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Mini Vijayan S, Baierl M, Göen T, Horch RE, Ludolph I, Drexler H, Kilo S. Intradermal and transdermal absorption of beta-naphthylamine and N-Phenyl-beta-naphthylamine in a viable human skin model. Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 101:105947. [PMID: 39343073 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2024.105947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 09/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/26/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Technical products containing N-Phenyl-beta-naphthylamine (PBNA) are contaminated with beta-naphthylamine (BNA), a known carcinogen. Both amines penetrate the skin to different degrees, but little is known about their dermal-depot formation. This study investigated the dermal penetration of PBNA and its degradation product BNA using a viable human-skin model. PBNA (259 μg) or BNA (0.52 μg) in n-hexane and industrial grease were applied to freshly excised human skin (n = 6, 0.64 cm2) for 2-72 h. After temporary/continuous and single/repeated exposure, samples were taken (stratum corneum, epidermis/dermis, receptor fluid) and analyzed for their amine content by GC-MS. Continuous exposure led to a PBNA dermal depot of ∼47 μg/cm2 over 72 h. Temporary applications also resulted in lower but consistent PBNA dermal depots. A single 2-h application resulted in a dermal depot of ∼16 μg/cm2 after 72 h, while this was ∼25 μg/0.64 cm2 with repeated applications. BNA behaved differently; with repeated 2-h applications, intradermally retained BNA initially increased 3-6 fold, then dropped to ∼200-250 ng/cm2. This incomplete decline upon repeated short-term exposure to PBNA suggests that a BNA dermal depot is formed either due to contamination of PBNA with BNA or to enzymatic conversion of PBNA to BNA. Additionally, PBNA dermal depots were saturable under the given conditions. These findings highlight the importance of understanding the dermal-exposure dynamics of potential carcinogenic compounds in industrial settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvarna Mini Vijayan
- Institute and Outpatient clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Moritz Baierl
- Institute and Outpatient clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Göen
- Institute and Outpatient clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Raymund E Horch
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Universitätsklinikum, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ingo Ludolph
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Universitätsklinikum, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans Drexler
- Institute and Outpatient clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sonja Kilo
- Institute and Outpatient clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany; Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA), Berlin, Germany.
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2
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Spataru P. Influence of organic ammonium derivatives on the equilibria between NH 4+, NO 2- and NO 3- ions in the Nistru River water. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13505. [PMID: 35931731 PMCID: PMC9355948 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17568-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The toxic effects of ammonium derivatives in the river water depend dramatically on their natural or synthetic origins and on their chemical structures. It has been proved that 1-naphtylamine (1-NA) and diphenylamine (DPA) breaking impact on the ammonium oxidation and especially on nitrite ions oxidation processes in natural waters is associated with its toxicity. The NH4+ oxidation process slows down for about five days and ten days in river water samples with 0.5 mg/L DPA and corresponding 0.5 mg/L 1-NA. The NO2− oxidation delay in model samples of river water with 0.025 and 0.05 mg/L 1-NA, is four days and 35 days in the one with 0.5 mg/L 1-NA. For the sample with 0.05 mg/L DPA the delay of the NO2− oxidation is approximately of six days and 25 days for sample with 0.5 mg/L, DPA. The laboratory simulations have revealed: (1) absorption–desorption, the micro biotic reaction to the instantaneous increase of the concentration of ammonium ion in the river water (so-called shock/stress effect) and (2) the NH4+ increase stimulated by a certain (0.05 mg/L) concentration of 1-NA.The diethylamine (DEA) decomposition leads to increasing with approximately 3.8 mg/L NH4+ in river water samples of 20.0 mg/L DEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petru Spataru
- Institute of Chemistry of the Republic of Moldova, 3 Academiei str, Chisinau, MD-2028, Republic of Moldova.
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3
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Shuliakevich A, Muz M, Oehlmann J, Nagengast L, Schröder K, Wolf Y, Brückner I, Massei R, Brack W, Hollert H, Schiwy S. Assessing the genotoxic potential of freshwater sediments after extensive rain events - Lessons learned from a case study in an effluent-dominated river in Germany. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 209:117921. [PMID: 34923444 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plant effluents and releases from rainwater overflow basins can contribute to the input of genotoxic micropollutants in aquatic ecosystems. Predominantly lipophilic genotoxic compounds tend to sorb to particulate matter, making sediment a source and a sink of pollution. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the genotoxic potential of freshwater sediments (i) during the dry period and (ii) after extensive rain events by collecting sediment samples in one small anthropogenically impacted river in Germany up- and downstream of the local wastewater treatment plant. The Micronucleus and Ames fluctuation assays with Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, YG1041, and YG1042 were used to assess the genotoxic potential of organic sediment extracts. For evaluation of possible genotoxicity drivers, target analysis for 168 chemical compounds was performed. No clastogenic effects were observed, while the genotoxic potential was observed at all sampling sites primarily driven by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitroarenes, aromatic amines, and polycyclic heteroarenes. Freshwater sediments' genotoxic potential increased after extensive rain events due to sediment perturbation and the rainwater overflow basin release. In the present study, the rainwater overflow basin was a significant source for particle-bound pollutants from untreated wastewater, suggesting its role as a possible source of genotoxic potential. The present study showed high sensitivity and applicability of the bacterial Salmonella typhimurium strains YG1041 and YG1042 to organic sediment extracts to assess the different classes of genotoxic compounds. A combination of effect-based methods and a chemical analysis was shown as a suitable tool for a genotoxic assessment of freshwater sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliaksandra Shuliakevich
- Department Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 13, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Melis Muz
- Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jörg Oehlmann
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 13, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Laura Nagengast
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Biology V, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Katja Schröder
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Biology V, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Wolf
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Biology V, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ira Brückner
- Eifel-Rur Waterboard (WVER), Eisenbahnstr. 5, 52354 Düren, Germany
| | - Riccardo Massei
- Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Werner Brack
- Department Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 13, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany; Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- Department Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 13, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
| | - Sabrina Schiwy
- Department Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 13, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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4
