1
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Bató L, Fürjes P. Vertical Microfluidic Trapping System for Capturing and Simultaneous Electrochemical Detection of Cells. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:6638. [PMID: 39460118 PMCID: PMC11511429 DOI: 10.3390/s24206638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2024] [Revised: 10/10/2024] [Accepted: 10/11/2024] [Indexed: 10/28/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a non-invasive and label-free method widely used for characterizing cell cultures and monitoring their structure, behavior, proliferation and viability. Microfluidic systems are often used in combination with EIS methods utilizing small dimensions, controllable physicochemical microenvironments and offering rapid real-time measurements. In this work, an electrode array capable of conducting EIS measurements was integrated into a multichannel microfluidic chip which is able to trap individual cells or cell populations in specially designed channels comparable to the size of cells. An application-specific printed circuit board (PCB) was designed for the implementation of the impedance measurement in order to facilitate connection with the device used for taking EIS spectra and for selecting the channels to be measured. The PCB was designed in consideration of the optical screening of trapped cells in parallel with the EIS measurements which allows the comparison of EIS data with optical signals. With continuous EIS measurement, the filling of channels with cell suspension can be followed. Yeast cells were trapped in the microfluidic system and EIS spectra were recorded considering each individual channel, which allows differentiating between the number of trapped cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Bató
- Microsystems Lab, Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, HUN-REN Centre for Energy Research, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary;
- Doctoral School on Materials Sciences and Technologies, Óbuda University, H-1034 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Fürjes
- Microsystems Lab, Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, HUN-REN Centre for Energy Research, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary;
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2
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Oladokun R, Smith C, Eubank T, Srivastava S. Dielectric Signatures of Late Carcinoma Immune Cells Using MMTV-PyMT Mammary Carcinoma Models. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:41378-41388. [PMID: 39398140 PMCID: PMC11465564 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c04210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 09/10/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 10/15/2024]
Abstract
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are specialized immune cells produced from hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). They actively surveil for any signs of infection, foreign invaders, and abnormal or aberrant cells associated with diseases. Numerous inherent interactions between PBMCs and proliferating cancer cells facilitate cellular communication, inducing alterations in the composition of the PBMCs. These subtle alterations can be detected by using dielectrophoresis (DEP). The ultimate objective is to apply this knowledge in a clinical setting to achieve noninvasive early detection of breast cancer while minimizing the occurrence of false positives and negatives commonly associated with standard screening methods like mammography. To realize our long-term goal, we are probing the dielectric properties of the PBMCs from FVB/N MMTV-PyMT+ (late carcinoma, PyMT+ PBMC) and FVB/N (wild-type, WT-PBMC) age-matched mice at 14+ weeks using dielectrophoresis on a microfluidic platform. The central hypothesis of this research is that the changes triggered in the subcellular components, such as the cytoskeleton, lipid bilayer membrane, cytoplasm, focal adhesion proteins, and extracellular matrix (ECM) at the onset of carcinoma, regulate dielectric properties (conductivity, σ; and permittivity, ε), thus affecting the bioelectric signals that aid in the detection of breast cancer. The ANOVA results suggest a significant difference in PyMT+ PBMCs crossover frequencies at 0.01 and 0.05 S/m medium conductivity levels. Post hoc pairwise analysis of WT-PBMCs showed that the crossover frequencies are distinct across the medium conductivity ranges from 0.01 to 0.05 S/m. This study revealed that on average, PyMT+ PBMCs have increased crossover frequency, polarizability, higher membrane capacitance, and a folding factor compared with the age-matched wild-type PBMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Oladokun
- Department
of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6201, United States
| | - Christopher Smith
- Department
of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6201, United States
| | - Timothy Eubank
- Department
of Microbiology, Immunology & Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6201, United States
| | - Soumya Srivastava
- Department
of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6201, United States
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3
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Awad MF, Habli Z, Saleh S, El-Sabban M, Khraiche ML. Dielectrophoretic and electrochemical impedance mapping of metastatic potential in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells using inkjet-printed castellated microarray. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:4264-4274. [PMID: 39162210 DOI: 10.1039/d4lc00319e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
The spread of metastatic cancer cells poses a significant challenge in cancer treatment, making innovative approaches for early detection and diagnosis essential. Dielectrophoretic impedance spectroscopy (DEPIS), a powerful tool for cell analysis, combines dielectrophoresis (DEP) and impedance spectroscopy (IS) to separate, sort, cells and analyze their dielectric properties. In this study, we developed and built out-of-plane inkjet-printed castellated arrays to map the dielectric properties of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell subtypes across their metastatic potential. This was realized via modulating the expression of connexin 43 (Cx43), a marker associated with poor breast cancer prognosis and increased metastasis. We employed DEP-based trapping, followed by EIS measurements on bulk cell population, for rapid capture and differentiation of the cancer cells according to their metastatic state. Our results revealed a significant correlation between the various MDA-MB-231 metastatic subtypes and their respective dielectrophoretic and dielectric properties. Notably, cells with the highest metastatic potential exhibited the highest membrane capacitance 16.88 ± 3.24 mF m-2, followed by the less metastatic cell subtypes with membrane capacitances below 14.3 ± 2.54 mF m-2. In addition, highly metastatic cells exhibited lower crossover frequency (25 ± 1 kHz) compared to the less metastatic subtypes (≥27 ± 1 kHz), an important characteristic for cell sorting. Finally, EIS measurements showed distinct double layer capacitance (CDL) values at 1 kHz between the metastatic subgroups, confirming unique dielectric and dielectrophoretic properties correlated with the metastatic state of the cell. Our findings underscore the potential of DEPIS as a non-invasive and rapid analytical tool, offering insights into cancer biology and facilitating the development of personalized therapeutic interventions tailored to distinct metastatic stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Fawzi Awad
- Neural Engineering and Nanobiosensors Group, Biomedical Engineering Program, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon.
| | - Zeina Habli
- Neural Engineering and Nanobiosensors Group, Biomedical Engineering Program, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon.
| | - Sahera Saleh
- Neural Engineering and Nanobiosensors Group, Biomedical Engineering Program, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon.
| | - Marwan El-Sabban
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Massoud L Khraiche
- Neural Engineering and Nanobiosensors Group, Biomedical Engineering Program, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon.
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4
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Uddin MR, Chen X. Enhancing cell separation in a hybrid spiral dielectrophoretic microchannel: Numerical insights and optimal operating conditions. Biotechnol Prog 2024; 40:e3437. [PMID: 38289677 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Reliable separation of circulating tumor cells from blood cells is crucial for early cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Many conventional microfluidic platforms take advantage of the size difference between particles for their separation, which renders them impractical for sorting overlapping-sized cells. To address this concern, a hybrid inertial-dielectrophoretic microfluidic chip is proposed in this work for continuous and single-stage separation of lung cancer cell line A549 cells from white blood cells of overlapping size. The working mechanism of the proposed spiral microchannel embedded with planar interdigitated electrodes is validated against the experimental results. A numerical investigation is carried out over a range of flow conditions and electric field intensity to determine the separation efficiency and migration characteristics of the cell mixture. The results demonstrate the unique capability of the proposed microchannel to achieve high-throughput separation of cells at low applied voltages in both vertical and lateral directions. A significant lateral separation distance between the CTCs and the WBCs has been achieved, which allows for high-resolution and effective separation of cells. The separation resolution can be controlled by adjusting the strength of the applied electric field. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that the lateral separation distance is maximum at a voltage termed the critical voltage, which increases with the increase in the flow rate. The proposed microchannel and the developed technique can provide valuable insight into the development of a tunable and robust medical device for effective and high-throughput separation of cancer cells from the WBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Raihan Uddin
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington, USA
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5
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Wiedmer SK, Riekkola ML. Field-flow fractionation - an excellent tool for fractionation, isolation and/or purification of biomacromolecules. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1712:464492. [PMID: 37944435 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Field-flow fractionation (FFF) with its several variants, has developed into a mature methodology. The scope of the FFF investigations has expanded, covering both a wide range of basic studies and especially a wide range of analytical applications. Special attention of this review is given to the achievements of FFF with reference to recent applications in the fractionation, isolation, and purification of biomacromolecules, and from which especially those of (in alphabetical order) bacteria, cells, extracellular vesicles, liposomes, lipoproteins, nucleic acids, and viruses and virus-like particles. In evaluating the major approaches and trends demonstrated since 2012, the most significant biomacromolecule applications are compiled in tables. It is also evident that asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation is by far the most dominant technique in the studies. The industry has also shown current interest in FFF and adopted it in some sophisticated fields. FFF, in combination with appropriate detectors, handles biomacromolecules in open channel in a gentle way due to the lack of shear forces and unwanted interactions caused by the stationary phase present in chromatography. In addition, in isolation and purification of biomacromolecules quite high yields can be achieved under optimal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne K Wiedmer
