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Haque M, Shakil MS, Mahmud KM. The Promise of Nanoparticles-Based Radiotherapy in Cancer Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15061892. [PMID: 36980778 PMCID: PMC10047050 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation has been utilized for a long time for the treatment of cancer patients. However, radiotherapy (RT) has many constraints, among which non-selectivity is the primary one. The implementation of nanoparticles (NPs) with RT not only localizes radiation in targeted tissue but also provides significant tumoricidal effect(s) compared to radiation alone. NPs can be functionalized with both biomolecules and therapeutic agents, and their combination significantly reduces the side effects of RT. NP-based RT destroys cancer cells through multiple mechanisms, including ROS generation, which in turn damages DNA and other cellular organelles, inhibiting of the DNA double-strand damage-repair system, obstructing of the cell cycle, regulating of the tumor microenvironment, and killing of cancer stem cells. Furthermore, such combined treatments overcome radioresistance and drug resistance to chemotherapy. Additionally, NP-based RT in combined treatments have shown synergistic therapeutic benefit(s) and enhanced the therapeutic window. Furthermore, a combination of phototherapy, i.e., photodynamic therapy and photothermal therapy with NP-based RT, not only reduces phototoxicity but also offers excellent therapeutic benefits. Moreover, using NPs with RT has shown promise in cancer treatment and shown excellent therapeutic outcomes in clinical trials. Therefore, extensive research in this field will pave the way toward improved RT in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munima Haque
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, BRAC University, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Md Salman Shakil
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, BRAC University, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Kazi Mustafa Mahmud
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
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2
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Abedpour N, Zeinali A, Karimipour M, Pourheidar B, Farjah GH, Abak A, Shoorei H. Protective effects of chlorogenic acid against ionizing radiation-induced testicular toxicity. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10798. [PMID: 36212000 PMCID: PMC9539785 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Testicular tissues could damage by ionizing radiation (IR) during the treatment of pelvic cancers. The aim of this study was to investigate both the protective and therapeutic effects of chlorogenic acid (CGA) on IR-induced mouse testis tissue damage. Methods In this experimental study, 70 mice were divided into 3 groups, including group 1 (normal saline), group 2 (IR + normal saline), and group 3 (IR + 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg) CGA via I.P injection. Animals in groups 2 and 3 received a dose of 2.0 Gy total-body irradiation in a single fraction. At two determined time points (16 h and 35 days after exposure), the testis and caudal part of both epididymis were isolated and underwent subsequent analyses. Results The results showed that irradiation of mice caused massive damage to spermatogenesis, seminiferous tubules, basal lamina, Leydig cells, and sperm parameters. Further biochemical assessment of the data demonstrated that 40 mg/kg CGA almost restored MDA to a normal level. In addition, the level of SOD, TAC, and GSH were significantly increased in the 40 mg/kg CGA treated group. Molecular evidence confirmed the protective effects of CGA and also revealed that the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 in the presence of 40 mg/kg CGA was significantly decreased compared to IR and some treated groups. Conclusion The protective and therapeutic effects of CGA on testis were found to be positively correlated with the dose level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Abedpour
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Azarbayjan E Gharbi, Urmia, Iran
- Corresponding author.
| | - Ahad Zeinali
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Azarbayjan E Gharbi, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Karimipour
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Azarbayjan E Gharbi, Urmia, Iran
| | - Bagher Pourheidar
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Azarbayjan E Gharbi, Urmia, Iran
| | - Gholam Hossein Farjah
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Azarbayjan E Gharbi, Urmia, Iran
| | - Atefe Abak
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Shoorei
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
- Corresponding author.