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Faber AH, Brunner AM, Dingemans MML, Baken KA, Kools SAE, Schot PP, de Voogt P, van Wezel AP. Comparing conventional and green fracturing fluids by chemical characterisation and effect-based screening. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 794:148727. [PMID: 34323756 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There is public and scientific concern about air, soil and water contamination and possible adverse environmental and human health effects as a result of hydraulic fracturing activities. The use of greener chemicals in fracturing fluid aims to mitigate these effects. This study compares fracturing fluids marketed as either 'conventional' or 'green', as assessed by their chemical composition and their toxicity in bioassays. Chemical composition was analysed via non-target screening using liquid chromatography - high resolution mass spectrometry, while toxicity was evaluated by the Ames fluctuation test to assess mutagenicity and CALUX reporter gene assays to determine specific toxicity. Overall, the results do not indicate that the 'green' fluids are less harmful than the 'conventional' ones. First, there is no clear indication that the selected green fluids contain chemicals present at lower concentrations than the selected conventional fluids. Second, the predicted environmental fate of the identified compounds does not seem to be clearly distinct between the 'green' and 'conventional' fluids, based on the available data for the top five chemicals based on signal intensity that were tentatively identified. Furthermore, Ames fluctuation test results indicate that the green fluids have a similar genotoxic potential than the conventional fluids. Results of the CALUX reporter gene assays add to the evidence that there is no clear difference between the green and conventional fluids. These results do not support the claim that currently available and tested green-labeled fracturing fluids are environmentally more friendly alternatives to conventional fracturing fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Hélène Faber
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; KWR Water Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Milou M L Dingemans
- KWR Water Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Paul P Schot
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Pim de Voogt
- KWR Water Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annemarie P van Wezel
- KWR Water Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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5
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Brendt J, Crawford SE, Velki M, Xiao H, Thalmann B, Hollert H, Schiwy A. Is a liver comparable to a liver? A comparison of different rat-derived S9-fractions with a biotechnological animal-free alternative in the Ames fluctuation assay. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 759:143522. [PMID: 33246726 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Metabolism has to be considered during the toxicological assessment of chemical and environmental samples because it is an important process in the mammalian liver. It can be assessed in vitro via liver homogenates called S9-fractions, an external metabolic activation system. However, the external metabolic activation systems can vary greatly in their composition due to biological variations among individual animals and animal strains that the S9-fraction are derived as well as the differences in the production treatment. To gain more insight into these variances, three different but commonly used rat-derived S9-fractions were compared in the present study for their variance and performance with a reference compound in the Ames fluctuation assay with Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 98 and TA 100 according to ISO 11350. Severe shortcomings of conventional rat-derived S9-fractions were observed in the present study, such that S9-fractions differed significantly within the same rat strain and for different types of induction procedures in regards to the metabolic capability. An intrinsic mutagenic potential of the three rat-derived S9-fractions were identified in the Ames fluctuation assay with varying S9-fraction concentrations. To address some of the shortcomings of the animal-derived S9-fraction, the present study investigated the use and performance of a biotechnological, animal-free alternative, ewoS9R, in comparison to one of the rat-derived S9-fraction as the others showed a mutagenic potential themselves. Specifically, 12 different chemicals were used as a reference to determine if ewoS9R could serve as an adequate and more consistent replacement of traditional rat-derived metabolic activation systems: 8 pro-mutagenic compounds (i.e., require metabolic activation to show a mutagenic potential), one pro-mutagenic compound but not in the tested strains, one mutagenic compound without metabolic activation and two compounds that are equivocal in the literature. EwoS9R was evaluated as a promising approach in the Ames fluctuation assay with 5 compounds observed to have similar results with both rat-derived S9-fraction and ewoS9R (41%), for 3 compounds ewoS9R was a better metabolization system than the rat-derived S9-fraction (16%). Further research is necessary to determine the full potential of ewoS9R in comparison to rat-derived S9-fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Brendt
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sarah E Crawford
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mirna Velki
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8/A, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Hongxia Xiao
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; EWOMIS GmbH, Schießstrasse 26c, 63486 Bruchköbel, Germany
| | - Beat Thalmann
- EWOMIS GmbH, Schießstrasse 26c, 63486 Bruchköbel, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; EWOMIS GmbH, Schießstrasse 26c, 63486 Bruchköbel, Germany; Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Andreas Schiwy
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; EWOMIS GmbH, Schießstrasse 26c, 63486 Bruchköbel, Germany; Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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6
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Müller AK, Markert N, Leser K, Kämpfer D, Schiwy S, Riegraf C, Buchinger S, Gan L, Abdallah AT, Denecke B, Segner H, Brinkmann M, Crawford SE, Hollert H. Bioavailability and impacts of estrogenic compounds from suspended sediment on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 231:105719. [PMID: 33360234 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Numerous environmental pollutants have the potential to accumulate in sediments, and among them are endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). It is well documented that water-borne exposure concentrations of some potent EDCs, more specifically estrogenic- active compounds (ECs), can impair the reproduction of fish. In contrast, little is known about the bioavailability and effects of sediment-associated ECs on fish. Particularly, when sediments are disturbed, e.g., during flood events, chemicals may be released from the sediment and become bioavailable. The main objectives of this study were to evaluate a) whether ECs from the sediment become bioavailable to fish when the sediment is suspended, and b) whether such exposure leads to endocrine responses in fish. Juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed over 21 days to constantly suspended sediments in the following treatments: i) a contaminated sediment from the Luppe River, representing a "hotspot" for EC accumulation, ii) a reference sediment (exhibiting only background contamination), iii) three dilutions, 2-, 4- and 8-fold of Luppe sediment diluted with the reference sediment, and iv) a water-only control. Measured estrogenic activity using in vitro bioassays as well as target analysis of nonylphenol and estrone via LC-MS/MS in sediment, water, fish plasma, as well as bile samples, confirmed that ECs became bioavailable from the sediment during suspension. ECs were dissolved in the water phase, as indicated by passive samplers, and were readily taken up by the exposed trout. An estrogenic response of fish to Luppe sediment was indicated by increased abundance of transcripts of typical estrogen responsive genes, i.e. vitelline envelope protein α in the liver and vitellogenin induction in the skin mucus. Altered gene expression profiles of trout in response to suspended sediment from the Luppe River suggest that in addition to ECs a number of other contaminants such as dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and heavy metals were remobilized during suspension. The results of the present study demonstrated that sediments not only function as a sink for ECs but can turn into a significant source of pollution when sediments are resuspended as during flood-events. This highlights the need for sediment quality criteria considering bioavailability sediment-bound contaminants in context of flood events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Katrin Müller
