue in HCD+FG8 group against pathological changes. There was no significant change in LDLR gene expression in HCD+FG2 group. In conclusion, fenugreek ameliorated dyslipidemia by up-regulation of LDLR gene expression and can be used as a protective agent against hypercholesterolemia.

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships and Molecular Docking Simulation of Allicin Compounds as Inhibitors of COVID-19 Protease Enzyme

Background: Coronavirus (CoV) is a group of viruses that cause disease in humans and animals. These viruses contain crown-shaped spike glycoproteins on their surface. Objective: We conducted a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) study on a series of 36 compounds of allicin to assess their antiviral activities against the main protease of COVID-19. Methods: In the present descriptive-analytic study, the information on the structure of compounds, the COVID-19 protease enzyme, and the Allicin derivatives was obtained from the databases such as the Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics’ Protein Data Bank (PDB) and PubChem. The QSAR method, analysis of correlations and multiple linear regressions were carried out. Six molecular descriptors such as constitutional and molecular topology descriptors were selected for the model. Finally, molecular docking was performed in iGEMDOCK 2.1 software. Results: The obtained multi-parametric model reported a correlation coefficient of about 0.89, indicating that the model was able to satisfactory predict the antiviral activity of allicin compounds. Conclusion: The findings obtained can be valuable in designing, synthesizing, and developing novel antiviral agents with allicin-based scaffold.

Association of ADIPOQ rs266729 and rs1501299 gene polymorphisms and circulating adiponectin level with the risk of type 2 diabetes in a population of Iran: a case-control study

Purpose

Mutation in various regions of the adiponectin (ADIPOQ) gene is described to be associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Our aim was to investigate the association between rs1501299 (SNP + 276 G > T) and rs266729 (SNP-11377 C > G) polymorphisms of ADIPOQ gene and susceptibility to T2D in an Iranian population.

Methods

This is a case-control study. A total of 210 subjects including 100 patients with T2D and 110 healthy controls were selected from an Iranian population. SNP-11377 C > G and SNP + 276 G > T polymorphisms were investigated using the Tetra ARMS-PCR method.

Results

The genotypes frequency of the SNP-11377 C > G polymorphism (P = 0.21) and SNP + 276 G > T polymorphism (P = 0.10) were in agreement with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The genotype and allele frequencies for rs266729 polymorphism showed a significant difference between the T2D and control groups. Further, the frequencies of the genotypes of GG (OR = 2.43, P = 0.031), GG + GG (OR = 2.11, P < 0.01) and G allele (OR = 1.6, P = 0.041) in SNP-11377 C > G polymorphism was significantly associated with an increased risk of T2D compared to control group. While, there was no significant association between the different genotypes of SNP + 276 G > T polymorphism and the risk of T2D in an Iranian population. The circulating adiponectin level in T2D subjects had significant difference compared to the control group in rs266729 polymorphism.

Conclusion

We concluded that ADIPOQ rs266729 (SNP-11377 C > G) gene polymorphism but no rs1501299 is associated with increased risk of T2D in our population.

Evaluation of Salivary Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress Markers in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Retrospective Cohort Study

BACKGROUND

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a progressive metabolic disorder.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between antioxidant and oxidative stress markers in the saliva of patients with type 2 DM and a healthy control group.

METHODS

In this study, 20 patients with diabetes and 20 healthy individuals were evaluated. Salivary antioxidants markers consisted of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), uric acid (UA), peroxidase and catalase. Oxidative stress markers included total oxidant status (TOS), malondealdehyde (MDA) and total thiol (SH). Sialochemical analysis was performed with spectrophotometric assay. All the statistical analyses were conducted using STATA software.

RESULTS

TAC decreased significantly in patients with diabetes. Although salivary UA and peroxidase were lower in patients with diabetes compared to the control group, the difference was not significant. Salivary catalase in patients with diabetes was significantly lower than that in the control group. MDA and TOS exhibited significantly higher levels in type 2 DM. SH levels were slightly higher in DM.

CONCLUSION

According to the results of the present study, there were some changes in the salivary levels of some antioxidants and oxidative stress markers in patients with type 2 DM and could be measured as an indicator of serum changes.

Clinicopathological, Immunohistochemical, and PMS2 Gene Expression Profiling of Patients with Sporadic Colorectal Cancer

BACKGROUND

The DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system is one of the molecular pathways involved in colorectal cancer (CRC) carcinogenesis that consists of several genes, including MLH1 (MutL homolog 1), MSH6 (MutS homolog 6), MSH2 (MutS homolog 2), and MSH3 (MutS homolog 3). The protein encoded by PMS2 (post-meiotic segregation 2) is also essential for MMR. Here, we address the correlation between immunohistochemical and transcriptional expression of PMS2 with the tumor grade and clinical stage of non-hereditary/sporadic CRC disease.

METHODS

This study retrospectively analyzed 67 colorectal resections performed for 38 male and 29 female patients. Random biopsies were taken by a gastroenterologist from patients referring to three hospitals in the cities of Zanjan, Urmia and Qazvin (Iran) during 2017-2019. All specimens were examined and classified for localization of tumor, pathological stage and grade. The PMS2 protein expression was studied immunohistochemically and analysis of mRNA expression was performed in the same tissue sections.

RESULTS

Immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis showed a decrease in PMS2 expression compared with paracancerous tissue (P<0.001), which correlated with tumor stage. In addition, reduced PMS2 expression was correlated with the tumor differentiation grade, underlining a connection between downregulation of PMS2 and progression of CRC. Comparing the PMS2 mRNA levels in different groups showed the following results: 0.92 ± 0.18 in patients with Stage I CRC tumor, 0.86 ± 0.38 in Stage Ⅱ, 0.50 ± 0.29 in Stage Ⅲ, and 0.47 ± 0.23 in Stage Ⅳ.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggest that PMS2 may provide a potential reliable biomarker for CRC classification by combined immunohistochemical and mRNA analysis.