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3
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Fenclová T, Řimnáčová H, Chemek M, Havránková J, Klein P, Králíčková M, Nevoral J. Nursing Exposure to Bisphenols as a Cause of Male Idiopathic Infertility. Front Physiol 2022; 13:725442. [PMID: 35283775 PMCID: PMC8908107 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.725442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic infertility is a serious problem, which can be caused and explained by exposure to endocrine disruptors, such as bisphenols. In our study, we studied transactional exposure to bisphenol and its effects on newborn male mice throughout their reproductive life. Newborn male mice were exposed to bisphenol S and bisphenol F through maternal milk from post-natal day 0 to post-natal day 15 at concentrations of 0.1 ng.g/bw/day and 10 ng.g/bw/day, respectively. Although there were minimal differences between the control and experimental groups in testicular tissue quality and spermatozoa quality, we discovered an interesting influence on early embryonic development. Moderate doses of bisphenol negatively affected cleavage of the early embryo and subsequently, the blastocyst rate, as well as the number of blastomeres per blastocyst. In our study, we focused on correlations between particular stages from spermatogenesis to blastocyst development. We followed epigenetic changes such as dimethylation of histone H3 and phosphorylation of histone H2 from germ cells to blastocysts; we discovered the transfer of DNA double-strand breaks through the paternal pronucleus from spermatozoa to blastomeres in the blastocyst. We elucidated the impact of sperm DNA damage on early embryonic development, and our results indicate that idiopathic infertility in adulthood may have causes related to the perinatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Fenclová
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Tereza Fenclová,
| | - Hedvika Řimnáčová
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czechia
| | - Marouane Chemek
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czechia
| | - Jiřina Havránková
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Pavel Klein
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czechia
| | - Milena Králíčková
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czechia
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan Nevoral
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czechia
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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4
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Radmanesh F, Razi M, Shalizar-Jalali A. Curcumin nano-micelle induced testicular toxicity in healthy rats; evidence for oxidative stress and failed homeostatic response by heat shock proteins 70-2a and 90. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 142:111945. [PMID: 34311173 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explores the effect of curcumin nano-micelle (NCMN) on the testicular anti-oxidant status and heat shock proteins (Hsp) 70-2a and Hsp 90 expression. Therefore, 24 male Wistar rats were divided into control, 7.50 mg/kg, 15 mg/kg, and 30 mg/kg of NCMN-received groups. Following 48 days, the testicular total anti-oxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant status (TOS), malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities, immunoreactivity of 8-oxodG, Hsp70-2a and Hsp90 expressions, germ cell's DNA and mRNA damages, the spermatozoa count, motility and DNA integrity were assessed. With no change in the testicular TAC level, the TOS, MDA and GSH contents were increased in the NMC-received groups. However, CAT and GPX activities were decreased. The NCMN suppressed spermatogenesis, increased immunoreactivity of 8-oxodG, stimulated the Hsp70-2a and Hsp90 expressions, and resulted in severe DNA and mRNA damages. Moreover, the NCMN-received animals exhibited remarkable reductions in the spermatozoa count, motility and DNA integrity. In conclusion, chronic and high dose consumption of NCMN initiates OS, and in response to OS, the Hsp70-2a and Hsp90 expression increases. However, considering enhanced DNA and mRNA damages and suppressed spermatogenesis, HSPs over-expression can neither boost the anti-oxidant system nor overcome the NCMN-induced OS-related damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Radmanesh
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Comparative Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, P.O.BOX: 1177, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Mazdak Razi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Comparative Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, P.O.BOX: 1177, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Ali Shalizar-Jalali
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Comparative Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, P.O.BOX: 1177, Urmia, Iran.
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5
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Gajski G, Ravlić S, Godschalk R, Collins A, Dusinska M, Brunborg G. Application of the comet assay for the evaluation of DNA damage in mature sperm. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2021; 788:108398. [PMID: 34893163 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2021.108398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