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringer Weg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Nele Markert
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringer Weg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Katharina Leser
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringer Weg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - David Kämpfer
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringer Weg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Schiwy
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringer Weg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany; Goethe University Frankfurt, Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Carolin Riegraf
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringer Weg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany; Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany
| | | | - Lin Gan
- IZKF Genomics Facility, University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ali T Abdallah
- IZKF Genomics Facility, University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Bernd Denecke
- IZKF Genomics Facility, University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Helmut Segner
- University of Bern, Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Länggassstr. 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Markus Brinkmann
- University of Saskatchewan, School of the Environment and Sustainability & Toxicology Centre, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Sarah E Crawford
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringer Weg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany; Goethe University Frankfurt, Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringer Weg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany; Goethe University Frankfurt, Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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7
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Kauffmann K, Gremm L, Brendt J, Schiwy A, Bluhm K, Hollert H, Büchs J. Alternative type of Ames test allows for dynamic mutagenicity detection by online monitoring of respiration activity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 726:137862. [PMID: 32481210 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Ames test is the most commonly used mutagenicity test worldwide. It is based on a microbial system that uses histidine auxotrophic Salmonella typhimurium strains. Due to either spontaneous mutations or mutations induced by a mutagenic compound, the cells can regain their ability to grow without histidine supplementation. The degree of mutagenicity of a sample correlates with the number of cells that are able to grow in media that lack histidine. All test variants published up to now are endpoint determinations providing no information about cell growth and respiration activity during the cultivation time. This study aimed to develop an alternative type of Ames test by characterizing the respiration activity of Salmonella typhimurium over time for dynamic mutagenicity detection. It focuses on elucidating the mechanisms underlying this novel test system, and serves as a general proof of principle. Respiration activity (oxygen transfer and uptake rate) and biomass growth of Salmonella typhimurium TA 100 and TA 98 were mechanistically modeled to understand and predict the behavior of the bacteria during the Ames test. The results simulated by the model were experimentally validated by the online monitoring of respiration activity over cultivation time using a Respiration Activity MOnitoring System (RAMOS). The simulated prediction was observed to fit well to the experimental data. When a mutagenic compound was added, its mutagenicity could be detected online due to the elevated cell number and respiration of histidine prototrophic cells. Laborious manual evaluation of mutagenicity after cultivation is not necessary. Mutagenicity evaluation with the presented alternative Ames RAMOS test fitted well to results from an Ames fluctuation test. In the future, a miniaturized RAMOS device for microtiter plates should allow for a high-throughput Ames RAMOS test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Kauffmann
- AVT-Chair for Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Lisa Gremm
- AVT-Chair for Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Julia Brendt
- Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Schiwy
- Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Kerstin Bluhm
- Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Henner Hollert
- Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Jochen Büchs
- AVT-Chair for Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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8
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Müller AK, Markert N, Leser K, Kämpfer D, Crawford SE, Schäffer A, Segner H, Hollert H. Assessing endocrine disruption in freshwater fish species from a "hotspot" for estrogenic activity in sediment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 257:113636. [PMID: 31780365 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about sediment-bound exposure of fish to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) under field conditions. This study aimed to investigate potential routes of EDC exposure to fish and whether sediment-bound contaminants contribute towards exposure in fish. Tench (Tinca tinca) and roach (Rutilus rutilus) as a benthic and pelagic living fish species, respectively, were sampled at the Luppe River, previously described as a "hotspot" for accumulation of EDC in sediment. A field reference site, the Laucha River, additionally to fish from a commercial fish farm as reference were studied. Blackworms, Lumbriculus variegatus, which are a source of prey for fish, were exposed to sediment of the Luppe River and estrogenic activity of worm tissue was investigated using in vitro bioassays. A 153-fold greater estrogenic activity was measured using in vitro bioassays in sediment of the Luppe River compared the Laucha River. Nonylphenol (NP; 22 mg/kg) was previously identified as one of the main drivers of estrogenic activity in Luppe sediment. Estrogenic activity of Luppe exposed worm tissue (14 ng 17β-estradiol equivalents/mg) indicated that food might act as secondary source to EDCs. While there were no differences in concentrations of NP in plasma of tench from the Luppe and Laucha, vitellogenin, a biomarker for exposure to EDCs, was induced in male tench and roach from the Luppe River compared to both the Laucha and cultured fish by a factor of 264 and 90, respectively. However, no histological alterations in testis of these fish were observed. Our findings suggest that sediments substantially contribute to the overall EDC exposure of both benthic and pelagic fish but that the exposure did not impact gonad status of the fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Katrin Müller
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Environmental Research, Worringer Weg 1, 52065, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Nele Markert
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Environmental Research, Worringer Weg 1, 52065, Aachen, Germany
| | - Katharina Leser
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Environmental Research, Worringer Weg 1, 52065, Aachen, Germany
| | - David Kämpfer
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Environmental Research, Worringer Weg 1, 52065, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sarah E Crawford
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Environmental Research, Worringer Weg 1, 52065, Aachen, Germany; Goethe University Frankfurt, Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas Schäffer
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Environmental Research, Worringer Weg 1, 52065, Aachen, Germany
| | - Helmut Segner
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, University Bern, Länggassstr. 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Henner Hollert
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Environmental Research, Worringer Weg 1, 52065, Aachen, Germany; Goethe University Frankfurt, Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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9