Comparison of Salivary Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress Status in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Healthy Pregnant Women

BACKGROUND

One of the most common complications of pregnant women is gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Oxidative stress can play an important role in GDM.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to evaluate salivary antioxidants and oxidative stress markers in GDM.

METHODS

Twenty pregnant women with GDM and 20 healthy pregnant women with normal blood glucose test participated in this study. Five mL of unstimulated saliva samples were collected. Spectrophotometric assay was carried out for sialo-chemical analysis. Stata software was used for data analysis.

RESULTS

The GDM group exhibited no significant difference in salivary total antioxidant capacity and malondialdehyde compared to the healthy control group. All antioxidants markers, the uric acid, total antioxidant, peroxidase and catalase, decreased in GDM group that the difference of peroxidase and catalase was statistically significant. All of oxidative stress markers, the salivary malondialdehyde, total oxidative stress and total thiol, increased in GDM group. GDM group exhibited significantly higher salivary total oxidative stress levels.

CONCLUSION

Catalase level was significantly lower and total oxidative stress was significantly higher. These two markers might have significant importance and might exhibit early changes compared to other factors in GDM. Some salivary antioxidants might have diagnostic, prognostic or therapeutic implications in GDM. Other studies with large sample size on salivary and blood samples need to be done to confirm these properties and salivary samples using instead of blood samples in GDM biomarkers changes.

Association between breast milk adipokines with growth in breast feeding infants, a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objectives

Breast milk adipokines are associated with growth, body mass index (BMI) and weight gain in infants. In this study, the effect of breastmilk adipokines (leptin and adiponectin) on the BMI and weight gain of breast-fed infants was evaluated using systematic review and meta-analysis.

Materials and methods

We used PRISMA checklist for carrying out this study. 752 articles were collected from the database searching and other sources from 1994 to April 2019. According to the criteria in the study, 25 articles remained for evaluation. Eight papers were related to the effect of breast milk leptin on weight gain and BMI of infants that were evaluated by meta-analyzing. The adiponectin articles were surveyed by systematic review.

Results

There was no significant publication bias in the meta-analysis study. The results of random-effect model indicated a reverse and significant correlation between breastmilk leptin with weight gain and BMI (r=−0.331). The adiponectin level in breast milk was associated with the BMI and weight gain of infants.

Conclusions

Meta-analysis indicated a significant inverse correlation between breastmilk leptin with weight gain and BMI in infants; furthermore, the systematic review study expressed significant correlation between breast milk adiponectin with growth (BMI and weight gain) in infants.

Evaluating the effect of arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid on induction of adipogenesis in human adipose-derived stem cells

Objective(s):

Adipose tissue is one of the most important endocrine organs that liberates many metabolic mediators such as hormones, cytokines, and chemokines. Different types of fatty acids have key roles in adipogenesis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of two essential fatty acids, including Arachidonic acid (AA) and Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), on the process of adipogenicity in human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells (hADSCs).

Materials and Methods:

After immunophenotyping of hADSCs by flowcytometry, they were differentiated into adipocytes and simultaneously exposed to 30 μM and 60 μM of AA and 25 μM and 50 μM of EPA. Further, along with the MTS assay, the activity of glycalaldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was also measured. In addition, expression of lipid markers including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ2 (PPARγ2) and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) was evaluated, and the neutral lipid contents were determined using Oil red O staining.

Results:

MTS evaluation showed a significant decrease in proliferation in all treatment groups compared to the control group. Based on oil red O staining, fat droplets in the AA treatment groups were higher than in controls. The expression of PPARγ2 and GLUT4 genes and proteins increased in almost all AA and EPA groups compared to control. In addition, GAPDH activity was higher in AA groups than in the control group. In general, while different concentrations of EPA did not increase the adipogenic process compared to the control group, stimulation of differentiation to adipocytes was largely determined by the AA.

Conclusion:

The result indicates a positive effect of omega-6 versus omega-3 in stimulating the pathways of adipogenesis.

Anethum graveolens L‎. Alleviates Sperm ‎Damage by Limiting Oxidative Stress ‎and Insulin ‎Resistance ‎in ‎Diabetic Rats ‎

Background:

It has been reported that diabetes is associated with sperm ‎damage and infertility.

Objective:

The purpose of this experiment was to survey the effect of Anethum graveolens L. (Dill) powder on sperm profiles, oxidative stress, insulin resistance, and histological changes in male diabetic rats.

Methods:

Male rats were randomly divided into 6 groups (n=7); group 1: normal rats, 2: normal rats + 100mg/kg Dill, 3: normal rats + 300mg/kg Dill, 4: diabetic rats, 5: diabetic rats + 100mg/kg Dill, and 6: diabetic rats + 300mg/kg Dill. After 2 months of treatments, the sperm profile, anti-oxidant activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and malondialdehyde were measured. The histopathology of testis was evaluated. Hormonal changes and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels were measured by ELISA.

Results:

Total anti-oxidant and SOD activity in diabetic rats significantly decreased, while MDA concentration was significantly increased in the testis and pancreas of diabetic rats compared with control. However, the use of Dill significantly normalized these profiles. The treatment of diabetic rats with Dill changed the sperm parameters. The levels of testosterone, FSH, and LH in diabetic rats were significantly reduced, but the treatment with Dill did not alter the level of these hormones. Dill also significantly normalized testis morphological changes, insulin resistance, and inflammation.