DNA integrity is considered an important parameter of semen quality and is of significant value as a predictor of male fertility. Currently, there are several methods that can assess sperm DNA integrity. One such assay is the comet assay, or single-cell gel electrophoresis, which is a simple, sensitive, reliable, quick and low-cost technique that is used for measuring DNA strand breaks and repair at the level of individual cells. Although the comet assay is usually performed with somatic cells from different organs, the assay has the ability to detect genotoxicity in germ cells at different stages of spermatogenesis. Since the ability of sperm to remove DNA damage differs between the stages, interpretation of the results is dependent on the cells used. In this paper we give an overview on the use and applications of the comet assay on mature sperm and its ability to detect sperm DNA damage in both animals and humans. Overall, it can be concluded that the presence in sperm of significantly damaged DNA, assessed by the comet assay, is related to male infertility and seems to reduce live births. Although there is some evidence that sperm DNA damage also has a long-term impact on offspring's health, this aspect of DNA damage in sperm is understudied and deserves further attention. In summary, the comet assay can be applied as a useful tool to study effects of genotoxic exposures on sperm DNA integrity in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Gajski
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Mutagenesis Unit, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Sanda Ravlić
- University of Zagreb, Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Roger Godschalk
- Maastricht University, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Andrew Collins
- University of Oslo, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria Dusinska
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Health Effects Laboratory, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Gunnar Brunborg
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Section of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Oslo, Norway
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6
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Tang FR, Liu L, Wang H, Ho KJN, Sethi G. Spatiotemporal dynamics of γH2AX in the mouse brain after acute irradiation at different postnatal days with special reference to the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:15815-15832. [PMID: 34162763 PMCID: PMC8266370 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Gamma H2A histone family member X (γH2AX) is a molecular marker of aging and disease. However, radiosensitivity of the different brain cells, including neurons, glial cells, cells in cerebrovascular system, epithelial cells in pia mater, ependymal cells lining the ventricles of the brain in immature animals at different postnatal days remains unknown. Whether radiation-induced γH2AX foci in immature brain persist in adult animals still needs to be investigated. Hence, using a mouse model, we showed an extensive postnatal age-dependent induction of γH2AX foci in different brain regions at 1 day after whole body gamma irradiation with 5Gy at postnatal day 3 (P3), P10 and P21. P3 mouse brain epithelial cells in pia mater, glial cells in white matter and cells in cerebrovascular system were more radiosensitive at one day after radiation exposure than those from P10 and P21 mice. Persistent DNA damage foci (PDDF) were consistently demonstrated in the brain at 120 days and 15 months after irradiation at P3, P10 and P21, and these mice had shortened lifespan compared to the age-matched control. Our results suggest that early life irradiation-induced PDDF at later stages of animal life may be related to the brain aging and shortened life expectancy of irradiated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Ru Tang
- Radiation Physiology Lab, Singapore Nuclear Research and Safety Initiative, National University of Singapore, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Lian Liu
- The School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Radiation Physiology Lab, Singapore Nuclear Research and Safety Initiative, National University of Singapore, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Kimberly Jen Ni Ho
- Radiation Physiology Lab, Singapore Nuclear Research and Safety Initiative, National University of Singapore, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
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7
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Li S, Shao L, Xu T, Jiang X, Yang G, Dong L. An indispensable tool: Exosomes play a role in therapy for radiation damage. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137:111401. [PMID: 33761615 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is one of the three main treatments for tumors. Almost 70% of tumor patients undergo radiotherapy at different periods. Although radiotherapy can enhance the local control rate of tumors and patients' quality of life, normal tissues often show radiation damage following radiotherapy. In recent years, several studies have shown that exosomes could be biomarkers for diseases and be involved in the treatment of radiation damage. Exosomes are nanoscale vesicles containing complex miRNAs and proteins. They can regulate the inflammatory response, enhance the regeneration effect of damaged tissue, and promote the repair of damaged tissues and cells, extending their survival time. In addition, their functions are achieved by paracrine signaling. In this review, we discuss the potential of exosomes as biomarkers and introduce the impact of exosomes on radiation damage in different organs and the hematopoietic system in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Therapy, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology and Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun, 130000, China.
| | - Lihong Shao
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Therapy, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology and Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun, 130000, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Tiankai Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Therapy, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology and Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun, 130000, China.
| | - Xin Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Therapy, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology and Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun, 130000, China.
| | - Guozi Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Therapy, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology and Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun, 130000, China.