- Department of Chemistry, POB 55, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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6
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Uddin MR, Sarowar MT, Chen X. Separation of CTCs from WBCs using DEP-assisted inertial manipulation: A numerical study. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:1781-1794. [PMID: 37753944 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Isolation and detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) hold significant importance for the early diagnosis of cancer and the assessment of therapeutic strategies. However, the scarcity of CTCs among peripheral blood cells presents a major challenge to their detection. Additionally, a similar size range between CTCs and white blood cells (WBCs) makes conventional microfluidic platforms inadequate for the isolation of CTCs. To overcome these challenges, in this study, a novel inertial-dielectrophoretic microfluidic channel for size-independent, single-stage separation of CTCs from WBCs has been presented. The proposed device utilizes a spiral microchannel embedded with interdigitated electrodes. A numerical model is developed and validated to investigate the influence of various parameters related to the channel design, fluid flow, and electrode configuration. It was found that optimal separation of CTCs could be obtained at a relatively low voltage, termed the critical voltage. Furthermore, at the critical voltage of 7.5 V, the hybrid microchannel is demonstrated to be capable of separating CTCs from different WBC subtypes including granulocytes, monocytes, T-, and B-lymphocytes. The unique capabilities of the hybrid spiral microchannel allow for this size-independent isolation of CTCs from a mixture of WBCs. Overall, the proposed technique can be readily utilized for continuous and high-throughput separation of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Raihan Uddin
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington, USA
| | - Md Tanbir Sarowar
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington, USA
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington, USA
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7
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Chen H, Osman SY, Moose DL, Vanneste M, Anderson JL, Henry MD, Anand RK. Quantification of capture efficiency, purity, and single-cell isolation in the recovery of circulating melanoma cells from peripheral blood by dielectrophoresis. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:2586-2600. [PMID: 37185977 PMCID: PMC10228177 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc01113a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a dielectrophoretic method for selection of circulating melanoma cells (CMCs), which lack reliable identifying surface antigens and are extremely rare in blood. This platform captures CMCs individually by dielectrophoresis (DEP) at an array of wireless bipolar electrodes (BPEs) aligned to overlying nanoliter-scale chambers, which isolate each cell for subsequent on-chip single-cell analysis. To determine the best conditions to employ for CMC isolation in this DEP-BPE platform, the static and dynamic dielectrophoretic response of established melanoma cell lines, melanoma cells from patient-derived xenografts (PDX) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were evaluated as a function of frequency using two established DEP platforms. Further, PBMCs derived from patients with advanced melanoma were compared with those from healthy controls. The results of this evaluation reveal that each DEP method requires a distinct frequency to achieve capture of melanoma cells and that the distribution of dielectric properties of PBMCs is more broadly varied in and among patients versus healthy controls. Based on this evaluation, we conclude that 50 kHz provides the highest capture efficiency on our DEP-BPE platform while maintaining a low rate of capture of unwanted PBMCs. We further quantified the efficiency of single-cell capture on the DEP-BPE platform and found that the efficiency diminished beyond around 25% chamber occupancy, thereby informing the minimum array size that is required. Importantly, the capture efficiency of the DEP-BPE platform for melanoma cells when using optimized conditions matched the performance predicted by our analysis. Finally, isolation of melanoma cells from contrived (spike-in) and clinical samples on our platform using optimized conditions was demonstrated. The capture and individual isolation of CMCs, confirmed by post-capture labeling, from patient-derived samples suggests the potential of this platform for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
| | - Sommer Y Osman
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
| | - Devon L Moose
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Marion Vanneste
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jared L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
| | - Michael D Henry
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Pathology, Urology and Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Robbyn K Anand
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
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8
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Oladokun R, Adekanmbi E, Ueti M, Srivastava S. Dielectric characterization of Babesia bovis using the dielectrophoretic crossover frequency. Electrophoresis 2023. [PMID: 37160713 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Coinfection with the tick-transmitted pathogen Babesia spp. is becoming a serious health problem because of the erythrocyte invasion through Ixodes scapularis tick. The transmission of this protozoan by blood transfusion often results in high morbidity and mortality in recipients. A novel way to detect parasitized erythrocytes is by utilizing dielectrophoresis, an electrokinetic technique on a microfluidic platform, to improve the diagnostics of Babesia spp. The differences in the dielectric properties of Babesia spp.-infected erythrocytes versus healthy erythrocytes were exploited to design a fast and cost-effective diagnostic tool. One crucial factor for a successful diagnostic platform via dielectrophoretic separation is the dielectric characterization of Babesia-infected erythrocytes, which is investigated in this paper. The influence of medium conductivity and erythrocytes phenotype and genotype over the first crossover frequency (fco1 ) are used to quantify the dielectric properties of the infected cells. A sigmoidal curve was plotted via curve fitting of the single-shell model, which has been proven appropriate for parasitized cell populations where considerable cell geometry variation occurs. The difference in these curves is relevant for the separation of cells population. Microliters of sample and reagent were used throughout this experiment; the scale, results obtained, and simplicity of the system often make it very suitable for point-of-care babesiosis disease diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Oladokun
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | | | - Massaro Ueti
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Soumya Srivastava
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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9
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Soe MTM, Spiller KL, Noh M. Dielectrophoretic characterization of macrophage phenotypes. Electrophoresis 2022; 43:2440-2452. [PMID: 36050869 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Different macrophage phenotypes play important roles in diverse biological processes and diseases. In this study, we have characterized the dielectrophoretic responses of human monocytes and macrophage phenotypes: nonactivated (M0), pro-inflammatory (M1), and pro-healing (M2a). Dielectrophoretic responses of cells change as a function of frequency of the applied electric field. We measured the crossover frequency at which cells transition from negative to positive dielectrophoresis (DEP) or vice versa using interdigitated electrodes. For these characterization experiments, we also developed a new low-conductivity media formulation that retained 100% of the initial viability for 1 h. Human THP1 monocytes showed a distinguishable DEP response from mature macrophages. M1 macrophages also showed a distinct DEP response compared to M0 and M2a macrophages. No clear distinction could be drawn between M0 and M2a. The median values of the crossover frequencies of monocytes, M0, M1, and M2a were 38, 21, 11, and 23 kHz, respectively. Membrane capacitances of these cells were calculated consequently, and the values were 0.0111, 0.0128, 0.0244, and 0.0117 F/m2 for monocytes, M0, M1, and M2a, respectively. These results show how bioelectric properties are influenced by changes in macrophage phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Thant Mon Soe
- Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kara L Spiller
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Moses Noh
- Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Choi S, Park I, Lee SH, Yeo KI, Min G, Woo SH, Kim YS, Lee SY, Lee SW. On-Chip Single-Cell Bioelectrical Analysis for Identification of Cell Electrical Phenotyping in Response to Sequential Electric Signal Modulation. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:1037. [PMID: 36421154 PMCID: PMC9688586 DOI: 10.3390/bios12111037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, an interesting biomarker called membrane breakdown voltage has been examined using artificial planar lipid bilayers. Even though they have great potential to identify cell electrical phenotyping for distinguishing similar cell lines or cells under different physiological conditions, the biomarker has not been evaluated in the context of living cell electrical phenotyping. Herein, we present a single-cell analysis platform to continuously measure the electric response in a large number of cells in parallel using electric frequency and voltage variables. Using this platform, we measured the direction of cell displacement and transparent cell image alteration as electric polarization of the cell responds to signal modulation, extracting the dielectrophoretic crossover frequency and membrane breakdown voltage for each cell, and utilizing the measurement results in the same spatiotemporal environment. We developed paired parameters using the dielectrophoretic crossover frequency and membrane breakdown voltage for each cell and evaluated the paired parameter efficiency concerning the identification of two different breast cancer cells and cell drug response. Moreover, we showed that the platform was able to identify cell electrical phenotyping, which was generated by subtle changes in cholesterol depletion-induced cell membrane integrity disruption when the paired parameter was used. Our platform introduced in this paper is extremely useful for facilitating more accurate and efficient evaluation of cell electrical phenotyping in a variety of applications, such as cell biology and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungyeop Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Insu Park
- Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang In Yeo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeongjun Min
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hun Woo
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Suk Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Sei Young Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Woo Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