Conclusion:

The use of Dill normalized oxidative stress, inflammation, and insulin resistance in diabetic rats that correlated with sperm profile and testis histological changes. The treatment of diabetic rat models with Dill did not show harmful effects on sperm profiles.

The Possible Protective Effect of Resveratrol on DiazinonInduced Oxidative Stress and Hepatic Injury

Diazinon, one of the most known organophosphate pesticides (OPs), has harmful effects on human organs. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition, oxidative stress, and inflammation are the major mechanisms of diazinon toxicity. Diazinon has several toxic effects on the liver. Resveratrol (RES) is a natural polyphenol compound with antitumor, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, anti-oxidant, anti-aging, and anti-inflammatory effects. This compound can inhibit lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, and DNA damage. Moreover, it can induce sirt-1, PI3K/AKT, and HO-1 pathways (negative regulators of inflammatory pathways). A large body of evidence indicated that resveratrol can attenuate liver damage by organophosphates. In this short review, we discuss the significant role of this phytoestrogen and antioxidant against the hepatotoxic effect of diazinon as an OP. With elucidation of the role of this supplement in reducing harmful effects of diazinon, it can be used as a protective agent in people at risk of adverse effects of diazinon.

Effect of resveratrol on SNARE proteins expression and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle of diabetic rats

Objective(s):

Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex proteins are involved in membrane trafficking. The expression of isoforms of SNAP-23, syntaxin-4, and VAMP-2 is significantly done in skeletal muscles; they control GLUT4 trafficking. It is believed that type 2 diabetes could be caused by the modifications in the expression of SNARE complex proteins. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of resveratrol on the expression of these proteins in type 2 diabetes.

Materials and Methods:

Forty male Wistar rats were selected. Streptozotocin and nicotinamide were applied for the induction of type 2 diabetes. The animals were divided into five groups. Healthy and diabetic groups were set as control; resveratrol (1, 5, and 10 mg/kg body weight) was applied to treat the three groups of diabetic rats for 30 days. Real-time qRT-PCR was applied to evaluate the expression of SNARE complex proteins.

Results:

There is a link between diabetes and insulin resistance and up-regulation of SNARE proteins expression. Resveratrol improved hyperglycemia and insulin resistance along with a non-significant reduction in the expression of SNARE proteins.

Conclusion:

Increased expression of SNARE proteins was possibly a compensatory mechanism in response to insulin resistance in the skeletal muscles of diabetic rats. Resveratrol non-significantly reduced the expression of SNARE proteins by enhancing insulin sensitivity, where this effect was dose-dependent. Thus, higher doses of resveratrol and longer intervention periods could probably be more effective. Another molecular mechanism of the anti-diabetic properties of resveratrol was identified with an effect on the expression of SNARE proteins.

A Short Review on ANGPTL-8 as an Important Regulator in Diabetes

ANGPTL8, a new hormone, is regarded as a novel target for type-2 diabetes and associated metabolic disorder. Nutritional state and hormonal factors are involved in the regulation of ANGPTL-8 expression. This protein is associated with some myokines or adipokines. Several studies confirmed the function of ANGPTL-8 in glucose metabolism and diabetes complications; however, there are opposite results. The accurate function of ANGPTL-8 in T2D remains unclear. Further strictly controlled studies including measuring methods, nutritional state, diagnostic criteria of overweight/obesity, age, and ethnicity may help to resolve discrepancies. In addition, more studies are demanded to clarify the potential role of ANGPTL-8 in humans, a cause or an effect of this protein in association with insulin resistance, the regulatory mechanism of ANGPTL-8 expression, and the association of ANGPTL8 with other adipokines or myokines. In this mini review, we described various roles of ANGPTL-8 in diabetes.

Possible antioxidant mechanism of coenzyme Q10 in diabetes: impact on Sirt1/Nrf2 signaling pathways

Oxidative stress is a major complication in diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to investigate potential antioxidant activity of coenzyme Q10 (Co Q10) against hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress in diabetic rat and unraveling its mechanism of action by focusing on silent information regulator 1 (Sirt1) and nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) mRNA expression level. Furthermore, the activity of two Nrf2-dependent antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) in the liver of diabetic rats was studied. After induction of diabetes in rats using streptozotocin (55 mg/kg), rats were divided into five groups of six each. Groups 1 and 2 (healthy control groups) were injected with isotonic saline or sesame oil; group 3 received Co Q10 (10 mg /Kg /day), group 4, as a diabetic control, received sesame oil; and group 5 was diabetic rats treated with Co Q10. Afterwards, serum and liver samples were collected, and oxidative stress markers, lipid profile, as well as the expression of Sirt1 and Nrf2 genes were measured. Diabetes induction significantly reduced expression level of Sirt1 and Nrf2 mRNAs and also declined catalase, superoxide dismutase activities, and total thiol groups levels in diabetic group in comparison to healthy controls, while a significant increase was found in the levels of malondialdehyde and lipid profile. Co Q10 treatment significantly up-regulated Sirt1 and Nrf2 mRNA levels along with an increase in catalase activity in diabetic group as compared with untreated diabetic rats. Furthermore, Co Q10 caused a marked decrease in malondialdehyde levels and significantly improved lipid profile. Our data demonstrated that Co Q10 may exert its antioxidant activity in diabetes through the induction of Sirt1/Nrf2 gene expression.