| | - Lihua Dong
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Therapy, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology and Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun, 130000, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
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8
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Voggenreiter T, Laport E, Kahn-Schapowal B, Lang J, Schenkel J. Simulation of Air Travel-Related Irradiation Exposure of Cryopreserved Mouse Germplasm Samples. Biopreserv Biobank 2021; 19:280-286. [PMID: 33646019 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2020.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryopreservation of genetically modified mouse lines prevents the loss of specific mutants that are of enormous scientific value for both basic and applied research. Cryopreservation of spermatozoa or preimplantation embryos enables discontinuation of breeding as well as archiving of specific lines for future studies. Regarding active inter-laboratory exchange of mutants, cryopreserved material is more advantageous to transport than live animals. However, transportation stress should not be trivialized. Security scanning of transport boxes at airports and customs, in particular, as well as additional cosmic radiation, pose a threat to undefined dosages of irradiation exposure. To simulate this, cryopreserved samples of mouse spermatozoa and preimplantation embryos were exposed to an X-ray dosage of 1 mGy in an X-ray machine. For subsequent investigation of the cell integrity of irradiated spermatozoa and embryos, spermatozoa forward motility as well as embryo developmental capacity and apoptosis values were examined and compared with nonirradiated control samples. The percentage of forward-moving spermatozoa per sample appears to be significantly reduced after irradiation exposure. The in vitro developmental capacity of preimplantation embryos as well as their relative share of apoptotic cells do not seem to be influenced by irradiation exposure. This leads to the assumption that, at least in preimplantation embryos, X-ray dosages of 1 mGy do not induce sudden severe cellular harm. Nevertheless, stochastic effects of ionizing irradiation, such as mutations, do not have a dosage threshold and always represent the potential danger of alterations to cells and cellular components, especially the DNA. This could lead to undefined mutations inducing genetic drift, in the worst case to the loss of a mutant line. We therefore strongly recommend minimizing "transportation stress," in particular by irradiation exposure, to keep its potential consequences in mind, and to standardize shipping procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elke Laport
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Cryopreservation, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Kahn-Schapowal
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Radiation Protection and Dosimetry, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens Lang
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Radiation Protection and Dosimetry, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Schenkel
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Cryopreservation, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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9
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Liu Z, Cao K, Liao Z, Chen Y, Lei X, Wei Q, Liu C, Sun X, Yang Y, Cai J, Gao F. Monophosphoryl lipid A alleviated radiation-induced testicular injury through TLR4-dependent exosomes. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:3917-3930. [PMID: 32135028 PMCID: PMC7171420 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation protection on male testis is an important task for ionizing radiation-related workers or people who receive radiotherapy for tumours near the testicle. In recent years, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), especially TLR4, have been widely studied as a radiation protection target. In this study, we detected that a low-toxicity TLR4 agonist monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) produced obvious radiation protection effects on mice testis. We found that MPLA effectively alleviated testis structure damage and cell apoptosis induced by ionizing radiation (IR). However, as the expression abundance differs a lot in distinct cells and tissues, MPLA seemed not to directly activate TLR4 singling pathway in mice testis. Here, we demonstrated a brand new mechanism for MPLA producing radiation protection effects on testis. We observed a significant activation of TLR4 pathway in macrophages after MPLA stimulation and identified significant changes in macrophage-derived exosomes protein expression. We proved that after MPLA treatment, macrophage-derived exosomes played an important role in testis radiation protection, and specially, G-CSF and MIP-2 in exosomes are the core molecules in this protection effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Liu
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Cao
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Naval Aeromedicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zebin Liao
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Lei
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qun Wei
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cong Liu
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuejun Sun
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Naval Aeromedicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyong Yang
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianming Cai
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fu Gao