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Shakibai D, Riegraf C, Moscovici L, Reifferscheid G, Buchinger S, Belkin S. Coupling High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography with Bacterial Genotoxicity Bioreporters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:6410-6419. [PMID: 31074978 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present an innovative technological platform for monitoring the direct genotoxicity of individual components in complex environmental samples, based on bioluminescent Escherichia coli genotoxicity bioreporters, sprayed onto the surface of a high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) plate. These sensor strains harbor plasmid-borne fusions of selected gene promoters of the E. coli SOS DNA repair system to the Photorhabdus luminescens luxABCDE gene cassette, and mark by increased luminescence the presence of potentially DNA-damaging sample components separated on the plate. We demonstrate an "on plate" quantifiable dose-dependent response to several model genotoxicants (without metabolic activation). We further demonstrate the applicability of the system by identifying as genotoxic specific components of HPTLC-separated influent and effluent samples of wastewater treatment plants, thereby alleviating the need for a comprehensive chemical analysis of the sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dror Shakibai
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem 9190401 , Israel
| | - Carolin Riegraf
- Department Biochemistry, Ecotoxicology , Federal Institute of Hydrology , Koblenz 56068 , Germany
- RWTH Aachen University , Worringerweg 1 , D-52074 Aachen , Germany
| | - Liat Moscovici
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem 9190401 , Israel
| | - Georg Reifferscheid
- Department Biochemistry, Ecotoxicology , Federal Institute of Hydrology , Koblenz 56068 , Germany
| | - Sebastian Buchinger
- Department Biochemistry, Ecotoxicology , Federal Institute of Hydrology , Koblenz 56068 , Germany
| | - Shimshon Belkin
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem 9190401 , Israel
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10
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Li H, Zhang J, You J. Diagnosis of complex mixture toxicity in sediments: Application of toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) and effect-directed analysis (EDA). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 237:944-954. [PMID: 29128247 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Determining causality of sediment toxicity is of great importance in aquatic risk assessment, but there are tremendous challenges due to joint toxicity of trace pollutants in complex sediment matrices. Two approaches, namely toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) and effect-directed analysis (EDA) have been developed. Conventional sediment TIEs take the advantage of environmental relevance by using whole organism bioassays; however, they suffer from lack of effective methods for specifically identifying major contributors as it typically only evaluates contaminant class rather than specific contaminants. Alternatively, EDA is a powerful tool in identifying causes of sediment toxicity with sophisticated fractionation and chemical analysis of targeted and non-targeted non-polar organic toxicants, but it is not always environmentally relevant due to the use of in-vitro bioassays and exhaustive solvent extraction. An integrated TIE and EDA method would provide an environmentally relevant and toxicant specific approach to effectively determine causality of sediment toxicity by combining the merits of the two methods. Bioavailability-based extraction and dosing techniques are recommended to be incorporated into the integrated method to improve the accuracy of toxicity diagnosis. Besides considering bioavailability in the integrated TIE and EDA approach, the premise of adverse outcome pathways should also be considered. Generally speaking, both TIE and EDA have focused on adverse effects at cellular and organism levels. The addition of trait-based approaches in screening multiple toxicological endpoints helps to extend effects on cellular and organism levels to population level, and provides a better understanding of potential impacts to the community and ecosystem. The outcome pathway underlies the critical role of determining causality in interpreting impacts of complex mixtures to benthic community and aquatic ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhen Li
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jing You
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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11
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Umbuzeiro GDA, Heringa M, Zeiger E. In Vitro Genotoxicity Testing: Significance and Use in Environmental Monitoring. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 157:59-80. [PMID: 27631084 DOI: 10.1007/10_2015_5018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
There is ongoing concern about the consequences of mutations in humans and biota arising from environmental exposures to industrial and other chemicals. Genetic toxicity tests have been used to analyze chemicals, foods, drugs, and environmental matrices such as air, water, soil, and wastewaters. This is because the mutagenicity of a substance is highly correlated with its carcinogenicity. However, no less important are the germ cell mutations, because the adverse outcome is related not only to an individual but also to population levels. For environmental analysis the most common choices are in vitro assays, and among them the most widely used is the Ames test (Salmonella/microsome assay). There are several protocols and methodological approaches to be applied when environmental samples are tested and these are discussed in this chapter, along with the meaning and relevance of the obtained responses. Two case studies illustrate the utility of in vitro mutagenicity tests such as the Ames test. It is clear that, although it is not possible to use the outcome of the test directly in risk assessment, the application of the assays provides a great opportunity to monitor the exposure of humans and biota to mutagenic substances for the purpose of reducing or quantifying that exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Minne Heringa
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Errol Zeiger
- Errol Zeiger Consulting, 800 Indian Springs Road, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
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12
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Schulze T, Ahel M, Ahlheim J, Aït-Aïssa S, Brion F, Di Paolo C, Froment J, Hidasi AO, Hollender J, Hollert H, Hu M, Kloß A, Koprivica S, Krauss M, Muz M, Oswald P, Petre M, Schollée JE, Seiler TB, Shao Y, Slobodnik J, Sonavane M, Suter MJF, Tollefsen KE, Tousova Z, Walz KH, Brack W. Assessment of a novel device for onsite integrative large-volume solid phase extraction of water samples to enable a comprehensive chemical and effect-based analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 581-582:350-358. [PMID: 28062104 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of targeted and nontargeted chemical screening analysis in combination with in vitro and organism-level bioassays is a prerequisite for a more holistic monitoring of water quality in the future. For chemical analysis, little or no sample enrichment is often sufficient, while bioanalysis often requires larger sample volumes at a certain enrichment factor for conducting comprehensive bioassays on different endpoints or further effect-directed analysis (EDA). To avoid logistic and technical issues related to the storage and transport of large volumes of water, sampling would benefit greatly from onsite extraction. This study presents a novel onsite large volume solid phase extraction (LVSPE) device tailored to fulfill the requirements for the successful effect-based and chemical screening of water resources and complies with available international standards for automated sampling devices. Laboratory recovery experiments using 251 organic compounds in the log D range from -3.6 to 9.4 (at pH7.0) spiked into pristine water resulted in acceptable recoveries and from 60 to 123% for 159 out of 251 substances. Within a European-wide demonstration program, the LVSPE was able to enrich compounds in concentration ranges over three orders of magnitude (1ngL-1 to 2400ngL-1). It was possible to discriminate responsive samples from samples with no or only low effects in a set of six different bioassays (i.e. acetylcholinesterase and algal growth inhibition, androgenicity, estrogenicity, fish embryo toxicity, glucocorticoid activity). The LVSPE thus proved applicable for onsite extraction of sufficient amounts of water to investigate water quality thoroughly by means of chemical analysis and effect-based tools without the common limitations due to small sample volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Schulze
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Marijan Ahel
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jörg Ahlheim
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Selim Aït-Aïssa
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques INERIS, Unité d'Ecotoxicologie, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - François Brion