Salivary Antioxidant and Oxidative Stress Marker Levels in HIV-Positive Individuals

BACKGROUND

HIV infections are a worldwide health problem. HIV infection reduces CD4+ cell counts. Oxidative stress might play an important role in the stimulation of virus replication and immunodeficiency. Saliva might be the first line of defense against oxidative stress.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to evaluate the oxidative stress marker and antioxidant levels of saliva in HIV-infected patients by measuring total antioxidant capacity and malondialdehyde level.

METHODS

A total of 49 HIV-positive patients and 49 healthy HIV-negative individuals were randomly selected. All the patients were clinically examined. Five mL of unstimulated whole saliva was collected and evaluated by spectrophotometric assay. Data were analyzed with STATA 11.

RESULTS

Mean ages of the case and control groups were 28 and 33 years, respectively. Salivary malondialdehyde levels were significantly higher in the HIV-positive group (3.68±2.26) compared to the healthy control group (2.79±1.91). Levels of salivary total antioxidant capacity were significantly lower in the HIV-positive group (0.20± 0.09) compared to the control group (0.27±0.10).

CONCLUSION

The antioxidant defense system in HIV-positive individuals was low and oxidative stress was high in this population. Saliva might be used as a diagnostic tool for antioxidant changes in HIV-positive patients in the future. There were changes in salivary antioxidant defense system and oxidative stress in HIV-positive individuals. Antioxidant supplements might help local salivary and general health statuses.

Effect of insulin-loaded trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles on genes expression in the hippocampus of diabetic rats

Background Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder that undesirably affects both central and peripheral nervous systems through the apoptosis of neurons. Insulin and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) inhibit apoptosis of oligodendrocytes. The objective of this study was to determine whether oral insulin in the form of nanoparticles may have similar effects to injectable insulin in increasing the gene expression of IGF1 and IGF2. Methods Insulin-loaded trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles were prepared using the polyelectrolyte complex method and characterized for size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, drug loading, and entrapment efficiency. An in vivo study was performed in different groups of male Wistar rats with diabetes mellitus type 1 treated with insulin-loaded trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles and subcutaneous injection of trade insulin (neutral protamine Hagedorn). The hippocampus of rats were studied for the expression of IGF1 and IGF2 genes by using real-time PCR, and the fold changes in gene expression were evaluated using the 2-ΔΔCt method. Results The expression of IGF1 and IGF2 genes in the groups treated with nano-insulin and injected insulin were significantly higher than that in the diabetic control group (p<0.001) and meaningfully lower than that in the healthy control group. However, there was no significant difference to the treated groups. Conclusion Our findings suggest that future research might provide a new formulation of drugs for treating type 1 diabetes, in the form of oral insulin.

Co-administration of resveratrol and beta-aminopropionitrile attenuates liver fibrosis development via targeting lysyl oxidase in CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in rats

Objectives: In the current study, we aimed to investigate the effect of administration of resveratrol (RES) and beta-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) separately and together on the liver fibrosis progression via regulation of the gene expression and protein level of lysyl oxidase (LOX).Materials and methods: The six-week old Wistar rats received carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) intraperitoneally and RES and BAPN were administrated orally for eight weeks. The hepatoprotective effects of RES, BAPN, and combination treatment were evaluated. Then the hepatic protein and gene expression levels of LOX were measured.Results: Both RES and BAPN showed the antifibrotic effect through the reduction of collagen fiber bundles, hepatic hydroxyproline content, and protein level of LOX. The antifibrotic effect increased when RES and BAPN up-taken together.Conclusion: The co-administration of RES and BAPN can be considered as a promising therapeutic approach via targeting LOX.

Evaluation of the Status of Salivary Antioxidants in Dental Caries

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Dental caries is a communicable and the most prevalent infectious disease worldwide. Salivary oxidative stress and antioxidants may play a pivotal role in caries prevention, progression and pathogenesis. In this study, salivary superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and uric acid levels were evaluated in dental caries.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

One hundred male and female students in two groups (n=50) were subdivided into caries-active and caries-free (25) groups. Whole saliva samples were collected in the morning, and the salivary antioxidant levels were measured by a spectrophotometric assay. The data were analyzed using SPSS.

RESULTS

The caries-active group had higher peroxidase, uric acid, catalase and glutathione peroxidase levels, and lower superoxide dismutase level as compared to the caries-free group. The comparison between males and females showed lower peroxidase, catalase and uric acid levels and higher glutathione peroxidase levels in the female group.

CONCLUSION

The caries-active group had altered salivary antioxidant levels. Therefore, it was concluded that salivary antioxidants have significant effects on oral and dental health.

Study of Insulin-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticle Effects on TGF-β1 and Fibronectin Expression in Kidney Tissue of Type 1 Diabetic Rats

In diabetes, the increasing blood glucose levels through oxidative stress, with increase in inflammatory cytokines and growth factors, such as TGF-β1, can cause long-term complications, including nephropathy. Subcutaneous injection of insulin is a common method used to treat Type 1 diabetes, which can lead to problems such as hypoglycemia and edema. In the present study, we examined the effect of insulin in its two injectable and oral forms on the expression of TGF-β1 and fibronectin in kidney tissue of STZ diabetic rats. A total of 25 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: C: normal control, D: diabetic control, D+NP, oral insulin-loaded trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles (8 IU/kg), and subcutaneously injected insulin (8 IU/kg). The groups were treated from 8th to 10th weeks. After 10 weeks, FBS was measured. Also, the TGF-β1 and fibronectin mRNA expression and serum TGF-β1 protein were examined in the kidney tissue. Structural changes in the kidney tissue were studied using H&E staining. After 10 weeks of diabetes induction, the rats showed significant change in blood glucose, weight, serum TGF-β1, Fibronectin and TGF-β1 expression of kidney in diabetic groups (p < 0.05). Oral insulin-loaded trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles treatment, similar to injected insulin, significantly ameliorate blood glucose and rats' weight (p < 0.05). However, the reduction in fibronectin and TGF-β1 expression and serum TGF-β1 protein by both treatments was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). These data showed that oral insulin-loaded trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles were better therapeutic intervention than injected insulin for Type 1 diabetes.