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Koltsova AS, Pendina AA, Efimova OA, Chiryaeva OG, Kuznetzova TV, Baranov VS. On the Complexity of Mechanisms and Consequences of Chromothripsis: An Update. Front Genet 2019; 10:393. [PMID: 31114609 PMCID: PMC6503150 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present review, we focus on the phenomenon of chromothripsis, a new type of complex chromosomal rearrangements. We discuss the challenges of chromothripsis detection and its distinction from other chromoanagenesis events. Along with already known causes and mechanisms, we introduce aberrant epigenetic regulation as a possible pathway to chromothripsis. We address the issue of chromothripsis characteristics in cancers and benign tumours, as well as chromothripsis inheritance in cases of its occurrence in germ cells, zygotes and early embryos. Summarising the presented data on different phenotypic effect of chromothripsis, we assume that its consequences are most likely determined not by the chromosome shattering and reassembly themselves, but by the genome regions involved in the rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla S Koltsova
- D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna A Pendina
- D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga A Efimova
- D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga G Chiryaeva
- D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatyana V Kuznetzova
- D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladislav S Baranov
- D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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11
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Sperm DNA Fragmentation: Mechanisms of Origin. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1166:75-85. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-21664-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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12
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Sakaguchi K, Shiraishi K, Kodama S. High susceptibility of mouse newborns to delayed appearance of DNA double-strand breaks in neural stem/progenitor cells exposed to ionizing radiation. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2018; 59:685-691. [PMID: 30165446 PMCID: PMC6251430 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rry069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fetal brains are known to be extremely sensitive to ionizing radiation, which can induce structural and functional defects in the developing brain. However, there is less data on the effects of radiation on newborn brains. To determine the radiation sensitivity in newborn brains, we determined the number of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) appearing at later stage post-irradiation in neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) of mouse newborns <3 days old, and compared it with the numbers of DSBs of fetal, 1-week-neonate, 2-week-neonate, and adult mice. DSBs in the nucleus were quantified by counting the number of foci of phosphorylated histone H2AX (γ-H2AX) in NPSCs using a newly developed computer program. Then, we irradiated 14-day fetuses, newborns <3 days old, 1-week-old neonates, 2-week-old neonates, and 12-week-old adult mice with 2 Gy of X-rays. At 6-7 weeks post-irradiation, the brain tissues isolated from the mice were incubated, and DSBs in the growing neurospheres were counted using a focus-counting program. The delayed appearance of DSBs by X-irradiation was evident in NSPCs derived from newborns <3 days old, as well as in 1-week-old neonates, 2-week-old neonates and adult mice, but not 14-day fetuses, at 6-7 weeks post-irradiation. It was of particular interest that the NSPCs of newborns were 2.5-fold more susceptible than those of adults to radiation-induced delayed appearance of DSBs, indicating that newborns <3 days old are the most vulnerable to the delayed effects of radiation among the mouse groups examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Sakaguchi
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1–2 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Radiology, Kindai University Hospital, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazunori Shiraishi
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1–2 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Seiji Kodama
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1–2 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
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Jangiam W, Udomtanakunchai C, Reungpatthanaphong P, Tungjai M, Honikel L, Gordon CR, Rithidech KN. Late Effects of Low-Dose Radiation on the Bone Marrow, Lung, and Testis Collected From the Same Exposed BALB/cJ Mice. Dose Response 2018; 16:1559325818815031. [PMID: 30622448 PMCID: PMC6302279 DOI: 10.1177/1559325818815031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We used 3 biological metrics highly relevant to health risks, that is, cell death, inflammation, and global DNA methylation, to determine the late effects of low doses (0.05 or 0.1 Gy) of 137Cs γ rays on the bone marrow, lung, and testis collected at 6 months post-irradiation from the same exposed BALB/cJ mouse. This integrative approach has not been used for such a purpose. Mice exposed to 0 or 1 Gy of radiation served as a sham or positive control group, respectively. The results could deliver information for better health risk assessment across tissues, including better scientific basis for radiation protection and clinical application. We found no changes in the levels of all studied biological metrics (except a significant increase in the levels of an anti-inflammatory cytokine, ie, interleukin 10) in tissues of 0.05-Gy exposed mice, when compared to those in sham controls. In contrast, significantly increased levels of cell death and inflammation, including a significant loss of global 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, were found in all tissues of the same mice exposed to 0.1 or 1.0 Gy. Our data demonstrated not only no harm but also hormesis in the 0.05-Gy exposed mice. However, the hormetic effect appears to be dependent on biological metrics and tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witawat Jangiam
- Pathology Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand
| | - Chatchanok Udomtanakunchai