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11
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Bakhshi MS, Rizwan M, Khan GJ, Duan H, Zhai K. Design of a novel integrated microfluidic chip for continuous separation of circulating tumor cells from peripheral blood cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17016. [PMID: 36220844 PMCID: PMC9554048 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20886-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the foremost causes of death globally. Late-stage presentation, inaccessible diagnosis, and treatment are common challenges in developed countries. Detection, enumeration of Circulating Tumor Cells (CTC) as early as possible can reportedly lead to more effective treatment. The isolation of CTC at an early stage is challenging due to the low probability of its presence in peripheral blood. In this study, we propose a novel two-stage, label-free, rapid, and continuous CTC separation device based on hydrodynamic inertial focusing and dielectrophoretic separation. The dominance and differential of wall-induced inertial lift force and Dean drag force inside a curved microfluidic channel results in size-based separation of Red Blood Cells (RBC) and platelets (size between 2-4 µm) from CTC and leukocytes (9-12.2 µm). A numerical model was used to investigate the mechanism of hydrodynamic inertial focusing in a curvilinear microchannel. Simulations were done with the RBCs, platelets, CTCs, and leukocytes (four major subtypes) to select the optimized value of the parameters in the proposed design. In first stage, the focusing behavior of microscale cells was studied to sort leukocytes and CTCs from RBCs, and platelets while viable CTCs were separated from leukocytes based on their inherent electrical properties using dielectrophoresis in the second stage. The proposed design of the device was evaluated for CTC separation efficiency using numerical simulations. This study considered the influence of critical factors like aspect ratio, dielectrophoretic force, channel size, flow rate, separation efficiency, and shape on cell separation. Results show that the proposed device yields viable CTC with 99.5% isolation efficiency with a throughput of 12.2 ml/h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maliha Saleem Bakhshi
- grid.444938.60000 0004 0609 0078Mechatronics and Control Engineering Department, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mohsin Rizwan
- grid.444938.60000 0004 0609 0078Mechatronics and Control Engineering Department, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Jilany Khan
- grid.444936.80000 0004 0608 9608Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hong Duan
- grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694School of Biological and Food Engineering, Engineering Research Center for Development and High Value Utilization of Genuine Medicinal Materials in North Anhui Province, Suzhou University, Suzhou, Anhui 234000 China
| | - Kefeng Zhai
- grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694School of Biological and Food Engineering, Engineering Research Center for Development and High Value Utilization of Genuine Medicinal Materials in North Anhui Province, Suzhou University, Suzhou, Anhui 234000 China ,grid.459584.10000 0001 2196 0260Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Guangxi Normal University), Guilin, 541004 People’s Republic of China
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12
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Szymborski TR, Czaplicka M, Nowicka AB, Trzcińska-Danielewicz J, Girstun A, Kamińska A. Dielectrophoresis-Based SERS Sensors for the Detection of Cancer Cells in Microfluidic Chips. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:681. [PMID: 36140065 PMCID: PMC9496591 DOI: 10.3390/bios12090681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The detection of freely circulating cancer cells (CTCs) is one of the greatest challenges of modern medical diagnostics. For several years, there has been increased attention on the use of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for the detection of CTCs. SERS is a non-destructive, accurate and precise technique, and the use of special SERS platforms even enables the amplification of weak signals from biological objects. In the current study, we demonstrate the unique arrangement of the SERS technique combined with the deposition of CTCs cells on the surface of the SERS platform via a dielectrophoretic effect. The appropriate frequencies of an alternating electric field and a selected shape of the electric field can result in the efficient deposition of CTCs on the SERS platform. The geometry of the microfluidic chip, the type of the cancer cells and the positive dielectrophoretic phenomenon resulted in the trapping of CTCs on the surface of the SERS platform. We presented results for two type of breast cancer cells, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, deposited from the 0.1 PBS solution. The limit of detection (LOD) is 20 cells/mL, which reflects the clinical potential and usefulness of the developed approach. We also provide a proof-of-concept for these CTCs deposited on the SERS platform from blood plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz R. Szymborski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Czaplicka
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ariadna B. Nowicka
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Technical Physics, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Trzcińska-Danielewicz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Girstun
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kamińska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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13
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Emmerich MEP, Sinnigen AS, Neubauer P, Birkholz M. Dielectrophoretic separation of blood cells. Biomed Microdevices 2022; 24:30. [PMID: 36006519 PMCID: PMC9411249 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-022-00623-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic dielectrophoretic (DEP) devices enable the label-free separation and isolation of cells based on differences in their electrophysiological properties. The technique can serve as a tool in clinical diagnostics and medical research as it facilitates the analysis of patient-specific blood composition and the detection and isolation of pathogenic cells like circulating tumor cells or malaria-infected erythrocytes. This review compares different microfluidic DEP devices to separate platelets, erythrocytes and leukocytes including their cellular subclasses. An overview and experimental setups of different microfluidic DEP devices for the separation, trapping and isolation or purification of blood cells are detailed with respect to their technical design, electrode configuration, sample preparation, applied voltage and frequency and created DEP field based and related to the separation efficiency. The technique holds the promise that results can quickly be attained in clinical and ambulant settings. In particular, point-of-care-testing scenarios are favored by the extensive miniaturization, which would be enabled by microelectronical integration of DEP devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E. P. Emmerich
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, TU Berlin, Ackerstrasse 76, ACK24, D-13355 Berlin, Germany
- IHP – Leibniz-Institut für innovative Mikroelektronik, Im Technologiepark 25, 15236 Frankfurt (Oder), Germany
| | - Anne-Sophie Sinnigen
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, TU Berlin, Ackerstrasse 76, ACK24, D-13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Neubauer
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, TU Berlin, Ackerstrasse 76, ACK24, D-13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mario Birkholz
- IHP – Leibniz-Institut für innovative Mikroelektronik, Im Technologiepark 25, 15236 Frankfurt (Oder), Germany
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14
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Ju S, Chen C, Zhang J, Xu L, Zhang X, Li Z, Chen Y, Zhou J, Ji F, Wang L. Detection of circulating tumor cells: opportunities and challenges. Biomark Res 2022; 10:58. [PMID: 35962400 PMCID: PMC9375360 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-022-00403-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are cells that shed from a primary tumor and travel through the bloodstream. Studying the functional and molecular characteristics of CTCs may provide in-depth knowledge regarding highly lethal tumor diseases. Researchers are working to design devices and develop analytical methods that can capture and detect CTCs in whole blood from cancer patients with improved sensitivity and specificity. Techniques using whole blood samples utilize physical prosperity, immunoaffinity or a combination of the above methods and positive and negative enrichment during separation. Further analysis of CTCs is helpful in cancer monitoring, efficacy evaluation and designing of targeted cancer treatment methods. Although many advances have been achieved in the detection and molecular characterization of CTCs, several challenges still exist that limit the current use of this burgeoning diagnostic approach. In this review, a brief summary of the biological characterization of CTCs is presented. We focus on the current existing CTC detection methods and the potential clinical implications and challenges of CTCs. We also put forward our own views regarding the future development direction of CTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Ju
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cong Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiahang Zhang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xun Zhang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoqing Li
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongxia Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jichun Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feiyang Ji
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Linbo Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China.
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15
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A dielectrophoresis-based microfluidic system having double-sided optimized 3D electrodes for label-free cancer cell separation with preserving cell viability. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12100. [PMID: 35840699 PMCID: PMC9287561 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16286-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Early detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in a patient's blood is essential to accurate prognosis and effective cancer treatment monitoring. The methods used to detect and separate CTCs should have a high recovery rate and ensure cells viability for post-processing operations, such as cell culture and genetic analysis. In this paper, a novel dielectrophoresis (DEP)-based microfluidic system is presented for separating MDA-MB-231 cancer cells from various subtypes of WBCs with the practical cell viability approach. Three configurations for the sidewall electrodes are investigated to evaluate the separation performance. The simulation results based on the finite-element method show that semi-circular electrodes have the best performance with a recovery rate of nearly 95% under the same operational and geometric conditions. In this configuration, the maximum applied electric field (1.11 × 105 V/m) to separate MDA-MB-231 is lower than the threshold value for cell electroporation. Also, the Joule heating study in this configuration shows that the cells are not damaged in the fluid temperature gradient (equal to 1 K). We hope that such a complete and step-by-step design is suitable to achieve DEP-based applicable cell separation biochips.