The implication of hepatokines in metabolic syndrome

Hepatokines are liver-derived proteins with equivocal roles in metabolic syndrome (MetS). These proteins have prominent role in pathogenesis of MetS component such as obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and hypertension. The identification and functional characterization of hepatokines may provide significant insights that could help in better understanding of MetS pathogenesis. Fetuin-A, Hepatocyte-derived fibrinogen-related protein 1, Fibroblast growth factor 21, Angiopoietin-related growth factor, Selenoprotein-P, Angiopoietin like proteins, Leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 2 are regarded as the most significant hepatokines. We describe recent data on these new hormones in progression of MetS. Understanding of the accurate role of these proteins in pathophysiology of MetS can help improving prevention and treatment of this syndrome.

A systematic review of antiglycation medicinal plants

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

The present review shows a list of anti-glycation plants with their anti-glycation activity mechanisms that can attract the attention of pharmacologist for further scientific research towards finding better remedy for diabetic complications.

MATERIALS

Google scholar, Pubmed, Web of Science and Scopus were searched. The terms were advanced glycation end products (AGEs), medicinal plants, antiglycation products.

RESULTS

plants that studied in this review inhibit glycation in several possible mechanisms. Some of these plants inhibit the production of shiff base and amadori products. The others inhibit the generation of amadori products in the advanced phase. Some others blocked the aggregation of AGEs and some plants have antioxidant activity and reduce AGEs formation by preventing oxidation of amadori product and metal-catalyzed glucoxidation.

CONCLUSION

This review can help pharmacologist to find antiglycation natural substance that can be useful in treatment of diabetic complications.

Hepatoprotective Effects of Silymarin on Liver Injury via Irisin Upregulation and Oxidative Stress Reduction in Rats with Type 2 Diabetes

BACKGROUND

Diabetes is one of the most prevalent metabolic diseases. Irisin (FNDC5 protein) is involved in the new strategy of combating type 2 diabetes. In the liver, the antidiabetic mechanism of silymarin at the molecular level is unknown. This study investigated the effects of silymarin on irisin and the related gene expression and oxidative stress status in the liver of type 2 diabetic rats.

METHODS

Thirty-six rats were divided into 6 groups (n=6 each) by simple randomization: control, control+silymarin (60 mg/kg daily in normal saline orally for 60 days), control+silymarin (120 mg/kg daily in normal saline orally for 60 days), diabetic, diabetic+silymarin (60 mg/kg daily for 60 days), and diabetic+silymarin (120 mg/kg daily for 60 days). Biochemical parameters were measured by spectrophotometric and immunoassay methods, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to evaluate gene expression. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, followed by the Tukey test, using SPSS software, version 16.0. The results were considered statistically significant at a P value less than 0.05.

RESULTS

In the diabetic rats treated with silymarin (60 and 120 mg/kg), by comparison with the diabetic group, body weight (P=0.04 and P=0.02), insulin (P<0.001), expression of PGC-1α (P=0.04 and P=0.02), expression of FNDC5 (P=0.03 and P=0.01), and concentration of irisin in the liver (P=0.02 and P=0.01) and serum (P<0.001) were significantly increased, whereas the levels of glucose (P<0.001), HOMA-IR (P=0.03 and P=0.01), and liver injury markers (P<0.001) were significantly reduced. Oxidative stress status and histopathological changes were improved in the treated groups.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that silymarin because of its ability to upregulate irisin and antioxidant effects can be considered an antidiabetic agent.

Effects of Resveratrol on FOXO1 and FOXO3a Genes Expression in Adipose Tissue, Serum Insulin, Insulin Resistance and Serum SOD Activity in Type 2 Diabetic Rats

Induced oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus (DM) plays a critical role in insulin resistance. Fork head-related transcription factor (FOXO) proteins are important transcriptional factors involved in oxidative stress and insulin resistance. Resveratrol (RSV) is a polyphenol with hypoglycemic and antioxidant properties. The aims of the present study were to examine the effects of RSV on FOXO gene expression, serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, insulin level, and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic (T2DM) rats. Thirty male Wistar rats were used in this study. DM was induced in rats (n=24) using streptozotocin (STZ) and nicotinamide; then, they were divided into 4 groups of 6 rats each. Six untreated normal rats were used as normal control group; diabetic rats in groups 2 to 5 were treated with 0, 1, 5 and 10 mg /kg body weight of RSV, respectively for 30 days. At the end of the experimental period, the rats were sacrificed, their sera were separated, and adipose tissues were obtained and stored at −80 °C. Serum glucose and SOD activity levels were determined biochemically, and serum insulin level was determined by ELISA method. Gere expression in FOXO1 and FOXO3a in adipose tissue was evaluated using real‐time PCR. Results indicated that RSV significantly reduced blood glucose level, increased insulin level and improved insulin sensitivity. RSV resulted in an increased serum SOD activity and caused decreased FOXO1 and FOXO3a expression in adipose tissue of rats with T2DM. Therefore, by attenuation of FOXO expression in adipose tissue of T2DM rats, RSV showed a hypoglycemic potential and antioxidant properties, and consequently ameliorated insulin resistance.