- Pathology Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Paiboon Reungpatthanaphong
- Pathology Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Department of Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Faculty of Sciences, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Montree Tungjai
- Pathology Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Louise Honikel
- Pathology Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Chris R. Gordon
- Pathology Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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14
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Russo A, Cordelli E, Salvitti T, Palumbo E, Pacchierotti F. Rad54/Rad54B deficiency is associated to increased chromosome breakage in mouse spermatocytes. Mutagenesis 2018; 33:323-332. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gey027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Russo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Eugenia Cordelli
- Laboratory of Biosafety and Risk Assessment, ENEA CR Casaccia, Rome, Italy
| | - Tullia Salvitti
- Laboratory of Biosafety and Risk Assessment, ENEA CR Casaccia, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Palumbo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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15
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Naeimi RA, Talebpour Amiri F, Khalatbary AR, Ghasemi A, Zargari M, Ghesemi M, Hosseinimehr SJ. Atorvastatin mitigates testicular injuries induced by ionizing radiation in mice. Reprod Toxicol 2017; 72:115-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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16
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Ji HJ, Wang DM, Wu YP, Niu YY, Jia LL, Liu BW, Feng QJ, Feng ML. Wuzi Yanzong pill, a Chinese polyherbal formula, alleviates testicular damage in mice induced by ionizing radiation. Altern Ther Health Med 2016; 16:509. [PMID: 27927244 PMCID: PMC5142375 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1481-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chinese medicine Wuzi Yanzong pill (WZYZP) was firstly documented in ancient Chinese medical works "She Sheng Zhong Miao Fang" by Shi-Che Zhang in 1550 AD. The traditional herbal formula is widely used in treating nephrasthenia lumbago, prospermia, erectile dysfunction and male sterility. The present study was to explore the effects of WZYZP on ionizing irradiation-induced testicular damage in mice. METHODS The pelvic region of male mice was exposed to X-rays for inducing testicular damage. The effects of WZYZP on testicular damage were evaluated in terms of testes weight, sperm quantity and motility, testes oxidative status and serum hormone levels. The alterations in testicular structure were examined by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Additionally, changes in proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression of testes were explored by western blot. RESULTS Pelvic exposure to x-ray induced reduction in testes weight and sperm quality, along with oxidative stress and abnormal testicular architecture in testes. Oral administration of WZYZP for 3 weeks markedly increased testes weight, sperm quantity and motility, and attenuated testicular architecture damage. Meanwhile, WZYZP treatment significantly reversed the reduction of serum testosterone, and decreased testes malondialdehyde (MDA) and Oxidative stress index (OSI) relative to the radiated mice. Additionally, WZYZP effectively prevented the downregulation of PCNA expression in testes induced by x-ray irradiation. CONCLUSION These findings suggest WZYZP exhibits ameliorating effects against ionizing irradiation-induced testicular damage in mice, which may be related to its antioxidation.
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17
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Marjault HB, Allemand I. Consequences of irradiation on adult spermatogenesis: Between infertility and hereditary risk. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2016; 770:340-348. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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18
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Rithidech KN, Jangiam W, Tungjai M, Gordon C, Honikel L, Whorton EB. Induction of Chronic Inflammation and Altered Levels of DNA Hydroxymethylation in Somatic and Germinal Tissues of CBA/CaJ Mice Exposed to (48)Ti Ions. Front Oncol 2016; 6:155. [PMID: 27446801 PMCID: PMC4921787 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the lung is one of the target organs at risk for cancer induction from exposure to heavy ions found in space, information is insufficient on cellular/molecular responses linked to increased cancer risk. Knowledge of such events may aid in the development of new preventive measures. Furthermore, although it is known that germinal cells are sensitive to X- or γ-rays, there is little information on the effects of heavy ions on germinal cells. Our goal was to investigate in vivo effects of 1 GeV/n (48)Ti ions (one of the important heavy ions found in the space environment) on somatic (lung) and germinal (testis) tissues collected at various times after a whole body irradiation of CBA/CaJ mice (0, 0.1, 0.25, or 0.5 Gy, delivered at 1 cGy/min). We hypothesized that (48)Ti-ion-exposure induced damage in both tissues. Lung tissue was collected from each mouse from each treatment group at 1 week, 1 month, and 6 months postirradiation. For the testis, we collected samples at 6 months postirradiation. Hence, only late-occurring effects of (48)Ti ions in the testis were studied. There were five mice per treatment group at each harvest time. We investigated inflammatory responses after exposure to (48)Ti ions by measuring the levels of activated nuclear factor kappa B and selected pro-inflammatory cytokines in both tissues of the same mouse. These measurements were coupled with the quantitation of the levels of global 5-methylcytosine (5mC) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). Our data clearly showed the induction of chronic inflammation in both tissues of exposed mice. A dose-dependent reduction in global 5hmC was found in the lung at all time-points and in testes collected at 6 months postirradiation. In contrast, significant increases in global 5mC were found only in lung and testes collected at 6 months postirradiation from mice exposed to 0.5 Gy of 1 GeV/n (48)Ti ions. Overall, our data showed that (48)Ti ions may create health risks in both lung and testicular tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Witawat Jangiam