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques INERIS, Unité d'Ecotoxicologie, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Carolina Di Paolo
- RWTH Aachen University, Department of Ecosystem Analyses, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jean Froment
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway; Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo (UiO), PO Box 1033, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anita O Hidasi
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland; ETH Zurich, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Henner Hollert
- RWTH Aachen University, Department of Ecosystem Analyses, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Meng Hu
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Department of Ecosystem Analyses, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Anett Kloß
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sanja Koprivica
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Martin Krauss
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Melis Muz
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Department of Ecosystem Analyses, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Oswald
- Environmental Institute, s.r.o., Okružná 784/42, 972 41 Koš, Slovak Republic
| | - Margit Petre
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jennifer E Schollée
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland; ETH Zurich, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas-Benjamin Seiler
- RWTH Aachen University, Department of Ecosystem Analyses, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ying Shao
- RWTH Aachen University, Department of Ecosystem Analyses, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jaroslav Slobodnik
- Environmental Institute, s.r.o., Okružná 784/42, 972 41 Koš, Slovak Republic
| | - Manoj Sonavane
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques INERIS, Unité d'Ecotoxicologie, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Marc J-F Suter
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland
| | - Knut Erik Tollefsen
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), PO Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Zuzana Tousova
- MAXX Mess- u. Probenahmetechnik GmbH, Hechinger Straße 41, 72414 Rangendingen, Germany; Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karl-Heinz Walz
- MAXX Mess- u. Probenahmetechnik GmbH, Hechinger Straße 41, 72414 Rangendingen, Germany
| | - Werner Brack
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Department of Ecosystem Analyses, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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13
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Muz M, Krauss M, Kutsarova S, Schulze T, Brack W. Mutagenicity in Surface Waters: Synergistic Effects of Carboline Alkaloids and Aromatic Amines. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:1830-1839. [PMID: 28045503 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
For decades, mutagenicity has been observed in many surface waters with a possible link to the presence of aromatic amines. River Rhine is a well-known example of this phenomenon but responsible compound(s) are still unknown. To identify the mutagenic compounds, we applied effect-directed analysis (EDA) utilizing novel analytical and biological approaches to a water sample extract from the lower Rhine. We could identify 21 environmental contaminants including two weakly mutagenic aromatic amines, and the known alkaloid comutagen norharman along with two related β-carboline alkaloids, carboline, and 5-carboline, which were reported the first time in surface waters. Results of mixture tests showed a strong synergism of the identified aromatic amines not only with norharman, but also with carboline and 5-carboline. Additionally, other nitrogen-containing compounds also contributed to the mutagenicity when aromatic amines were present. Thus, comutagenicity of β-carboline alkaloids with aromatic amines is shown to occur in surface waters. These results strongly suggest that surface water mutagenicity is highly complex and driven by synergistic mechanisms of a complex compound mixture (of which many are yet unidentified) rather than by single compounds. Therefore, mixture effects should be considered not only from mutagens alone, but also including possible comutagens and nonmutagenic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melis Muz
- Department Effect-Directed Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- RWTH Aachen University , Department of Ecosystem Analyses, Institute for Environmental Research,Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Krauss
- Department Effect-Directed Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stela Kutsarova
- Laboratory of Mathematical Chemistry, University "Prof. Assen Zlatarov" , 1 Yakimov Street, 8010 Bourgas, Bulgaria
| | - Tobias Schulze
- Department Effect-Directed Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Werner Brack
- Department Effect-Directed Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- RWTH Aachen University , Department of Ecosystem Analyses, Institute for Environmental Research,Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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14
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Brack W, Ait-Aissa S, Burgess RM, Busch W, Creusot N, Di Paolo C, Escher BI, Mark Hewitt L, Hilscherova K, Hollender J, Hollert H, Jonker W, Kool J, Lamoree M, Muschket M, Neumann S, Rostkowski P, Ruttkies C, Schollee J, Schymanski EL, Schulze T, Seiler TB, Tindall AJ, De Aragão Umbuzeiro G, Vrana B, Krauss M. Effect-directed analysis supporting monitoring of aquatic environments--An in-depth overview. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 544:1073-118. [PMID: 26779957 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic environments are often contaminated with complex mixtures of chemicals that may pose a risk to ecosystems and human health. This contamination cannot be addressed with target analysis alone but tools are required to reduce this complexity and identify those chemicals that might cause adverse effects. Effect-directed analysis (EDA) is designed to meet this challenge and faces increasing interest in water and sediment quality monitoring. Thus, the present paper summarizes current experience with the EDA approach and the tools required, and provides practical advice on their application. The paper highlights the need for proper problem formulation and gives general advice for study design. As the EDA approach is directed by toxicity, basic principles for the selection of bioassays are given as well as a comprehensive compilation of appropriate assays, including their strengths and weaknesses. A specific focus is given to strategies for sampling, extraction and bioassay dosing since they strongly impact prioritization of toxicants in EDA. Reduction of sample complexity mainly relies on fractionation procedures, which are discussed in this paper, including quality assurance and quality control. Automated combinations of fractionation, biotesting and chemical analysis using so-called hyphenated tools can enhance the throughput and might reduce the risk of artifacts in laboratory work. The key to determining the chemical structures causing effects is analytical toxicant identification. The latest approaches, tools, software and databases for target-, suspect and non-target screening as well as unknown identification are discussed together with analytical and toxicological confirmation approaches. A better understanding of optimal use and combination of EDA tools will help to design efficient and successful toxicant identification studies in the context of quality monitoring in multiply stressed environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Brack
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Selim Ait-Aissa
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques INERIS, BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Robert M Burgess
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Atlantic Ecology Division, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Wibke Busch
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicolas Creusot
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques INERIS, BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | | | - Beate I Escher
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - L Mark Hewitt
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Klara Hilscherova
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Henner Hollert
- RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Willem Jonker
- VU University, BioMolecular Analysis Group, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Kool
