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Fang Z, Liu K, Pazo EE, Li F, Chang L, Zhang Z, Zhang C, Huang Y, Yang R, Liu H, Zhang C, Zhao S. Clinical ocular surface characteristics and expression of MUC5AC in diabetics: a population-based study. Eye (Lond) 2024:10.1038/s41433-024-03252-5. [PMID: 39069550 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-024-03252-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the clinical characteristics and the expression of mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) in in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects with or without dry eye disease. METHODS A total of 399 participants (796 eyes) aged 50-80 years were enrolled in this study. Participants were divided into 4 groups: non-diabetic without dry eye group (normal group), non-diabetic with dry eye group, diabetic without dry eye group and diabetic with dry eye group. Demographic information, fasting plasma glucose (FBG), and glycated haemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) data were collected. Additionally, ocular surface disease index (OSDI) questionnaire, signs of dry eye, tear osmolarity, and meibomian glands were evaluated. Tear MUC5AC expression and conjunctival goblet cells density (GCD) were tested. RESULTS Compared with non-diabetic with dry eye group, diabetic with dry eye group showed significantly lower tear film osmolarity (TFO), but higher corneal fluorescein and conjunctival lissamine green staining scores. In comparison with diabetic without dry eye group, diabetic with dry eye group showed significantly higher TFO, corneal fluorescein and conjunctival lissamine green staining scorers. The MUC5AC concentration and GCD of diabetic with dry eye group was significantly lower than those of the non-diabetic with dry eye group. Diabetic subjects with higher HbA1c levels (≥7.8%) showed higher TFO and shorter fluorescein tear break time. CONCLUSION Diabetics with dry eye exhibited notably higher corneal fluorescein and conjunctival lissamine green staining scores. Conjunctival goblet cells and MUC5AC were significantly reduced in diabetics. Higher TFO was associated with the duration of diabetes and HbA1c levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijie Fang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Emmanuel Eric Pazo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Fei Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lianqing Chang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - ZhongFang Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Caijie Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yue Huang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruibo Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China.
| | - Shaozhen Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China.
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Thomas KM, Ajithaprasad S, N M, Pavithran M S, Chidangil S, Lukose J. Raman spectroscopy assisted tear analysis: A label free, optical approach for noninvasive disease diagnostics. Exp Eye Res 2024; 243:109913. [PMID: 38679225 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
In recent times, tear fluid analysis has garnered considerable attention in the field of biomarker-based diagnostics due to its noninvasive sample collection method. Tears encompass a reservoir of biomarkers that assist in diagnosing not only ocular disorders but also a diverse list of systemic diseases. This highlights the necessity for sensitive and dependable screening methods to employ tear fluid as a potential noninvasive diagnostic specimen in clinical environments. Considerable research has been conducted to investigate the potential of Raman spectroscopy-based investigations for tear analysis in various diagnostic applications. Raman Spectroscopy (RS) is a highly sensitive and label free spectroscopic technique which aids in investigating the molecular structure of samples by evaluating the vibrational frequencies of molecular bonds. Due to the distinct chemical compositions of different samples, it is possible to obtain a sample-specific spectral fingerprint. The distinctive spectral fingerprints obtained from Raman spectroscopy enable researchers to identify specific compounds or functional groups present in a sample, aiding in diverse biomedical applications. Its sensitivity to changes in molecular structure or environment provides invaluable insights into subtle alterations associated with various diseases. Thus, Raman Spectroscopy has the potential to assist in diagnosis and treatment as well as prognostic evaluation. Raman spectroscopy possesses several advantages, such as the non-destructive examination of samples, remarkable sensitivity to structural variations, minimal prerequisites for sample preparation, negligible interference from water, and the aptness for real-time investigation of tear samples. The purpose of this review is to highlight the potential of Raman spectroscopic technique in facilitating the clinical diagnosis of various ophthalmic and systemic disorders through non-invasive tear analysis. Additionally, the review delves into the advancements made in Raman spectroscopy with regards to paper-based sensing substrates and tear analysis methods integrated into contact lenses. Furthermore, the review also addresses the obstacles and future possibilities associated with implementing Raman spectroscopy as a routine diagnostic tool based on tear analysis in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keziah Mary Thomas
- Dr. Agarwal's Eye Hospital and Eye Research Centre, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sreeprasad Ajithaprasad
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mithun N
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sanoop Pavithran M
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Santhosh Chidangil
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Jijo Lukose
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
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3
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Ponzini E. Tear biomarkers. Adv Clin Chem 2024; 120:69-115. [PMID: 38762243 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2024.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
An extensive exploration of lacrimal fluid molecular biomarkers in understanding and diagnosing a spectrum of ocular and systemic diseases is presented. The chapter provides an overview of lacrimal fluid composition, elucidating the roles of proteins, lipids, metabolites, and nucleic acids within the tear film. Pooled versus single-tear analysis is discussed to underline the benefits and challenges associated with both approaches, offering insights into optimal strategies for tear sample analysis. Subsequently, an in-depth analysis of tear collection methods is presented, with a focus on Schirmer's test strips and microcapillary tubes methods. Alternative tear collection techniques are also explored, shedding light on their applicability and advantages. Variability factors, including age, sex, and diurnal fluctuations, are examined in the context of their impact on tear biomarker analysis. The main body of the chapter is dedicated to discussing specific biomarkers associated with ocular discomfort and a wide array of ocular diseases. From dry eye disease and thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy to keratoconus, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma, the intricate relationship between molecular biomarkers and these conditions is thoroughly dissected. Expanding beyond ocular pathologies, the chapter explores the applicability of tear biomarkers in diagnosing systemic diseases such as multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and cancer. This broader perspective underscores the potential of lacrimal fluid analysis in offering non-invasive diagnostic tools for conditions with far-reaching implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Ponzini
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy; COMiB Research Center, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
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Gurumurthy S, Srinivasan B, Agarwal S, Matai H, Angayarkanni N, Iyer G. Unique cytokine signature in ocular Stevens-Johnson syndrome non-responders. Ocul Surf 2024; 32:173-181. [PMID: 38490474 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2024.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To clinically define a subset of patients with chronic ocular Stevens-Johnson syndrome non-responders (SJS-NR) and analyze their cytokine profile compared to clinical responders (SJS-CR). METHODS A total of 32 SJS cases (n = 32, 64 eyes) managed over a period of three years were segregated into clinical responders (n = 24, 48 eyes) and non-responders (n = 8, 16 eyes). Cases were determined as non-responders based on persistent, refractory, and non-mechanical inflammation of the conjunctiva. Age- and sex-matched healthy controls (n = 25, 50 eyes) were recruited. Tear specimens collected using Schirmer's strip were profiled for 27 cytokines using an immunoassay-based 27-bioplex array. RESULTS Tear cytokine profiling revealed 18 cytokines to be differentially expressed in SJS-NR compared to SJS-CR. While PDGF-BB, IL-4, IL-1β, VEGF, IL-12p70, IFN-γ, IL-9, and IL-1RA were upregulated, GM-CSF, eotaxin, IP-10, IL-10, MCP-1, G-CSF, IL-6, IL-13, and bFGF were downregulated in SJS-NR compared to SJS-CR. The cytokines IL-13, IL-10, and IP-10 were decreased in both SJS-NR and SJS-CR compared to controls. CONCLUSION The inflammation in SJS-NR continues to worsen despite the correction of mechanical causes, resulting in progressive deterioration of the cornea. The cytokine profile of SJS-NR was remarkably different from that of SJS-CR, indicating a T helper 2-type protective proliferative response and an impaired migratory potential of the conjunctival epithelium. These factors could possibly lead to poor healing of the corneal epithelium in a markedly pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic milieu. The top four differentially expressed cytokines, PDGF-BB, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-6, are proposed as potential biomarkers of SJS-NR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srividya Gurumurthy
- R. S. Mehta Jain Dept. of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, KBIRVO, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, 600 006, India
| | - Bhaskar Srinivasan
- C. J. Shah Cornea Services, Dr. G Sitalakshmi Memorial Clinic for Ocular Disorders, SN-Sanmar Center of Excellence for SJS, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, 600 006, India
| | - Shweta Agarwal
- C. J. Shah Cornea Services, Dr. G Sitalakshmi Memorial Clinic for Ocular Disorders, SN-Sanmar Center of Excellence for SJS, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, 600 006, India
| | - Hiren Matai
- C. J. Shah Cornea Services, Dr. G Sitalakshmi Memorial Clinic for Ocular Disorders, SN-Sanmar Center of Excellence for SJS, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, 600 006, India
| | - Narayanasamy Angayarkanni
- R. S. Mehta Jain Dept. of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, KBIRVO, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, 600 006, India.
| | - Geetha Iyer
- C. J. Shah Cornea Services, Dr. G Sitalakshmi Memorial Clinic for Ocular Disorders, SN-Sanmar Center of Excellence for SJS, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, 600 006, India.