Evaluation of salivary acetylcholinesterase and pseudocholinesterase in patients with Alzheimer's disease: A case-control study

AIM

The aim of this study was to evaluate acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and pseudocholinesterase (PChE) in whole saliva in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in healthy subjects. Saliva has a high potential for keeping track of general health and diseases. AD is a type of dementia with reduction in brain cholinergic markers that causes memory, thinking, and behavior problems. Up to 90% decrease in AChE activity has been observed in AD.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Thirty healthy subjects and 30 patients with AD participated in this study. Saliva samples were collected from 8 to 10 am. AChE and PChE of saliva were assessed by the Ellman method. Statistical comparison was performed using SPSS 16 for t-test. The activity of AChE and PChE significantly increased in the group with AD compared to the healthy subjects. Sex had no effect on the activities of these enzymes. No correlation existed between the duration of illness and enzymatic activity. The enzyme levels reduced with age.

CONCLUSION

AChE and PChE levels were increased in saliva samples of patients with AD. Therefore, saliva has the potential for being used for the purpose of biomarker evaluation to replace cerebrospinal fluid in patients with AD.

Does curcumin or metformin attenuate oxidative stress and diabetic nephropathy in rats?

Background: Since the importance of oxidative stress in the development of diabetic nephropathy (DN) has previously been established, the therapeutic effects of various natural antioxidant agents or synthetic drugs have so far been investigated. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the beneficial effects of curcumin (a natural polyphenol) and metformin (a common therapeutic medicine for type 2 diabetes) on oxidative status in kidney of type 1 diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study 60 male Wistar rats were divided into 10 groups. Type 1 diabetes was induced by streptozotocin. Rats received chow diet and treated with either normal saline in control (N) and diabetic control (D) groups or different doses of metformin (Met) (300 or 500 mg/kg body weight) or curcumin (Cur) (50 or 150 mg/kg body weight) in N+Met300, N+Met500, N+Cur50, N+Cur150, D+Met300, D+Met500, D+Cur50, and D+Cur150 groups. Urinary creatinine, urea, and protein were measured. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant status (TOS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase were assessed in kidney tissues. Results: Both metformin and curcumin showed significant effects on urinary creatinine, urea, and protein levels (P value for all was <0.001). Unlike metformin, curcumin completely restored TAC and TOS (P<0.001), and MDA (P=0.012) in kidney tissues and significantly recovered the activities of SOD (P= 0.003), GPx (P< 0.001), and catalase (P=0.011). Conclusions: Curcumin was found more effective than metformin in attenuating oxidative status in DN.

Evaluation of Salivary Lipid Peroxidation End Product Level in Dental Caries

BACKGROUND

Tissue destruction can be measured by the level of lipid peroxidation (LP) end products. Since free radicals are very reactive with low survival time, the level of free radicals and oxidative stress activity are measured indirectly by tissue damage end product assessment, i.e. Malondialdehyde (MDA) that is a final end product of LP.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to evaluate salivary MDA level as an indicator of oxidative stress; in caries-active and caries-free students.

METHODS

A total of 100 male and female students, 15-17 years of age, participated in this casecontrol study. Five mL of whole saliva was obtained. Salivary MDA level was measured spectrophotometrically. Statistical comparisons were performed with Student's t-test, using SPSS 13.

RESULTS

Salivary MDA level was significantly higher in the caries-active group compared to the control caries-free group. MDA was also slightly lower in males.

CONCLUSION

Higher MDA level might indicate caries-induced oxidative stress. In this study there was a relationship between salivary MDA level and dental caries. Therefore oxidative stress suppression might prevent caries initiation and progression.

Hypoglycemic and antioxidant effects of oral administration of garlic extract in the livers of type 1 diabetic rats

Background Liver dysfunction is a predominant complication of diabetes. Herbal remedies such as garlic are commonly used for reducing diabetic complications. In this study the effect of garlic extract on glucose level, liver enzymes activities in the serum and nitric oxide (NO) level, oxidative stress status, and histology in the liver tissues of streptozotocin-induced diabetes (type 1) was investigated. Methods Twenty-four adult male Wistar rats were randomized and divided into four groups: control rats, diabetic rats, diabetic rats treated with garlic, and garlic-treated normal rats. Glucose level and liver enzymes activities were determined by colorimetric assay in the serum. NO levels by Griess method, oxidative stress parameters including malondialdehyde (MDA), total oxidative status (TOS), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) by spectrophotometric method, and histopathological examination by hematoxylin and eosin staining method were evaluated in the liver tissues. Results Glucose level, liver enzymes activities, MDA, TOS, and NO levels were increased and TAC level decreased significantly in diabetic rats in comparison with control rats (p<0.01); whereas, after oral administration of garlic, glucose level, liver enzymes activities, MDA, TOS, and NO levels were decreased and TAC level increased significantly near to the normal levels (p<0.05). Conclusion The results showed the hypoglycemic and antioxidant effects of garlic in the livers of type 1 diabetic rats.

Evaluation of Salivary Uric Acid and pH in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infected Patients: A Historical Cohort Study

OBJECTIVE

Antioxidants protect the body against cellular damage. Saliva has immunological, enzymatic and antioxidant defense systems. Uric acid is the main and predominant salivary antioxidant. The aim of this study was to evaluate salivary uric acid levels and pH in HIV-infected patients in the west of Iran.

METHODS

HIV-infected patients were selected from behavioral advisory centers of Hamadan and Kermanshah Provinces, west of Iran. Saliva was collected between 8 and10 in the morning. Five mL of whole unstimulated saliva was collected in 5 minutes by spitting into sterilized Falcon tubes based on Navazesh method; pH was measured with a pH meter and uric acid was assessed with spectrophotometric method. Data were analyzed with STATA 12.