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand
| | - Montree Tungjai
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Center of Excellence for Molecular Imaging, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Chris Gordon
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Louise Honikel
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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19
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Pieraccioli M, Nicolai S, Antonov A, Somers J, Malewicz M, Melino G, Raschellà G. ZNF281 contributes to the DNA damage response by controlling the expression of XRCC2 and XRCC4. Oncogene 2016; 35:2592-601. [PMID: 26300006 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
ZNF281 is a zinc-finger factor involved in the control of cellular stemness and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Here, we report that ZNF281 expression increased after genotoxic stress caused by DNA-damaging drugs. Comet assays demonstrated that DNA repair was delayed in cells silenced for the expression of ZNF281 and treated with etoposide. Furthermore, the expression of 10 DNA damage response genes was downregulated in cells treated with etoposide and silenced for ZNF281. In line with this finding, XRCC2 and XRCC4, two genes that take part in homologous recombination and non-homologous end joining, respectively, were transcriptionally activated by ZNF281 through a DNA-binding-dependent mechanism, as demonstrated by luciferase assays and Chromatin crosslinking ImmunoPrecipitation experiments. c-Myc, which also binds to the promoters of XRCC2 and XRCC4, was unable to promote their transcription or to modify ZNF281 activity. Of interest, bioinformatic analysis of 1971 breast cancer patients disclosed a significant correlation between the expression of ZNF281 and that of XRCC2. In summary, our data highlight, for the first time, the involvement of ZNF281 in the cellular response to genotoxic stress through the control exercised on the expression of genes that act in different repair mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pieraccioli
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - S Nicolai
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - A Antonov
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester, UK
| | - J Somers
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester, UK
| | - M Malewicz
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester, UK
| | - G Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester, UK
| | - G Raschellà
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
- Radiation Biology and Human Health Unit, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA) Research Center Casaccia, Rome, Italy
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20
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Ahmed EA, Scherthan H, de Rooij DG. DNA Double Strand Break Response and Limited Repair Capacity in Mouse Elongated Spermatids. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:29923-35. [PMID: 26694360 PMCID: PMC4691157 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Spermatids are extremely sensitive to genotoxic exposures since during spermiogenesis only error-prone non homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair pathways are available. Hence, genomic damage may accumulate in sperm and be transmitted to the zygote. Indirect, delayed DNA fragmentation and lesions associated with apoptotic-like processes have been observed during spermatid elongation, 27 days after irradiation. The proliferating spermatogonia and early meiotic prophase cells have been suggested to retain a memory of a radiation insult leading later to this delayed fragmentation. Here, we used meiotic spread preparations to localize phosphorylate histone H2 variant (γ-H2AX) foci marking DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) in elongated spermatids. This technique enabled us to determine the background level of DSB foci in elongated spermatids of RAD54/RAD54B double knockout (dko) mice, severe combined immunodeficiency SCID mice, and poly adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribose polymerase 1 (PARP1) inhibitor (DPQ)-treated mice to compare them with the appropriate wild type controls. The repair kinetics data and the protein expression patterns observed indicate that the conventional NHEJ repair pathway is not available for elongated spermatids to repair the programmed and the IR-induced DSBs, reflecting the limited repair capacity of these cells. However, although elongated spermatids express the proteins of the alternative NHEJ, PARP1-inhibition had no effect on the repair kinetics after IR, suggesting that DNA damage may be passed onto sperm. Finally, our genetic mutant analysis suggests that an incomplete or defective meiotic recombinational repair of Spo11-induced DSBs may lead to a carry-over of the DSB damage or induce a delayed nuclear fragmentation during the sensitive programmed chromatin remodeling occurring in elongated spermatids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad A Ahmed
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Physiology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
| | - Harry Scherthan
- Institute für Radiobiologie der Bundeswehr in Verb. mit der University, Ulm, Neuherbergstr, 11, Munich D-80937, Germany.
| | - Dirk G de Rooij
- Reproductive Biology Group, Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584CM, The Netherlands.