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16
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A microfluidic device for label-free separation sensitivity enhancement of circulating tumor cells of various and similar size. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.118192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Xu K, Jiao X, Wang P, Chen C, Chen C. Isolation of circulating tumor cells based on magnetophoresis. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjac.2022.100058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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18
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Menze L, Duarte PA, Haddon L, Chu M, Chen J. Selective Single-Cell Sorting Using a Multisectorial Electroactive Nanowell Platform. ACS NANO 2022; 16:211-220. [PMID: 34559518 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c05668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Current approaches in targeted patient treatments often require the rapid isolation of specific rare target cells. Stream-based dielectrophoresis (DEP) based cell sorters have the limitation that the maximum number of sortable cell types is equivalent to the number of output channels, which makes upscaling to a higher number of different cell types technically challenging. Here, we present a microfluidic platform for selective single-cell sorting that bypasses this limitation. The platform consists of 10 000 nanoliter wells which are placed on top of interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) that facilitate dielectrophoresis-driven capture of cells. By use of a multisectorial design formed by 10 individually addressable IDE structures, our platform can capture a large number of different cell types. The sectorial approach allows for fast and straightforward modification to sort complex samples as different cell types are captured in different sectors and therefore removes the need for individual output channels per cell type. Experimental results obtained with a mixed sample of benign (MCF-10A) and malignant (MDA-MB-231) breast cells showed a target to nontarget sorting accuracy of over 95%. We envision that the high accuracy of our platform, in addition to its versatility and simplicity, will aid clinical environments where reliable sorting of varying complex samples is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Menze
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Pedro A Duarte
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Lacey Haddon
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Michael Chu
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
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19
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Russo GI, Musso N, Romano A, Caruso G, Petralia S, Lanzanò L, Broggi G, Camarda M. The Role of Dielectrophoresis for Cancer Diagnosis and Prognosis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:198. [PMID: 35008359 PMCID: PMC8750463 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid biopsy is emerging as a potential diagnostic tool for prostate cancer (PC) prognosis and diagnosis. Unfortunately, most circulating tumor cells (CTC) technologies, such as AdnaTest or Cellsearch®, critically rely on the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) marker, limiting the possibility of detecting cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) and mesenchymal-like cells (EMT-CTCs) that are present during PC progression. In this context, dielectrophoresis (DEP) is an epCAM independent, label-free enrichment system that separates rare cells simply on the basis of their specific electrical properties. As compared to other technologies, DEP may represent a superior technique in terms of running costs, cell yield and specificity. However, because of its higher complexity, it still requires further technical as well as clinical development. DEP can be improved by the use of microfluid, nanostructured materials and fluoro-imaging to increase its potential applications. In the context of cancer, the usefulness of DEP lies in its capacity to detect CTCs in the bloodstream in their epithelial, mesenchymal, or epithelial-mesenchymal phenotype forms, which should be taken into account when choosing CTC enrichment and analysis methods for PC prognosis and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolò Musso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Science (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- STLab s.r.l., Via Anapo 53, 95126 Catania, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Romano
- Haematological Section, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Caruso
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Salvatore Petralia
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Luca Lanzanò
- Department of Physics and Astronomy “Ettore Majorana”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Broggi
- Pathology Section, Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
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20
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Turcan I, Caras I, Schreiner TG, Tucureanu C, Salageanu A, Vasile V, Avram M, Tincu B, Olariu MA. Dielectrophoretic and Electrical Impedance Differentiation of Cancerous Cells Based on Biophysical Phenotype. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2021; 11:bios11100401. [PMID: 34677357 PMCID: PMC8533712 DOI: 10.3390/bios11100401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Here, we reported a study on the detection and electrical characterization of both cancer cell line and primary tumor cells. Dielectrophoresis (DEP) and electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were jointly employed to enable the rapid and label-free differentiation of various cancer cells from normal ones. The primary tumor cells that were collected from two colorectal cancer patients, cancer cell lines (SW-403, Jurkat, and THP-1), and healthy peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were trapped first at the level of interdigitated microelectrodes with the help of dielectrophoresis. Correlation of the cells dielectric characteristics that was obtained via electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) allowed evident differentiation of the various types of cell. The differentiations were assigned to a “dielectric phenotype” based on their crossover frequencies. Finally, Randles equivalent circuit model was employed for highlighting the differences with regard to a series group of charge transport resistance and constant phase element for cancerous and normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Turcan
- Department of Electrical Measurements and Materials, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, 21-23 Profesor Dimitrie Mangeron Blvd., 700050 Iasi, Romania; (I.T.); (T.G.S.)
| | - Iuliana Caras
- “Cantacuzino” National Medical-Military Institute for Research and Development, 103 Splaiul Independentei, 050096 Bucharest, Romania; (I.C.); (C.T.); (A.S.); (V.V.)
| | - Thomas Gabriel Schreiner
- Department of Electrical Measurements and Materials, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, 21-23 Profesor Dimitrie Mangeron Blvd., 700050 Iasi, Romania; (I.T.); (T.G.S.)
- Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Catalin Tucureanu
- “Cantacuzino” National Medical-Military Institute for Research and Development, 103 Splaiul Independentei, 050096 Bucharest, Romania; (I.C.); (C.T.); (A.S.); (V.V.)
| | - Aurora Salageanu
- “Cantacuzino” National Medical-Military Institute for Research and Development, 103 Splaiul Independentei, 050096 Bucharest, Romania; (I.C.); (C.T.); (A.S.); (V.V.)
| | - Valentin Vasile
- “Cantacuzino” National Medical-Military Institute for Research and Development, 103 Splaiul Independentei, 050096 Bucharest, Romania; (I.C.); (C.T.); (A.S.); (V.V.)
| | - Marioara Avram
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies—IMT Bucharest, 126A Erou Iancu Nicolae Street, 077190 Bucharest, Romania; (M.A.); (B.T.)
- DDS Diagnostic SRL, 7 Vulcan Judetu Street, 030423 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Bianca Tincu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies—IMT Bucharest, 126A Erou Iancu Nicolae Street, 077190 Bucharest, Romania; (M.A.); (B.T.)
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science, University “Politehnica” of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Indepentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marius Andrei Olariu
- Department of Electrical Measurements and Materials, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, 21-23 Profesor Dimitrie Mangeron Blvd., 700050 Iasi, Romania; (I.T.); (T.G.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-744-474-232
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21
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Rahmati M, Chen X. Separation of circulating tumor cells from blood using dielectrophoretic DLD manipulation. Biomed Microdevices 2021; 23:49. [PMID: 34581876 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-021-00587-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) play a prominent role in early cancer detection. Emerging label-free techniques can be promising to CTC detection due to advantages in preserving cell integrity and minimal sample consumption. Deterministic Lateral Displacement (DLD) is a size-based label-free technique employing laminar flow for continuous sorting of suspended cells. However, separation based solely on size is challenging as the size distributions of CTCs tend to overlap with blood cells. Moreover, the rarity of CTCs in blood requires high throughput processing of samples for clinical utility. In this work, a dielectrophoretic DLD technique is presented to segregate CTCs from blood. This technique utilizes the cell size and dielectric properties as well as particle movement caused by polarization effect to accomplish continuous separation at high flow rates. A numerical model is developed and validated to investigate the effects of various parameters related to the fluid flow, micro-post array, and electric field. It is demonstrated that the dielectrophoretic DLD with specific post arrangement can continuously separate A549 lung CTCs from WBCs by applying a field frequency close to the crossover frequency of CTCs. The analysis further indicates that such a device can perform well despite uncertainties of CTC crossover frequencies. Additionally, efficient separation with minimum clogging can be achieved by setting the electric field perpendicular to fluid flow. The presented platform offers distinct advantages and can be potentially combined with techniques such as antibody-based immune-binding methods for rapid detection of CTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Rahmati
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA, 98686, USA
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA, 98686, USA.
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22
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Label-free enrichment of rare unconventional circulating neoplastic cells using a microfluidic dielectrophoretic sorting device. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1130. [PMID: 34561533 PMCID: PMC8463600 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02651-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular circulating biomarkers from the primary tumor such as circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and circulating hybrid cells (CHCs) have been described to harbor tumor-like phenotype and genotype. CHCs are present in higher numbers than CTCs supporting their translational potential. Methods for isolation of CHCs do not exist and are restricted to low-throughput, time consuming, and biased methodologies. We report the development of a label-free dielectrophoretic microfluidic platform facilitating enrichment of CHCs in a high-throughput and rapid fashion by depleting healthy peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). We demonstrated up to 96.5% depletion of PBMCs resulting in 18.6-fold enrichment of cancer cells. In PBMCs from pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients, the platform enriched neoplastic cells identified by their KRAS mutant status using droplet digital PCR with one hour of processing. Enrichment was achieved in 75% of the clinical samples analyzed, establishing this approach as a promising way to non-invasively analyze tumor cells from patients.
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23
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Maidin NNM, Buyong MR, Rahim RA, Mohamed MA. Dielectrophoresis applications in biomedical field and future perspectives in biomedical technology. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:2033-2059. [PMID: 34346062 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is a technique to manipulate trajectories of polarisable particles in non-uniform electric fields by utilising unique dielectric properties. The manipulation of a cell using DEP has been demonstrated in various modes, thereby indicating potential applications in the biomedical field. In this review, recent DEP applications in the biomedical field are discussed. This review is intended to highlight research work that shows significant approach related to dielectrophoresis application in biomedical field reported between 2016 and 2020. Firstly, single-shell model and multiple-shell model of cells are introduced. Current device structures and recently introduced electrode patterns for DEP applications are discussed. Secondly, the biomedical uses of DEP in liquid biopsies, stem cell therapies, and diagnosis of infectious diseases due to bacteria and viruses are presented. Finally, the challenges in DEP research are discussed, and the reported solutions are explained. DEP's potential research directions are mentioned. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Nasyifa Mohd Maidin
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronic (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Selangor, 43600, Malaysia
| | - Muhamad Ramdzan Buyong
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronic (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Selangor, 43600, Malaysia
| | - Ruslinda A Rahim
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, Perlis, 01000, Malaysia.,National Nanotechnology Centre (NNC), Ministry of Science Technology and Innovation (MOSTI), Federal Government Administrative Centre, Putrajaya, 62662, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Ambri Mohamed
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronic (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Selangor, 43600, Malaysia
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24
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Agnoletto C, Caruso C, Garofalo C. Heterogeneous Circulating Tumor Cells in Sarcoma: Implication for Clinical Practice. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092189. [PMID: 34063272 PMCID: PMC8124844 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The present review is aimed to discuss the relevance of assaying for the presence and isolation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in patients with sarcoma. Just a few studies have been performed to detect and enumerate viable CTCs in sarcoma and a majority of them still represent proof-of-concept studies, while more frequently tumor cells have been detected in the circulation by using the PCR-based method. Nevertheless, recent advances in technologies allowed detection of epithelial–mesenchymal transitioned CTCs from patients with mesenchymal malignancies, despite results being mostly preliminary. The possibility to identify CTCs holds a great promise for both applications of liquid biopsy in sarcoma for precision medicine, and for research purposes to pinpoint the mechanism of the metastatic process through the characterization of tumor mesenchymal cells. Coherently, clinical trials in sarcoma have been designed accordingly to detect CTCs, for diagnosis, identification of novel therapeutic targets and resistance mechanisms of systemic therapies, and patient stratification. Abstract Bone and soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) represent a group of heterogeneous rare malignant tumors of mesenchymal origin, with a poor prognosis. Due to their low incidence, only a few studies have been reported addressing circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in sarcoma, despite the well-documented relevance for applications of liquid biopsy in precision medicine. In the present review, the most recent data relative to the detection and isolation of viable and intact CTCs in these tumors will be reviewed, and the heterogeneity in CTCs will be discussed. The relevance of epithelial–mesenchymal plasticity and stemness in defining the phenotypic and functional properties of these rare cells in sarcoma will be highlighted. Of note, the existence of dynamic epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related processes in sarcoma tumors has only recently been related to their clinical aggressiveness. Also, the presence of epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM)-positive CTC in sarcoma has been weakly correlated with poor outcome and disease progression, thus proving the existence of both epithelial and mesenchymal CTC in sarcoma. The advancement in technologies for capturing and enumerating all diverse CTCs phenotype originating from these mesenchymal tumors are presented, and results provide a promising basis for clinical application of CTC detection in sarcoma.