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Tham ML, Mahmud A, Abdullah M, Md Saleh R, Mohammad Razali A, Cheah YK, Mohd Taib N, Ho KL, Mahmud M, Mohd Isa M. Tear Samples for Protein Extraction: Comparative Analysis of Schirmer's Test Strip and Microcapillary Tube Methods. Cureus 2023; 15:e50972. [PMID: 38259376 PMCID: PMC10800704 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.50972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tear sampling is an attractive option for collecting biological samples in ophthalmology clinics, as it offers a non-invasive alternative to other invasive techniques. However, there are many tear sampling methods still in consideration. This study explores the suitability of Schirmer's test strip and microcapillary tube as reliable and satisfactory methods for tear sampling. METHODS Tear samples were collected from eight healthy volunteers using the standard Schirmer's test strip method with or without anesthesia and microcapillary tubes. The total tear protein concentrations were analyzed via spectrophotometry and bicinchoninic acid (BCA) protein assay. The protein profile was determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The optimal wetting length of Schirmer's strip and suitable buffer solutions were compared. Discomfort levels reported by participants and the ease of execution for ophthalmologists were also evaluated. RESULTS Tear samples exhibited typical protein profiles as shown by SDS-PAGE. The mean total protein obtained from an optimum wetting length of 20 mm using Schirmer's strip without anesthesia in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) yielded substantial quantities of protein as measured by nanophotometer (220.20 ± 67.43 µg) and the BCA protein assay (210.34 ± 59.46 µg). This method collected a significantly higher quantity of protein compared to the microcapillary tube method (p=0.004) which was much more difficult to standardize. The clinician found it harder to utilize microcapillary tubes, while participants experienced higher insecurity and less discomfort with the microcapillary tube method. PBS used during the tear protein extraction process eluted higher tear protein concentration than ammonium bicarbonate, although the difference was not statistically significant. Using anaesthesia did not ease the sampling procedure substantially and protein quantity was maintained. CONCLUSION Good quality and quantity of protein from tear samples were extracted with the optimized procedure. Schirmer's strip test in the absence of local anesthesia provided a standard, convenient, and non-invasive method for tear collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Ling Tham
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, MYS
| | - Aidalina Mahmud
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, MYS
| | - Maha Abdullah
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, MYS
| | - Rafidah Md Saleh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, MYS
| | - Amirah Mohammad Razali
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, MYS
| | - Yoke Kqueen Cheah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, MYS
| | - Niazlin Mohd Taib
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, MYS
| | - Kok Lian Ho
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, MYS
| | - Mazaya Mahmud
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, MYS
| | - Muhammad Mohd Isa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, MYS
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Menta V, Agarwal S, Das US, Moksha L, Srividya G, Anandan AM, Srinivasan B, Iyer G, Velpandian T, Angayarkanni N. Ocular surface sphingolipids associate with the refractory nature of vernal keratoconjunctivitis: newer insights in VKC pathogenesis. Br J Ophthalmol 2023; 107:461-469. [PMID: 34670752 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2021-319324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The etiopathogenesis of vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is incompletely understood. Bioactive lipids play a key role in allergic disorders. This study focused on the sphingolipid metabolism on the ocular surface of VKC and to explore if it has a contributory role in the refractoriness of the disease. METHODS Active VKC cases, (n=87) (classified as mild/moderate and severe/very severe based on the disease symptoms) and age-matched healthy controls (n=60) were recruited as part of a 2-year prospective study at a tertiary eye care centre in South India. Conjunctival imprint cytology was used to assess gene expression of enzymes of sphingolipids metabolism. Sphingolipids were estimated in the tears by LC-MS/MS analysis. In vitro study was done to assess IgE-induced alterations in sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor expression and histone modification in cultured mast cells. RESULTS Significantly altered gene expression of the sphingolipids enzymes and S1P receptor (SIP3R) were observed in conjunctival imprint cells of VKC cases. Pooled tears analysis revealed significantly lowered levels of S1P(d17:0), S1P(d20:1) (p<0.001) and S1P(d17:1) (p<0.01) specifically in severe/very severe VKC compared with both mild/moderate VKC and control. Cer(d18:/17:0) (p<0.001), ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P)(d18:1/8:0) (p<0.01) and C1P(d18:1/2.0 (p<0.05) were lowered in severe/very severe VKC compared with mild/moderate VKC. Cultured mast cells treated with IgE revealed significantly increased gene expression of S1P1 and 3 receptors and the protein expression of histone deacetylases (1, 6). CONCLUSION Altered sphingolipid metabolism in the ocular surface results in low tear ceramide and sphingosine levels in severe/very severe VKC compared with the mild/moderate cases. The novel finding opens up fresh targets for intervention in these refractory cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Menta
- R.S. Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shweta Agarwal
- C.J. Shah Cornea Services, Dr G Sitalaksmi Memorial Clinic for Ocular Surface Disorders, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ujjalkumar Subhash Das
- Ocular Pharmacology and Pharmacy Division, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Laxmi Moksha
- Ocular Pharmacology and Pharmacy Division, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Gurumurthy Srividya
- R.S. Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Amrutha M Anandan
- C.J. Shah Cornea Services, Dr G Sitalaksmi Memorial Clinic for Ocular Surface Disorders, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bhaskar Srinivasan
- C.J. Shah Cornea Services, Dr G Sitalaksmi Memorial Clinic for Ocular Surface Disorders, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Geetha Iyer
- C.J. Shah Cornea Services, Dr G Sitalaksmi Memorial Clinic for Ocular Surface Disorders, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thirumurthy Velpandian
- Ocular Pharmacology and Pharmacy Division, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Narayanasamy Angayarkanni
- R.S. Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Ozdalgic B, Gul M, Uygun ZO, Atçeken N, Tasoglu S. Emerging Applications of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy in Tear Film Analysis. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:827. [PMID: 36290964 PMCID: PMC9599721 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Human tear film, with a flow rate of 1-3 µL/min, is a rich bodily fluid that transmits a variety of metabolites and hormones containing proteins, lipids and electrolytes that provide clues about ocular and systemic diseases. Analysis of disease biomarkers such as proteins, mRNA, enzymes and cytokines in the tear film, collected by noninvasive methods, can provide significant results for sustaining a predictive, preventive and personalized medicine regarding various diseases such as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, keratoconus, dry eye, cancer, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and COVID-19. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) offers a powerful technique for analyzing these biomarkers. EIS detects electrical equivalent circuit parameters related to biorecognition of receptor-analyte interactions on the electrode surface. This method is advantageous as it performs a label-free detection and allows the detection of non-electroactive compounds that cannot be detected by direct electron transfer, such as hormones and some proteins. Here, we review the opportunities regarding the integration of EIS into tear fluid sampling approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berin Ozdalgic
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Türkiye
- Koç University Translational Medicine Research Center (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Türkiye
- Division of Optometry, School of Med Services & Techniques, Dogus University, Istanbul 34775, Türkiye
| | - Munire Gul
- Koç University Translational Medicine Research Center (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Türkiye
| | - Zihni Onur Uygun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Türkiye
- Koç University Translational Medicine Research Center (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Türkiye
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kafkas University, Kars 36100, Türkiye
| | - Nazente Atçeken
- Koç University Translational Medicine Research Center (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Türkiye
| | - Savas Tasoglu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Türkiye
- Koç University Translational Medicine Research Center (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Türkiye
- Boğaziçi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul 34684, Türkiye
- Koç University Arçelik Research Center for Creative Industries (KUAR), Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Türkiye
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Non-Invasive Nasal Discharge Fluid and Other Body Fluid Biomarkers in Alzheimer’s Disease. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081532. [PMID: 35893788 PMCID: PMC9330777 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The key to current Alzheimer’s disease (AD) therapy is the early diagnosis for prompt intervention, since available treatments only slow the disease progression. Therefore, this lack of promising therapies has called for diagnostic screening tests to identify those likely to develop full-blown AD. Recent AD diagnosis guidelines incorporated core biomarker analyses into criteria, including amyloid-β (Aβ), total-tau (T-tau), and phosphorylated tau (P-tau). Though effective, the accessibility of screening tests involving conventional cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)- and blood-based analyses is often hindered by the invasiveness and high cost. In an attempt to overcome these shortcomings, biomarker profiling research using non-invasive body fluid has shown the potential to capture the pathological changes in the patients’ bodies. These novel non-invasive body fluid biomarkers for AD have emerged as diagnostic and pathological targets. Here, we review the potential peripheral biomarkers, including non-invasive peripheral body fluids of nasal discharge, tear, saliva, and urine for AD.