- VU University, BioMolecular Analysis Group, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marja Lamoree
- VU Amsterdam, Institute for Environmental Studies, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Muschket
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Steffen Neumann
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Pawel Rostkowski
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Instituttveien 18, 2007 Kjeller, Norway
| | | | - Jennifer Schollee
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Emma L Schymanski
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Schulze
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Andrew J Tindall
- WatchFrag, Bâtiment Genavenir 3, 1 Rue Pierre Fontaine, 91000 Evry, France
| | | | - Branislav Vrana
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Krauss
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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15
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Hamers T, Kamstra JH, van Gils J, Kotte MC, van Hattum AGM. The influence of extreme river discharge conditions on the quality of suspended particulate matter in Rivers Meuse and Rhine (The Netherlands). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 143:241-255. [PMID: 26519830 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
As a consequence of climate change, increased precipitation in winter and longer periods of decreased precipitation in summer are expected to cause more frequent episodes of very high or very low river discharge in the Netherlands. To study the impact of such extreme river discharge conditions on water quality, toxicity profiles and pollutant profiles were determined of suspended particulate matter (SPM) collected from Rivers Meuse and Rhine. Archived (1993-2003) and fresh (2009-2011) SPM samples were selected from the Dutch annual monitoring program of the national water bodies (MWTL), representing episodes with river discharge conditions ranging from very low to regular to very high. SPM extracts were tested in a battery of in vitro bioassays for their potency to interact with the androgen receptor (AR), the estrogen receptor (ER), the arylhydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and the thyroid hormone transporter protein transthyretin (TTR). SPM extracts were further tested for their mutagenic potency (Ames assay) and their potency to inhibit bacterial respiration (Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence assay). Target-analyzed pollutant concentrations of the SPM samples and additional sample information were retrieved from a public database of MWTL results. In vitro toxicity profiles and pollutant profiles were analyzed in relation to discharge conditions and in relation to each other using correlation analysis and multivariate statistics. Compared to regular discharge conditions, composition of SPM during very high River Meuse and Rhine discharges shifted to more coarse, sandy, organic carbon (OC) poor particles. On the contrary, very low discharge led to a shift to more fine, OC rich material, probably dominated by algae. This shift was most evident in River Meuse, which is characterized by almost stagnant water conditions during episodes of drought. During such episodes, SPM extracts from River Meuse demonstrated increased potencies to inhibit bacterial respiration and to compete with thyroid hormone to bind to TTR, possibly due to the presence of fycotoxins. Meanwhile concentrations of polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) in SPM were also increased. Very high River Meuse discharges on the other hand corresponded to increased androgenic and AhR agoniztic responses, which coincided with increased PAH levels and PAH-related in vivo risk estimates (i.e. multi-substance potentially affected fraction of species; msPAF). In River Rhine, very high discharges also corresponded to increasing androgenic potencies in SPM. Concentrations and corresponding msPAF values of PAHs (and metals), however, decreased with very high discharges in River Rhine in contrast to River Meuse. Mutagenicity was observed for SPM extracts from River Rhine collected during all discharge conditions, except during regular discharge. Aggregated toxicity index values, which were useful to identify toxicity profiles deviating from the generally observed pattern, did not correlate with river discharges, probably due to opposite effects of discharge conditions on different bioassay responses. In conclusion, SPM quality and related in vivo risk estimates changed during very low or very high discharge conditions but the changes were specific for the different toxic endpoints and pollutants in the different rivers. Moreover, bioassay responses to a series of consecutively collected samples from River Rhine during the Christmas flood of 1993 indicated that SPM quality is variable within a single episode of extreme discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Hamers
- VU University Amsterdam-Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jorke H Kamstra
- VU University Amsterdam-Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jos van Gils
- Deltares, Rotterdamseweg 185, 2629 HD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel C Kotte
- Rijkswaterstaat-Water, Transport and Environment, Zuiderwagenplein 2, 8224 AD Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Albertus G M van Hattum
- VU University Amsterdam-Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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Hafner C, Gartiser S, Garcia-Käufer M, Schiwy S, Hercher C, Meyer W, Achten C, Larsson M, Engwall M, Keiter S, Hollert H. Investigations on sediment toxicity of German rivers applying a standardized bioassay battery. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:16358-16370. [PMID: 25948379 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4482-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
River sediments may contain a huge variety of environmental contaminants and play a key role in the ecological status of aquatic ecosystems. Contaminants adsorbed to sediments and suspended solids may contribute directly or after remobilization to an adverse ecological and chemical status of surface water. In this subproject of the joint research project DanTox, acetonic Soxhlet extracts from three German river sediments from the River Rhine (Altrip and Ehrenbreitstein with moderate contamination) and River Elbe (Veringkanal Hamburg heavily contaminated) were prepared and redissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). These extracts were analyzed with a standard bioassay battery with organisms from different trophic levels (bacteria, algae, Daphnia, fish) as well as in the Ames test and the umuC test for bacterial mutagenicity and genotoxicity according to the respective OECD and ISO guidelines. In total, 0.01% (standard) up to 0.25% (only fish embryo test) of the DMSO sediment extract was dosed to the test systems resulting in maximum sediment equivalent concentrations (SEQ) of 2 up to 50 g l(-1). The sediment of Veringkanal near Hamburg harbor was significantly more toxic in most tests compared to the sediment extracts from Altrip and Ehrenbreitstein from the River Rhine. The most toxic effect found for Veringkanal was in the algae test with an ErC50 (72 h) of 0.00226 g l(-1) SEQ. Ehrenbreitstein and Altrip samples were about factor 1,000 less toxic. In the Daphnia, Lemna, and acute fish toxicity tests, no toxicity at all was found at 2 g l(-1) SEQ. corresponding to 0.01% DMSO. Only when increasing the DMSO concentration the fish embryo test showed a 22-fold higher toxicity for Veringkanal than for Ehrenbreitstein and Altrip samples, while the toxicity difference was less evident for the Daphnia test due to the overlaying solvent toxicity above 0.05% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The higher toxicities observed with the Veringkanal sample are supported by the PAH and PCB concentrations analyzed in the sediments. The sediment extracts of Altrip and Veringkanal were mutagenic in the Ames tester strain TA98 with metabolic activation (S9-mix). The findings allow a better ecotoxicological characterization of the sediments extensively analyzed in all subprojects of the DanTox project (e.g., Garcia-Kaeufer et al. Environ Sci Pollut Res. doi: 10.1007/s11356-014-3894-4 , 2014; Schiwy et al. Environ Sci Pollut Res. doi: 10.1007/s11356-014-3185-0 , 2014; Hollert and Keiter 2015). In the absence of agreed limit values for sediment extracts in standard tests, further data with unpolluted reference sediments are required for a quantitative risk assessment of the investigated polluted sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Hafner
- Hydrotox GmbH, Bötzinger Straße 29, 79111, Freiburg i.Br., Germany.