RESULTS

Salivary pH in the HIV-positive group was lower (6.99±0.46) than the healthy controls (7.14±1.03) but the difference was not statistically significant (P=380). Uric acid concentrations in HIV-infected patients (2.94±2.14) were significantly lower in comparison to the healthy controls (5.21±2.30). The results showed a statistically significant decrease in the case group (P=0.001). Mean age and DMFT index of the case group were higher than the control group.

CONCLUSION

Uric acid, the main antioxidant of saliva, was significantly lower in HIVinfected individuals; pH also was lower in these patients. HIV can alter salivary antioxidant status, which can influence patients' oral health status. Diet with antioxidant properties might be helpful in these patients. More research is necessary to discover true antioxidant and salivary changes and their relation with HIV consequences in future.

Identification and anti-cancer activity in 2D and 3D cell culture evaluation of an Iranian isolated marine microalgae Picochlorum sp. RCC486

PURPOSE

Cancer disease is the second cause of death in the world. Now a days, high percentage of drugs, which are involved in treatment of cancers, have natural origin. Introduction of microalgae strains as anti-cancer drugs origin is a valuable approach for cancer therapy.

METHODS

In the present study we describe the isolation, characterization, and anti-proliferative activity of a new microalga strain (Picochlorum sp. RCC486) from Iran. The cytotoxic activity of four different algal extracts including methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and hexane were evaluated against MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, Hep-G2, and A-549 cell liens. Cell viability was determined using MTT assay in both monolayer and spheroids 3D cultures. The apoptosis was confirmed by different methods such as AO/EB and Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining, caspase-3 colorimetric assay, ROS and MMP assay.

RESULTS

The results of MTT assay and fluorescent double staining confirmed that methanol and ethyl acetate extracts showed the best cytotoxic activity against the cancer cell lines. The production of ROS, caspase-3 activity and depolarized MMP were quite significant in MDA-MB-231 cell line treated with methanol and ethyl acetate extracts.

CONCLUSION

In this research we revealed that cytotoxicity and apoptotic effects of the methanol and ethyl acetate extracts in human cancer cells make them good candidates for further pharmacological studies to discover effective drugs for cancer therapy. Graphical abstract The present study describes the isolation, characterization, and anti-proliferative activity of different extracts of a new microalga strain (Picochlorum sp. RCC486) from Iran. The antiproliferative and apoptosis inducing activity of ethyl acetate and methanol extracts with high content of phenol and carotenoid make them as good candidates for further pharmacological studies to discover effective drugs for cancer therapy.

Evaluation of Salivary Melatonin Levels in HIV-positive Patients: A Historical Cohort Study

BACKGROUND

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) affects lymphocytes, resulting in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Oxidative stress may play an important role in HIV pathogenesis. Melatonin has antioxidant, antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory effects.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to evaluate salivary melatonin levels in HIV-positive patients and a healthy control group.

METHODS

Forty-nine HIV-positive and 49 healthy subjects were included in this study. Patients' drug consumption and clinical examination results were registered in questionnaires. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected in the morning. The melatonin levels were measured by melatonin ELISA kits. Statistical analyses were performed with STATA 12, using t-test and chi-squared test.

RESULTS

Salivary melatonin levels were significantly lower in the case group in comparison with the healthy control group (P=0.001). Age was significantly higher in the case group. Chi-squared test showed no statistically significant difference between the case and control groups in smoking (P=0.591) and addiction (P=0.204) but gender differences were observed (P=0.001).

CONCLUSION

Salivary melatonin level as an antioxidant was lower in HIV-positive patients. Further studies are necessary to understand the exact role of melatonin in HIV-positive patients and its therapeutic effects.

Evaluation of Mn-superoxide dismutase and catalase gene expression in childhood obesity: its association with insulin resistance

Background Obesity is associated with oxidative stress. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is the first line of defense against reactive oxygen species (ROS), eliminating the strong superoxide radical and producing H2O2, which can then be degraded by catalase (CAT). The main objective of this study was to evaluate the gene expression antioxidant enzymes (Mn-SOD and CAT) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of obese and normal-weight children, and its association with anthropometric and biochemical parameters. Methods Thirty obese and 30 control subjects between the ages of 8 and 16 years were enrolled in this study. Serum insulin levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and insulin resistance was calculated using the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Biochemical parameters were also measured. PBMCs of the subjects were separated and Mn-SOD and CAT gene expression was measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results Mn-SOD and CAT gene expression was significantly lower in the obese group compared with the control group (p<0.01). Also, a positive correlation was observed between the gene expression of Mn-SOD and CAT and body mass index (BMI), fasting blood sugar, insulin resistance, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) cholesterol, triglycerides (TG) and systolic blood pressure (SBP). Conclusions Induction of antioxidants, especially Mn-SOD and CAT, can lead to reduction of oxidative stress and prevent the complications of obesity in children.

Silymarin prevents lipid accumulation in the liver of rats with type 2 diabetes via sirtuin1 and SREBP-1c

BACKGROUND

In this study, we have investigated whether silymarin intake influences lipid and glycogen content in conjunction with sirtuin1 (SIRT1) and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) expressions in liver of type 2 diabetic rat.