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Jackson CJ, Gundersen KG, Tong L, Utheim TP. Dry eye disease and proteomics. Ocul Surf 2022; 24:119-128. [PMID: 35278720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is a highly prevalent disease worldwide mostly associated with age, though other factors such as screen use and contact lens wear explain why it is increasingly diagnosed in younger people. DED also disproportionately affects women. Symptoms include eye dryness, burning, pain and sensitivity to light that can significantly affect quality of life. This condition may progress to cause lasting damage to the ocular surface if left untreated. Currently, diagnosis is through assessment of signs and symptoms determined by clinical tests and questionnaires. However, there is considerable overlap between normal and DED result distributions of currently available metrics as signs and symptoms fluctuate over time and with disease severity. Importantly, the non-targeted approach of proteomics means that significant changes in novel proteins may be discovered. Proteomics is a powerful tool that has been applied to the field of DED to understand changes at a biochemical level, uncover new disease biomarkers and determine the success of clinical interventions. While individual proteins may not be sensitive enough when used as single biomarkers, proteomics opens the possibility to uncover several relevant proteins that may be combined in a panel to provide more accurate diagnostic value i.e. parallel testing. In this review we discuss the use of proteomics in DED research and the potential for application of proteomic results in the clinic. We also identify shortcomings and future avenues for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Joan Jackson
- IFocus Øyeklinikk AS, Haugesund, Norway; Institute of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0318, Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - Louis Tong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore; Department of Cornea and External Diseases, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore; Department of Ophthalmology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Tor Paaske Utheim
- Institute of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0318, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, 0450, Oslo, Norway; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, 0450, Oslo, Norway; Department of Ophthalmology, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, 3019, Drammen, Norway; Department of Ophthalmology, Stavanger University Hospital, 4011, Stavanger, Norway; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway; Department of Ophthalmology, Sørlandet Hospital Arendal, 4604, Arendal, Norway; National Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of South Eastern Norway, 3603, Kongsberg, Norway; Department of Research and Development, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
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Tear metabolomics highlights new potential biomarkers for differentiating between Sjögren's syndrome and other causes of dry eye. Ocul Surf 2021; 22:110-116. [PMID: 34332148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The lacrimal exocrinopathy of primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is one of the main causes of severe dry eye syndrome and a burden for patients. Early recognition and treatment could prevent irreversible damage to lacrimal glands. The aim of this study was to find biomarkers in tears, using metabolomics and data mining approaches, in patients with newly-diagnosed pSS compared to other causes of dry eye syndrome. METHODS A prospective cohort of 40 pSS and 40 non-pSS Sicca patients with dryness was explored through a standardized targeted metabolomic approach using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. A metabolomic signature predictive of the pSS status was sought out using linear (logistic regression with elastic-net regularization) and non-linear (random forests) machine learning architectures, after splitting the studied population into training, validation and test sets. RESULTS Among the 104 metabolites accurately measured in tears, we identified a discriminant signature composed of nine metabolites (two amino acids: serine, aspartate; one biogenic amine: dopamine; six lipids: Lysophosphatidylcholine C16:1, C18:1, C18:2, sphingomyelin C16:0 and C22:3, and the phoshatidylcholine diacyl PCaa C42:4), with robust performances (ROC-AUC = 0.83) for predicting the pSS status. Adjustment for age, sex and anti-SSA antibodies did not disrupt the link between the metabolomic signature and the pSS status. The non-lipidic components also remained specific for pSS regardless of the dryness severity. CONCLUSION Our results reveal a metabolomic signature for tears that distinguishes pSS from other dry eye syndromes and further highlight nine key metabolites of potential interest for early diagnosis and therapeutics of pSS.
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Hussain A, Gopalakrishnan A, Muthuvel B, Hussaindeen JR, Narayanasamy A, Sivaraman V. Young adults with myopia have lower concentrations of neuromodulators-dopamine and melatonin in serum and tear. Exp Eye Res 2021; 209:108684. [PMID: 34175263 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this experimental case-control study was to explore the association between myopia and concentration of dopamine and melatonin in serum and tear fluid among young myopic adults, compared to age matched non-myopic controls. Healthy myopic adults with Spherical equivalent refraction (SER) of ≤ -0.50 D to -6.00 D and emmetropic adults were included in the study. All participants underwent comprehensive eye examination and ocular biometric measures that included-axial length and corneal radii. Insomnia symptom questionnaire (ISQ) was used to screen the symptoms associated with the diagnostic criteria for primary insomnia. Morning serum and tear concentration of dopamine and melatonin were collected and was quantified using High performance liquid chromatography. A total number of 40 participants, 21 myopes and 19 controls, with a median (IQR) age of myopes 24 [21-34] years and controls 24 [20-29] years were studied. The Median [IQR] of SER was -2.00[-6.25-(-0.50)] D and 0 [(-0.50)-0.25] D for myopes and controls respectively. Myopes were found to have significantly lower concentration of serum dopamine (Median [IQR]) 190 [50-342] ng/mL compared to controls (Median [IQR]) 411 [84-717] ng/mL (U = 88, p < 0.002). Likewise, myopes showed significantly lower serum melatonin concentration of 40 [20-169] ng/mL compared to controls 203 [22-539] ng/mL (U = 88.50, p < 0.001). Myopes exhibited lower concentration of tear dopamine 101 [8-188] ng/mL compared to controls 136 [25-451] ng/mL (U = 103, p < 0.05). Likewise, myopes showed significantly lower tear melatonin concentration 6 [2-18] ng/mL compared to controls 9 [2-23] ng/mL (U = 104, p < 0.05). Both serum dopamine (r = 0.419, p < 0.05) and melatonin (r = 0.323, p < 0.05) showed significant positive association with increase in spherical equivalent refraction (SER). The observed changes in the decreased concentration of Dopamine and Melatonin among young adult myopes and its association with refraction indicates the role of altered circadian rhythm in the human myopia mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azfira Hussain
- Myopia Clinic, Sankara Nethralaya, Unit of Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, India
| | - Aparna Gopalakrishnan
- Myopia Clinic, Sankara Nethralaya, Unit of Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, India; Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Australia
| | - Bharathselvi Muthuvel
- R.S.Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | | | - Angayarkanni Narayanasamy
- R.S.Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Viswanathan Sivaraman
- Myopia Clinic, Sankara Nethralaya, Unit of Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, India.