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25
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Kwak TJ, Jung H, Allen BD, Demirel MC, Chang WJ. Dielectrophoretic separation of randomly shaped protein particles. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.118280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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26
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Jiang M, Wang X, Zhao X, Teng Y, Chen J, Wang J, Yue W. Classification of tumor subtypes leveraging constriction-channel based impedance flow cytometry and optical imaging. Cytometry A 2021; 99:1114-1122. [PMID: 33909347 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
As label-free biomarkers, electrical properties of single cells have been widely used for cell-type classification and cell-status evaluation. However, as intrinsic bioelectrical markers, previously reported membrane capacitance and cytoplasmic resistance (e.g., specific membrane capacitance Cspecific membrane and cytoplasmic conductivity σcytoplasm ) of tumor subtypes were derived from tens of single cells, lacking statistical significance due to low cell numbers. In this study, tumor subtypes were constructed based on phenotype (treatment with 4-methylumbelliferone) or genotype (knockdown of ROCK1) modifications and then aspirated through a constriction-channel based impedance flow cytometry to characterize single-cell Cspecific membrane and σcytoplasm . Thousands of single tumor cells with phenotype modifications were measured, resulting in significant differences in 1.64 ± 0.43 μF/cm2 vs. 1.55 ± 0.47 μF/cm2 of Cspecific membrane and 0.96 ± 0.37 S/m vs. 1.24 ± 0.47 S/m of σcytoplasm for 95C cells (792 cells of 95C-control vs. 1529 cells of 95C-pheno-mod); 2.56 ± 0.88 μF/cm2 vs. 2.33 ± 0.56 μF/cm2 of Cspecific membrane and 0.83 ± 0.18 S/m vs. 0.93 ± 0.25 S/m of σcytoplasm for H1299 cells (962 cells of H1299-control vs. 637 cells of H1299-pheno-mod). Furthermore, thousands of single tumor cells with genotype modifications were measured, resulting in significant differences in 3.82 ± 0.92 vs. 3.18 ± 0.47 μF/cm2 of Cspecific membrane and 0.47 ± 0.05 vs. 0.52 ± 0.05 S/m of σcytoplasm (1100 cells of A549-control vs. 1100 cells of A549-geno-mod). These results indicate that as intrinsic bioelectrical markers, specific membrane capacitance and cytoplasmic conductivity can be used to classify tumor subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Jiang
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- Department of Human Reproductive Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoting Zhao
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Teng
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junbo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wentao Yue
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Huang X, Torres-Castro K, Varhue W, Salahi A, Rasin A, Honrado C, Brown A, Guler J, Swami NS. Self-aligned sequential lateral field non-uniformities over channel depth for high throughput dielectrophoretic cell deflection. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:835-843. [PMID: 33532812 PMCID: PMC8019514 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc01211d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Dielectrophoresis (DEP) enables the separation of cells based on subtle subcellular phenotypic differences by controlling the frequency of the applied field. However, current electrode-based geometries extend over a limited depth of the sample channel, thereby reducing the throughput of the manipulated sample (sub-μL min-1 flow rates and <105 cells per mL). We present a flow through device with self-aligned sequential field non-uniformities extending laterally across the sample channel width (100 μm) that are created by metal patterned over the entire depth (50 μm) of the sample channel sidewall using a single lithography step. This enables single-cell streamlines to undergo progressive DEP deflection with minimal dependence on the cell starting position, its orientation versus the field and intercellular interactions. Phenotype-specific cell separation is validated (>μL min-1 flow and >106 cells per mL) using heterogeneous samples of healthy and glutaraldehyde-fixed red blood cells, with single-cell impedance cytometry showing that the DEP collected fractions are intact and exhibit electrical opacity differences consistent with their capacitance-based DEP crossover frequency. This geometry can address the vision of an "all electric" selective cell isolation and cytometry system for quantifying phenotypic heterogeneity of cellular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- XuHai Huang
- Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA.
| | - Karina Torres-Castro
- Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA.
| | - Walter Varhue
- Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA.
| | - Armita Salahi
- Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA.
| | - Ahmed Rasin
- Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA.
| | - Carlos Honrado
- Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA.
| | - Audrey Brown
- Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | | | - Nathan S Swami
- Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA. and Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
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28
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Zhang X, Xu X, Ren Y, Yan Y, Wu A. Numerical simulation of circulating tumor cell separation in a dielectrophoresis based Y-Y shaped microfluidic device. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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29
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Dielectrophoresis-field flow fractionation for separation of particles: A critical review. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1637:461799. [PMID: 33385744 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Dielectrophoresis-field flow fractionation (DEP-FFF) has emerged as an efficient in-vitro, non-invasive, and label-free mechanism to manipulate a variety of nano- and micro-scaled particles in a continuous-flow manner. The technique is mainly used to fractionate particles/cells based on differences in their sizes and/or dielectric properties by employing dielectrophoretic force as an external force field applied perpendicular to the flow direction. The dielectrophoretic force is the result of a spatially non-uniform electric field in the microchannel that can be generated either by exploiting microchannel geometry or using special arrangements of microelectrode arrays. Several two-dimensional (e.g., coplanar interdigitated, castellated) and three-dimensional (e.g., top-bottom, side-wall) microelectrode designs have been successfully utilized to perform fractionation of heterogeneous samples. Although originally introduced as a separation technique, DEP-FFF has attracted increasing interest in performing other important operations such as switching, focusing, dipping, and surface functionalization of target particles. Nonetheless, the technique still suffers from limitations such as low throughput and joule heating. By comparatively analyzing recent developments that address these shortcomings, this work is a step forward towards realizing the full potential of DEP-FFF as an ideal candidate for point-of-care (POC) devices with diverse applications in the fields of biomedical, chemical, and environmental engineering.
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30
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Turcan I, Olariu MA. Dielectrophoretic Manipulation of Cancer Cells and Their Electrical Characterization. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2020; 22:554-578. [PMID: 32786320 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.0c00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Electromanipulation and electrical characterization of cancerous cells is becoming a topic of high interest as the results reported to date demonstrate a good differentiation among various types of cells from an electrical viewpoint. Dielectrophoresis and broadband dielectric spectroscopy are complementary tools for sorting, identification, and characterization of malignant cells and were successfully used on both primary tumor cells and culture cells as well. However, the literature is presenting a plethora of studies with respect to electrical evaluation of these type of cells, and this review is reporting a collection of information regarding the functioning principles of different types of dielectrophoresis setups, theory of cancer cell polarization, and electrical investigation (including here the polarization mechanisms). The interpretation of electrical characteristics against frequency is discussed with respect to interfacial/Maxwell-Wagner polarization and the parasitic influence of electrode polarization. Moreover, the electrical equivalent circuits specific to biological cells polarizations are discussed for a good understanding of the cells' morphology influence. The review also focuses on advantages of specific low-conductivity buffers employed currently for improving the efficiency of dielectrophoresis and provides a set of synthesized data from the literature highlighting clear differentiation between the crossover frequencies of different cancerous cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Turcan
- Department of Electrical Measurements and Materials, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Profesor Dimitrie Mangeron Boulevard, No. 21−23, Iasi 700050, Romania
| | - Marius Andrei Olariu
- Department of Electrical Measurements and Materials, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Profesor Dimitrie Mangeron Boulevard, No. 21−23, Iasi 700050, Romania
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31
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Çağlayan Z, Demircan Yalçın Y, Külah H. A Prominent Cell Manipulation Technique in BioMEMS: Dielectrophoresis. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E990. [PMID: 33153069 PMCID: PMC7693018 DOI: 10.3390/mi11110990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BioMEMS, the biological and biomedical applications of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS), has attracted considerable attention in recent years and has found widespread applications in disease detection, advanced diagnosis, therapy, drug delivery, implantable devices, and tissue engineering. One of the most essential and leading goals of the BioMEMS and biosensor technologies is to develop point-of-care (POC) testing systems to perform rapid prognostic or diagnostic tests at a patient site with high accuracy. Manipulation of particles in the analyte of interest is a vital task for POC and biosensor platforms. Dielectrophoresis (DEP), the induced movement of particles in a non-uniform electrical field due to polarization effects, is an accurate, fast, low-cost, and marker-free manipulation technique. It has been indicated as a promising method to characterize, isolate, transport, and trap various particles. The aim of this review is to provide fundamental theory and principles of DEP technique, to explain its importance for the BioMEMS and biosensor fields with detailed references to readers, and to identify and exemplify the application areas in biosensors and POC devices. Finally, the challenges faced in DEP-based systems and the future prospects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Çağlayan
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; (Z.Ç.); (Y.D.Y.)