METHODS

Thirty-six male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups: control groups (C) and diabetic groups (D); the control groups received 60 or 120 mg/kg silymarin (C+S60 or C+S120), and the diabetic groups received 60 or 120 mg/kg silymarin (D+S60 or D+S120) daily for 8 weeks. Serum biochemical parameters, as well as glycogen, lipid and oxidative stress biomarkers, in the liver tissue were measured by spectrophotometric methods. Additionally, SIRT1 and SREBP-1c messenger RNA (mRNA) expressions were evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTS

Diabetes caused a significantly increased fasting blood sugar, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance, liver total cholesterol and triglyceride (TG) content, which were attenuated after the administration of silymarin. Dietary silymarin caused the improvement of lipid content in the liver of diabetic rats. Moreover, silymarin administration promoted SIRT1, suppressed SREBP-1c mRNA expression, reduced liver nitric oxide and protein carbonyl content, and increased liver glycogen, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activity. Furthermore, histopathological changes were improved in the treated groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Silymarin administration considerably restored hepatic changes induced by streptozotocin and nicotinamide. The upregulation of SIRT1 mRNA expression by silymarin may be associated with decreased lipid, increased glycogen content and downregulation of the SREBP-1c gene in the liver.

Effect of insulin-coated trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles on IGF-1, IGF-2, and apoptosis in the hippocampus of diabetic male rats

BACKGROUND

Subcutaneous injection of insulin can lead to problems such as hypoglycemia and edema.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of oral insulin-coated trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles on control of glycemic status, IGF-1 and IGF-2 levels, and apoptosis in the hippocampus of rats with diabetes mellitus.

METHODS

Insulin-coated trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by the polyelectrolyte complex method (PEC) method. Insulin loading content, loading efficiency, quantity and quality of particle size were evaluated. In vivo study was performed in different treatment groups of male Wistar rats with diabetes mellitus by insulin-coated trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles or subcutaneous injection of trade insulin. The duration of diabetes was eight weeks and the treatment was started after that time and continued for another two weeks. Body weight, fasting blood glucose (FBS), hippocampal apoptosis, and immunohistochemical (IHC) protein levels of IGF-1 and IGF-2 were assessed at the end of the experiments.

RESULTS

The size and polydispersity indexes were 533 nanometers and 0.533, respectively. Insulin coated trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles showed high loading efficiency (97.67% ) and loading content (48.83% ). The spherical shape of nanoparticle was confirmed by transmission electron microscopic (TEM). The amine, amide, ether and aliphatic groups were evaluated using FT-IR spectrophotometer which represented the correctness of the insulin coated trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles. Although the apoptotic index was not changed either by insulin-coated nano-particles or commercial insulin, in vivo results showed the efficacy of insulin-coated nanoparticles as well as commercial insulin in compensated weight loss, FBS and protein levels of IGF-1 and IGF-2.

CONCLUSIONS

The present study showed the efficacy of insulin coated nanoparticle in oral route manner that can be tested in Phase I- III clinical trials. However, a behavioral study could reveal the efficacy of insulin-loaded nanoparticles in the improvement of cognitive changes through the modulation of IGF-1 and IGF-2 levels in the hippocampus.

Brucellosis Causes Alteration in Trace Elements and Oxidative Stress Factors

Brucellosis is regarded as one of the most common diseases among humans and livestock. In the present study, we aimed to assess the effect of this disease on the level of various cations including copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and magnesium (Mg) as well as oxidative stress status in the serum of people suffering from brucellosis. The present case-study was carried out on 40 patients with brucellosis (case) and 20 healthy people (control). Blood specimens were taken from all the people and the level of essential trace elements and oxidative stress status were measured. The serum level of copper in the case group (165.39 ± 43.19 μg/dl) was significantly higher compared with that in the control group (122.12 ± 28.88 μg/dl). Whereas the serum level of zinc was significantly lower in the case group compared with that in the control group (76.47 ± 28.88 vs. 92.85 ± 23.16 μg/dl). The manganese and magnesium serum levels did not differ significantly between the two groups. Furthermore, total antioxidant capacity level was significantly lower in the case group (122.12 ± 28.22 μmol/ml) than that in the control group (3.08 ± 0.12 μmol/ml) and the level of serum malondialdehyde was significantly higher in the case group (7.20 ± 0.23 mmol/ml) than that in the control group (4.0 ± 0.19 mmol/ml). Brucellosis can cause alteration in the serum level of essential trace elements. Moreover, the present study indicated that brucellosis produces oxidative stress in patients.

Association between seminal plasma neopterin and oxidative stress in male infertility: A case-control study

BACKGROUND

Neopterin is a significant and sensitive marker in estimating the activity of cellular immune system. Oxidative stress plays a role in the etiology of male infertility. Increased reactive oxygen species is accompanied with increase in neopterin level. Hence neopterin may be involved in male infertility.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this case-control study was to determine neopterin level in idiopathic infertile and normospermic men; furthermore, to identify its relationship with oxidative stress markers including total oxidant, malondialdehyde, sperm DNA fragmentation, and total antioxidant capacity of seminal plasma.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Forty seven infertile and forty three normospermic males were selected according to WHO criteria. Their semen and blood samples were taken; subsequently, the levels of neopterin, total oxidant, total antioxidant, malondialdehyde, and sperm DNA fragmentation were measured.

RESULTS

The levels of neopterin, total oxidant, and malondialdehyde in seminal plasma of infertile males were significantly higher than those of normospermic group (p=0.038, 0.018, and 0.028, respectively). Furthermore, sperm DNA fragmentation in infertile men was higher than that of control group (p<0.001). Moreover, total antioxidant capacity of seminal plasma in infertile males was significantly lower than that of normospermic subjects (p=0.002). No significant difference was observed in serum neopterin, total oxidant, and malondialdehyde between the infertile and normospermic groups.

CONCLUSION

The significant inverse correlation between seminal plasma neopterin and total antioxidant in the infertile males supports a possible role of neopterin in male infertility. Neopterin can be suggested as a marker in monitoring and diagnosis of idiopathic male infertility.