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Pieczyński J, Szulc U, Harazna J, Szulc A, Kiewisz J. Tear fluid collection methods: Review of current techniques. Eur J Ophthalmol 2021; 31:2245-2251. [PMID: 33631970 DOI: 10.1177/1120672121998922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Tear fluid, composed of lipid, aqueous, and mucin layers, contains electrolytes, water, proteins, peptides, and glycoproteins. Its components may serve as diagnostic indicators of local and systemic diseases. The aim of the study was to conduct literature review in order to identify the current methods of tear collection. The most commonly used method which was relatively easy to perform and allowed to obtain sufficient tear volume for further chemical and physical analysis was selected through PubMed database search for the following keywords: tear sampling, human tears, chemical analysis of tears, physical tear analysis, animal tear sampling. Final criteria of articles selection were: human tears, tear sample collection, chemical and physical analysis of tears. Time of publication of the articles not older than 1995. The analysis of 70 articles revealed that the most common tear fluid collection methods are Schirmer tear strips and capillary tubes. Thus, we recommend the use of Schirmer strips and microcapillary tubes as the cheapest and easiest methods for sampling of tear fluid for further chemical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Pieczyński
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
- Regional Specialist Hospital of Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Urszula Szulc
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Joanna Harazna
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Nephrology and Hypertensiology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aleksandra Szulc
- Department of Human Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jolanta Kiewisz
- Department of Human Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
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Barmada A, Shippy SA. Quantifying Sample Collection and Processing Impacts on Fiber-Based Tear Fluid Chemical Analysis. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:23. [PMID: 33024616 PMCID: PMC7521181 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.10.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Noninvasive analyses of tear fluid from humans and animal models in clinical and research settings most commonly use absorbent material for collection and processing. Still, the impact of these analytical techniques on tear chemical analyses remains largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to quantify the impacts of phenol red thread fiber-based tear sample collection and processing on the primary amine content. Methods Human tears were collected by placing the folded end of phenol red thread on the palpebral conjunctiva of the right eye for 20 seconds. The wetted thread was then processed using elution or extraction, and capillary electrophoresis with light-emitting diode-induced fluorescence detection was used for analysis and quantitation. Results Distinct processing methods impacted tear analysis differently. Primary amines adsorbed onto the thread partitioned in a chromatographic manner and thus any single portion of the wetted thread might not be representative of the whole sample. Quantitative assessment of five small molecule standards after on-thread processing showed significant overestimation of the actual concentration, with increased accuracy for larger volume samples. Yet collection of larger tear volumes introduced error in volume determination owing to evaporation and reduced small molecule separation resolution. Conclusions These results indicated that absorption-based tear fluid collection and processing significantly alter chemical content analysis, suggesting that the impacts of methods used should be regularly evaluated to standardize results drawn from different studies. Translational Relevance This study identifies potential inconsistencies and inaccuracies in tear analyses that are widespread across the published literature and clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anis Barmada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Scott A Shippy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States.,Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
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Taunk K, Kalita B, Kale V, Chanukuppa V, Naiya T, Zingde SM, Rapole S. The development and clinical applications of proteomics: an Indian perspective. Expert Rev Proteomics 2020; 17:433-451. [PMID: 32576061 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2020.1787157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Proteomic research has been extensively used to identify potential biomarkers or targets for various diseases. Advances in mass spectrometry along with data analytics have led proteomics to become a powerful tool for exploring the critical molecular players associated with diseases, thereby, playing a significant role in the development of proteomic applications for the clinic. AREAS COVERED This review presents recent advances in the development and clinical applications of proteomics in India toward understanding various diseases including cancer, metabolic diseases, and reproductive diseases. Keywords combined with 'clinical proteomics in India' 'proteomic research in India' and 'mass spectrometry' were used to search PubMed. EXPERT OPINION The past decade has seen a significant increase in research in clinical proteomics in India. This approach has resulted in the development of proteomics-based marker technologies for disease management in the country. The majority of these investigations are still in the discovery phase and efforts have to be made to address the intended clinical use so that the identified potential biomarkers reach the clinic. To move toward this necessity, there is a pressing need to establish some key infrastructure requirements and meaningful collaborations between the clinicians and scientists which will enable more effective solutions to address health issues specific to India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushman Taunk
- Proteomics Lab, National Centre for Cell Science , Pune, Maharashtra, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, West Bengal , Haringhata, West Bengal, India
| | - Bhargab Kalita
- Proteomics Lab, National Centre for Cell Science , Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vaikhari Kale
- Proteomics Lab, National Centre for Cell Science , Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Tufan Naiya
- Department of Biotechnology, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, West Bengal , Haringhata, West Bengal, India
| | - Surekha M Zingde
- CH3-53, Kendriya Vihar, Sector 11, Kharghar , Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Srikanth Rapole
- Proteomics Lab, National Centre for Cell Science , Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Mani R, Shobha PS, Thilagavathi S, Prema P, Viswanathan N, Vineet R, Dhanashree R, Angayarkanni N. Altered mucins and aquaporins indicate dry eye outcome in patients undergoing Vitreo-retinal surgery. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233517. [PMID: 32437405 PMCID: PMC7241722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitreo-retinal (VR) surgeries induce conjunctival changes. However, there are no study reports regarding prevalence and severity of dry eye after these surgeries. This study evaluated dry eye outcome after VR surgery. Patients undergoing VR surgery classified as scleral buckle and microincision vitrectomy surgery (n = 44, mean age: 56.09±10.2 years) were recruited. Dry eye evaluation was done before and 8 weeks after surgery (2 weeks after omitting topical eye drops). Conjunctival imprint cytology for goblet cell count and tear Mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) protein estimation was done. Gene expressions of MUC5AC, MUC4, MUC16, Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) and AQP5 were analyzed in the conjunctival imprint cells by qPCR. None of the patients exhibited clinical signs of dry eye after VR surgery. But the conjunctival goblet cell density (GCD) was significantly lowered post-VR surgery (63% cases, **p = 0.012) with no alterations in the tear MUC5AC protein. Post-VR surgery, the conjunctival cell gene expression of MUC4, MUC16 and AQP4 were significantly increased (*p = 0.025, *p = 0.05 and *p = 0.02 respectively) and AQP5 was significantly lowered (*p = 0.037), with no change in MUC5AC expression. Tear cytokines were significantly increased post-VR surgery (anti-inflammatory: IL1RA, IL4, IL5, IL9, FGF; PDGFbb and pro-inflammatory: IL2, IL6, IL15, GMCSF and IFNg). Though clinical signs of dry eye were not observed after VR surgery, ocular surface changes in the form of reduced GCD, altered MUC5AC, MUC4, MUC16, AQP4, AQP5 and cytokines are suggestive of dry eye outcome at the molecular level especially inpatients aged above 51 years, especially female gender and those who are diabetic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramalingam Mani
- RS Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Vision Research Foundation, SankaraNethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - P. S. Shobha
- Elite School of Optometry, Medical Research Foundation, SankaraNethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Saravanan Thilagavathi
- Elite School of Optometry, Medical Research Foundation, SankaraNethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Padmanabhan Prema
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Medical Research Foundation, SankaraNethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Natarajan Viswanathan
- Department of Bio-Statistics, Vision Research Foundation, SankaraNethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Ratra Vineet
- Department of Comprehensive Ophthalmology, Medical Research Foundation, SankaraNethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Ratra Dhanashree
- Department of Vitreo-retinal Diseases, Medical Research Foundation, SankaraNethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Narayanasamy Angayarkanni
- RS Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Vision Research Foundation, SankaraNethralaya, Chennai, India