- METU MEMS Research and Application Center, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Yağmur Demircan Yalçın
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; (Z.Ç.); (Y.D.Y.)
- Mikro Biyosistemler Electronics Inc., Ankara 06530, Turkey
| | - Haluk Külah
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; (Z.Ç.); (Y.D.Y.)
- METU MEMS Research and Application Center, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- Mikro Biyosistemler Electronics Inc., Ankara 06530, Turkey
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32
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Liu L, Yang C, Liu C, Piao J, Kaw HY, Cui J, Shang H, Ri HC, Kim JM, Jin M, Li D. Open-tubular radially cyclical electric field-flow fractionation (OTR-CyElFFF): an online concentric distribution strategy for simultaneous separation of microparticles. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:3535-3543. [PMID: 32852497 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00620c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An open-tubular radially cyclical electric field-flow fractionation technique which achieves the online separation of microparticles in a functional annular channel is proposed in this study. The system was set up by using a stainless steel tube and a platinum wire modified with ionic liquid/mesoporous silica materials as the external and internal electrodes. The feasibility for online separation of various particles was experimentally demonstrated. Particles in the channel were affected by a radial electric field and field-flow fractionation (FFF). On the cross section, different particles showed distinctive migration distances depending on their own properties and the different magnitudes of forces being exerted. The same kind of particles form an annular distribution within the same annulus while different particles form annular distributions at varied concentric annuli through electrophoresis. Under a laminar flow of FFF, different sizes of particles formed a conical arrangement within the annular separation channel. With the joint influence of electric field and flow field, different trajectories were obtained and the particles were eventually separated. Voltage, frequency and duty cycle value are the main parameters affecting the separation of particles. By adjusting these parameters, particles migrate in a zigzag trajectory on one side of the electrodes (mode I) and reach both sides of the electrodes (mode II). Six polystyrene particles were completely separated with high resolution within several minutes. Our system offers numerous advantages of label-free, high-resolution and online separation without tedious operations, and it is a promising tool for the effective separation of various micro-objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, PR China.
| | - Cui Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changji North Road 677, Changchun City, Jilin Province 130032, China
| | - Cuicui Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, PR China.
| | - Jishou Piao
- Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, PR China.
| | - Han Yeong Kaw
- Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, PR China.
| | - Jiaxuan Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, PR China.
| | - Haibo Shang
- Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, PR China.
| | - Hyok Chol Ri
- Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, PR China.
| | - Ji Man Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Korea
| | - Mingshi Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, PR China.
| | - Donghao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, PR China.
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33
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Schütt J, Sandoval Bojorquez DI, Avitabile E, Oliveros Mata ES, Milyukov G, Colditz J, Delogu LG, Rauner M, Feldmann A, Koristka S, Middeke JM, Sockel K, Fassbender J, Bachmann M, Bornhäuser M, Cuniberti G, Baraban L. Nanocytometer for smart analysis of peripheral blood and acute myeloid leukemia: a pilot study. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:6572-6581. [PMID: 32786943 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We realize an ultracompact nanocytometer for real-time impedimetric detection and classification of subpopulations of living cells. Nanoscopic nanowires in a microfluidic channel act as nanocapacitors and measure in real time the change of the amplitude and phase of the output voltage and, thus, the electrical properties of living cells. We perform the cell classification in the human peripheral blood (PBMC) and demonstrate for the first time the possibility to discriminate monocytes and subpopulations of lymphocytes in a label-free format. Further, we demonstrate that the PBMC of acute myeloid leukemia and healthy samples grant the label free identification of the disease. Using the algorithm based on machine learning, we generated specific data patterns to discriminate healthy donors and leukemia patients. Such a solution has the potential to improve the traditional diagnostics approaches with respect to the overall cost and time effort, in a label-free format, and restrictions of the complex data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Schütt
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute for Materials Science, Dresden University of Technology, Budapesterstrasse 27, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Diana Isabel Sandoval Bojorquez
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Elisabetta Avitabile
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, via muroni 23, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Eduardo Sergio Oliveros Mata
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute for Materials Science, Dresden University of Technology, Budapesterstrasse 27, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gleb Milyukov
- Samsung R&D Institute Russia (SRR), 127018 Moscow, Russia
| | - Juliane Colditz
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik III, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Lucia Gemma Delogu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, via muroni 23, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, via Ugo bassi 58, 35122 Padua, Italy
| | - Martina Rauner
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik III, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anja Feldmann
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefanie Koristka
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jan Moritz Middeke
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Katja Sockel
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jürgen Fassbender
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Bachmann
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Bornhäuser
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Else Kröner-Fresenius Center for Digital Health (EKFZ), Technische Universität Dresden (TU Dresden), Dresden, Germany
| | - Gianaurelio Cuniberti
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute for Materials Science, Dresden University of Technology, Budapesterstrasse 27, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Dresden Center for Computational Materials Science (DCMS), TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Else Kröner-Fresenius Center for Digital Health (EKFZ), Technische Universität Dresden (TU Dresden), Dresden, Germany
| | - Larysa Baraban
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute for Materials Science, Dresden University of Technology, Budapesterstrasse 27, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Else Kröner-Fresenius Center for Digital Health (EKFZ), Technische Universität Dresden (TU Dresden), Dresden, Germany
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34
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Tian C, Xu X, Wang Y, Li D, Lu H, Yang Z. Development and Clinical Prospects of Techniques to Separate Circulating Tumor Cells from Peripheral Blood. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:7263-7275. [PMID: 32884342 PMCID: PMC7434565 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s248380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of circulating tumor cells (CTC) is an important liquid biopsy technique that has advanced considerably in recent years. To further advance the development of technology for curing cancer, several CTC technologies have been proposed by various research groups. Despite their potential role in early cancer diagnosis and prognosis, CTC methods are currently used for research purposes only, and very few methods have been accepted for clinical applications because of difficulties, including CTC heterogeneity, CTC separation from the blood, and a lack of thorough clinical validation. Although current CTC technologies have not been truly implemented, they possess high potential as future clinical diagnostic techniques for individualized cancer. Here, we review current developments in CTC separation technology. We also explore new CTC detection methods based on telomerase and nanomaterials, such as in vivo flow cytometry. In addition, we discuss the difficulties that must be overcome before CTC can be applied in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Tian
- Yichang Central People's Hospital, First Clinical Medical College of Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhua Xu
- Yichang Central People's Hospital, First Clinical Medical College of Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuke Wang
- Yichang Central People's Hospital, First Clinical Medical College of Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, People's Republic of China
| | - Dailong Li
- Yichang Central People's Hospital, First Clinical Medical College of Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Lu
- Yichang Central People's Hospital, First Clinical Medical College of Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziwei Yang
- Yichang Central People's Hospital, First Clinical Medical College of Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, People's Republic of China
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35
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Henslee EA. Review: Dielectrophoresis in cell characterization. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:1915-1930. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erin A. Henslee
- Department of Engineering Wake Forest University 455 Vine St. Winston‐Salem USA
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36
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Zhang Y, Zhao J, Yu H, Li P, Liang W, Liu Z, Lee GB, Liu L, Li WJ, Wang Z. Detection and isolation of free cancer cells from ascites and peritoneal lavages using optically induced electrokinetics (OEK). SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba9628. [PMID: 32821829 PMCID: PMC7406364 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba9628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Detection of free gastric cancer cells in peritoneal lavages and ascites plays a vital role in gastric cancer. However, due to the low content of cancer cells in patients' peritoneal lavages, traditional detection methods lack sensitivity and cannot satisfy clinical demand. In this study, we used an optically induced electrokinetics (OEK) microfluidic method for label-free separation and characterization of patient gastric cancer cells. This method showed high effectiveness and sensitivity. We successfully separated cancer cells from a simulated peritoneal lavage mixture of gastric cancer cell lines and peritoneal lavage cells in a ratio of 1:1000. We further separated gastric cancer cells from six patients' ascites with purity up to 71%. In addition, we measured the cell membrane capacitances, which may be used as a biomarker for gastric cancer cells. Thus, our method can be used to effectively and rapidly detect peritoneal metastasis and to acquire cellular electrical information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110169, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junhua Zhao
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
| | - Haibo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110169, China
| | - Pan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110169, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenfeng Liang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China
| | - Zhu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110169, China
| | - Gwo-Bin Lee
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Lianqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110169, China
| | - Wen Jung Li
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110169, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhenning Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
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37
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Moore JH, Salahi A, Honrado C, Warburton C, Warren CA, Swami NS. Quantifying bacterial spore germination by single-cell impedance cytometry for assessment of host microbiota susceptibility to Clostridioides difficile infection. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 166:112440. [PMID: 32745926 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The germination of ingested spores is often a necessary first step required for enabling bacterial outgrowth and host colonization, as in the case of Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) infection. Spore germination rate in the colon depends on microbiota composition and its level of disruption by antibiotic treatment since secretions by commensal bacteria modulate primary to secondary bile salt levels to control germination. Assessment of C. difficile spore germination typically requires measurement of colony-forming units, which is labor intensive and takes at least 24 h to perform but is regularly required due to the high recurrence rates of nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhea. We present a rapid method to assess spore germination by using high throughput single-cell impedance cytometry (>300 events/s) to quantify live bacterial cells, by gating for their characteristic electrophysiology versus spores, so that germination can be assessed after just 4 h of culture at a detection limit of ~100 live cells per 50 μL sample. To detect the phenotype of germinated C. difficile bacteria, we utilize its characteristically higher net conductivity versus that of spore aggregates and non-viable C. difficile forms, which causes a distinctive high-frequency (10 MHz) impedance phase dispersion within moderately conductive media (0.8 S/m). In this manner, we can detect significant differences in spore germination rates within just 4 h, with increasing primary bile salt levels in vitro and using ex vivo microbiota samples from an antibiotic-treated mouse model to assess susceptibility to C. difficile infection. We envision a rapid diagnostic tool for assessing host microbiota susceptibility to bacterial colonization after key antibiotic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Moore
- Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Armita Salahi
- Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Carlos Honrado
- Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | | | - Cirle A Warren
- Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Nathan S Swami
- Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA.