| | - Stefan Gartiser
- Hydrotox GmbH, Bötzinger Straße 29, 79111, Freiburg i.Br., Germany
| | - Manuel Garcia-Käufer
- Hydrotox GmbH, Bötzinger Straße 29, 79111, Freiburg i.Br., Germany
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Schiwy
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Wiebke Meyer
- Institute of Geology and Palaeontology - Applied Geology, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 24, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Christine Achten
- Institute of Geology and Palaeontology - Applied Geology, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 24, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Maria Larsson
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 70182, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Magnus Engwall
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 70182, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Steffen Keiter
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 70182, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Henner Hollert
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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17
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Hug C, Sievers M, Ottermanns R, Hollert H, Brack W, Krauss M. Linking mutagenic activity to micropollutant concentrations in wastewater samples by partial least square regression and subsequent identification of variables. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 138:176-82. [PMID: 26070082 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.05.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We deployed multivariate regression to identify compounds co-varying with the mutagenic activity of complex environmental samples. Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents with a large share of industrial input of different sampling dates were evaluated for mutagenic activity by the Ames Fluctuation Test and chemically characterized by a screening for suspected pro-mutagens and non-targeted software-based peak detection in full scan data. Areas of automatically detected peaks were used as predictor matrix for partial least squares projections to latent structures (PLS) in combination with measured mutagenic activity. Detected peaks were successively reduced by the exclusion of all peaks with lowest variable importance until the best model (high R(2) and Q(2)) was reached. Peaks in the best model co-varying with the observed mutagenicity showed increased chlorine, bromine, sulfur, and nitrogen abundance compared to original peak set indicating a preferential selection of anthropogenic compounds. The PLS regression revealed four tentatively identified compounds, newly identified 4-(dimethylamino)-pyridine, and three known micropollutants present in domestic wastewater as co-varying with the mutagenic activity. Co-variance between compounds stemming from industrial wastewater and mutagenic activity supported the application of "virtual" EDA as a statistical tool to separate toxicologically relevant from less relevant compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Hug
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Department of Ecosystem Analyses, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Moritz Sievers
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Richard Ottermanns
- RWTH Aachen University, Department of Ecosystem Analyses, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- RWTH Aachen University, Department of Ecosystem Analyses, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Werner Brack
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Krauss
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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Buchinger S, Spira D, Bröder K, Schlüsener M, Ternes T, Reifferscheid G. Direct coupling of thin-layer chromatography with a bioassay for the detection of estrogenic compounds: applications for effect-directed analysis. Anal Chem 2013; 85:7248-56. [PMID: 23799293 DOI: 10.1021/ac4010925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the hypothesis that the coupling of high-performance thin-layer chromatography with the yeast estrogen screen (planar-YES, p-YES) can be used as a screening tool for effect-directed analysis. Therefore, the proposed method was challenged for the first time with several real samples from various origins such as sediment pore water, wastewater, and sunscreens. It was possible to detect and quantify estrogenic effects in all investigated sample types, even in the presence of demanding matrixes. Furthermore, the specific agonistic effect of the estrogen receptor activation could be detected in samples exhibiting cytotoxic effects and at cytotoxic levels of analyzed estrogenic compounds, which is not possible with the classic YES. The analysis of samples by the p-YES results in profiles of estrogenic activity. By means of this profiles samples can be compared qualitatively and quantitatively with respect to different compositions of bioactive compounds in mixtures. In conclusion, the p-YES approach seems to have a high potential to be used as a valuable screening tool for various applications in effect-directed analysis.