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Graham KL, Diefenbach E, McCowan CI, White AJR. A technique for shotgun proteomic analysis of the precorneal tear film in dogs with naturally occurring primary glaucoma. Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 24 Suppl 1:131-145. [PMID: 32364655 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To introduce a protocol for the characterization of protein patterns in tears of dogs with primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). ANIMALS Nineteen dogs (25 eyes). METHODS Tear samples were collected using a Schirmer tear strip, from dogs with PACG (PACG-affected eyes, n = 8; unaffected eyes predisposed to PACG, n = 7), POAG (n = 4), and healthy controls (n = 6). Protein precipitation and trypsin digestion were performed for analyses via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Proteins were identified using the SwissProt protein sequence database. Relative protein expression in 17 eyes (15 dogs) was evaluated using Proteome Discoverer 2.0. Pathway analyses were performed to investigate molecular mechanisms associated with primary glaucoma. RESULTS Unique peptides were identified in 505 proteins, with Major allergen Can f 1 and albumin identified with high confidence. Proteins unique to tears from diseased eyes (PACG: n = 7; POAG: n = 14) were identified. Nucleoside diphosphate was unique to tears in PACG eyes naïve to therapy, while retinal binding protein and NSFL1 cofactor p47 were unique to medicated PACG eyes. Relative expression of 34 proteins differed between disease states. Pathway analyses identified that the 'inflammatory response' was among the top disease/disorders in dogs with primary glaucoma (PACG and POAG) but not in healthy controls. CONCLUSION Tear samples suitable for mass spectrometry were readily obtained from pet dogs without needing specialized equipment. Further studies to validate the findings and explore potential candidate biomarkers for early disease detection and potential therapeutic targets are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen L Graham
- Clinical Ophthalmology and Eye Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Eve Diefenbach
- Westmead Proteomics Facility, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Christina I McCowan
- University of Melbourne Veterinary Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, Victoria State Government, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Andrew J R White
- Clinical Ophthalmology and Eye Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Centre of Vision Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
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Nättinen J, Aapola U, Jylhä A, Vaajanen A, Uusitalo H. Comparison of Capillary and Schirmer Strip Tear Fluid Sampling Methods Using SWATH-MS Proteomics Approach. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:16. [PMID: 32714642 PMCID: PMC7351636 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.3.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the protein profile differences between capillary and Schirmer strip tear fluid samples. Methods Both capillary and Schirmer strip tear samples were collected from 31 healthy participants at the same visit, and the samples were analyzed with nanoflow liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometer (NanoLC-MSTOF), implementing a sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion spectra mass spectrometry (SWATH-MS). Sample type-specific and combined spectral libraries were used to evaluate the differences between the sample types in protein expression levels and biological functions. Results In proportion, more extracellular proteins connected to immune response were quantified from the capillary samples while Schirmer strip samples contained more intracellular proteins. The sample types yielded similar counts of quantified proteins when a combined spectral library including both sample types was implemented. The differential expression analysis between the sample types identified proteins increased in the capillary samples (e.g., immunoglobulins) and Schirmer strip samples (e.g., heat-shock proteins, annexins, and S100 proteins). Conclusions Tear proteomics data originating from the same participants vary depending on whether the sample is collected with capillary or Schirmer strip, although there is also overlap between the two sample types when a combined spectral library is implemented in the SWATH-MS analysis. In discovery-based proteomics research of tear fluid, appropriate sampling method should be chosen carefully based on the research focus. Translational Relevance Currently, there is no consensus on how the tear fluid sampling methods affect the resulting proteomics data, and hence, identification of the most suitable sampling methods for clinical researchers with varying research interests is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janika Nättinen
- SILK, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ulla Aapola
- SILK, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Antti Jylhä
- SILK, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Anu Vaajanen
- Tays Eye Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Hannu Uusitalo
- SILK, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Tays Eye Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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Srividya G, Jain M, Mahalakshmi K, Gayathri S, Raman R, Angayarkanni N. A novel and less invasive technique to assess cytokine profile of vitreous in patients of diabetic macular oedema. Eye (Lond) 2018; 32:820-829. [PMID: 29303154 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2017.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PurposeA pilot study to validate the collection of vitreous reflux (VR) after intravitreal injection using Schirmers tear strips was carried out. We assessed its efficiency for proteomics studies by estimating the differential expression of 27 cytokines using multiplexed bead array in diabetic macular oedema and proliferative diabetic retinopathy. To set, validate and assess the efficacy of Schirmer tear strips for collecting VR in patients undergoing intravitreal injections for diabetic macular oedema (DME).Patients and methodsVR samples were collected from 11 eyes of DME patients after intravitreal injections using Schirmer tear strips. Undiluted vitrectomy samples were obtained from six eyes of non-diabetic patients with idiopathic macular hole and seven eyes of diabetic patients with high-risk proliferative diabetic retinopathy (Hr-PDR), which were also subsampled on the Schirmer tear strips. Tear sampling was done in a subset of the DME patients. Total protein concentration between VR and vitrectomy samples was compared. Levels of the set of 27 cytokines in Schirmer tear strips samples were measured. Inter-group comparison for cytokines was done using Mann-Whitney U-test.ResultsSimilar protein concentration in VR samples and vitrectomy samples (P<0.05) was obtained. Tear protein contamination was not detected in VR samples. In comparison with no-DR patients, 25 and 20 of the measured 27 cytokines were significantly elevated (P<0.05) in the Hr-PDR and DME patients, respectively. As compared with no-DR patients, vascular endothelial growth factor was only moderately elevated in DME patients (P>0.05), but significantly elevated in Hr-PDR patients (P<0.05). Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist/interleukin 1b (IL1RA/IL1b) ratio was 13 times higher in DME patients as compared with Hr-PDR group.ConclusionWe demonstrated a simple, safe method of VR sampling. This technique provides a pure, albeit small, vitreous sample for proteomics. IL1RA/IL1b ratio was found to be 13-fold higher in the DME group as compared to the Hr-PDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Srividya
- RS Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, KBIRVO Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - M Jain
- Shri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreo Retinal Services, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - K Mahalakshmi
- Department of Zoology, Quaid-E-Millat Government College for women, University of Madras, Chennai, India
| | - S Gayathri
- Shri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreo Retinal Services, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - R Raman
- Shri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreo Retinal Services, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - N Angayarkanni
- RS Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, KBIRVO Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
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Balne PK, Au VB, Tong L, Ghosh A, Agrawal M, Connolly J, Agrawal R. Bead Based Multiplex Assay for Analysis of Tear Cytokine Profiles. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 29053687 DOI: 10.3791/55993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tear film is a complex mixture of lipids, proteins and minerals which covers the external surface of the eye, thereby providing lubrication, nutrition and protection to the underlying cells. Analysis of tears is an emerging area for the identification of biomarkers for the prediction, diagnosis, and prognosis of various ocular diseases. Tears are easily accessible and their collection is non-invasive. Therefore, advancing technologies are gaining prominence for identification of multiple analytes in tears to study changes in protein or metabolite composition and its association with pathological conditions. Tear cytokines are ideal biomarkers for studying the health of the ocular surface and also help in understanding the mechanisms of different ocular surface disorders like dry eye disease and vernal conjunctivitis. Bead based multiplex assays have the capability of detecting multiple analytes in a small amount of sample with a higher sensitivity. Here we describe a standardized protocol of tear sample collection, extraction and analysis of cytokine profiling using a bead based multiplex assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Kumar Balne
- National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital; Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rupesh Agrawal
- National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital;
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Gurumurthy S, Iyer G, Srinivasan B, Agarwal S, Angayarkanni N. Ocular surface cytokine profile in chronic Stevens-Johnson syndrome and its response to mucous membrane grafting for lid margin keratinisation. Br J Ophthalmol 2017; 102:169-176. [PMID: 28689166 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-310373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To study the tear cytokine and the conjunctival and oral mucosal marker profile in chronic ocular Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and their alteration following mucous membrane grafting (MMG) for lid margin keratinisation (LMK). METHODS In a 1-year prospective study, SJS cases (n=25) and age-matched/sex-matched healthy controls (n=25) were recruited. Tear specimen (Schirmer's strip), conjunctival and oral mucosal imprints were collected from controls and SJS cases pre-MMG and post-MMG (at first follow-up, n=17). Tear cytokines were profiled using 27-bioplex array. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)-mediated extracellular matrix changes in conjunctival and oral mucosal cells were analysed by gene expression studies. 30 RESULTS: Tear cytokine profiling of chronic SJS cases at pre-MMG stage revealed significant upregulation of cytokines granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin (IL)-8, IL-1β, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, IL-15, IL-2, IL-17A and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) with downregulation of IP-10 (interferon gamma-induced protein 10), tumour necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, IL-10, vascular endothelial growth factor, regulated upon activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), IL-7, IL-12p70 and IL-13, with maximal increase in GM-CSF and maximal downregulation of IP-10, respectively. Of these, IL-2, IL-15, bFGF and IL-17A showed significant correlation with disease severity, pre-MMG. Conjunctival cells pre-MMG showed increase in TGF-β1, TGF-βRII, connective tissue growth factor and collagen-III gene expression by 10, 67, 173 and 184 folds, respectively, which dropped to 1.3, 11, 13.5 and 19 folds correspondingly, post-MMG. However, their expressions in oral mucosa were negligible. CONCLUSION A proinflammatory, profibrotic, antiapoptotic ocular surface milieu characterises chronic ocular SJS. IP-10, an antifibrotic cytokine was noted to be maximally downregulated, unlike in other forms of chronic dry eye disease. The alterations in the ocular surface are seen to reverse largely with MMG for LMK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srividya Gurumurthy