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38
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Akpe V, Kim TH, Brown CL, Cock IE. Circulating tumour cells: a broad perspective. J R Soc Interface 2020; 17:20200065. [PMCID: PMC7423436 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2020.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumour cells (CTCs) have recently been identified as valuable biomarkers for diagnostic and prognostic evaluations, as well for monitoring therapeutic responses to treatments. CTCs are rare cells which may be present as one CTC surrounded by approximately 1 million white blood cells and 1 billion red blood cells per millilitre of peripheral blood. Despite the various challenges in CTC detection, considerable progress in detection methods have been documented in recent times, particularly for methodologies incorporating nanomaterial-based platforms and/or integrated microfluidics. Herein, we summarize the importance of CTCs as biological markers for tumour detection, highlight their mechanism of cellular invasion and discuss the various challenges associated with CTC research, including vulnerability, heterogeneity, phenotypicity and size differences. In addition, we describe nanomaterial agents used for electrochemistry and surface plasmon resonance applications, which have recently been used to selectively capture cancer cells and amplify signals for CTC detection. The intrinsic properties of nanomaterials have also recently been exploited to achieve photothermal destruction of cancer cells. This review describes recent advancements and future perspectives in the CTC field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Akpe
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Queensland 4111, Australia
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Tak H. Kim
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Queensland 4111, Australia
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Christopher L. Brown
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Queensland 4111, Australia
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Ian E. Cock
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Queensland 4111, Australia
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Queensland 4111, Australia
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Lei KF. A Review on Microdevices for Isolating Circulating Tumor Cells. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E531. [PMID: 32456042 PMCID: PMC7281722 DOI: 10.3390/mi11050531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is the primary cause of high mortality of cancer patients. Enumeration of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the bloodstream is a very important indicator to estimate the therapeutic outcome in various metastatic cancers. The aim of this article is to review recent developments on the CTC isolation technologies in microdevices. Based on the categories of biochemical and biophysical isolation approaches, a literature review and in-depth discussion will be included to provide an overview of this challenging topic. The current excellent developments suggest promising CTC isolation methods in order to establish a precise indicator of the therapeutic outcome of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin Fong Lei
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; ; Tel.: +886-3-2118800 (ext. 5345)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan
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40
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Liang W, Yang X, Wang J, Wang Y, Yang W, Liu L. Determination of Dielectric Properties of Cells using AC Electrokinetic-based Microfluidic Platform: A Review of Recent Advances. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E513. [PMID: 32438680 PMCID: PMC7281274 DOI: 10.3390/mi11050513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell dielectric properties, a type of intrinsic property of cells, can be used as electrophysiological biomarkers that offer a label-free way to characterize cell phenotypes and states, purify clinical samples, and identify target cancer cells. Here, we present a review of the determination of cell dielectric properties using alternating current (AC) electrokinetic-based microfluidic mechanisms, including electro-rotation (ROT) and dielectrophoresis (DEP). The review covers theoretically how ROT and DEP work to extract cell dielectric properties. We also dive into the details of differently structured ROT chips, followed by a discussion on the determination of cell dielectric properties and the use of these properties in bio-related applications. Additionally, the review offers a look at the future challenges facing the AC electrokinetic-based microfluidic platform in terms of acquiring cell dielectric parameters. Our conclusion is that this platform will bring biomedical and bioengineering sciences to the next level and ultimately achieve the shift from lab-oriented research to real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Liang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China; (X.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Xieliu Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China; (X.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Junhai Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China; (X.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Yuechao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China;
| | - Wenguang Yang
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China;
| | - Lianqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China;
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41
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Zahedi Siani O, Zabetian Targhi M, Sojoodi M, Movahedin M. Dielectrophoretic separation of monocytes from cancer cells in a microfluidic chip using electrode pitch optimization. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2020; 43:1573-1586. [PMID: 32328730 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-020-02349-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study proposes a microfluidic device capable of separating monocytes from a type of cancer cell that is called T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (RPMI-8402) in a continuous flow using negative and positive dielectrophoretic forces. The use of both the hydrodynamic and dielectrophoretic forces allows the separation of RPMI-8402 from monocytes based on differences in their intrinsic electrical properties and sizes. The specific crossover frequencies of monocytes and RPMI-8402 cells have been obtained experimentally. The optimum ranges of electrode pitch-to-channel height ratio at the cross sections with different electrode widths have been generally calculated by numerical simulations of the gradients of the electric field intensities and calculation their effective values (root-mean-square). In the device, the cell sorting has been conducted empirically, and then, the separation performance has been evaluated by analyzing the images before and after dielectrophoretic forces applied to the cells. In this work, the design of a chip with 77 μm gold-titanium electrode pitch was investigated to achieve high purity of monocytes of 95.2%. The proposed device can be used with relatively low applied voltages, as low as 16.5 V (peak to peak). Thus, the design can be used in biomedical diagnosis and chemical analysis applications as a lab-on-chip platform. Also, it can be used for the separation of biological cells such as bacteria, RNA, DNA, and blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Zahedi Siani
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mahdi Sojoodi
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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42
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High-Sensitivity in Dielectrophoresis Separations. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11040391. [PMID: 32283618 PMCID: PMC7231031 DOI: 10.3390/mi11040391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The applications of dielectrophoretic (DEP) techniques for the manipulation of cells in a label-free fashion within microfluidic systems continue to grow. However, a limited number of methods exist for making highly sensitive separations that can isolate subtle phenotypic differences within a population of cells. This paper explores efforts to leverage that most compelling aspect of DEP—an actuation force that depends on particle electrical properties—in the background of phenotypic variations in cell size. Several promising approaches, centering around the application of multiple electric fields with spatially mapped magnitude and/or frequencies, are expanding the capability of DEP cell separation.
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43
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Adams TNG, Jiang AYL, Mendoza NS, Ro CC, Lee DH, Lee AP, Flanagan LA. Label-free enrichment of fate-biased human neural stem and progenitor cells. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 152:111982. [PMID: 32056730 PMCID: PMC8860404 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human neural stem and progenitor cells (hNSPCs) have therapeutic potential to treat neural diseases and injuries since they provide neuroprotection and differentiate into astrocytes, neurons, and oligodendrocytes. However, cultures of hNSPCs are heterogeneous, containing cells linked to distinct differentiated cell fates. HNSPCs that differentiate into astrocytes are of interest for specific neurological diseases, creating a need for approaches that can detect and isolate these cells. Astrocyte-biased hNSPCs differ from other cell types in electrophysiological properties, namely membrane capacitance, and we hypothesized that this could be used to enrich these cells using dielectrophoresis (DEP). We implemented a two-step DEP sorting scheme, consisting of analysis to define the optimal sorting frequency followed by separation of cells at that frequency, to test whether astrocyte-biased cells could be separated from the other cell types present in hNSPC cultures. We developed a novel device that increased sorting reproducibility and provided both enriched and depleted cell populations in a single sort. Astrocyte-biased cells were successfully enriched from hNSPC cultures by DEP sorting, making this the first study to use electrophysiological properties for label-free enrichment of human astrocyte-biased cells. Enriched astrocyte-biased human cells enable future experiments to determine the specific properties of these important cells and test their therapeutic efficacy in animal models of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayloria N G Adams
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-2580, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-6750, USA; Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-1705, USA.
| | - Alan Y L Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-2627, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-6750, USA; Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-1705, USA
| | - Nicolo S Mendoza
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-6750, USA; Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-1705, USA
| | - Clarissa C Ro
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-6750, USA; Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-1705, USA
| | - Do-Hyun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-2627, USA
| | - Abraham P Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-2627, USA
| | - Lisa A Flanagan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-2627, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-6750, USA; Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-1705, USA; Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-4291, USA.