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21
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Udroiu I, Antoccia A, Tanzarella C, Giuliani L, Pacchierotti F, Cordelli E, Eleuteri P, Villani P, Sgura A. Genotoxicity Induced by Foetal and Infant Exposure to Magnetic Fields and Modulation of Ionising Radiation Effects. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142259. [PMID: 26559811 PMCID: PMC4641635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Few studies have investigated the toxicity and genotoxicity of extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) during prenatal and neonatal development. These phases of life are characterized by cell proliferation and differentiation, which might make them sensitive to environmental stressors. Although in vitro evidences suggest that ELF-MF may modify the effects of ionizing radiation, no research has been conducted so far in vivo on the genotoxic effects of ELF-MF combined with X-rays. Aim and methods Aim of this study was to investigate in somatic and germ cells the effects of chronic ELF-MF exposure from mid gestation until weaning, and any possible modulation produced by ELF-MF exposure on ionizing radiation-induced damage. Mice were exposed to 50 Hz, 65 μT magnetic field, 24 hours/day, for a total of 30 days, starting from 12 days post-conception. Another group was irradiated with 1 Gy X-rays immediately before ELF-MF exposure, other groups were only X-irradiated or sham-exposed. Micronucleus test on blood erythrocytes was performed at multiple times from 1 to 140 days after birth. Additionally, 42 days after birth, genotoxic and cytotoxic effects on male germ cells were assessed by comet assay and flow cytometric analysis. Results ELF-MF exposure had no teratogenic effect and did not affect survival, growth and development. The micronucleus test indicated that ELF-MF induced a slight genotoxic damage only after the maximum exposure time and that this effect faded away in the months following the end of exposure. ELF-MF had no effects on ionizing radiation (IR)-induced genotoxicity in erythrocytes. Differently, ELF–MF appeared to modulate the response of male germ cells to X-rays with an impact on proliferation/differentiation processes. These results point to the importance of tissue specificity and development on the impact of ELF-MF on the early stages of life and indicate the need of further research on the molecular mechanisms underlying ELF-MF biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ion Udroiu
- Dept. of Science, University of Rome “Roma Tre”, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Livio Giuliani
- Research Center of Monteporzio Catone, INAIL, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Eugenia Cordelli
- Technical Unit for Radiation Biology and Human Health, ENEA, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Eleuteri
- Technical Unit for Radiation Biology and Human Health, ENEA, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Villani
- Technical Unit for Radiation Biology and Human Health, ENEA, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Sgura
- Dept. of Science, University of Rome “Roma Tre”, Rome, Italy
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22
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Yauk CL, Aardema MJ, Benthem JV, Bishop JB, Dearfield KL, DeMarini DM, Dubrova YE, Honma M, Lupski JR, Marchetti F, Meistrich ML, Pacchierotti F, Stewart J, Waters MD, Douglas GR. Approaches for identifying germ cell mutagens: Report of the 2013 IWGT workshop on germ cell assays(☆). MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015; 783:36-54. [PMID: 25953399 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This workshop reviewed the current science to inform and recommend the best evidence-based approaches on the use of germ cell genotoxicity tests. The workshop questions and key outcomes were as follows. (1) Do genotoxicity and mutagenicity assays in somatic cells predict germ cell effects? Limited data suggest that somatic cell tests detect most germ cell mutagens, but there are strong concerns that dictate caution in drawing conclusions. (2) Should germ cell tests be done, and when? If there is evidence that a chemical or its metabolite(s) will not reach target germ cells or gonadal tissue, it is not necessary to conduct germ cell tests, notwithstanding somatic outcomes. However, it was recommended that negative somatic cell mutagens with clear evidence for gonadal exposure and evidence of toxicity in germ cells could be considered for germ cell mutagenicity testing. For somatic mutagens that are known to reach the gonadal compartments and expose germ cells, the chemical could be assumed to be a germ cell mutagen without further testing. Nevertheless, germ cell mutagenicity testing would be needed for quantitative risk assessment. (3) What new assays should be implemented and how? There is an immediate need for research on the application of whole genome sequencing in heritable mutation analysis in humans and animals, and integration of germ cell assays with somatic cell genotoxicity tests. Focus should be on environmental exposures that can cause de novo mutations, particularly newly recognized types of genomic changes. Mutational events, which may occur by exposure of germ cells during embryonic development, should also be investigated. Finally, where there are indications of germ cell toxicity in repeat dose or reproductive toxicology tests, consideration should be given to leveraging those studies to inform of possible germ cell genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole L Yauk
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | | | - Jan van Benthem
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jack B Bishop
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - James R Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, USA
| | - Francesco Marchetti
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Francesca Pacchierotti
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Italy
| | | | | | - George R Douglas
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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