- R.S. Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, KBIRVO Block, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Geetha Iyer
- C.J. Shah Cornea Services, Dr G Sitalakshmi Memorial Clinic for Ocular Disorders, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Bhaskar Srinivasan
- C.J. Shah Cornea Services, Dr G Sitalakshmi Memorial Clinic for Ocular Disorders, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Shweta Agarwal
- C.J. Shah Cornea Services, Dr G Sitalakshmi Memorial Clinic for Ocular Disorders, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Narayanasamy Angayarkanni
- R.S. Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, KBIRVO Block, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
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Mukherjee S, Bandyopadhyay A. Proteomics in India: the clinical aspect. Clin Proteomics 2016; 13:21. [PMID: 27822170 PMCID: PMC5097398 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-016-9122-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteomics has emerged as a highly promising bioanalytical technique in various aspects of applied biological research. In Indian academia, proteomics research has grown remarkably over the last decade. It is being extensively used for both basic as well as translation research in the areas of infectious and immune disorders, reproductive disorders, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, eye disorders, human cancers and hematological disorders. Recently, some seminal works on clinical proteomics have been reported from several laboratories across India. This review aims to shed light on the increasing use of proteomics in India in a variety of biological conditions. It also highlights that India has the expertise and infrastructure needed for pursuing proteomics research in the country and to participate in global initiatives. Research in clinical proteomics is gradually picking up pace in India and its future seems very bright.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somaditya Mukherjee
- Cell Biology and Physiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032 India
| | - Arun Bandyopadhyay
- Cell Biology and Physiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032 India
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Perumal N, Funke S, Pfeiffer N, Grus FH. Proteomics analysis of human tears from aqueous-deficient and evaporative dry eye patients. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29629. [PMID: 27436115 PMCID: PMC4951640 DOI: 10.1038/srep29629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the high global prevalence of dry eye syndrome (DES), the fundamental processes underlying this pathology remain largely unexplored. Therefore, this study endeavoured to investigate in-depth the tear proteome of DES patients employing the mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomic strategies. Eighty patients were recruited and subdivided into three major DES subgroups, which are the aqueous-deficient (DRYaq), evaporative (DRYlip) and a combination of the two (DRYaqlip), as well as healthy subjects (CTRL). Discovery proteomics strategy was employed to identify large number of significantly differentially expressed tear proteins in DRYlip vs. CTRL, DRYaq vs. CTRL and DRYaqlip vs. CTRL with 22, 58 and 67 proteins, respectively. Biological functional analysis demonstrated for the first time that various metabolic processes were highly expressed in DRYaq and DRYaqlip, which might modulate various other known processes, especially the inflammatory and immune processes. Targeted proteomics strategy verified that 13 major proteins were differentially expressed in specific DES subgroups, comprising of PRR4, ZG16B, SCGB2A1, DMBT1, PROL1, LACRT, ALDH3A1, ENO1, TF, S100A8, S100A9, PEBP1 and ORM1. In conclusion, this study had explored in-depth the pathology of DES by unravelling various new fundamental processes and the major proteins responsible for the maintenance of tear film stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natarajan Perumal
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Funke
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Norbert Pfeiffer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Franz H Grus
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Avilov V, Zeng Q, Shippy SA. Threads for tear film collection and support in quantitative amino acid analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:5309-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9624-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Perumal N, Funke S, Wolters D, Pfeiffer N, Grus FH. Characterization of human reflex tear proteome reveals high expression of lacrimal proline-rich protein 4 (PRR4). Proteomics 2015; 15:3370-81. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Natarajan Perumal
- Department of Ophthalmology; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - Sebastian Funke
- Department of Ophthalmology; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - Dominik Wolters
- Department of Ophthalmology; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - Norbert Pfeiffer
- Department of Ophthalmology; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - Franz H. Grus
- Department of Ophthalmology; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz Germany
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25
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Bolaños-Jiménez R, Navas A, López-Lizárraga EP, de Ribot FM, Peña A, Graue-Hernández EO, Garfias Y. Ocular Surface as Barrier of Innate Immunity. Open Ophthalmol J 2015; 9:49-55. [PMID: 26161163 PMCID: PMC4484240 DOI: 10.2174/1874364101509010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sight is one of the most important senses that human beings possess. The ocular system is a complex structure equipped with mechanisms that prevent or limit damage caused by physical, chemical, infectious and environmental factors. These mechanisms include a series of anatomical, cellular and humoral factors that have been a matter of study. The cornea is not only the most powerful and important lens of the optical system, but also, it has been involved in many other physiological and pathological processes apart from its refractive nature; the morphological and histological properties of the cornea have been thoroughly studied for the last fifty years; drawing attention in its molecular characteristics of immune response. This paper will review the anatomical and physiological aspects of the cornea, conjunctiva and lacrimal apparatus, as well as the innate immunity at the ocular surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Bolaños-Jiménez
- Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology, Conde de Valenciana Foundation, Chimalpopoca 14, Obrera, CP 06800, Mexico City, México ; Ophthalmology Department, Regional Hospital, Adolfo López Mateos, ISSSTE, México City, México
| | - Alejandro Navas
- Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology, Conde de Valenciana Foundation, Chimalpopoca 14, Obrera, CP 06800, Mexico City, México ; Department of Cataract and refractive surgery, Institute of Ophthalmology, Conde de Valenciana Foundation, Mexico City, México
| | - Erika Paulina López-Lizárraga
- Department of Cataract and refractive surgery, Institute of Ophthalmology, Conde de Valenciana Foundation, Mexico City, México
| | - Francesc March de Ribot
- Department of Retina, Institute of Ophthalmology, Conde de Valenciana Foundation, Mexico City, México
| | - Alexandra Peña
- Ophthalmology Department, Regional Hospital, Adolfo López Mateos, ISSSTE, México City, México
| | - Enrique O Graue-Hernández
- Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology, Conde de Valenciana Foundation, Chimalpopoca 14, Obrera, CP 06800, Mexico City, México ; Department of Cataract and refractive surgery, Institute of Ophthalmology, Conde de Valenciana Foundation, Mexico City, México
| | - Yonathan Garfias
- Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology, Conde de Valenciana Foundation, Chimalpopoca 14, Obrera, CP 06800, Mexico City, México ; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510. Mexico City, Mexico
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26
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Pieragostino D, D'Alessandro M, di Ioia M, Di Ilio C, Sacchetta P, Del Boccio P. Unraveling the molecular repertoire of tears as a source of biomarkers: beyond ocular diseases. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015; 9:169-86. [PMID: 25488355 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Proteomics and metabolomics investigations of body fluids present several challenges for biomarker discovery of several diseases. The search for biomarkers is actually conducted in different body fluids, even if the ideal biomarker can be found in an easily accessible biological fluid, because, if validated, the biomarker could be sought in the healthy population. In this regard, tears could be considered an optimum material obtained by noninvasive procedures. In the past years, the scientific community has become more interested in the study of tears for the research of new biomarkers not only for ocular diseases. In this review, we provide a discussion on the current state of biomarkers research in tears and their relevance for clinical practice, and report the main results of clinical proteomics studies on systemic and eye diseases. We summarize the main methods for tear samples analyses and report recent advances in "omics" platforms for tears investigations. Moreover, we want to take stock of the emerging field of metabolomics and lipidomics as a new and integrated approach to study protein-metabolites interplay for biomarkers research, where tears represent a still unexplored and attractive field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiana Pieragostino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti- Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Unit, Research Centre on Aging (Ce.S.I.), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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Lygirou V, Makridakis M, Vlahou A. Biological sample collection for clinical proteomics: existing SOPs. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1243:3-27. [PMID: 25384737 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1872-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Proteomic study of clinical samples aims at the better understanding of physiological and pathological conditions, as well as the discovery of diagnostic and prognostic markers for the latter. Quantitative and/or qualitative variations of body fluid proteome may reflect health- or disease-associated events connected to the adjacent or distant body regions of the fluid production/secretion/excretion and/or systemic reactions to the presence of disease. Sample collection and preparation is a critical step in order to obtain useful and valid information in clinical proteomics analysis. In this chapter, we present the current protocols and guidelines for human body fluid collection and storage, prior to proteomic analysis. A variety of body fluids that are currently being used in proteomic analysis and have potential interest in clinical practice are presented including blood plasma and serum, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, cerumen, nasal secretions, saliva, tears, breast milk, bronchoalveolar fluid, nipple aspirate fluid, amniotic fluid, bile, cervico-vaginal fluid, and seminal plasma. With no doubt these body fluids differ in the extent of their application in clinical proteomics investigations, hence in some cases the presented SOPs are established following more extensive testing (e.g., plasma, serum, urine, CSF) than others (nasal secretions, saliva, tears, breast milk, bronchoalveolar fluid, nipple aspirate fluid, amniotic fluid, bile, cervico-vaginal fluid, and seminal plasma). However, even in these latter cases, the presented protocols were reported by at least two independent groups according to the literature. We hope they can thus serve as a reliable guide for sample collection based on our current knowledge in the field and excellent starting points for proteomics investigators. It should also be pointed that variations to these protocols exist and their further refinement in the future is foreseen following the evolution of the proteomics technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Lygirou
- Biotechnology Division, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, 11527, Greece
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Saraygord-Afshari N, Naderi-Manesh H, Naderi M. Increasing proteome coverage for gel-based human tear proteome maps: towards a more comprehensive profiling. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 29:1056-67. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Neda Saraygord-Afshari
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran Iran
| | - Hossein Naderi-Manesh
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran Iran
| | - Mostafa Naderi
- Department of Ophthalmology; Bina eye hospital; Tehran Iran
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29
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D’Souza S, Tong L. Practical issues concerning tear protein assays in dry eye. EYE AND VISION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2014; 1:6. [PMID: 26605353 PMCID: PMC4604107 DOI: 10.1186/s40662-014-0006-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dry eye is a common clinical condition diagnosed by cumulative evidence of symptoms and signs. Many new treatments in dry eye are either expensive, invasive, have potential for side effects, or are not easily accessible. In severe dry eye, the ideal modality of treatment to begin with is often not clear as specific molecular disturbances are not evident from just examination of clinical manifestations. Assessing the effects of ongoing treatment is not straight forward since there is lack of agreement between clinical signs and symptoms. There is a need to have more objective methods of selecting treatment for dry eye and monitoring the effect of treatment. Recently, there are many new technologies applied to the discovery of tear biomarkers, for e.g., mass spectrometry based proteomics techniques and multiplex assays such as the bead-based sandwich indirect immunofluorescent assays. Tear proteins assays have even been made available as point-of-care devices. This review focuses on the evidence for the involvements of tear proteins in dry eye, possible changes in tear concentrations with therapy and the strength of evidence regarding dry eye pathology. Much remains to be done in terms of developing office-based assays and ascertaining their reliability, but current evidence suggests that tear proteins have a role in the clinical practice of dry eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon D’Souza
- />Narayana Nethralaya Superspeciality Eye Hospital and Post Graduate Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka India
| | - Louis Tong
- />Singapore Eye Research Institute, 11, Third Hospital Avenue, Singapore, 168751 Singapore
- />Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore, Singapore
- />Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- />Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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30
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Perumal N, Funke S, Pfeiffer N, Grus FH. Characterization of lacrimal proline-rich protein 4 (PRR4) in human tear proteome. Proteomics 2014; 14:1698-709. [PMID: 24782455 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This study was initiated considering the lack of comprehensive characteristics profile of PRR4 in tears of healthy subjects. Therefore, detailed characterizations of PRR4 from basal tears employing in-gel and in-solution digestions for MS systems are presented herein. First, pooled tear samples (n = 10) were utilized to identify PRR4-rich region/spots in 1DE/2DE gels employing LC-MALDI-MS and 1DE-LC-ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS systems. PRR4-rich region and ten spots with vast polymorphisms (Mr : 17-30 kDa, pI: 3.0-6.6) were identified in 1DE and 2DE gels, respectively. In addition, combinations of four types of PTMs, which are methylation, acetylation, oxidation, and pyroglutamate formation, were identified in these ten PRR4 spots. Furthermore, a targeted data-acquisition approach was utilized to identify PRR4 isoforms in individual tear samples (n = 61) by in-solution digestion combined with a LC-ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS system. Importantly, a new PRR4 isoform designated as PRR4-N3 in addition to PRR4 (gi154448886) and pHL E1F1 (gi1050983) was identified. Moreover, different combinations of these three PRR4 isoforms identified in the individual tear samples could be categorized into six distinguished groups. Conclusively, these findings provide fundamental insight into the complex characteristics profile of PRR4 isoforms and their PTMs in tears of healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natarajan Perumal
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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31
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You J, Willcox MD, Madigan MC, Wasinger V, Schiller B, Walsh BJ, Graham PH, Kearsley JH, Li Y. Tear fluid protein biomarkers. Adv Clin Chem 2014; 62:151-96. [PMID: 24772667 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800096-0.00004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The tear film covers and protects the ocular surface. It contains various molecules including a large variety of proteins. The protein composition of the tear fluid can change with respect to various local and systemic diseases. Prior to the advent of the proteomic era, tear protein analysis was limited to a few analytical techniques, the most common of which was immunoelectrophoresis, an approach dependent on antibody availability. Using proteomics, hundreds of tear proteins could potentially be identified and subsequently studied. Although detection of low-abundance proteins in the complex tear proteome remains a challenge, advances in sample fractionation and mass spectrometry have greatly enhanced our ability to detect these proteins. With increasing proteomic applications, tears show great potential as biomarkers in the development of clinical assays for various human diseases. In this chapter, we discuss the structure and functions of the tear film and methods for its collection. We also summarize potential tear protein biomarkers identified using proteomic techniques for both ocular and systemic diseases. Finally, modern proteomic techniques for tear biomarker research and future challenges are explored.
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32
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Saraygord-Afshari N, Naderi-Manesh H, Naderi M. Enhanced reproducibility of the human gel-based tear proteome maps in the presence of di-(2-hydroxyethyl) disulfide. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2014; 61:660-7. [PMID: 24575874 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neda Saraygord-Afshari
- Department of Biophysics; Faculty of Biological Sciences; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran Iran
| | - Hossein Naderi-Manesh
- Department of Biophysics; Faculty of Biological Sciences; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran Iran
| | - Mostafa Naderi
- Bina Eye Hospital; Tehran Iran
- Department of Ophthalmology; Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
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33
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Ihnatko R, Edén U, Lagali N, Dellby A, Fagerholm P. Analysis of protein composition and protein expression in the tear fluid of patients with congenital aniridia. J Proteomics 2013; 94:78-88. [PMID: 24061003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Aniridia is a rare congenital genetic disorder caused by haploinsuffiency of the PAX6 gene, the master gene for development of the eye. The expression of tear proteins in aniridia is unknown. To screen for proteins involved in the aniridia pathophysiology, the tear fluid of patients with diagnosed congenital aniridia was examined using two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Two-dimensional map of tear proteins in aniridia has been established and 7 proteins were differentially expressed with P<0.01 between aniridia patients and control subjects. Five of them were more abundant in healthy subjects, particularly α-enolase, peroxiredoxin 6, cystatin S, gelsolin, apolipoprotein A-1 and two other proteins, zinc-α2-glycoprotein and lactoferrin were more expressed in the tears of aniridia patients. Moreover, immunoblot analysis revealed elevated levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in aniridia tears which is in concordance with clinical finding of pathological blood and lymph vessels in the central and peripheral cornea of aniridia patients. The proteins with different expression in patients' tears may be new candidate molecules involved in the pathophysiology of aniridia and thus may be helpful for development of novel treatment strategies for the symptomatic therapy of this vision threatening condition. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE This study is first to demonstrate protein composition and protein expression in aniridic tears and identifies proteins with different abundance in tear fluid from patients with congenital aniridia vs. healthy tears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Ihnatko
- Integrative Regenerative Medicine Centre and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden.