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44
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Torres-Castro K, Honrado C, Varhue WB, Farmehini V, Swami NS. High-throughput dynamical analysis of dielectrophoretic frequency dispersion of single cells based on deflected flow streamlines. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:3847-3857. [PMID: 32128645 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02467-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic quantification of cells based on their plasma membrane capacitance and cytoplasmic conductivity, as determined by their dielectrophoretic frequency dispersion, is often used as a marker for their biological function. However, due to the prevalence of phenotypic heterogeneity in many biological systems of interest, there is a need for methods capable of determining the dielectrophoretic dispersion of single cells at high throughput and without the need for sample dilution. We present a microfluidic device methodology wherein localized constrictions in the microchannel are used to enhance the field delivered by adjoining planar electrodes, so that the dielectrophoresis level and direction on flow-focused cells can be determined on each traversing cell in a high-throughput manner based on their deflected flow streamlines. Using a sample of human red blood cells diluted to 2.25 × 108 cells/mL, the dielectrophoretic translation of single cells traversing at a flow rate of 1.68 μL/min is measured at a throughput of 1.1 × 105 cells/min, to distinguish positive versus negative dielectrophoresis and determine their crossover frequency in media of differing conductivity for validation of the computed membrane capacitance to that from prior methods. We envision application of this dynamic dielectrophoresis (Dy-DEP) method towards high-throughput measurement of the dielectric dispersion of single cells to stratify phenotypic heterogeneity of a particular sample based on their DEP crossover frequency, without the need for significant sample dilution. Grapical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Torres-Castro
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Carlos Honrado
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Walter B Varhue
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Vahid Farmehini
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Nathan S Swami
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA.
- Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA.
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45
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Kikkeri K, Kerr BA, Bertke AS, Strobl JS, Agah M. Passivated-electrode insulator-based dielectrophoretic separation of heterogeneous cell mixtures. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:1576-1585. [PMID: 31991043 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and accurate purification of various heterogeneous mixtures is a critical step for a multitude of molecular, chemical, and biological applications. Dielectrophoresis has shown to be a promising technique for particle separation due to its exploitation of the intrinsic electrical properties, simple fabrication, and low cost. Here, we present a geometrically novel dielectrophoretic channel design which utilizes an array of localized electric fields to separate a variety of unique particle mixtures into distinct populations. This label-free device incorporates multiple winding rows with several nonuniform structures on to sidewalls to produce high electric field gradients, enabling high locally generated dielectrophoretic forces. A balance between dielectrophoretic forces and Stokes' drag is used to effectively isolate each particle population. Mixtures of polystyrene beads (500 nm and 2 μm), breast cancer cells spiked in whole blood, and for the first time, neuron and satellite glial cells were used to study the separation capabilities of the design. We found that our device was able to rapidly separate unique particle populations with over 90% separation yields for each investigated mixture. The unique architecture of the device uses passivated-electrode insulator-based dielectrophoresis in an innovative microfluidic device to separate a variety of heterogeneous mixture without particle saturation in the channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kruthika Kikkeri
- The Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Bethany A Kerr
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Andrea S Bertke
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Jeannine S Strobl
- The Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Masoud Agah
- The Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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46
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McGrath JS, Honrado C, Moore JH, Adair SJ, Varhue WB, Salahi A, Farmehini V, Goudreau BJ, Nagdas S, Blais EM, Bauer TW, Swami NS. Electrophysiology-based stratification of pancreatic tumorigenicity by label-free single-cell impedance cytometry. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1101:90-98. [PMID: 32029124 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive cancer lacking specific biomarkers that can be correlated to disease onset, promotion and progression. To assess whether tumor cell electrophysiology may serve as a marker for PDAC tumorigenicity, we use multi-frequency impedance cytometry at high throughput (∼350 cells/s) to measure the electrical phenotype of single PDAC tumor cells from xenografts, which are derived from primary pancreatic tumors versus those from liver metastases of different patients. A novel phase contrast metric based on variations in the high and low frequency impedance phase responses that is related to electrophysiology of the cell interior is found to be systematically altered as a function of tumorigenicity. PDAC cells of higher tumorigenicity exhibited lowered interior conductivity and enhanced permittivity, which is validated by the dielectrophoresis on the respective cell types. Using genetic analysis, we suggest the role of dysregulated Na+ transport and removal of Ca2+ ions from the cytoplasm on key oncogenic KRAS-driven processes that may be responsible for lowering of the interior cell conductivity. We envision that impedance cytometry can serve as a tool to quantify phenotypic heterogeneity for rapidly stratifying tumorigenicity. It can also aid in protocols for dielectrophoretic isolation of cells with a particular phenotype for prognostic studies on patient survival and to tailor therapy selection to specific patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S McGrath
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - C Honrado
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - J H Moore
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - S J Adair
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - W B Varhue
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - A Salahi
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - V Farmehini
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - B J Goudreau
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - S Nagdas
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - E M Blais
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - T W Bauer
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - N S Swami
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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47
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Cascio M, Baroli D, Bordas S, Deretzis I, Falci G, Magliano A, La Magna A. Coupled molecular-dynamics and finite-element-method simulations for the kinetics of particles subjected to field-mediated forces. Phys Rev E 2019; 99:063307. [PMID: 31330610 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.99.063307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A computational approach that couples molecular-dynamics (MD) and the-finite-element-method (FEM) technique is here proposed for the theoretical study of the dynamics of particles subjected to electromechanical forces. The system consists of spherical particles (modeled as micrometric rigid bodies with proper densities and dielectric functions) suspended in a colloidal solution, which flows in a microfluidic channel in the presence of a generic nonuniform variable electric field generated by electrodes. The particles are subjected to external forces (e.g., drag or gravity) which satisfy a particlelike formulation that is typical of the MD approach, along with an electromechanical force that, in turn, requires the three-dimensional self-consistent solutions of correct continuum field equations during the integration of the equations of motion. In the MD-FEM method used in this work, the finite element method is applied to solve the continuum field equations while the MD technique is used for the stepwise explicit integration of the equations of motion. Our work shows the potential of coupled MD-FEM simulations for the study of electromechanical particles and opens a double perspective for implementing (a) MD away from the field of atomistic simulations and (b) the continuum-particle approach to cases where the conventional force evaluation used in MD is not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Cascio
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy
- CNR-IMM, Z.I. strada VIII 5, 95121 Catania, Italy
- INFN-Catania, Via S. Sofia 62, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Davide Baroli
- Institute of Computational Engineering, University of Luxembourg, Maison du Nombre 6, Avenue de la Fonte, L-4364 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Stephane Bordas
- Institute of Computational Engineering, University of Luxembourg, Maison du Nombre 6, Avenue de la Fonte, L-4364 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | | | - Giuseppe Falci
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy
- INFN-Catania, Via S. Sofia 62, 95123 Catania, Italy
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48
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Afshar S, Salimi E, Fazelkhah A, Braasch K, Mishra N, Butler M, Thomson DJ, Bridges GE. Progression of change in membrane capacitance and cytoplasm conductivity of cells during controlled starvation using dual-frequency DEP cytometry. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1059:59-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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49
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Aghaamoo M, Aghilinejad A, Chen X, Xu J. On the design of deterministic dielectrophoresis for continuous separation of circulating tumor cells from peripheral blood cells. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:1486-1493. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Aghaamoo
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of California Irvine CA USA
| | - Arian Aghilinejad
- School of Engineering and Computer ScienceWashington State University Vancouver WA USA
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- School of Engineering and Computer ScienceWashington State University Vancouver WA USA
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at Chicago Chicago IL USA
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50
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S Iliescu F, Sim WJ, Heidari H, P Poenar D, Miao J, Taylor HK, Iliescu C. Highlighting the uniqueness in dielectrophoretic enrichment of circulating tumor cells. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:1457-1477. [PMID: 30676660 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) play an essential role in the metastasis of tumors, and thus can serve as a valuable prognostic factor for malignant diseases. As a result, the ability to isolate and characterize CTCs is essential. This review underlines the potential of dielectrophoresis for CTCs enrichment. It begins by summarizing the key performance parameters and challenges of CTCs isolation using microfluidics. The two main categories of CTCs enrichment-affinity-based and label-free methods-are analysed, emphasising the advantages and disadvantages of each as well as their clinical potential. While the main argument in favour of affinity-based methods is the strong specificity of CTCs isolation, the major advantage of the label-free technologies is in preserving the integrity of the cellular membrane, an essential requirement for downstream characterization. Moving forward, we try to answer the main question: "What makes dielectrophoresis a method of choice in CTCs isolation?" The uniqueness of dielectrophoretic CTCs enrichment resides in coupling the specificity of the isolation process with the conservation of the membrane surface. The specificity of the dielectrophoretic method stems from the differences in the dielectric properties between CTCs and other cells in the blood: the capacitances of the malignantly transformed cellular membranes of CTCs differ from those of other cells. Examples of dielectrophoretic devices are described and their performance evaluated. Critical requirements for using dielectrophoresis to isolate CTCs are highlighted. Finally, we consider that DEP has the potential of becoming a cytometric method for large-scale sorting and characterization of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wen Jing Sim
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hossein Heidari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Daniel P Poenar
- VALENS-Centre for Bio Devices and Signal Analysis, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Jianmin Miao
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Hayden K Taylor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ciprian Iliescu
- Biomedical Institute for Global Health Research & Technology (BIGHEART), National University of Singapore, Singapore
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