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Weiss T, Bolt HM, Schlüter G, Koslitz S, Taeger D, Welge P, Brüning T. Metabolic dephenylation of the rubber antioxidant N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine to carcinogenic 2-naphthylamine in rats. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:1265-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1025-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Schmitt S, Reifferscheid G, Claus E, Schlüsener M, Buchinger S. Effect directed analysis and mixture effects of estrogenic compounds in a sediment of the river Elbe. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 19:3350-61. [PMID: 22421800 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-0852-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are present in the environment and can have serious effects on humans and wildlife. For the establishment of environmental quality guidelines and regulation of EDCs, a better understanding and knowledge of the occurrence and the behavior of environmental EDCs is necessary. The aim of the present study was to comprehensively identify substances that are responsible for the estrogenic effect of an environmental sediment sample taken from the river Elbe/Germany. DISCUSSION The estrogenic effect of the organic sediment extract was determined using the yeast-estrogen-screen (YES). The sample was fractionated by liquid chromatography (LC) for effect directed analysis. The composition of estrogen-active fractions was further investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-resolution LC-MS analysis. The composition of the environmental sample was rebuilt with pure compounds in order to assess the partition of estrogenic activity caused by the identified compounds. The organic sediment extract showed an estrogenic potential of 1.9 ± 0.4 ng/g ethinylestradiol equivalents in the sediment. The most prominent contaminants with an estrogenic potential were 17β-estradiol, estrone, and 4-iso-nonylphenols, but other xenoestrogens like bisphenol A and stigmasterol could be found as well. A rebuild of the sample was measured in the YES in order to investigate mixture effects. About 67 % of the observed estrogenic effect in the sediment extract could be explained by a mixture which contained all identified compounds. Chlorophene (o-benzyl-p-chlorophenol)-a widely used antiseptic that was also identified in the sediment extract-has xenoestrogenic properties in the YES that are in the range of other xenoestrogens like 4-n-nonylphenol. This is the first report on chlorophene acting as a xenoestrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schmitt
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
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21
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Ma F, Yuan G, Meng L, Oda Y, Hu J. Contributions of flumequine and nitroarenes to the genotoxicity of river and ground waters. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 88:476-483. [PMID: 22483724 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.02.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The SOS/umuC assay was performed in conjunction with analytical measurements to identify potential genotoxins in river and adjacent ground waters in the Jialu River basin, China. The major genotoxic activities of the river and adjacent ground waters occurred in the same two fractions (F4 and F11) when assayed using the Salmonella typhimurium strain TA1535/pSK1002. This indicates that ground water near the Jialu River was influenced by the river water. LC-MS/MS analysis indicated that flumequine accounted for 86% and 76% of the genotoxicity in fraction F11 of the river and adjacent ground waters, respectively. When HPLC fractions were tested using the strain NM3009, three fractions showed genotoxic activities for river water sample, while no fractions from ground water samples elicited genotoxic activities. The specific response to the strain NM3009 in one fraction compared with the strain TA1535/pSK1002 suggested the presence of nitroarenes. However, we failed to identify the exact nitroarenes when GC-MS analysis was used to analyze nitroarenes which are well detected in air and soil samples in previous papers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujun Ma
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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22
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Reifferscheid G, Maes HM, Allner B, Badurova J, Belkin S, Bluhm K, Brauer F, Bressling J, Domeneghetti S, Elad T, Flückiger-Isler S, Grummt HJ, Gürtler R, Hecht A, Heringa MB, Hollert H, Huber S, Kramer M, Magdeburg A, Ratte HT, Sauerborn-Klobucar R, Sokolowski A, Soldan P, Smital T, Stalter D, Venier P, Ziemann C, Zipperle J, Buchinger S. International round-robin study on the Ames fluctuation test. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2012; 53:185-197. [PMID: 22246666 DOI: 10.1002/em.21677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
An international round-robin study on the Ames fluctuation test [ISO 11350, 2012], a microplate version of the classic plate-incorporation method for the detection of mutagenicity in water, wastewater and chemicals was performed by 18 laboratories from seven countries. Such a round-robin study is a precondition for both the finalization of the ISO standardization process and a possible regulatory implementation in water legislation. The laboratories tested four water samples (spiked/nonspiked) and two chemical mixtures with and without supplementation of a S9-mix. Validity criteria (acceptable spontaneous and positive control-induced mutation counts) were fulfilled by 92-100%, depending on the test conditions. A two-step method for statistical evaluation of the test results is proposed and assessed in terms of specificity and sensitivity. The data were first subjected to powerful analysis of variance (ANOVA) after an arcsine-square-root transformation to detect significant differences between the test samples and the negative control (NC). A threshold (TH) value based on a pooled NC was then calculated to exclude false positive test results. Statistically, positive effects observed by the William's test were considered negative, if the mean of all replicates of a sample did not exceed the calculated TH. By making use of this approach, the overall test sensitivity was 100%, and the test specificity ranged from 80 to 100%.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Reifferscheid
- Department of Biochemistry/Ecotoxicology, Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Koblenz, Germany.
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Di Giorgio C, Malleret L, Gueydon-Morin C, Rigaud S, De Méo M. Comparison of two extraction procedures for the assessment of sediment genotoxicity: implication of polar organic compounds. Mutat Res 2011; 725:1-12. [PMID: 21801850 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Revised: 05/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Four sediment samples (Vaïne Airport VA, Vaïne Center VC, Vaïne North VN and Reference North RN) were collected in the Berre lagoon (France). Sediments were analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by use of pressurized fluid extraction with a mixture of hexane/dichloromethane followed by HPLC with fluorescence detection analysis. Organic pollutants were also extracted with two solvents for subsequent evaluation of their genotoxicity: a hexane/dichloromethane mixture intended to select non-polar compounds such as PAHs, and 2-propanol intended to select polar contaminants. Sediment extracts were assessed by the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test with Salmonella typhimurium TA98+S9 mix and YG1041±S9 mix. Extracts were also assessed for their DNA-damaging activity and their clastogenic/aneugenic properties by the comet assay and the micronucleus test with Chinese Hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The PAH concentrations were 611ngg(-1)dw, 1341ngg(-1) dw, 613ngg(-1)dw and 482ngg(-1)dw for VA, VC, VN and RN, respectively. Two genotoxic profiles were observed, depending on the extraction procedure. All the non-polar extracts were mutagenic for TA98+S9 mix, and VA, VC, VN sediment samples exerted a significant DNA-damaging and clastogenic activity in the presence of S9 mix. All the polar extracts appeared mutagenic for TA98+S9 mix and YG104±S9 mix, and VA, VC, VN were genotoxic and clastogenic both with and without S9 mix. These results indicate that the genotoxic and mutagenic activities mainly originated from PAHs in the non-polar extracts, while these activities came from other genotoxic contaminants, such as aromatic amines and nitroarenes, in the polar extracts. This study focused on the important role of uncharacterized polar contaminants such as nitro-PAHs or aromatic amines in the global mutagenicity of sediments. The necessity to use appropriate extraction solvents to accurately evaluate the genotoxic hazard of aquatic sediments is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Di Giorgio
- Laboratoire de Biogénotoxicologie et Mutagenèse Environnementale, EA 1784, FR ECCOREV, Université de la Méditerranée, Facultés de Médecine et Pharmacie, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France
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