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Ananthi S, Venkatesh Prajna N, Lalitha P, Valarnila M, Dharmalingam K. Pathogen induced changes in the protein profile of human tears from Fusarium keratitis patients. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53018. [PMID: 23308132 PMCID: PMC3540078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium is the major causative agent of fungal infections leading to corneal ulcer (keratitis) in Southern India and other tropical countries. Keratitis caused by Fusarium is a difficult disease to treat unless antifungal therapy is initiated during the early stages of infection. In this study tear proteins were prepared from keratitis patients classified based on the duration of infection. Among the patients recruited, early infection (n = 35), intermediate (n = 20), late (n = 11), samples from five patients in each group were pooled for analysis. Control samples were a pool of samples from 20 patients. Proteins were separated on difference gel electrophoresis (DIGE) and the differentially expressed proteins were quantified using DeCyder software analysis. The following differentially expressed proteins namely alpha-1-antitrypsin, haptoglobin α2 chain, zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein, apolipoprotein, albumin, haptoglobin precursor - β chain, lactoferrin, lacrimal lipocalin precursor, cystatin SA III precursor, lacritin precursor were identified using mass spectrometry. Variation in the expression level of some of the proteins was confirmed using western blot analysis. This is the first report to show stage specific tear protein profile in fungal keratitis patients. Validation of this data using a much larger sample set could lead to clinical application of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivagnanam Ananthi
- Dr. G. Venkataswamy Eye Research Institute, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Aravind Eye Care System, Madurai, India
| | | | - Prajna Lalitha
- Department of Microbiology, Aravind Eye Hospital, Aravind Eye Care System, Madurai, India
| | - Murugesan Valarnila
- Dr. G. Venkataswamy Eye Research Institute, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Aravind Eye Care System, Madurai, India
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Aluru SV, Agarwal S, Srinivasan B, Iyer GK, Rajappa SM, Tatu U, Padmanabhan P, Subramanian N, Narayanasamy A. Lacrimal proline rich 4 (LPRR4) protein in the tear fluid is a potential biomarker of dry eye syndrome. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51979. [PMID: 23272196 PMCID: PMC3525644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry eye syndrome (DES) is a complex, multifactorial, immune-associated disorder of the tear and ocular surface. DES with a high prevalence world over needs identification of potential biomarkers so as to understand not only the disease mechanism but also to identify drug targets. In this study we looked for differentially expressed proteins in tear samples of DES to arrive at characteristic biomarkers. As part of a prospective case-control study, tear specimen were collected using Schirmer strips from 129 dry eye cases and 73 age matched controls. 2D electrophoresis (2DE) and Differential gel electrophoresis (DIGE) was done to identify differentially expressed proteins. One of the differentially expressed protein in DES is lacrimal proline rich 4 protein (LPRR4). LPRR4 protein expression was quantified by enzyme immune sorbent assay (ELISA). LPRR4 was down regulated significantly in all types of dry eye cases, correlating with the disease severity as measured by clinical investigations. Further characterization of the protein is required to assess its therapeutic potential in DES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saijyothi Venkata Aluru
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology Department, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Shweta Agarwal
- Ocular Surface Clinic, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Bhaskar Srinivasan
- Ocular Surface Clinic, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Geetha Krishnan Iyer
- Ocular Surface Clinic, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | | | - Utpal Tatu
- Biochemistry Department, Indian Institute of Science (IISc.), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Prema Padmanabhan
- Ocular Surface Clinic, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Nirmala Subramanian
- Oculoplasty Department, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Angayarkanni Narayanasamy
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology Department, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
- * E-mail:
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Saijyothi AV, Fowjana J, Madhumathi S, Rajeshwari M, Thennarasu M, Prema P, Angayarkanni N. Tear fluid small molecular antioxidants profiling shows lowered glutathione in keratoconus. Exp Eye Res 2012; 103:41-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2012.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Srinivasan S, Thangavelu M, Zhang L, Green KB, Nichols KK. iTRAQ quantitative proteomics in the analysis of tears in dry eye patients. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:5052-9. [PMID: 22736608 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-9022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We analyzed the change in protein expression of tear film proteins in dry eye (DE) and non-DE (NDE) patients using isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) technology. METHODS We categorized 24 participants into NDE, and mild (MDE), moderate-to-severe (MSDE), and mixed (MXDE) DE on the basis of clinical DE tests. Tear samples (n = 6 subjects/group) were collected using Schirmer's strips. Proteins were extracted from strips and were quantified using the Bradford assay. Protein from each sample was pooled as internal standard (IS), and 20 μg protein from each sample and the IS were digested and labeled with different tandem mass tag (TMT) isobaric mass tag labeling reagent. The reaction was quenched and the labeled peptides were mixed. Samples were injected for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) analysis on the Orbitrap mass spectrometer. Bioinformatic analyses were performed using protein information resource (PIR). RESULTS Combined results showed a total of 386 proteins in tears as determined by the iTRAQ experiments. An average of 163 proteins was detected in each of 6 biologic replicates. Of those, 55% were detected 6 times and 90% were detected multiple times (>2). In addition to the down-regulation of commonly reported proteins, such as lipocalin-1, lysozyme, and prolactin-inducible protein across all sub groups of DE, a number of proteins were significantly differentially regulated in MSDE and other subgroups of DE. A greater number of proteins were down-regulated in MSDE versus MDE, and the specific functions involved include response to stimulus (8 vs. 6 proteins), immune system process (6 vs. 4), regulation of biologic processes (3 vs. 3), and ion transport (2 vs. 2). CONCLUSIONS iTRAQ is one of the newest tools for quantitative mass spectrometry in tear proteome research. Differences in the protein ratios can be detected between normal and DE patients. PIR is a useful resource to interpret pathways and functions of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruthi Srinivasan
- School of Optometry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Pieragostino D, Bucci S, Agnifili L, Fasanella V, D'Aguanno S, Mastropasqua A, Ciancaglini M, Mastropasqua L, Ilio CD, Sacchetta P, Urbani A, Boccio PD. Differential protein expression in tears of patients with primary open angle and pseudoexfoliative glaucoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 8:1017-28. [DOI: 10.1039/c1mb05357d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Kim HJ, Kim PK, Yoo HS, Kim CW. Comparison of tear proteins between healthy and early diabetic retinopathy patients. Clin Biochem 2011; 45:60-7. [PMID: 22040812 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify potential prognostic or diagnostic marker tear proteins for early diabetic retinopathy (DR) and to investigate the pathogenesis of this disease using proteomics techniques. DESIGN AND METHODS The tear proteins expressed in patients suffering from diabetes mellitus without the retinopathy symptoms, nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy and healthy volunteers were analyzed by 2-DE. The differentially expressed proteins in patients were identified by ESI-Q-TOF and confirmed by Western blotting. RESULTS Proteins which were differentially expressed with statistical significance (P<0.05) in two diabetic groups as compared to those in healthy group were selected and identified by ESI-Q-TOF MS/MS. Among these proteins, three proteins (LCN-1, HSP27 and B2M) were found to exhibit a progressive reduction in two disease groups. The expression levels of which might be useful as diagnostic biomarkers of DR were verified by Western blotting CONCLUSIONS Proteomic analysis using tear is a novel approach that can provide insight into possible biomarker and the pathogenesis of early DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jung Kim
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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